Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Estd. 1934
AC EQ C&U N I EE BR UG DE II F D LDEK NON C LOW
FEROZEPUR
DSCW
PHRENIC A PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Ferozepur | Punjab | India
College For WomenDev Samaj
A Unique Prestigious Post Graduate Institution of Northern India Affiliated to Panjab University, Chandigarh
Highest ranked college in India with 3.75 CGPA out of 4Re-accredited by NAAC Bangalore (2013-14)
Star Science Department, College with Potential for Excellence and College of Excellence Status by U.G.C., New Delhi.
Sept. 2017
Vol. - IIssue - I
RNI No. : PUNENG/2017/73418
ISSN 2457 - 0907
INVITATION OF PAPER FOR SUBMISSION
“PHRENIC Journal of Social Sciences” is a national and refereed journal, publishes only original research-papers, articles, book reviews that focus on problems and issues relevant to area of social sciences. It provides a forum for authors to present research findings and, where applicable, their practical applications and significance; analyses of policies, practices, issues, and trends. The journal publishes articles from areas such as History, agricultural marketing, economics, statistics, international political relations, , environmental globalization and related areas. Authors are responsible for making sure that they have not duplicated an article already published or accepted. Authors should certify on the cover page of the manuscript that the material is not published, copyrighted, accepted or under review elsewhere. Journal neither charges any processing fee nor pays any honorarium to authors. Before submission please make sure that your paper is original work. Acceptance or rejection notification will be sent to all authors within 15 days.Cover Page. This shows the title of the paper, name(s) of the author(s), designation, official address, telephone/fax number and e-mail address for the contact author. Include acknowledgements, if desired.Abstract. All manuscripts should include an abstract of about 200 words, summarizing the paper's main points, results/conclusions and significance. Abstracts are not required for book reviews and case studies.Keywords. All manuscripts should include keywords to identify the main topics of the article. Like the title, they are used for indexing and referencing the article. Avoid using words that appear in the title. Alphabetize keywords.Text. The body of the paper should be about 10-15 pages long. Define all technical terms. Capitalization should be kept to the minimum and should be consistent. Manuscripts should normally be around (3000-5000 words, 1.5 spaced, Times New Roman font, 12 font size).Reference List. Place the reference at the end of the manuscript. The list should mention only those sources actually cited in the text or notes. References should be in APA Referencing style.Table and Figures. Use figures and tables to summarize lengthy material.Appendix. Place technical material in an appendix. This includes detailed descriptions of research methodology and analysis.Copyright Transfer. Prior to publication, authors must sign a form affirming their work is original and is not a violation of an existing copyright. Authors will receive a complimentary copy of the issue in which his/her paper.
All Communication should be addressed to:The Editor
DSCW's Journal of Social SciencesDev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur- 152002
PunjabContact No. 01632-222145 Mob. : 98727-06064
Email : [email protected]
I
EDITORIAL BOARDDr. Pooja PrasharHead, Dept of HistoryE-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected]. Navarsh Kumar Dr. VandanaAssistant Professor, Dept of Economics Head, Department of Home ScienceE-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected]
Dr. SangeetaHead, Department of Music
E-mail : [email protected]
EDITORDr. Pooja Prashar
Head, Dept of HistoryE-mail : [email protected]
ADVISORY COMMITTEEProf. Bhuvan Chandel
Former Director, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla (H.P.)E-mail : [email protected]
Prof. Ashvini AgrawalVisiting Professor, Deptt. of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology
Panjab University, ChandigarhE-mail : [email protected]
Prof. Swarnalata DasFormer Head of Department of Education
At Present Visiting Professor of Women Studies, Guwahati UniversityE-mail : [email protected]
Dr. Bhumida SharmaAssistant Professor, Dept of English
II
Chief Coordinator Er. Prateek Prashar
Dean College DevelopmentDev Samaj College for Women,
Ferozepur,152002.
Editor in ChiefDr. (Mrs.) Madhu Prashar
Principal,State & National Awardee,
Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur,152002.
CHIEF PATRONShriman Nirmal Singh
Hon'ble Secretary, Dev Samaj and Chairman, DSCW
PHRENIC A PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Dr. Yuthika Mishra
Associate Professor
Department of History, Vivekanand College, University of Delhi
E-mail : [email protected]
Prof. Pradeep Prajapati
Head, Department of Economics
Gujarat University
E-mail : [email protected]
Dr. Kuldeep Kaur
Department of Hindi
Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab
E-mail : [email protected]
Prof. Shrawan Kumar Sharma
Former Head, Department of English
Gurukul Kangri, Haridwar,Uttrakhand (U.K.)
E-mail : [email protected]
Dr. Genni Sakesh
Associate Professor, Department of Education
Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
E-mail : [email protected]
Prof. Gurmeet Singh
Head and Dean Faculty of Languages
Department of Punjabi, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
E-mail : [email protected]
Printed & Published byDr. Madhu Prashar on behalf of Dev Samaj College for Women
and Printed at Ashu Graphics (Ferozepur Printing Press), Near Thana Sadar, Ferozepur City (Punjab)
and published at Circular Road, Near Bansi Gate, Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur City (Punjab)
Editor Dr. Pooja Prashar, HOD, Department of History, Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur City (Punjab)
III
MESSAGE
It gives me an ecstatic feeling of pride and delight to learn that Dev Samaj
College for Women, is bringing out an annual journal titled "
PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES" to promote research
and explore creative talents in different disciplines through various research
papers of the esteemed scholars from across the nation. We always believe in
strong efforts of individuals to set a new benchmark in the field of authentic
research. I hope this effort will make an immense contribution to the field of
research which has become the dire need of the times.
As there is the Paradigm shift in the education system of our country. There is a
great need of research oriented scholars and the faculty. Thus DSCW has taken
many strong initiatives to promote quality research in different disciplines by
encouraging the faculty to excavate the deeper recesses of knowledge.
Adhering to our mission, we, at Dev Samaj, believe in excellence and education,
in exuberance of virtues, sharing of cultures and diminishing of boundaries. I
am of the opinion that our journal would stand in conformity to the same and it
would help us come out of our cocoons by becoming comfortably more sensitive
to the greater realities of life. It would help us delve deep into the fathomless sea,
that we call the sea of knowledge. On this occasion, I extend my warm wishes
and felicitation to all those associated with this journal and wish them all
success.
Dr. (Mrs.) Madhu PrasharEditor-in-Chief
PHRENIC A
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Upliftment Of Marginalized Sections Through Financial Inclusion 1
Efforts And Impacts
Dr. Pradeep Prajapati
2. Rural India And Financial Inclusion: A Success Story? 20
Dr. Vaishali Acharya
3. Parenting Behavior And Child Development 29
Dr. Vandana
4. Nationalist Ideology Of Swami Vivekananda 37
Dr. Pooja Prashar
5. Documentaries On Indian Music And Musicians 45
Mr. Ravi Sharma
6. A Study Into The Marketing Of Potato Crop In Punjab State 53
Navarsh Kumar
7. Impact Of Education And Health On Economic Growth In Developing
Countries. 68
Dr. Gurinder Jit Singh Bhullar
8. Formation Of Progressive Artist Group:
The Struggle For Artistic Expression 78
Mr. Ravinder Singh
9. A Study In Deteriorating Gender Ratio In Haryana 87
Mr. Ravi Kant
10. Global Monitoring Of Population 95
Ms. Sakshi Arora & Ms. Garima Sharma
11. Financial Inclusion- A Study Of District Hisar 102
Dr. Monalisa
12. Islamic Threat To The World 118
Dr. Amit Kumar Singh
13. Participation Behaviour Of College-going Boys In Leisure And Social
Activities 145
Mrs. Khushwinder Gill & Mrs. Kanwaljit Kaur Brar
V
UPLIFTMENT OF MARGINALIZED SECTIONS THROUGH FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Efforts and Impacts
Dr. Pradeep PrajapatiProfessor
Department of EconomicsGujarat University
Ahmedabad (Gujarat).
Abstract
Though New Economic Policy i.e. Liberalization, Privatization and
Globalization in India experienced high growth it could not improve the life
and living standard of 'MARGINALIZED SECTIONS' of the society and
therefore the Government was to increase prosperity of the people through
planned economic development to produce effects on their standard of
living by removing the inequality, unemployment and poverty and
accordingly the government has initiated many steps and the steps are also
moving in positive direction and the financial inclusion has shown an
immense growth, but the financially excluded sections still are there in India
which comprise largely rural masses comprising marginal farmers,
landless labourers, self-employed and unorganized sector enterprises,
urban slum dwellers, migrant's ethnic minorities and socially excluded
groups, senior citizens and women lead to the problems of Poverty,
Unemployment and Inequality as record levels of growth fails to tackle.
Therefore moderate aim of the present paper was to study and evaluate
what Steps have been taken to bridge the gap between the formal financial
institutions and the rural people needs so as to make the life of many rural
villagers easy and steady, what are the challenges still exist and accordingly
suggestions are made to achieve the desired outcomes, more particularly to
satisfy the goal of total financial inclusion.
Introduction:
India trapped in crisis in early 90's and hence New Economic Policy i.e. Liberalization,
Privatization and Globalization was introduced to overcome the crisis in India.
Though it experienced high growth but on the other hand it could not improve the life and
living standard of 'MARGINALIZED SECTIONS' of the society. As many as 19 percent of
1
Indians living in rural area belong to household which cannot afford to spend more than Rs.
