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ch 28-1

Phylum: Arthropod (jointed foot)

largest phylum: > 1 000 000sp

great diversity

4 sub-phyla

Trilobita: oldest (most primitive) & extinct: p. 608b

Chelicerata spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions (p. 607bL),

horseshoe crabs

Crustacea crabs, shrimps (p. 607 br)

Uniramia most arthropods: centipedes, millipedes, insects (bees,

moths, grasshoppers, flies, beetles)

> 600 mya in ocean

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPfw3Feb144&NR=1&feature=fvwp

many adaptive radiations

1st animals on land with flowering plants

From & Function (3 common parts)

a) exoskeleton

b) jointed appendages

c) segmented body

%09http:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPfw3Feb144&NR=1&feature=fvwp


brain: anterior & dorsal

ventral nerve cord

single heart

open circulatory system

body plan pics

a) exoskeleton (outside skeleton)

-protection

-chitin (2 kinds)

a) soft & leathery p. 609b

b) hard like shells p. 609tm (ticks, crabs, lobsters)

waterproof: prevent drying out: deserts

non-living secretion

b) jointed appendages

break in exoskeleton: allow bending movement p. 614b

modified antennae, claws, walking legs, wings, flippers

p. 610t water flea

p. 610b praying mantis & grasshopper

c) segmented body

many segments ex: p. 622 centipede & millipede

segments lost: p. 610t water flea

segments fused: ex: insects, spiders, crabs p. 611, 12, 13

feeding: all niches

herbivore grashopper / locus

carnivores: hunters: spiders, praying mantises, centipedes, king crabs

scavengers: crabs, crayfish

parasites:

external: ticks, fleas, lice: drink blood, body tissues, skin

internal: absorb nutrients, eat insides

filter feeders

detritus feeder

http://www.ent.iastate.edu/ref/anatomy/ihop/


ch 28-1

Phylum: __________(jointed foot)

largest phylum: > 1 000 000sp

great diversity

4 sub-phyla

Trilobita: oldest (most primitive) & __________: p. 608b

___________ spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions (p. 607bL),

horseshoe crabs

___________ crabs, shrimps (p. 607 br)

Uniramia ____________arthropods: centipedes, millipedes,

___________(bees, moths, grasshoppers, flies, beetles)

> 600 mya in ocean

many adaptive radiations

_______animals on land with _________________plants

From & Function (3 ______________parts)

a) _________________

b) _____________appendages

c) _______________body


_____: anterior & dorsal

ventral nerve cord

single ___________

_______circulatory system

body plan

a) ________________(outside skeleton)

-protection

-___________(2 kinds)

a) ___________& leathery p. 609b

b) _____________like shells p. 609tm (ticks, crabs, lobsters)

___________: prevent drying out: deserts

non-living ___________

b) _______________appendages

break in exoskeleton: allow ______________ movement p. 614b

___________ antennae, claws, walking legs, wings, flippers

p. 610t water flea

p. 610b praying mantis & grasshopper

c) ________________body

___________segments ex: p. 622 centipede & millipede

segments _________: p. 610t water flea

segments __________: ex: insects, spiders, crabs p. 611, 12, 13

____________: all niches

herbivore _______________/ locus

carnivores: hunters: spiders, praying mantises, centipedes, king crabs

scavengers: crabs, ____________

______________:

external: ticks, fleas, lice: drink blood, body tissues, skin

internal: absorb nutrients, eat insides

filter feeders

detritus feeder


Sec. 28-1 Respiration (3 types)

a) gills: aquatic arthropods (crabs, shrimp, lobster)

-on top of legs under exoskeleton p. 621t

-movement of mouthparts and legs create water

currents over gills

b) book gills / lungs: horseshoe crabs & spiders

-sheets of tissues layered like pages

-spiracle: opening from outside air

into booklung

p. 617

c) tracheal tubes: terrestrial arthropods (insects, some spiders, millipedes) p. 611b

