B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI ------------------ NGUYN XUN NGN NG DNG CNG NGH GPS XY DNG LI A CHNH PHC V CNG TC THNH LP BN A CHNH CHO CM 07 X MIN NI THUC HUYN THANH SN TNH PH TH LUN VN THC S NNG NGHIP Chuyn ngnh: Qun l t ai M s : 606216 Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. L MINH T H NI - 2011 Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . i LI CAM OAN Ti xin cam oan s liu v kt qu nghin cu trong lun vn ny l trungthcvchacsdngbovmthcvno.Nidung tinylnhngktqunghincu,nhngtngkhoahcctng hptcngtrnhnghincu,cccngtcthcnghim,cccngtrnh sn xut do ti trc tip tham gia thc hin. Ti xin cam oan, cc thng tin trch dn trong lun vn u c ch r ngun gc. Tc gi lun vn Nguyn Xun Ngn Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . ii LI CM N hon thnh c ti, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh n: Ban gim hiu Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, lnh o Vin Sau ihc,KhoaTinguynvMitrng,cngccThyCgioging dy, truyn t kin thc cho ti trong sut thi gian ti tham gia kha hc ca Trng. TS.LMinhThtlngquantm,trctiphngdntitrong qu trnh thc hin ti. Ticngxingilicmnchnthnhngianh,bnbgip , ng vin v ng gp kin cho ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh ti. Tc gi lun vn Nguyn Xun Ngn Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . iii MC LC Li cam oani Li cm nii Mc lciii Danh mc cc t vit ttv Danh mc cc bngvi Danh mc cc hnhvii 1M Ui 1.1 Tnh cp thit ca ti1 1.2 Mc ch ca ti2 1.3 Yu cu ca ti2 1.4 Tnhkhoa hc v thc tin ca ti2 2TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIN CU3 2.1 Khi qut v h thng nh v ton cu GPS3 2.2 VintvlchsphttrincngnghGPSvngdngcng ngh GPS xy dng li khng ch trc a mt bng19 2.3 Li GPS24 2.4 Tng quan v huyn Thanh Sn, tnh Ph Th29 2.5 C s php l ca lun vn34 3ITNG,PHMVI,NIDUNGVPHNGPHP NGHIN CU36 3.1i tng nghin cu36 3.2 Phm vi nghin cu36 3.3 Ni dung nghin cu36 3.4 Phng php nghin cu36 Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . iv 4KT QU NGHIN CU V THNH QU LI37 4.1 Quy trnh xy dng li a chnh37 4.2Lpliachnhchocm7xminnithuchuynThanh Sn tnh Ph Th38 4.2.1Thit k li38 4.2.2c mc xy tng vy, lp ghi ch im 46 4.2.3Lp lch o48 4.2.4o c thc a51 4.2.5X l tnh ton bnh sai53 4.2.6 S li GPS v nh gi chnh xc kt qu o li GPS67 4.3 o kim tra69 4.3.1 So snh kt qu o kim tra vi kt qu thc hin70 4.3.2 So snh kt qu o kim tra v tr im70 5KT LUN V NGH71 5.1 Kt lun71 5.2 Kin ngh72 Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . v DANH MC CC T VIT TT BC: Bn a chnh DOP : Dilution of Precision mt chnh xc GPS : Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton cu HDOP : Horizon Dilution of Precision mt chnh xc theo phng ngangPDOP: Position Dilution of Precision mt chnh xc v tr v tinh theo 3DRatio: T s phng sai Reference Variance: chnh lch tham kho Rms: Sai s chiu di cnh VDOP: Vertiacal Dilution of Precision mt chnh xc theo phng dcX, Y, h: Ta X, Y, cao thy chun tm thi Mx, My, Mh: Sai s