12 a day per person on consumption and in town and cities about 22 percent belong to
household, their daily per capita expenditure is less than Rs. 19. Such abysmal levels of the
consumption are surely linked to very low wage rate. In rural India, the average daily wage
of casual labour in 2005-2006 was Rs. 59 for men and Rs. 38 for women; whereas in urban
India, the wage rates were Rs. 81 and Rs. 45 respectively i.e. in both the areas it was below
the statutory minimum. The pattern is unrelenting in all the aspects of quality of life. In
India's villages, 50 percent of families live in kutcha or semi pacca homes, 74 percent of
households still use fire wood for cooking and kerosene for lighting their homes etc. which
is unbelievable for life in a high performing economy, but unfortunately it is true
[Employment-Unemployment Survey, NSSO]. All these lead to the REALITY that there
exists inequality not only at income level but in consumption expenditure, human
development, regions, social groups etc. in India [Prajapati P. (2010)]. It is summarized
here below in table -1;
Table - 1Systematic and Hierarchical Segmentation of Social Groups across Economic Groups (Ranking)
The above table shows that SC/ST population forms the bottom layer in all respect and
______________________________________________________________________Social Share of Incidence of Incidence of Low Low ProportionGroups Unorganised Extremely Poor & Education Education of Middle Workers Poor & Vulnerable among among & High In Total Poor Poor & Unorganized Income Workers Vulnerable Workers groups Among Social Groups______________________________________________________________________Others 1 1 1 1 1 1
OBC 2 2 2 2 2 2
Muslims 3 3 3 3 3 3
SC/ST 4 4 4 4 4 4Note: Ranking is in descending order, 1 indicates most favourable position and 4 indicates the least
favourable position.
Source: “Socio-economic inequalities between Social Groups in India”, Pradeep Prajapati (2010);
Journal of Social Reality, vol – 2, Nov. 1, January – March 2010 p.p. 1-10.
2
others attained higher position followed by OBC and Muslims. The inequality existing in
so many economic categories is a matter of great concerned which have severe
implications.
the Government was to
increase prosperity of the people through planned economic development to produce
effects on their standard of living by mitigating the inequality, unemployment and poverty.
To overcome these inequalities Financial Inclusion Policy for Inclusive Growth is
suggested, in India as pre – condition of Inclusive Growth.
Financial inclusion and inclusive growth in India:
From an annual average growth rate of 3.5 per cent during 1950 to 1980, the growth rate of
the Indian economy accelerated to around 6.0 per cent in the 1980s and 1990s. In the span
of four Years (2003-04 to 2006-07), the Indian economy grew by 8.8 per cent. In 2005-06
and 2006-07, the Indian economy grew at a higher rate of 9.4 and 9.6 per cent, respectively.
Reflecting the high economic growth and a moderation in population growth rate, the per
capita income of the Country also increased substantially in the recent years. Despite the
impressive numbers, growth has failed to be sufficiently inclusive, particularly after the
mid-1990s. The percentage of India's population below the poverty line has declined from
36 per cent in 1993-94 to 26 per cent in 1999-2000. While India has witnessed
unprecedented economic growth in recent past, its development has been lopsided with the
country trailing on essential social and environmental parameters of development. The
approach paper to the Eleventh Plan indicated that the absolute number of poor is estimated thto be approximately 300 million in 2004-05. Accordingly, the 11 Five Year Plan has
adopted “faster and more Inclusive growth” as the key development paradigm. The
importance of this study lies in the fact that India being a socialist, democratic republic, it is
imperative on the policies of the government to ensure equitable growth of all sections of
the economy. With only 34% of population engaged in formal banking, India has, 135
million financially excluded households, the second highest number after China. Further,
the real rate of financial inclusion in India is also very low and about 40% of the bank
account holders use their accounts not even once a month. However, the economic
liberalization policies have always tempted the financial institutions to look for more and
more greener pastures of business ignoring the weaker sections of the society. In India, the
financially excluded sections still are there which comprise largely rural masses i.e.
marginal farmers, landless labourers, self-employed and unorganized sector enterprises,
Some groups are considered lower, have less social network, avail less
opportunity, have less education and hence poor and therefore
3
urban slum dwellers, migrant's ethnic minorities and socially excluded groups, senior
citizens and women – so called “Marginalized Sections”.
And therefore, the Financial Inclusion as a prime concerned is the pre-condition of the
Inclusive Growth. T Shyni.V.K and
Dr.D.Mavoothu (2014) through which the marginalized – poor - would have
various advantages such as employment, income generation, asset creation, easier credit
facilities, mobilization of savings, and etc. all these would help in poverty alleviation in the
economy. And, from the following survey of literature it is realized that, there is a consensus
among researchers that undoubtedly financial inclusion is playing a catalytic role for the
economic and social development of society.
Brief Survey of Literature:
After having reviewed some related literature - Anupama Sharma and Sumita Kukreja
(2013), H. N (2007), Kakker Sweta (2014), Prajapati P. (2010), Rangrajan (2008), Sarma
M (2008), Sharma Nishant and Jain Anuj (2013), Shyni.V.K and Dr.D.Mavoothu
(2014), Singh Anurag and Tondon Priyanka (2013), and Uma .H.R and Rupa. K.N(2013) -
following remarkable conclusions are drawn, which are the bases for objectives of the
present paper:
I) The four pillars of inclusive growth are productivity, employment, financial
inclusion and infrastructure development.
ii) The policy of financial inclusion – Inclusive Growth was framed with the objective
of employment generation, asset creation and income increase which would help in
the upliftment of the weaker or poor people.
iii) Financial inclusion is the need of the hour which is possible through coordination
between banks, government and others to facilitate access to bank accounts among
the financially excluded i.e. in order to achieve the goal of total financial inclusion
policy makers, Banks, MIFs, NGOs, and other regulators have to work together.
iv) The benefit of financial inclusion will be increased growth, as well as more
equitable growth, in both rural and urban areas because financial growth will
mobilize [what Late Prof. C. K. Prahalad calls “the bottom of the pyramid”].
v) Financial Support, Knowledge Support and Effective Planning & Implementation
Support are the main factors affecting growth of micro poor in India. More
particularly access to financial services like savings, insurance and remittances are
he Financial Inclusion – Inclusive Growth Model [ ] is suggested
4
very important for poverty elevation and development.
vi) By providing greater access to educational loans for all sections of society,
improved financial inclusion will also mean India becoming a more equal
opportunity nation—a pre-condition for promoting inclusive growth.
vii) Also, a very positive impact of promoting financial inclusion will be the boost
given to grass-roots innovations and entrepreneurship. A major constraint is in
diffusing their technologies, i.e., commercialization in the absence of micro-
venture capital funds.
viii) Finally, there is a consensus among researchers that undoubtedly financial
inclusion is playing a catalytic role for the economic and social development of
society but still there is a long road ahead to achieve the desired outcomes.
With a view to these conclusions subsequent to a thorough survey of literature
some objectives have been drawn to examine the issue and methodology of the paper in
Section - 1, Section – 2 explains development of the Financial Inclusion – Inclusive
Growth Model, the efforts and impacts of financial inclusion in India to uplift the weaker
sections and its evaluation, Section -3 reveals the Macro Level Challenges i.e. Poverty,
Unemployment and Inequalities that record ction – 4
draws the conclusion and accordingly suggests policy for satisfying the goal of total
financial inclusion with its implications, in the last Section – 5.
SECTION - I
In India, 78,825 villages are financially excluded by 2012. Except for the SBI, most other
banks along with the five RRBs s have been slow in implementation of the programme.
But, the question is: Is the opening of no frills accounts for all the households have really
made them included in the financial service system, may be yes, as far as the current
definition goes. But, are the marginalized sections participating and benefiting? Is there at
all a viable demand for finance? More relevant question will rather be: Is the people of
marginalized sections account holder capable of participating in the absence of other
complementarities such as financial literacy as well as other income generating investment
options? Can financial inclusion go beyond banking? What about is the role of different
stakeholders such as the NBFCs, MFIs, the government, the civil society and the
community? What about the role of different stakeholders such as the NBFCs, MFIs, the
government, the civil society and the community? The moderate attempt is made to answer
level of growth fails to tackle, Se
5
Social Exclusion: By including socially excluded to the formal financial sector it
would help them in easy assessing of credit and also various financial services can be
availed, which would help them increase in income and thereby their standard of
living can be increased. Financial inclusion could be achieved either through financial
institutions or through an intermediary of the bank.
Financial Inclusion: To overcome the social exclusion low income and weaker
section of the society will be able to avail various financial services when needed
through financial inclusion, which would also help in preventing the exploitation of
the poor by the informal money lenders.
Role of financial institutions (FIs): Financial institutions like Banks, other formal
financial institutions and post offices play an intermediary role between the excluded
and financial products with the expectation to mitigate the supply side processes that
prevent poor and disadvantaged social groups from gaining access to the financial
system.
Inclusive Growth SHG-Bank Linkage Program: This is one of the most popular
and successful model which has being incorporated by RBI for financially including
excluded sections in the society. There are mainly three types of SHG-Bank Linkage
models, such as (a) SHG formed and Financed by banks, (b) SHG formed by formal
agencies other than banks but financed by banks, (c) SHG financed by banks using
NGOs and other Agencies as financial intermediaries. Among the rural India SHG-
Bank linkage program had helped in reducing poverty of the illiterate and weaker
section. Easy access of money was a major factor which hinders the economic
development of the poor.