-spiracle long tracheal tubes tissues O2 to cells, CO2 away from cells by diffusion

-muscles (walk, fly, crawl) squeeze & relax tubes: pumping fresh air into and out of arthropod

-method works well only in small organisms

Internal Transport p. 611b p. 617b

p. 621t

open circulatory system heart → arteries arterioles

tissues sinuses (open spaces in the tissues) heart

Excretion

-solids (undigested wastes): intestine anus

-liquids / cellular wastes (metabolic wastes: nitrogen

containing compounds)

-terrestrial arthropods: malpighian tubues:

primitive kidneys (urine) p. 611 p. 617

-bathed in blood in the blood sinuses

-remove wastes from blood, concentrate them

anus

-aquatic arthropods primitive kidneys ( removal of cellular waste): a) diffusion into water near gills

b) green glands: openings near base of antennae p. 621


Response

-brain ventral nerve cord p. 611 p. 621t

-branching ganglia at every segment (walk or fly

with head cut off)

-sense organs: statocysts, compound eyes: (2000

lenses) p. 613t

-see ultraviolet, motion (fly between fan blades)

- chemoreceptors: (taste & smell) on mouthparts,

antennae, legs

motion hairs: detect air / water currents: can’t

catch a fly

ears: eardrum behind legs in grasshopper

protection

- exoskeleton

-venomous bitesp. 617

(poison gland)

-claws

-chemicals

-detaches of body parts

-camouflage & mimicry

(warning coloration) p.

614

Movement

-nerve & muscle co-ordination p. 614b

-2 sets of opposite muscles at every joint: extensors & flexors

Reproduction: separate sexes: internal fertilization

Growth & Development

molting: p. 615t

-epidermis digestive enzymes dissolve exoskeleton, re-absorbs chitin

secretes new stretchy, flexible exoskeleton

-crawls out of and leaves old

exoskeleton

-re-hardens: hours – days: defenseless

-several times as growth needed

metamorphosis 2 types:

a) complete p. 614r egg larva

pupa (protective covering: total

transformation p. 616) fully grown

adult

incomplete p. 614L

-look the same at all stages,

immature form is called a nymph, is missing adult body part

transformations are controlled by hormones (juvenile hormone, molting hormone)

some plants insect molting hormones mess up insect development

humans: hormone insect control (natural pest control)


Sec. 28-1 ______________ (3 types)

a) _______: aquatic arthropods (crabs, shrimp, lobster)

-on top of legs under exoskeleton p. 621t

-movement of mouthparts and legs create water

_______________over gills

b) _________gills / lungs: horseshoe crabs & spiders

-sheets of tissues layered like _______

-_____________: opening from

outside air into booklung

p. 617

c) _______________tubes: ____________________arthropods (insects, some spiders, millipedes) p. 611b

-spiracle long tracheal tubes tissues O2 to cells, CO2 away from cells by diffusion

-muscles (walk, fly, crawl) squeeze & relax tubes: _____________fresh air into and out of arthropod

-method works well only in ____________organisms

_________Transport p. 611b p. 617b p. 621t

_________circulatory system heart → arteries

arterioles tissues ______(open spaces in the

tissues) heart

______________

-solids (undigested wastes): intestine anus

-liquids / cellular wastes (metabolic wastes: nitrogen

containing compounds)

-_____________arthropods: ____________tubues:

primitive kidneys (urine) p. 611 p. 617

-bathed in blood in the blood sinuses

-remove wastes from blood, concentrate them

_________

-_________arthropods: arthropods primitive kidneys ( removal of cellular waste): a) diffusion into water near

__________


b) ___________glands: openings near base of _____________ p. 621

______________

-brain ventral nerve cord p. 611 p. 621t

-branching ______________at every segment (walk or

fly with head cut off)

-sense organs: statocysts, ______________eyes: (2000

lenses) p. 613t

-see ___________, motion (fly between fan blades)