theo phng x, y h Mp: Sai s v tr im Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . vi DANH MC CC BNG STTTn bng Trang 4.1S im thit k o trn a bn khu o44 4.2S liu im gc to v cao trn a bn khu o45 4.3Cc ch tiu k thut trong xy dng li GPS63 4.4S lng im GPS o67 4.5So snh s liu t c vi quy phm ban hnh69 4.6So snh kt qu x l c vi kt qu o kim tra70 Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . vii DANH MC CC HNH STTTn hnhTrang 2.1M hnh hnh nh tri t v v tinh GPS3 2.2Cu trc tn hiu GPS5 2.3Cc trm iu khin GPS6 2.4Cc thnh phn chnh ca GPS6 2.5Xc nh hiu s gia cc thi im7 2.6K thut gii a tr ti cc my thu9 2.7K thut nh v tuyt i11 2.8K thut nh v tng i12 4.1Quy cch mc a chnh47 4.2Ca s Select Date49 4.3Ca s Add New Point49 4.4Ca s Auto View Time Selection50 4.5Ca s ListTimes50 4.6My o GPS South NGS 960052 4.7Ca s Create a New Project55 4.8Ca s GPSurvey Project: THANH SN56 4.9Ca s Load from RINEX file: Interactive56 4.10Ca s Receiver Detected58 4.11Ca s Verify Station for Static Occupation 158 4.12Ca s Load59 4.13Ca s Static Processing60 4.14S li ia chnh THANH SN60 4.15Ca s Closure 3 Baselines61 4.16Ca s TRIMNET Plus Network Adjustment64Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 1 1. M U 1.1 Tnh cp thit ca tiPhttrinvngdngkhoahccngnghtrongmilnhvcca cucsng,xhiccoilconngnhanhnhtrtngnthigian thc hin s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. y cng chnh l vn ang c ton ng, ton dn ht sc quan tm, khi m khoa hc cng ngh ang tng ngy m rng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t tri thc trong thi i mi, thi k hi nhp. HthngnhvtoncuGPSlhthngnhv,dnngs dng cc v tinh nhn to c B Quc phng M trin khai t nhng nm uthpk70.Banu,hthngnycdngchomcchquns nhngsaucthngmiha,tnm1980hthngnhvton cuGPScsdngvomcchdns.Ngynay,trongrtnhiu lnhvccaisngkinht,xhivangpdngcngnghGPS. Trongngnhtrca,cngnghGPSmrathikmi,thayth cng ngh truynthng trongvicthnhlpvxydngmnglita cc cp. Vi ngnh trc a bn th y l cuc cch mng thc s v c k thut, cht lng cng nh hiu qu kinh t trn phm vi ton th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. H thng nh v ton cu GPS c cng nhn v s dng rng ri nh mt cng ngh tin cy, hiu qu trong trc a bn bi cc tnh u vit sau:Cthxcnhtacaccimtimgckhcmkhngcn thng hng; chnh xc o c t ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit (c th otrongmiiukinthitit);vicxcnhtaccimrtnhanh chng, tnh chnh xc cao, bt k v tr no trn tri t; kt qu o c c th tnh trong h ta ton cu hoc h ta a phng bt k. Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 2 Cngvithigian,cngnghGPSngycngphttrinhonthin theochiuhngchnhxc,hiuqu,thuntinhnvcsdngrng ri.NgitasdngcngnghGPSxydnglitanhnc thay th cho cc phng php truyn thng, t c chnh xc cao.HuynThanhSntnhPhThnhngnmquactcphttrin kinh t tng i nhanh ko theo nhu cu s dng t ngy cng tng. Chnh vthnhucubcthittrongqunltaicahuynlphithnhlp c bn achnh(BC)cchnh xc cao. Munc c iu cn phi xy dng h thng li a chnh trn a bn huyn. mrngkhnngsdngcngnghGPS,gpphnacng