Inclusive growth: In the model the author presupposes as through financial inclusion
the poor would have various advantages such as employment, income generation,
asset creation, easier credit facilities, mobilization of savings, and etc. all these would
help in poverty alleviation in the economy.
The Process of Financial Inclusion in India: Efforts and Impacts
During the First Phase (1960-1990), the focus was on channeling of credit to the
neglected sectors of the economy. Special emphasis was also laid on weaker sections
7
of the society. The Second Phase (1990-2005) focused mainly on strengthening the
financial institutions as part of financial sector reforms. Financial inclusion in this phase
was encouraged mainly by the introduction of Self-Help Group (SHG) - bank linkage
programme in the early 1990s and Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) for providing credit to
farmers. The SHG - bank linkage programme was launched by the National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1992, with policy support from the
Reserve Bank of India, to facilitate collective decision making by the poor and provide
'door step' banking. During the Third Phase (2005 onwards), the 'financial inclusion' was
explicitly made as policy objective and the thrust was on providing safe facility of saving
deposits through 'no frills' accounts.
And accordingly whatever the financial sources and services accessible to a common man
is given below in form of a chart:
What attempts have been made to access the financial sources and services to
common man and accordingly what is the progress and impact of Financial
Inclusion is in the form of survey reports on the Financial Inclusion by the World
Bank as under:
8
Survey Reports On Financial Inclusion:
A financial inclusion survey was conducted by World Bank team in India between April-
June, 2011, which included face to face interviews of 3,518 respondents. The sample
excluded the north eastern states and remote islands representing approximately 10 per
cent of the total adult population. The survey suggest in developing countries India lags
behind in opening bank accounts, but is much closer to the global average when it comes to
borrowing from formal institutions. In India, 35 per cent of people had formal accounts
versus the global average of 50 per cent and the average of 41 per cent in developing
economies as can be seen from the table - 2. The survey also points to the slow growth of
mobile money in India, where only 4 per cent of adults in the Global index sample report
having used a mobile phone in the past 12 months to pay bills or sends or receive money.
Keeping in view the goal of bringing banking services to identified 74,414 villages with
population above 2,000 by March 2012, and thereafter progressively to all villages over a
period of time, the Reserve Bank advised commercial banks that while preparing their
Annual Branch Expansion Plan (ABEP), they should allocate at least 25 per cent of the
total number of branches proposed to be opened during the year in unbanked rural centers,
accordingly more than 25% branches opened in rural areas as seen in table – 3.
Table - 2Key Statistics on Financial Inclusion in India: A Survey
Source: Asli Demirguc - Kunt and Klapper, L. (2012): „Measuring Financial Inclusion?, Policy Research
Working Paper, 6025, World Bank,April.
9
But still a lot has to be done to bridge the gap between the formal financial institutions and
the rural people needs. To make them aware of the fact about the facilities available for
their benefit and which can help India to turn out to a developed nation from a developing
nation. As can be seen from the below table-4 that the financial inclusion plan has shown
a tremendous growth in the past two years. Banks are gaining momentum in areas like
opening up of new banking outlets in rural areas, deploying new business correspondents
(BC's), opening of new frills accounts, granting more credit through KCC(Kisan Credit
Card) and GCC's(General Purpose Credit Card).
Table-4Progress of SCBs in Financial Inclusion Plan (excluding RRBs)
Table - 3
Particulars March 2010 March 2011 March 2012 Variation March 2012 over March 2010
1 2 3 4 5
__________No. of BCs/BC Agents Deployed:
__________33,042
__________57,329
_________95,767
__________62,725
Number of banking outlets in villages with population above 2,000:
27,353 54,246 82,300 54,947
10
Particulars March 2010 March 2011 March 2012 Variation March 2012 over March 2010
1 2 3 4 5
c) Through Other Modes
99 383 2,478 2,379
433 3,757 5,875 5,442 Urban Locations covered through BCs
32,684 77,138 1,20,355 87,671 b) Through BCs
Number of banking outlets in villages with population less than 2,000
26,905 45,937 65,234 38,329
Total number of banking outlets in villages of which
54,258 1,00,183 1,47,534 93,276
a) Through branches
21,475 22,662 24,701 3,226
No-Frill accounts 50.3 75.4 105.5 55.2Number (millions) Amount (billions) 42.6 57.0 93.3 50.7
Overdraft availed in No -Frill AccountsNumber 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.4(millions)
Amount 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.5(billions)
Kisan Credit Card (KCC)Number 15.9 18.2 20.3 4.4of Accounts (millions)
Outstanding 940.1 1237.4 1651.5 711.4amount (billions)
11
Particulars March 2010 March 2011 March 2012 Variation March
2012 over March
2010
1 2 3 4 5
General Purpose Credit Card (GCC) Number of 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.4Accounts (millions)
Outstanding 25.8 21.9 27.3 1.6amount (billions)
ICT Based Accounts through Bcs Number of 12.6 29.6 52.1 39.5Accounts (millions)
Number of 18.7 64.6 119.3 183.9transactionsduring the year (millions)
Source: Asli Demirguc - Kunt and Klapper, L. (2012): „Measuring Financial Inclusion?, Policy Research Working Paper, 6025, World Bank,April.
As can be seen from the above statistics the number of Business Correspondents has
increased and the number of rural banking branches has increased from 27,353 in 2010 to
82,300 in 2012. The primary mode which has gained momentum for opening new saving
account in rural banks is through Business Correspondent (BC's). It can also be seen the
account opened by business correspondents in 2010 is 32,684 which has increased to 1,
20,355 in 2012. Also the opening of new no-frill account is on the higher side i.e. from
50.3 million accounts to 105.5 million accounts. The distribution of KCC (Kisan credit
cards) and GCC (General purpose credit card) has also been on increasing side but still
there is major scope for reaping its benefits.
And, the RBI report narrates the overall Financial Inclusion Progress as seen in below table – 5:
12
Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c through branches (No. in million):
60.2 126.0
Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c through branches (Amt. in billion):
44.3 273.3
Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c through BCs (No. in million):
13.3 116.9
Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c through BCs (Amt. in billion):
10.7 39.0
Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts Total(No. in million):
73.5 243.0
Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts Total ( Amt. in billion):
55.0 312.3
Overdraft facility availed in Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts (No. in million):
0.2 5.9
Overdraft facility availed in Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts (Amt. in billion):
0.1 16.0
Urban Locations covered through BCs:
447 60,730
Table - 5
Financial Inclusion Progress: Banks and RRBS _________________________________________________________________
Banking Outlets in Villages- Branches:
33,378 46,126
Banking Outlets in Villages- Branchless Mode:
34,316 3,37,678
Banking Outlets in Villages- Total:
67,694 3,83,804
Year ended March 2010 Year ended March 2014
13
KCCs – (No. in million): KCCs – (Amt. in billion): GCC - (No. in million): GCC - (Amt. in billion):
24.3 1,240.1 1.4 35.1
39.9 3,684.5 7.4 1,096.9
Information and Communication Technology A/Cs-BC- Transaction - (No. in million) (During the year):
26.5 328.6
Information and Communication Technology A/Cs-BC- Transactions - (Amt. in billion) (During the year):
6.9 524.4
Source: RBI Annual Report (2013-14).
It is therefore seen from the above tables that the government has initiated many steps and the steps are also moving in positive direction and the financial inclusion has shown an immense growth.
But the same are required to be channelized in proper manner so as to make the life of many rural villagers easy and steady as following three challenges, that record levels of growth have failed to tackle, are still realized.
SECTION - III
Macro Level Challenges:
1. Poverty: Not all growth is equally effective in reducing poverty. Despite good
progress in tackling extreme poverty and good growth rates globally and within
many developing countries, persisting poverty remains a pressing issue. In 2011,
1.2 billion people were living on less than $1.25 per day, equivalent to 24% of the
world's population. Between 1990 and 2010 extreme poverty was cut by one half,
leading some, notably the World Bank, to conclude that eradicating extreme
poverty within a generation is within reach. However, it will not be a simple
repetition of the previous twenty years' success to get to zero – the easiest people to
help cross the poverty line have been replaced by those that are harder to reach
because they are in fragile states or suffer discrimination. Success will depend on
how much those groups benefit from growth in their economies. As Ortiz and
Cummins (2011) pointed out, without changing the patterns of growth and
distribution to make it more inclusive, it could take 800 years for the bottom billion
of the global population to achieve 10% of global income.
14
2. Unemployment: Economic growth is often tied unequivocally to a correlating
improvement in employment levels. Over recent decades however, increases in
growth have not resulted in expected comparable increases in numbers of jobs.
Felipe and Hasan (2006) estimated that in the 1980s it took 3% GDP growth to
generate a 1% increase in employment, but in the 1990s this changed significantly
and it then took an 8% cent increase in GDP to get the same result. Worldwide, there
are more than 200 million people who are out of work. The World Bank has forecast
that 600 million new jobs will need to be created in the next fifteen years, just to
keep employment constant. Importantly, aggregate numbers hide significant
marginalized groups – particularly women and young people. Even when in work,
there are worrying trends in employment conditions. Jobs are increasingly
seasonal and temporary and workers' share of global income is declining – down
4% in the 2000s compared to the early 1990s.