- ______________: (taste & smell) on mouthparts,

antennae, legs

___________hairs: detect air / water ___________:

can’t catch a fly

ears: ___________behind legs in grasshopper

PROTECTION

- ___________

-venomous bites p. 617

(poison gland)

-claws

-chemicals

-detaches of body parts

-camouflage &

_____________(warning

coloration) p. 614

____________

-nerve & muscle co-ordination p. 614b

-2 sets of opposite muscles at every joint: extensors & ____________

____________: separate sexes: ______________fertilization

____________& Development

___________: p. 615t

-epidermis digestive enzymes __________exoskeleton, re-absorbs _____

secretes new stretchy, flexible _________________________

-crawls out of and leaves old exoskeleton

-re-hardens: hours – days: defenseless

-several times as growth needed

________________ 2 types:

a) complete p. 614r egg larva

___________(protective covering: total

____________p. 616) fully grown adult

____________ p. 614L

-look the same at all stages, immature

form is called a ________________, is

missing adult body part

transformations are controlled by _______________(juvenile hormone, molting hormone)

some plants insect ____________________hormones mess up insect development

humans: hormone insect ________________(natural pest control)


Sec. 28-2 Spiders & Relatives p. 617

phylum: Arthropoda (jointed feet)

Sub-phylum: Chelicerata

-two-part body: (cephalothorax)

a) head & trunk fused together

b) abdomen

-chelicera: 1 pair of special feeding appendages

(fang / claws: mouthparts)

-pedipalp: 1 pair of longer special feeding appendages

no sensory feelers: (antennae)

Class: Horseshoe Crab

“living fossils” p. 618t

bony plates

spikey tail

Class: Arachnida (spiders, mites p. 619br, ticks p

619tL , scorpions)

cephalothorax with 4 pairs walking legs

carnivores

pedipalps: hold prey

chelicera: biting & sucking

spiders eat insect prey, small vertebrates

-spinneret p. 617b: silk

-5 times stronger then steel: withstand jet

impact in web

-silk spinning is innate (born with ability)

-web p. 619t, egg cocoon

-ambush & pounce p. 618b

-chelicera: paralyzing venom

digesting enzymes liquefy prey’s

tissues sucks juices out


mites p. 619r & ticks (small arachinids) <1mm

parasites of animals & plants

chelicera: needlelike or large teeth

pedipalps: claws

spider mites: houseplants & crop damage

chiggers, mange, scabies, mites painful, itching rashes in mammals

ticks: vectors for many mammal diseases

Rocky Mountain spotted fever: caused by rickettsias (smaller then bacteria)

ex: also diseases typhus fever, Q-fever, Lyme disease

scorpions

warm climate: moist & dark: shoes

carnivores

pedipalps: claws p. 619bL

abdomen: venomous barb

chelicera: chewing

1mange mite


Sec. 28-2 Spiders & Relatives p. 617

phylum: ____________(jointed feet)

Sub-phylum: ____________

-two-part body: (__________________)

a) head & trunk _____________together

b) _______________

-_________: 1 pair of special feeding appendages

(fang / claws: mouthparts)

-________________: 1 pair of longer special feeding appendages

no sensory feelers: (antennae)

__________: Horseshoe Crab

“___________fossils” p. 618t

bony ____________

spikey tail

Class: ___________ (spiders, mites p. 619br, ticks p

619tL , scorpions)

cephalothorax with ____________walking legs

carnivores

_____________: hold prey

_____________: biting & sucking

_______ eat insect prey, small vertebrates

-spinneret p. 617b: ___________

-5 times stronger then ________:

withstand jet impact in web

-silk spinning is ____________(born with

ability)