nghmivosnxut,xydnghthngliachnhhuynThanhSn tnh Ph Th, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti:ngdngcngnghGPSxydngliachnhphcvcng tc thnh lp bn a chnh cho cm 07 x min ni thuc huyn Thanh Sn tnh Ph Th 1.2 Mc ch ca ti Thngquavicnghincunhmtmhiukhnngngdngcng ngh GPS vo xy dng li a chnh khu vc i ni ca tnh Ph Th. 1.3 Yu cu ca ti Thitk,thicngliachnhtrnabnkhuothuchuyn ThanhSntnhPhTh.Phntch,nhgichnhxcvkhnngng dng cng ngh GPS xy dng li a chnh khu vc huyn Thanh Sn. 1.4 Tnhkhoa hc v thc tin ca ti DatrncngnghGPSxydnghthngliachnhthayth cho phng php xy dng li truyn thng, gp phn a cng ngh mi vo sn xut nhm nng cao chnh xc, mang li hiu qu kinh t - k thut trong thc t sn xut khi xy dng li khng ch trc a ni chung v li khng ch a chnh vng ni huyn Thanh Sn tnh Ph Th ni ring.Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 3 2. TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIN CU 2.1 Khi qut v h thng nh v ton cu GPS 2.1.1Khi nim v GPS [10] TntingAnhycaGPSlNavigationSatelliteTimingand Ranging Global Positioning System. y l mt h thng radio hng hi da vo cc v tinh cung cp thng tin v tr 3 chiu v thi gian chnh xc. H thng lun sn sng trn phm vi ton cu v hot ng trong mi iu kin thi tit. Hnh 2.1: M hnh hnh nh tri t v v tinh GPS (Theo ti Ahmed El-Rabbany (2007), Introduction to GPS) 2.1.2Cc thnh phn ca GPSGPS gm 3 on: on khng gian, on iu khin v on ngi s dng. onkhng gian ( Space Segment ) - H thng ban u c 24 v tinh, trong c 3 v tinh d tr. Hin nay c31vtinhbayxungquanhTrittrn6quogntrncchu Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 4 nhau,vicaokhong20.200km,gcnghing550sovimtphngxch o ca tri t. Chu k quay ca v tinh l 718 pht. - Chc nng chnh ca cc v tinh l: + Nhn v lu tr d liu c gi ln t cc trm iu khin. + Duy tr thi gian chnh xc bi ng h nguyn t gn trn v tinh. + Truyn thng tin v d liu cho ngi s dng theo hai tn s l L1 v L2. - Mi v tinh c trang b my pht tn s chun nguyn t chnh xc cao c 10 -12. My pht ny to ra cc tn hiu tn s c s 10,23 MHz v t y to ra cc sng ti tn s L1=1575,42 MHz v L2=1227,60 MHz. gim nh hng ca tng in ly ngi ta s dng hai tn s. -phcvchoccmcchvitngkhcnhau,cctnhiu phticiubinmangtheocccoderingbitl:C/A-Code,P-Code v Y- Code. + C/A-Code (Coarse/Acquisition Code) l code th c s dng rng ri.C/ACodectnhchtcodeta ngunhin.Tnhiumangcodenyc tn s thp (1.023 MHz). C/A Code ch iu bin sng ti L1. +P-Code(PrecisionCode)lcodechnhxccsdngchocc mcchqunscaMvchdngchoccmcchkhckhic phaMchophp.P-CodeiubinchaisngtiL1,L2 vlcodeta ngu nhin. + Y-Code l Code b mt c ph ln P-Code nhm chng bt chic, gi l k thut AS (Anti Spoosing), ch c v tinh thuc cc khi t sau nm 1989 mi c kh nng ny. Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 5 Hnh 2.2: Cu trc tn hiu GPS(Theo ti Ahmed El-Rabbany (2007), Introduction to GPS) on iu khin (Control Segment) C5trmiukhintrnmtt:Hawaii(ThiBnhDng), ColoradoSprings(CnckhngqunM),AscensionIsland(iTy Dng), Diego Garcia (n Dng) v Kwajalein (Thi Bnh Dng). Nhimvcaoniu khinliukhintonbhotngvchc nng ca cc v tinh trn c s theo di chuyn ng qu o ca cc v tinh v hotngcanghtrn .Ttc cc s liu o khongcch,s thayi khong cch, cc s liu o kh tng mi trm u c truyn v trm trung tm. Trm trung tm x l cc s liu c truyn t cc trm theo di v s liu ocachnhnchoraccephemeritchnhxchocavtinh vs hiu chnh cho cc ng hv tinh. Cc s liu ny c truyn tr li cho cc trm theo di v t truyn tip ln cho cc v tinh cng cc lnh iu khin khc. Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 6 Hnh 2.3: Cc trm iu khin GPS (Theo ti Ahmed El-Rabbany (2007), Introduction to GPS) ons dng (User Segment) Gm cc my thu t trn mt t, bao gm phn cng v phn mm. - Phn cng l cc my o c nhim v thu tn hiu v tinh khai thc, s dng cho cc mc ch, yu cu khc nhau ca khch hng. - Phn mm c nhim v x l cc thng tin cung cp ta ca my thu. Hnh 2.4: Cc thnh phn chnh ca GPS(Theo ti Ahmed El-Rabbany (2007), Introduction to GPS) Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 7 2.1.3Nguyn l nh v GPS [11] 2.1.3.1 Cc i lng o Vic nh v bng GPS thc hin trn c s s dng hai dng i lng o c bn, l o khong cch gi theo cc code ta ngu nhin (C/A-code v P-code) v o pha ca sng ti L1, L2 v t hp L1/L2. o khong cch gi theo C/A-code v P-code Code ta ngu nhin c pht i t v tinh cng vi sng ti. My thu GPS cng to ra code ta ngu nhin ng nh vy. Bng cch so snh code thu t v tinh v code ca chnh my thu to ra c th xc nh c khong thigianlantruyncatnhiucode,tddngxcnhckhong cchtvtinhnmythu(ntmantencamythu).Docskhng ngbgianghcavtinhvmythu,docnhhngcami trnglantruyntnhiunnkhongcchtnhtheokhongthigiano c khng phil khongcch thc gia v tinhvmythu, l khong cch gi. Hnh 2.5: Xc nh hiu s gia cc thi im(Theo ti liu Alfred Leick (1995), GPS Satellite Surveying) Nukhiutacavtinhlxs,ys,zs;tacaimxt(my thu)lx,y,z;thigianlantruyntn hiutvtinhnimxt lt,sais 1100011110100011 1100011110100011 1100011110100011 t Code do my thu to ra Code chuyn t v tinh Code thu c Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip . 8 khng ng b gia ng h trn v tinh v trong my thu l t, khong cch gi o c l R, ta c phng trnh: Trong , c l tc lan truyn tn hiu. Trong trng hp s dng C/A-code, theo d tnh ca cc nh thit k h thng GPS, k thut o khong thi gian lan truyn tn hiu ch c th m bochnhxcokhongcchtngngkhong30m.Nutnh nnh hng ca iu kin lan truyn tn hiu, sai s o khong cch theo C/A code smc100mlmccthchpnhncchokhchhngdns c khai thc. Song k thut x l tn hiu code ny c pht trin n mc c th m bo chnh xc o khong cch khong 3m, tc l hu nh khng thua km so vi trng hp s dng P-code vn khng dnh cho khch hngitr.ChnhvldonymtrcyChnhphMara gii phpSA hnch kh nngthc tcaC/A code.Nhng ngynaydok thut o GPS c th khc phc c nhiu SA, Chnh ph M tuyn b b nhiu SA trong tr o GPS t thng 5 nm 2000. o pha sng ti CcsngtiL1,L2csdngchovicnhvvichnhxc cao. Vi mc ch ny ngi ta tin hnh o hiu s gia pha ca sng ti do mythunhnctvtinhvphacatnhiudochnhmythutora. Hiu s pha do my thu o c ta k hiu l (0