3. Inequalities: As the OECD explains, recent decades of growth have not benefited
all groups equally and have been characterized by widening inequality: “Today, the
gap between rich and poor is widening almost everywhere. Within OECD
countries, it is now the widest in 30 years.” Recent Oxfam (2014) analysis found
that the richest 85 billion people in the world own the same amount of wealth as the
bottom half of the world's population (3.5 billion people). Rising inequality matters
because it affects how growth acts on well-being and poverty. Making countries
more equal can boost poverty reduction efforts: a World Bank study found that a
1% increase in income can cut poverty by 4.3% in more equal countries, compared
to only cutting poverty by 0.6% in the most unequal ones. Inequality has also been
linked to increased economic instability and dampened growth, social unrest and
political instability.
SECTION - IV
Conclusions:
Though New Economic Policy i.e. Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India
experienced high growth it could not improve the life and living standard of
'MARGINALIZED SECTIONS' of the society and therefore the Government was to
increase prosperity of the people through planned economic development to produce
effects on their standard of living by removing the inequality, unemployment and poverty
and accordingly the government has initiated many steps and the steps are also moving in
15
positive direction and the financial inclusion has shown an immense growth, but the
financially excluded sections still are there in India which comprise largely rural masses
comprising marginal farmers, landless labourers, self-employed and unorganized sector
enterprises, urban slum dwellers, migrant's ethnic minorities and socially excluded
groups, senior citizens and women, realized the problems of Poverty, Unemployment and
Inequality as record levels of growth fails to tackle. Therefore more Government Steps
are required to bridge the gap between the formal financial institutions and the rural people
needs by channelizing it in proper manner so as to make the life of many rural villagers
easy and steady.
In sum, undoubtedly financial inclusion is playing a catalytic role for the economic and
social development of society but still there is a long road ahead to achieve the desired
outcomes, more particularly to satisfy the goal of total financial inclusion. And
accordingly following suggestions are made with implications.
SECTION - V
Suggestions and Implications:
The model discussed below would be instrumental in bringing hundred percent financial
inclusions in our country:
Stage I: Create Awareness and Financial Literacy Intensive awareness, education and
promotion drive to create an in-depth impact on the masses. Government should promote
introduction of basic banking – relevance services, merits as a topic in secondary and
higher secondary classes in all education institutions. Government sponsored publicity
campaigns through all media–radio; television; newspapers; e-choupal; village
panchayat; movies; local stage shows etc. Banks should design and organize aggressive
education cum promotion campaigns in unbanked parts of urban, semi – urban and rural
areas to enhance financial literacy and awareness, as well as to remove the doubts and
apprehensions that the masses have towards the banking sector. Banks should involve the
knowledgeable and well-informed local inhabitants in such activities. This will help the
banks to consolidate and ensure prompt and extensive response from the populace. Banks
should gather support from the NGOs, retired bank personnel, and academic institutions,
to reach the desired numbers within a limited span of time. Once the fallacy is removed
from the minds of the general public, they automatically will join the mainstream. The all
16
round awareness and education simulation will drive them to open savings and current
accounts. This will mark the beginning of basic banking in the true sense.
Stage II: The banks need to adopt a considerate approach towards this new clientele, to
remove their qualms and disbeliefs. It is necessary that the basic banking should be
comprehensive in scope and have attractive USPs that can lure people at large. All banks
should allow no frill accounts i.e. savings accounts which can be opened with a nominal
amount of Rs.5/- or even with zero balance. They should allow 6-7 withdrawals in the
accounting period and should not restrict the number of deposits. The RBI along with
banks should toil hard to reduce the amount of paper work in relation to the opening of an
account as well as in getting small credits. This would reduce the complexity and also
speed up the processing at banks. Banks should make sure that local people are positioned
in the front offices, so that the general public does not have to endure with language
problem and does not have to suffer perceived / actual racial discrimination. It is all the
more necessary for the banks that besides offering the conventional products and services,
they should set up teams who can understand the needs and requirements of the common
man and design innovative products and services having greater suitability and
desirability. Also banks should work as one-stop-store and offer diversified products in
banking and insurance. Despite the risk, financing of first time entrepreneurs is a must for
financial inclusion and growth. Banks should arrange and provide technical advice for
these entrepreneurs. They will have to tone up their risk assessment and risk management
capacities, and provide for these facilities. Banks should give free financial counsel to
low-income households and small entrepreneurs. The pricing of the product should also
be done keeping in mind the pockets of the potential clientele. The cost burden should
proportionately be shifted to high potential sectors, who can afford a little upswing in their
banking cost.
Stage III: Innovative Strategies Basic banking itself needs to be supported by innovative
strategies, in order to improve the reach and reduce the operating cost of the banks.
Infrastructure sharing amongst banks and other organizations will help in lowering the
operating cost and thus the cost benefit can be transferred to customers. Bank should open
small extension counters at organization providing public utility services such as local
schools, primary health care centers, village mandies, farmers` associations, cold storages
and warehouses, railway stations, bus stops etc. This should simultaneously be
17
supplemented by mobile banks. Wherever it is not economical to set up a branch, credit
camps / loan 'melas' must be organized on weekly basis , to disburse small loans on easy
terms . Greater use of technology should be made by the banks to improve their reach,
speed of processing, as well as to cut down the operating cost. Last but not the least; the
Government of India should initiate a 'Civil Rights Law' prohibiting discrimination by
banks against low and moderate income neighborhoods. This will create a pressure on
banks to play an important role in bringing financial inclusion in the country. This model
will result in improved financial literacy, make banking enter into the daily routine of the
masses, and broaden the deposit base, wider disbursement of credits, larger number of
transactions. Jointly it will lead to formalized and systematic banking, faster economic
growth, new employment opportunities in the society and hence financial as well as social
inclusion.
References:Anupama Sharma and Ms. Sumita Kukreja (2013); “An Analytical Study: Relevance of Financial Inclusion For Developing Nations”, International Journal Of Engineering And Science, Vol.2, Issue 6 (March 2013), Pp 15-20.
Asli Demirguc - Kunt and Klapper, L. (2012): “Measuring Financial Inclusion”, Policy Research Working Paper, 6025, World Bank, April.
Chandy, Ledlie & Penciakova (2013) “The Final Countdown: Prospects for Ending Extreme Poverty by 2030”, Brookings Institute, Washington DC.
Felipe and Hasan (2006); “The Challenge of Job Creation in Asia”, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Fox & Sohenson (2012); “Household enterprises in Sub- Saharan Africa: Why they matter for growth, jobs, and livelihoods”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (No. 6184).
Hull (2009); “Understanding the Relationship between Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction”, In OECD (2009), “Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment”, OECD, Paris.
H.M (2007); “Financial Inclusion : the Way Forward”, HM Treasury, UK.
International Monetary Fund (2014); “Redistribution, Inequality and Growth”, IMF Staff Discussion Paper by J. Ostry, A. Berg, and C. Tsangarides, February 2014.
18
Oxfam (2014); “Working for the few: Political capture and economic inequality”, Oxfam, Oxford.
Prajapati P. (2010);
Rangarajan (2008); Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion, Government of India.
RBI Annual Report (2013-14).
Sarma M (2008); Index of Financial Inclusion, ICRIER Working Paper, August 2008.
Sharma Nishant and Jain Anuj (2013); “Understanding the Role of Micro-Finance in Inclusive Growth & Financial Inclusion”, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, Nov.-Dec. 2013, Vol.2, Issue 6, 43-49 43.
Shyni.V.K and Dr.D.Mavoothu (2014); “Financial Inclusion – The way Toward Inclusive Growth”, International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 2, 649-655.
Singh Anurag and Tondon Priyanka (2013); “Financial Inclusion in India: An Analysis”, International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services and Management Research, Vol. No. 1, 6, June, 2013.
Sweta Kakker (2014); “The Roll of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth”, GALAXY: An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol.2 (2), FEBRUARY (2014) 201.
Uma H.R and Rupa. K. N (2013); “The Role of SHGS in Financial Inclusion: A Case Study”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2013, 1.
World Bank (2006); “World Development Report 2006: Equity”, World Bank, Washington DC. World Bank (2009); “What is Inclusive Growth?”, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2012); “Inequality in Focus, Introduction to the Inequality in Focus Series”, World Bank, Washington DC. World Bank (2013); “World Development Report 2013: Jobs”. World Bank, Washington DC. World Bank (2013c); “Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity”, World Bank, Washington DC. World Bank (2013d); “The World Bank Group Goals: End Extreme Poverty and Promote Shared Prosperity”, World Bank, Washington DC.
“Socio-economic inequalities between Social Groups in India”, Journal of Social Reality, vol – 2, Nov. 1, January – March 2010 p.p. 1-10.
19
RURAL INDIA AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION: A SUCCESS STORY?
Dr. Vaishali AcharyaProgram Officer
JSS, Gujarat UniversityAhmedabad
ABSTRACT:
Though there is a lop-sided development of the financial sector in India the big story of the last
decade to be proud of is that India has come out from low growth trap and moving successfully
through financial market becoming global, introduction of financial reforms, attracting FII's. But
at the same time more than half of the population with no concept of “bank” leads to growth with
exclusion, inequality and deprivation. Hence, this paper attempts to study the growth of financial
services developed in rural India during last decade as well as quantitative approach they have
adopted to attract rural masses for the use of these services, that is the adaptability of financial
services in rural India.