-web p. 619t, __________cocoon

-ambush & pounce p. 618b

-chelicera: _______________venom

digesting enzymes __________prey’s

tissues sucks juices out


_________p. 619r & ticks (small arachinids) <1mm

___________of animals & plants

____________: needlelike or large teeth

_____________: claws

spider mites: houseplants & crop ___________

chiggers, mange, scabies, mites painful, itching __________ in ___________

ticks: ______________ for many mammal diseases

Rocky Mountain spotted fever: caused by ____________(smaller then bacteria)

ex: also diseases typhus fever,

Q-fever, __________________disease

scorpions

warm climate: moist & ____________: shoes

_______________

pedipalps: ____________ p. 619bL

abdomen: ________________barb

chelicera: chewing

2 scorpian

1 scabies

tick infection

2


Sec 28-3 p. 620 Phylum: Arthropoda

Sub-phylum: Crustacea

35 000 sp

crayfish

lobster p 609m

pill bug p. 620b (terrestrial)

crabs

barnacles

water fleas p 610t

shrimp p. 607r

environment: most aquatic

size: 0.25mm (water flea) 6m (spider crabs)


general characteristics:

hardened exoskeleton: strengthened with calcium carbonate (limestone)

2 pairs of antenna (“feelers”):

primary sense organ p. 621t

oars (water flea)

filter feeding

probing

blood sucking

mandibles (mouthparts)

Crayfish example p. 621

body structure (3 parts)

head, thorax (trunk), abdomen

cephalothorax: head & trunk fused p. 621t

carapace: tough shell covering cephalothorax

antenna: 1st 2 appendages: (hearing, balance, touch, taste, smell)

3rd appendage: mandible: mouthparts

teeth-like: biting & grinding food

maxilla: appendages pass food to mouth

maxillaped: thoracic appendages: walking leg

feeding in barnacles

cheliped: claw

swimmerets: smaller abdominal appendages: reproduction & swimming, water circulation

: 1st 2 are tubular: transfer sperm

: 1st 2 reduced or absent: hold sperm package & carry eggs telson & uropod: last appendages: paddle-like: swimming & digging


Sec 28-3 p. 620 Phylum: _____________

Sub-phylum: _______________

______________sp

crayfish

lobster p 609m

____________ p. 620b (terrestrial)

crabs

_____________

water __________p 610t

_______________p. 607r

environment: most_____________

size: 0.25mm (water flea) 6m (spider crabs)


general characteristics:

_____________exoskeleton: strengthened with calcium carbonate (_________________)

2 pairs of ____________(“feelers”):

primary sense organ p. 621t

__________(water flea)

filter feeding

probing

__________sucking

mandibles (_______________)

Crayfish example p. 621

body structure (3 parts)

head, thorax (trunk), abdomen

____________: head & trunk fused p. 621t

____________: tough shell covering cephalothorax

antenna: 1st 2 appendages: (hearing, balance, touch, taste, __________)

3rd appendage: mandible: _______________

teeth-like: biting & grinding food

____________: appendages pass food to mouth

____________: thoracic appendages: walking leg

feeding in barnacles

cheliped: ________

___________: smaller abdominal appendages: reproduction & swimming, water circulation

: 1st 2 are ____________: transfer sperm

: 1st 2 reduced or absent: hold sperm package & carry ________ telson & ___________: last appendages: paddle-like: swimming & digging


Sec 28-4 Insects and Their Relatives p. 622

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

more species than all other animal groups combined

one pair of antennae

non branching appendages: uni (one) ramus (branch)

400 mya

most land, some fresh water, few marine

Centipedes & Millipeds

habitat: dark, moist areas

no closable spiracles or water-proof exoskeleton

Class: Chilopoda: p. 622t

centipedes: centi (100) pedes (feet)

3000 sp

one pair of legs per flattened segment

carnivores: arthropods, earthworms, toads, small snakes, mice

3-26 cm

1 pair of poison claws near head

fast

Class: Diplopoda: p. 622b

millipedes: diplos (2) poda

(foot)

7500sp

two pairs of legs per rounded

segment

detritus feeders / herbiorves

timid

slow

Class: Insecta: p. 623t

75% of all animal species: 900 000

sp

many orders

three part body : not fused

head: 1 pair antennae

1 pair compound eyes

thorax: three pairs of legs

two pairs of wings: 1st may be a wing cover

abdomen: spiracles with tracheal tubes

Feeding

mouthparts (3 parts: may be fused together great variety): p. 623b

ex: chewing, piercing, sipping, lapping

ex: grasshopper: mandibles: chewing

lips: upper: labrum

lower: labium: 2 sensory appendages

maxillae: 2 appendages for pushing in food


Movement

legs: hollow tubes ↓ weight

jumping, grasping

wings: flying: bats, birds, some insects

veins filled with blood

53 km/h bees

enormous mitochondria → energy for muscles

35˚ C

Societies

colony of 1 species with many individuals who are dependant

on each other for survival

ex: twelve members up to 7 million individuals

ex termites, wasps, bees, ants

caste: specialized body to perform one function

ex: reproductive females eggs p. 625b 14 cm

reproductive males: fertilize eggs

workers: care, gather, store, grow food, build, maintain, defend

Communication

sound, visual, chemical, tactile

rub legs together, light, pheromones: hormone causing specific behavior or development

Behavior

Innate Behavior: born with

wide variety

Bees & beetles respond to sun

Some: No brain: walk, fly, mate, lay

eggs

Learned behavior:

cockroaches: habituation to blowing on body: escape reaction stops

Trial & error learning: honeybees: trained to associate colours with sugar solution

Latent learning:

learning that occurs without immediate reward & remains useless until a later time:

wasp leaves nest: makes short survey flight over area to recognize area upon return

Orders: many (25)

ex: Grasshopper &

Cockroach, Silverfish,

Mayfly, Dragonfly, Honeybee & Ant, Termite, Flea, Lady Beetle,

Horsefly, Butterfly, Stink Bug, Aphid, Human Body Louse, moth


Sec 28-4 _________and Their Relatives p. 622

Phylum: ___________

Subphylum: ___________

more species than all other animal groups combined

_____pair of antennae

_____branching appendages: uni (one) ramus (branch)

400 mya

most __________, some fresh water, few marine

Centipedes & ___________

habitat: dark, _________areas

______ closable spiracles or water-proof exoskeleton

Class: __________: p. 622t

centipedes: centi (100) pedes (feet)

3000 sp

________pair of legs per __________segment

___________: arthropods, earthworms, toads, small snakes, mice

3-26 cm

1 pair of ________claws near head

_______

Class: ____________: p. 622b

millipedes: ________(2) poda (foot)

7500sp

_________pairs of legs per _____________ segment

__________feeders / herbiorves

____________

slow

Class: Insecta: p. 623t

75% of all animal species: _________sp

many __________

three part body : _________ fused

_________: 1 pair antennae

1 pair compound eyes

thorax: __________ pairs of legs

_________pairs of wings: 1st may be a wing __________

abdomen: spiracles with __________tubes

____________

mouthparts (3 parts: may be fused together great __________: p. 623b

ex: chewing, piercing, sipping, lapping

ex: grasshopper: mandibles: ____________

_____: upper: labrum

lower: labium: 2 sensory appendages

_________: 2 appendages for pushing in food


Movement

legs: _________tubes ↓ weight

jumping, grasping

wings: flying: bats, birds, ________insects

_______filled with blood

53 km/h bees

enormous ___________→ energy for muscles

_____C

__________

________of 1 species with many individuals who are

__________on each other for survival

ex: __________ members up to 7 million

individuals

ex termites, wasps, bees, _______

________: specialized body to perform _______function

ex: reproductive ___________ eggs p. 625b 14 cm

reproductive males: ____________eggs

__________: care, gather, store, grow food, build, maintain, defend

_______________

sound, visual, chemical, tactile

rub legs together, light, ________________: hormone causing specific behavior or development