INTRODUCTION:In India now 6,40,866 villages are not taking any type of bank facilities so the financial inclusion is not a new dispensation as in 1969 banks were nationalization with the good intention of increasing of credit in rural areas, it is failure system after 46 years of nationalization so nation are facing question of financial inclusion and any more problem is high. RBI is proactive in trying to inject the spirit of financial inclusion in the heart of financial institution. After 2005 recommendation of khan committee RBI already prepared the guidelines to ensure faster and greater outreach of banking of banking services to rural areas through business facilitator and business correspondents. In September 2013 RBI made efforts to set up a committee named “comprehensive financial Services for small business and low income households”. This committee came out with ambitious targets of providing financial access to every Indian in the year of 2016, a desire to be a Aadhaar linked bank account. It will be interesting to evaluate several type of quantitative and qualitative efforts made by the financial institution and realized by the people so far.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the growth of Institutional Finance in India through Primary Agricultural Credit
Society (PACS).
2. To analyze the role of Regional Rural Banks (RRB's) and study the reasons for
weaknesses of RRB's as pointed out by Khusro Committee.
3. To evaluate the role of commercial banks in enhancing rural banking.
4. To evaluate the role of RBI in rural credit and policy initiative in introducing various
schemes.In all the above criteria focused will be on the quantitative approach adopted by banks and Government to reach to customers.
METHODOLOGY:
The Paper writer has adopted multidimensional methodology for the present study. Paper writer
relied on the following data-base and reference materials:
20
(a) Secondary sources - books, case studies, research journals, magazines, newspapers,
and RBI reports, research articles, and government reports.
(b) Theme-related websites.
The study in the subsequent sections takes up the examination and evaluation of objectives set out
for this article.
IMPORTANCE OF PACS IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION:
Basic agriculture co- operative societies are the institution which is facilitating the basic
financial needs of rural areas. PACS is the basic level arms of the short term cooperative credit
structure which is imperative to reach to small and needy borrowers in rural areas. PACS deals
face to face with farmers borrowers short term and medium term loan and also undertake
distribution of marketing functions. The PACS have stepped up their advances to weaker section
particularly small and marginal farmers and the deprive section society. Below table-1 reveals the
Membership as well as the percentage SC/ST and rural small and marginal borrowers.
Table – 1Region wise Membership of PACS
Region Members
par PACS
Percentage
o f s c / s t
members
Percentage o f r u r a l a r t i s a n s ,small and m a r g i n a l farmers
Borrowers
per PACS
Percentage
o f s c / s t
borrowers
Percentage
of rural and
m a r g i n a l
borrowers
NORTHERN 862 27.7 72.3 464 16.9 83.1
EASTERN 2130 40.8 59.2 720 27.8 72.2
CENTRAL 665 47.3 52.7 297 38.5 61.5
WESTERN 571 13.3 86.7 147 16.2 83.8
SOUTHERN 3064 18.3 81.7 2215 8.7 91.3
NORTH-
EASTERN
1031 35.2 64.8 73 32.2
All india 1336 26.9 71.1 632 17.1 82.9
Source: RBI, Reports on trends and progress on Banking of India, 2010-11.
Overall the farmers of southern region avail maximum benefit from PACS and central region farmers need to approach more.
Now looking to the state wise performance of PACS it is found from table -2 that there is a wide gap between first and second rank region in deposit mobilization.
21
Table – 2 Selected indicators of PACS
sr.no State No of pacs Deposits rs.in
crores Borrowing rs. crores
Working capital rs. Crores
Northern region
12623 2781 11413 20336
1 Chandigarh 16 0.03 0.09 0.23
2 Haryana 628 371 4485 6992 3 Himachal
Pradesh 2097 1191 64 1577
4 Jammu &Kashmir
765 1 37 79
5 Punjab 3990 908 4020 5901 6 Rajasthan 5127 310 2806 5787 North east
region 3583 (L) 72(L) 65(L) 378(L)
7 Arunachal Pradesh
33 - 13 18
8 Assam 766 - - 111 9 Manipur 204 1 1 4 10 Meghalaya 179 3 13 22 11 Mizoram 245 - - 6 12 Nagaland 1719 64 9 112 13 Sikkim 169 - 2 4 14 Tripura 268 4 27 100 Eastern
region 20308 3763 4405 10574
15 Andaman Nicobar
46 o.44 3 4
16 Bihar 8463 67 501 493 17 Jharkhand 208 13 3 15 18 Orissa 3565 2382 2332 6153 19 West Bengal 8026 1301 1566 3909 20 Chhattisgarh 1213 250 538 995 21 MP 4633 504 2914 4561 22 Uttrakhand 679 276 310 695 23 Uttar Pradesh 8929 68 971 1259 Western
Region 29082(H) 375 13263 18735
24 Goa
79 33 5 58
25 Gujarat 7763 241 3870 5741 26 Maharashtra 21240 100 9388 12937
22
Southern region
13597 27198(H) 17885(H) 77658(H)
27 Andhra Pradesh
2721 1153 4790 34278
28 Kanataka 4694 1618 3708 6058 29 Kerala 1608 20907 2781 25952 30 Pondicherry 52 70 33 129 31 Tamil nadu 4522 3450 6574 11241
ALL -INDIA 94647 35286 51764 135191
Source: RBI, Report on trends and progress on banking of India, 2010-11
RRB's AND RURAL CREDIT:
The main purpose of RRB,s is to giving credit and other facilities to rural farmers , artisans
agricultural laborers, and small entrepreneurs so as to develop agriculture, trade, commerce,
industry and other productive activities in rural and considered them endemic and non-viable
because RRB,s accumulated huge losses and in some cases the losses had eroded the part of their
deposits. Dr.khusro also recommended winding up of such insolvent institutes and there is no place
of RRB,s in the India rural credit and they should be merged with sponsor banks. After then RBI
appointed the bhadnari committee and share capital of RRB,S were enhanced
From 75lakhs to 1 corers and NABARD was given the task of monitoring productivity
management ,advance portfolio and recovery performance e. Short term measures like freed from
area obligation ,allowed to increases on target group financing 40 to 60 percent , permitted to
reallocate their loss making branches at market yard, man dies, allowed to give loan to non-
priority sector. These policy measures brought significant improvement in the performance of
RRB's and the recent performance can be analyzed from the table -3, below:
Table-3
Purpose- wise outstanding advances by RRB
-
Purpose 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 Agriculture 33216 36466 46282 55067 Per cent to
total loan 56.3 52.8 55.9 54.9
A Short term loan
22748 24986 33663 40663
B Term loan for agri and allied activities
C Indirect advances
- - - -
23
2 Non agriculture
25768 32564 36537 45231
Per cent to total loan
43.9 41.2 44.1 45.1
A Rural artisans 671 820 810 881 B Other
industries 1227 1400 1598 2625
C Retail trade 4531 5015 5234 5082 D Other purpose 19339 25329 28895 36643 Total 58984 69030 82819 100298 3 Memo item A Priority sector 48894 57528 68823 82643 B Non priority
sector 10090 11502 13956 17655
Share of priority sector
82.9 83.3 83.1 82.4
- Source: RBI, report on trends and progress on banking of India, 2010-11
COMMERCIAL BANK AND RURAL CREDIT:
Commercial banks were criticized for showing an indifferent attitude towards credit needs of
farmers for agricultural operation and land improvement. At October 1980 government has
extended IRDP to all development blocks in the country and asked commercial bank to finance
IRDP with the commencement of new RBI guideline on farm credit like freeing them from interest
rate fixation, preparing of individual credit plan, modifying service area approach, offering credit
package to farmers etc. increased the viability of commercial banks in rural area and made them
profitable.
Table -4
Penetration of Commercial Banks in Rural Area.
Numders of branches of scheduled commercial bank in last five years.
Rural areas branches semi urban
March 31 2009 31,476, 19126 March 2010 32493 20855 March 2011 33905 23114 March 2012 36356 25797 March 2013 37953 27219 Source; RBI, hand book of statistics on Indian economy.
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES TAKEN FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION:
Government and RBI together have taken several measures to combat the problem of financial
exclusion. Various schemes and initiative have started by RBI to reach to rural population.
24
Table – 5
Progrss of FIP’s
Sr. no. particulars Year end march 2010
Year end march 2011
Year end march 2012
Up to dec.2012
Progress April 2010 - dec2012
1 No of branches
85457 91145 99242 103359 17902
2 No of rural branches
33433 34811 37471 39127 5694
3 Banking outlets in villages
67694 116208 181753 211234 143540
4 Basic saving account BSBDA
73.45 104.76 138.50 171.43 97.97
5 Over draft facility availed in BSBDA
0.18 0.61 2.71 3.28 3.10
6 BSBDA through ict - bcs
13.26 31.93 57.30 72.41 59.14
7 Ict-bc total transaction no in lakhs
26.52 84.16 141.09 60.48 435.43
8 Small loan farm sector
24.31 27.11 30.23 31.73 7.43
9 Small loan non-farm sector
1.39 1.70 2.11 3.11 1.73
Source: RBI, hand book of statistics on Indian economy
QUALITATIVE MEASURES TAKEN FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION:
Augmenting the numbers of commercial bank branches, RRB's, PACS will not give desired result
of increasing financial penetration in rural area unless there is reception of the same from the other
side. Receptiveness among rural customers can be increased through proper knowledge ,
understanding of banking services and by providing customize package to them according to their
need. It's one of the foremost step is introduction of service area approach but there were several
institutional and operational reasons this could not work.
25
i) Service area approach:
This area approach is focused to selected district and under this each semi urban and rural
branch of commercial bank was assigned a specific, area comprises of cluster of villages
within which it would operate adopt a planned approach for economic growth, it is also
helpful in monitoring of end use of funds, different credit plan for different activities and
beneficiaries. Unfortunately this approach could work because banks were never happy
with the allotted area. Underutilization of bank staff, bank readiness to confine their lending
to high potential area rather than backward and rural area.
ii) Kisan Credir Card:
Year of 1998-99 a notable development was introduction of kisan-credit card the purpose of
KCC is to facilities short term credit farmers. This scheme has gained popularity and its
implementation is done by cooperative banks, RRB's commercial banks in the year of 2010-
112.81 million credit card were issued by co-op banks similarly 1.78 million and 2.66
million were issued by RRB's and commercial bank respectively.
iii) Special Agriculture Credit Plan:
In 1994-95 public sector banks were asked to follow special credit plan to fix target for
agricultural lending for each year. After SACP there has been considerable increase inflow
of credit to agriculture from rs.8255 crores to 57000 croes in 2004-05.
iv) ICT – Based – Through Business Corressppondents:
It's full time exercise in extension of banking penetration and branch building has been
taken up by banks through lead bank scheme channel. November 2009 banks were advised
to road map to provide banking service through a banking outlet in every village with a
population of more than 2000 population and the target date was march 2012.these bank
services is not necessarily be provide through and mortar but through any of the various
form of ICT- based models including's BC,s . under this 74199 unbanked villages
comprising of 2493 branches and 69374 BC,s and 2332 through other modes like mobile
van, ATM etc. Were benefitted total number of 11564 ATM are opened up in rural areas.
Table – 6
ATM Penetration
No of ATM in the country as on 31st march
Rural area Semi urban area
public sector bank 8552 18445 Old private sector bank 768 2760 New private sector bank 2214 6484 Foreign bank 80 21 Total 11564 27710
Source: RBI , hand book of statistics on Indian economy
26
v) Services Through Banks:
Government announcede annual policy statement of 2012-13 state level Bankers committee
were advised by RBI to provide EBT services to village having population less than 2000.to
start with banks advised to provide door step services to EBT and various cash subsides to
beneficiaries by direct credit to bank accounts, through regular visit to BC,provide all kind
of bank services like remittances, recurring KCC andGCC.insuarence and other banking
services to all resident of villages.
vi) Financial Literacy:
Financial inclusion and financial literacy are two sides of equation. On supply we have all
measures taken for financial inclusion and on demand side is financial awareness and
receptiveness among the rural masses. The RBI have launched project financial literacy in
2007with view to create awareness specially among common persons to matter relating to
financing and banking. This programmer includes publication a comic book on banking and
RBI, games on financial education arranging a school and collages visit. Participation in
exhibition, fairs, conducting essay compaction and quizzes in school and collages. RBI has
prepared comprehensive finance literacy material consisting of financial literacy guide.
Financial dairy a set of 16 financial literacy posters. The table below shows us the progress
of financial literacy center in recent time.
Table-7
FLCs progress
Particulars June-12 Sep- 12 Edc- 12 Progress apr -12-dec.12
No of flcs 483 575 656 173 No of camps conducted
5682 7290 15289 28.261
Persons educated in camps
230808 419143 503272 11.53,223
Persons educated - indoor services
74,525 126367 140119 3,41011
Total persons educated by FLCs
3,05,333 545510 643391 14,94,234
Source ; RBI, hand book of statistics on Indian economy
CONCLUSION:
For developing country like India it is an imperative to create awareness regarding organized
financial services available to them. A package of reach, access, product, awareness can generate
adequate result of financial inclusion in nation. It is important to enhance both breadth and depth
of financial stability in the country. Economic growth can enhance only when reach to
organizational finance is not a farfetched reality for rural population and '' INDIA” stands
together with “SHINING INDIA” and ensures “GROWTH WITH EQUITY”
27
REFERENCES:
Agrawal A (2008); “The Need for Financial Inclusion with an Indian Prospective”, Economic
Research, IDBI, GILTS.
Agrawal R (2008); “100% Financial Inclusion: A Challenging Task a Head”, Paper presented at
the conference on Global Competitiveness of Indian Corporate.
Lal, Rajieev (2012); Speech on Financial Inclusion Conference – 2012, First Mile Walk into the
Financial System, 7-8 August 2012, New Delhi.
Rao, Subba K G K (2007); “Financial Inclusion Introspection”, Economic And Political Weekly,
vol. XI. II(5) February.
RBI Hand Book of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2012-13.
28
PARENTING BEHAVIOUR AND CHILD DEVELOPMENTDr Vandana , Associate Professor & Head, Deptt of Home Science
Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepur City, PunjabE mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Parenting is more about a continuous character building process from the day of a child's
birth. Even a kid notices and observes a lot more than an adult. A kid learns more from
gestures, body language and face expressions than oral teaching. A quote “a picture says
more than a thousand words" fits well on a child's learning behavior. The purpose of this
study is to analyze parent's attitude towards different aspects of growth and development
(health, play, values, and activity) for their children and to examine the influence of
parent's attitude on social emotional development of children. A survey method was used
to collect information about family's monthly income and expenditure on child's activities,
health awareness, methods of discipline and parenting correlation with self-esteem. The
statistical data revealed that majority of the parents were concerned about different health
aspects. The largest segment of respondents (86.7%) were concerned about vaccination
followed by(82.7%) who visited dentist once in six months. More than half respondents
were also aware about healthy food packages required for their children. All the
respondents involved their children in one or the other activity. A large percentage of the
respondent preferred explaining method of discipline than scolding, spank or timeout. So
parental habits, practices, behavior, actions, reactions, thinking patterns, tolerance,
aggressions, depression, ambitiousness, calmness, decision making ,offensive / defensive
/ situational attitude, social status, perceptions etc. ... are closely, gradually and
continuously observed, followed and imbibed by their children that influence their
thinking pattern, perception establishment and character building.
Keywords- Parenting, Attitude, Emotional skills
1.Introduction
Parenting is all together different from motherhood or fatherhood. Families are the most central
and enduring influence in children's lives regardless of their education, composition, income, or
values. Affection and protection are evidently crucial for the health of a child. Thus children need
to receive love and protection for their healthy emotional development. Genetic factors have
important influence on individual differences. The links between the quality of parent-child
relationships and children's psychological adjustment are mediated by genetic influences. The
29
warmth of men's relationships with the children appears greater when they have good relationships
with mothers, when the home is 'well-organized', and when the family engages in regular, shared
activities. Parents observe their children through a filter of conscious and unconscious thoughts,
beliefs, and these filters direct the way they perceive their children's actions. When the thoughts
are benign, they direct positive actions. When the thoughts are accurate they will usually lead to
positive actions. When they are distorted, they distract parents from the task at hand as well as
leading to negative emotions that ultimately impair effective parenting.
Objectives
·To analyze parent's attitude towards different aspects of growth and
development (health, play, values, activity) for their children.
·To examine the influence of parent's attitude on social emotional
development of children.
2. Literature Review
·According to (Halberstadt, Denham, & Dunmore, 2001). Social competence is
usually defined by one's social skills and peer status, whereas the emotional
competence focuses on more intrapersonal qualities, such as the ability to
understand or produce appropriate emotion signals. For a child to have appropriate
social emotional skills, it is important to look at their surroundings more closely to
indicate what factors influence their development. To facilitate the appropriate
development, parents need to support the child's growing sense of self reliance,
self esteem, and behavior control and encourage the child to develop meaningful
relationships with other adult models outside the family.
·Parents must be emotionally strong and should teach their child about world of
emotions and build a closer relationship with their child. (Gottman, J. & DeClaire,
J, 1997).Emotion coaching style is defined as parents' awareness of emotions.
Parenting is associated with children's increased trust of their feelings, better
emotion regulation and more competent problem-solving.
·According to De Lisi (2007), Perceptions, attitudes and beliefs are important
factors in understanding parenting styles and their potential impact on children's
development.
30
3. Research Methodology
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the campus of Dev Samaj Post
Graduate College for Women, Ferozepur city from July- October 2015. Parents having
children aged between 3to13 years were selected for the study .A pre-designed
questionnaire which was pre-tested was used to collect the information. Verbal consent
was taken from the mothers after explaining the purpose of the study. Out of 90 parents 75
were willing to participate in the study. A survey was done to collect information about
family's monthly income and expenditure on child's activities, health awareness, methods
of discipline and parenting correlation with self-esteem and the style of parenting used by
their mother or father. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software.
4. Results and Discussion
Various general characteristics of the selected respondents are relevant here to view in
order to analyze their attitude toward different aspects of growth and development i.e.
background information, concern about health & care and values preferred for their
children.