Behavior

__________ Behavior: born with

wide variety

Bees & beetles respond to sun

Some: ______: walk, fly, mate, lay eggs

___________ behavior:

cockroaches: _____________to blowing on body:

escape reaction stops

___________ & error learning: honeybees: trained to ____________colours with sugar solution

__________learning:

learning that occurs ___________immediate reward & remains useless until a later time:

wasp leaves nest: makes short survey flight

over area to recognize area upon return

_____________: many (25)

ex: Grasshopper & Cockroach, _______, Mayfly, Dragonfly,

Honeybee & Ant, __________, Flea, ______________, Horsefly, Butterfly, Stink Bug, Aphid,

Human Body ___________, moth


28-5 Arthropod Ecology

Food sources: food web

ex: Venus fly-trap p. 629t

Pollination

2/3 of all flowering plants

Agricultural pollination:

bees, butterflies, wasps, moths, flies

Symbiosis: 2 orgs living together

ex: cleaner shrimp p. 629b

ex: hull’s horn acacia tree &

ants

Humans:

ex: dust mites p. 630t (commensalism)

1 benefits, the other is not harmed

dead skin, oil, beds

Decomposers:

Food:

honey, shrimp, crab, crayfish, lobster, grasshoppers,

termites


Medicines:

chitin: wound dressing, stitches

Food additives:

chitin: preserve

barnacle glue: underwater construction, dentistry

spider venom: pesticides

spider silk genetics: spider silk → aircraft,

helmets, bulletproof vests, surgical thread

Harmful:

insect crop damage: locus (grasshoppers) p630b

→ swarm (50 000 000 000

individuals) destroy 167 000 000 kg grain (feed 1 000

000 people) → starvation

arachnids (ticks & mites): livestock & crop damage =

billions of $ damage

Diseases: vectors of disease causing organisms

Mosquitoes: → bites, malaria, yellow fever

Biting flies: → African sleeping sickness, river blindness

Fleas: → bubonic plague, encephalitis

Termites: wood damage

Insect Control

Insecticides: spray poison onto crops

→ kill non target species = bad

slow disintegration

become magnified in food web (DDT)

Insect resistance

Alternatives

Juvenile hormones: → abnormal development

natural compound: species specific

sterile male release

pheromones (sex attractants): bait: lure insects to death

Biological control: Insect & arachnids predators & parasites released to kill

target


28-5 Arthropod Ecology

Food sources: _________web

ex: Venus fly-trap p. 629t

Pollination

2/3 of all ___________plants

Agricultural ___________:

bees, butterflies, wasps, moths, flies

____________: 2 orgs living together

ex: cleaner shrimp p. 629b

ex: hull’s horn acacia tree & ants

Humans:

ex: dust mites p. 630t (_____________)

1 benefits, the other is not harmed

dead skin, oil, beds

Decomposers:

____________:

honey, shrimp, crab, crayfish, lobster, grasshoppers, termites


Medicines:

_________: wound dressing, stitches

Food __________:

chitin: preserve

barnacle _____: underwater construction, dentistry

spider venom: _______________

spider silk __________: spider silk → aircraft,

helmets, bulletproof vests, surgical thread

Harmful:

insect ________damage: locus (grasshoppers)

p630b → _________(50 000 000 000 individuals)

destroy 167 000 000 kg grain (feed 1 000 000 people)

→ ______________

arachnids (ticks & mites): _________& crop damage =

billions of $ damage

Diseases: ____________of disease causing organisms

Mosquitoes: → bites, malaria, yellow fever

Biting flies: → African sleeping sickness, river blindness

_________: → bubonic plague, encephalitis

____________: wood damage

Insect _____________

Insecticides: spray poison onto crops

→ kill non _______species = bad

slow ______________

become magnified in food web (DDT)

Insect __________

Alternatives

________hormones: → abnormal development

natural compound: species specific

__________male release

__________ (sex attractants): bait: lure insects to death

__________control: Insect & arachnids predators & parasites released to kill

target

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