4.1Background information of respondents
Table 1. Family Monthly Income of selected respondents
Income(Rs)
Frequency
Percent
Valid
percent
Cumulative
percent
Between 20,000
and 50,000
25
33.3
33.3
33.3
between 50,000
and 1,00,000
40
53.3
53.3
86.7
Between 1,00,000
and 1.50,000
2
2.7
2.7
89.3
over 1.50,000 8 10.7 10.7 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0 ----
31
Results of table 1 shows that majority of the selected respondents belong to income group
between 50,000 – 1,00,000 followed by income group between 20,000 – 50,000. Only
2.7% belong to income group between 1, 00,000 - 1,50,000.Very few respondents belong
to income over 1,50,000.
Table 2. Monthly Expenditure of respondents on child's activities
Expenditure (Rs) Frequency Percent Valid
percent
Cumulative
percent
less than 2,000 49 65.3 65.3 65.3
2,000 - 8,000 10 13.3 13.3 78.7
8,000 - 15,000 10 13.3 13.3 92.0
above 15,000 6 8.0 8.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0 ----
It was found that 65.3% of selected parents spent less than Rs 2,000 per month on child's
activity, 13.3% spent Rs 2,000-8,000 and some between Rs 8,000-15,000.Only 8%
respondents spent above Rs 15,000 on child's activities.
4.2 Health Awareness
Children's health is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the families into which
they are born. . Other research found that children whose parents have specific health
problems or behaviors are more likely to have the same health problems.
Table 3 Respondents concern about vaccination of their child
Vaccination Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent Yes
65
86.7
86.7
86.7
No
10
13.3
13.3
100.0
Total
75
100
100.0
----
From the survey it was found that majority of the parents were concerned about
vaccination. Only 13.3% of the selected respondents did not prefer to vaccinate their
child.
32
Table
4 Respondents
concern about visit
to dentist
Visit to dentist
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Yes
62
82.7
82.7
82.7
No 13 17.3 17.3 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0 ----
It was also evident from table 4 that majority of the parents 82.7% visit dentist once in six
months. The results also showed that 80% children of selected respondents go to
playground regularly.
Table 5 Awareness of selected respondents about healthy food packages
Awareness Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Yes 40 53.3 53.3 53.3
No 35 46.7 46.7 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0 ----
Above table shows that more than half respondents were also aware about healthy food
packages require for their child.
4.3 Care
Children are like sponges--they model everything a parent does and incorporate what they
see into their own lives. A parent's reaction to stress affects the way a child reacts to stress.
If a parent reacts negatively; a child will learn to react negatively as well. If stress is
handled positively, it helps children to see that their parents' love for them never changes,
even if they are stressed out. The results showed that all the parents take good care of their
children .Most of the parents send their child to day care only 22.7% respondents handle
their children themselves.
33
4.4 Activity Analysis
. Table 6 Participation of children in different types of activities
Type of
activity
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent Sports
20
26.7
26.7
26.7
Reading
10
13.3
13.3
40.0
Computer
28
37.3
37.3
77.3
Games
9
12.0
12.0
89.3
Dance
8
10.7
10.7
100.0
Total 75
100.0
100.0
-------
Majority of the children (37.3%) engaged in computers followed by sports (26.7%).
13.3% of children involved themselves in reading and others in games and dance. It
showed that all the respondents involved their children in one or the other activity.
4.5 Discipline
The way a parent disciplines greatly affects their children's behaviour. Children react
aggressively to physical punishment. When parents choose alternate forms of
punishment, such as time-outs, they are helping modify the child's bad behaviour in a calm
manner.
Table 7. Values preferred by selected respondents for their children (N=75)*
Values preferred
for child
Responses
Percent of Cases
N
Percent
Job
10
10.1%
19.2%
Money 25 25.3% 48.1%
Healthy 19 19.2% 36.5%
Happiness 45 45.5% 86.5%
Total 99 100.0% 190.4%
*Multiple responses
It was found that ultimate goal of more than half of the respondents was happiness and
health for the child. They were least bothered about money and job prospect for the child.
34
Table 8 Methods of discipline adopted by respondents
Method of discipline
Responses
N
Percent
Percent of cases
Scolding
34
23.3%
56.7%
Spank 21 14.4% 35.0%
Timeout 40 27.4% 66.7%
Explaining 51 34.9% 85.0% Total
146
100.0%
243.3%
*Multiple responses
Majority of the parents 34.9% preferred explaining method than scolding, spank or time
out. As other methods promote bad behavior in calm manner. If arguing among parents is
done fairly and with maturity, a child can actually benefit from seeing how conflicts are.
Children may develop low self-esteems and may even behave violently toward other
children. Dysfunctional families breed dysfunctional children. Children often repeat this
behavior in their future relationships.
4.6 Parenting and its influence on child development
It can be envisaged from data that there is a significant association between parent's
attitude and social emotional development of children. Children and adolescents whose
parents are not involved perform most poorly in all domains. Children who are able to
manage their emotional displays exhibit more positive affect and are rated socially
competent by both teachers and peers.In this way parenting plays an important role in appropriate development of social and emotional skills.
Conclusion
The result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (82.7%) was most
perturbed about health aspects of their children. All the respondents involved their children
in one or the other activity. A large percentage of the respondent preferred explaining
method of discipline than scolding, spank or timeout. So parental habits, practices,
behavior, actions, reactions, thinking patterns, tolerance, aggressions, depression,
ambitiousness, calmness, decision making ,offensive / defensive / situational attitude
35
social status, perceptions etc. ... are closely, gradually and continuously observed,
followed and imbibed by their children that influence their thinking pattern,
perception establishment and character building.
References
1. Brook Berg ,The Effects of Parenting Styles on a Preschool Aged Child's Social
Emotional Development .
2. Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social
competence. Social Development, 10, 79-119.
3. McDowell, D., O?Neil & Parke, R. D. (2005). Social Development: Parental
Control and Affect as Predictors of Children's Display Rule Use and Social
Competence with Peers. 440-457.
4. McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A., & De Lisi, R. (2007). Perceptions of Family Relations:
WhenMothers and Fathers are Depicted With Different Parenting Styles. The
Journal of Genetic Psychology , 168.
5. Zins, J. E., Bloodworth, M. R., Weissberg, R. P. & Walberg, H. J. (2004). Building
academic success on social and emotional learning: What does the research say?
Teachers Press, 1-22.
36
NATIONALIST IDEOLOGY OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
Dr. Pooja Prashar
Head, Department of History
Dev Samaj College for Women
(i). THE STRENGTH OF NATIONS IS IN SPIRITUALITY
Swami Vivekananda's nationalism is not associated with worldly individual concept but
it is based on spiritualism. He did not link India's transmigration to western ideology but
to her age-old tradition of spiritual goal. He said, “Each nation has a destiny to fulfil, each
nation has a message to deliver, each nation has a mission to accomplish. Therefore we
must have to understand the mission of our own race, the destiny it has to fulfil, the place it
has to occupy in the march of nations, the role which it has to contribute to the harmony of
races”. So his nationalism had two central components, Humanism and Universalism. He
strongly emphasised on individual transformation as a key to national social religious
reforms. He nurtured the idea of getting rid of self inflicted bondages. Which will
ultimately turn in to social and religious reforms or political ambitions at national level.
Thus the nature of Vivekanda nationalism is not materialistic but purely spiritual, even
today which is considered to be the source of all strength of Indian life. Modern western
nationalism which is secular in nature and Swami Vivekananda's nationalism was totally
opposite. His nationalism has Deep concern for masses. His ideology had great
combination of freedom and equality through which one expresses self along with
spiritual integration of the world on the basis of universal brotherhood and “Karmyoga” a
system of ethics to attain freedom both political and spiritual through selfless service
make the basis of his nationalism. Swami Vivekananda saw the spiritual nationalism as
point of convergence for all religious forces of diverse India capable of unifying into a
national current. Even great leaders like Vivekananda, Aurbindo Ghosh and Mahatma
Gandhi also realized that religion and spirituality are in the veins of Indians and worked
for India's unification through awakening the force of religion and spirituality. It was his
focused and influential speech of Chicago in 1893 which established him as the greatest
figure in the Parliament of World Religions and India as the Mother of religion. He said
that he is here on behalf of & quot; the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic
order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal
acceptance & quot; Swami Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the &
quot; Shivamahimnastotram & quot;: & quot; As the different streams having their
sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths
37
which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or
straight, all lead to Thee! & quot; and & quot; Whosoever comes to Me, through
whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to
Me.” Despite the brevity of his speech, it voiced the spirit and sense of universality of the
Parliament. His other speeches too at the Parliament had the common theme of
universality, individual responsibilities with special emphasizing on religious tolerance.
Swami Vivekananda's ideology should not be understood from narrow meaning. For him
Spirituality or religion was far away from rituals, social dogmas, ecclesiastical
formulations and obsolete costumes. By religion Vivekananda meaning was the eternal
principles of moral and spiritual advancement. He believed in real spiritual person will
adopt the principle of universal toleration and not in social and religious imposition.
Vivekananda felt that Indian nationalism had to be built on the strong pillars of the post
historical heritage. In the past, the greatness of India expressed itself mainly and
dominantly in the sphere of religion. Religion in India is the main creative force of
integration and stability. Whenever in history, the political authority had become loose
and weak in India, it imparted event to that a force of rehabilitation. Whenever any
political or social injustice is found it is always countered by religious insurgence. Hence,
he declared that the Indian national life should be organized on the basis of the religious
idea. As the strong supporter of this idea, he stimulated the core of the Vedas and
Upanishads to strengthen nation's growth and faith in its individuality. Vivekananda's
nationalism was lit with the luminous vision of mother India as a deity. He emphasized
that India did not just mean either a geographical entity or a heaven of opportunity for the
elite. Love for your motherland should be understood as an awakening the masses, the
development of their physical and moral strength and creating in them a consciousness of
the pride in the ancient glory and greatness of India. Because of his practical idias related
to Indian Nationalism Vivekanad is remembered as one of the great architects of modern
nationalism in India. In the 32 Odisha Review January – 2014 words of Dr. Rao,
“patriotism means love of the country and country means its masses. Only Vivekananda
arrived at this path of nationalism through religion”. Sin brief he was the embodiment of
emotional patriotism.
(II) SOCIALISTIC NATIONAL THINKING
For Vivekanad, the panacea of all human problems is the philosophy of service.
Renunciation of little self with a view to manifest the higher self and spirit of service are
the twin ideals of India. Human must grow not only physically or intellectually but also
morally and spiritually. So the concept of evolution in man has been dealt with both on the
38
social and biological levels. Vivekananda opined that today the desire need of our nation
is character efficiency. All the social political or religious institutions have to be built on
the basis of character and ethics. Only then real efficiency will flow. With the fast
changing world there is a tremendous responsibility on all the citizens of India. At this
hour we need a sensitization to our country's problems. Every head and mind should be
filled with the philosophy of service. Vivekananda was the first modern thinker to point
out that poverty should not be taken as crime in India. For him India needs is the economic
development not on capitalist term but development of the poor people so as to put an end
to their exploitation by the rich classes. Unless the individuality prosperity to common
people in India is not restored, reforms will not yield the required results. Human dignity
and self respect should be the main principle of all social political reforms. This idealism
is named as Vedanticism in history. Though Vivekananda never professed his
Vedanticism as socialism but it cannot be denied that his ideas toward an ideal society or
his base for nationalism is somewhere close to socialistic ideology. Vivekananda
advocated Advaita as a social ideal but his socialism is not an economic or social doctrine.
He was strong opponent to capitalism. According to him money power in society but did
not invoke any philosophy of dialectical materialism. He always placed idealism above
institutionalism and never thought in terms of seizing of political power by the masses.
Vedantic socialism's cardinal principle is freedom- a free body, a free mind, and a free
soul. Swami Vivekananda's views on morality and his role in the Parliament of Religions
along with his ideas about two great souls Shankara and Ramanuja. Shankaracharya's
Advaita raised the question of the reality of the world. Shankara's Advaita is escapist from
the world. Quite contrary to it, Vivekananda declared that 'know through Advaita that
whomsoever you hurt, you hurt yourself.' Vivekananda gave new interpretation of
Advaita. Vivekananda explains the two principles of Advaita philosophy; first, the world
of the finite is death and second, the realization of the infinite is life. He was against
selfish capitalistic ideas but unlike communists and the syndicalists, Vivekananda did not
believe in using violent and revolutionary methods for the quick overthrow of the
capitalist system. He believed that economic approach of socialism was not perfect and it
would not cure our parochialism. Real purpose of the ideal society can be achieved only
with cultural equality and advocated evolution and not revolution. He like the concept of
equality of socialism but to achieve this believed in progression method. So
Vivekananda's Socialism did not require pulling down those at the top and equalizing
them with those at the bottom, but helping the least to rise higher till all were equal at the
top.
So according to Vivekananda whether it concerned wealth or possessions, social
39
positions or educational opportunities, the blind competition for on the top must be
resisted. And an honest, intense desire to uplift others to the ̀ top' must be backed up
by selfless spiritualism. This will be the only principal which will discourage jealousy
towards those who were better placed and more gifted than ourselves, and the
reprehensible attitude of grabbing others' honest earnings, through force or political
scheming and legal tricks. It was his deep concern for his masses and his first hand
knowledge of the condition of the exploited masses of India, of the deprivation of the
native princes, his contact with the most advanced western societies and their social
thinking led him logically to this conclusion. But his conviction and utterance sounded
prophetic. His socialist ideology was to elevation of the masses without injuring their
religion. 35 Vivekananda believed that real socialism means that all the people in the
society should to have the same opportunity for obtaining wealth, education or
knowledge. 36
(iii). THE ABILITY OF NATIONS DEPENDS ON THE GOODNESS OF
INDIVIDUAL
A nation base pillar is of individualism. Hence Vivekananda stressed that noble virtues
like manliness, a sense of human dignity and honour should be cultivated in all
individuals for the betterment of nation. Only these individualistic qualities along with a
positive sense of love for the neighbor will bring true revolution in our nation. Without
injecting deep sense of selfless service in our new generation it was mere prattle to talk
about national cohesion and fraternity. One should be educated enough to distinguish
between one's ego with the ego of country and the nation. As a social reformer and
teacher, Vivekananda had given to the country the idea of fearlessness and strength. His
outstanding contribution was that he reconciled life and religion and sometimes gave a
national, almost pragmatic definition of religion: “strength is religion”. Vivekananda
advocated that the essence of his religion is strength. If religion doesn't infuse strength
into the heart of its followers is no religion to him. Internal Strength is greater than
religion. In today's world we don't need musel strength but the strength to identify inner
ego and work for its finish with love and care. For him each society member should
realize his moral duty to work for the people of lower level to him. Vivekananda's this
view, which is based on spiritualism, could go only with democracy than with other
systems which stand not only for equality of opportunity, but for equality in other respects
as well. Thus his socialistic approach was sympathy for the poor with the sense of respect
and belongingness.
40
IV) COMMON HATRED OR LOVE UNITES A NATION
Vivekananda did not pursue the pessimist policy of condemning present systems whether
it's social, political, religious or economic. He only assuredly stressed the cultivation of
strength. He never openly talked about the cause of India's political emancipation. Which
is considered to be because of mainly two reasons? Firstly, Vivekanand was considered
Sanyasi and could not get involved in political and legal controversies. Secondly, in those
days the British empire was ruling in India. If Vivekananda would have openly advocated
the cause of political autonomy, he was sure to meet with adverse consequences.
Although Vivekananda was not determined for political cause so he did not openly
advocate any protestant theory of Indian nationalism in opposition to British imperialism.
His whole life was dedicated for the emancipation of the poor. With the advent of his 35
Vivekananda. The complete work. Vol. V, p.30. 36 Ibid. p.146. base of Indian national
movement, the study of the Indian freedom struggle had assumed great importance. No
one can deny that Vivekananda's writings and speeches had contributed a good deal to the
strengthening of the moral foundations of Indian nationalism. In fact, through his writings
he imparted among the nationalists a sense of pride for your history and gave a cultural
confidence to people who had lost their self-esteem due to sharp criticism by christen
missionaries. At a time when the Indian intellectual was busy imitating the western
reform ideology. Opposite to it, Vivekananda boldly proclaimed that if India has to learn
modernity from the west then the west has to learn much more from India. He was never
against westernization but he was against the blind following. We have to learn the basic
principal for political and social development like parliament form of govt, principle of
equality fraternity etc. If we will do it by uprooting our basic Sanskara then it will be only
disaster. We need to understand our positivity and strong base only then we will be able to
accept westernization and ultimately that only will create our dream India. to understand
the genesis of the Indian national movement, that is the reason scholar put emphasis to
read the political literature between 1904 to 1907 which is full of the gospel and writing s
of Vivekananda. The best example of his geniuses is that police reports published in 2012
by the intelligence department reveals new evidence regarding Vivekananda's links with
the revolutionaries in the following manner:-
1. The Ramakrishna Mission's establishments were sometimes the nodal points in
the organization of conspiracies leading to political crime by the nationalist in
different parts of India. As regards the big 'conspiracy' cases we might mention the
Lahore conspiracy case. Rashbehari Bose as well as the five accused Bengali
41
youths was allegedly members of the R. K. Mission branch at Hardwar. Similarly
of the33January – 2014 Odisha Review Maniktatola conspiracy case, in which
Aurovindo Ghosh was implicated, at least one accused, Prajnanananda
(DevabrataBasu) was connected with the Mayabati Ashram of the R.K. Mission
at Almora.
2. Many militants or the so called terrorists were individuals associated with the
R.K. Mission
Ashrams. The famous BaghaJatin (Jatini Mukherjee) occasionally visited the
Ashrams. Those who visited the Ashrams more regularly belonged to two
categories- the probationers who left the Ashram having been own over by the
militants, and the former militants who joined the Mission later in life.8
3. The Published works of Swami Vivekananda and his message to the youth formed
part of their syllabus for training militants. The police report further say that
members of the revolutionary parties seized upon the teachings of Vivekananda
and adopted those to suit their own ends. In fact, by the time of the 'Chittagong
Armory Raid' took place. The police regarded the possession of books written by
Vivekananda as sufficient evidence of militant tendency among the people they
arrested.
CONCLUSION
His national ideologies wanted a physically strong race ready to renounce and work on
the basis of spiritual nationalism. Through this paper some light has also been thrown on
Swami Vivekananda anthropological and sociological views. Swami Vivekananda was a
towering personality, not confined to a particular aspect only. His ideas transcend space
and time. During the first half of the twentieth century, prime goal of the leaders and
masses was to get India free from foreign yolk. Which resulted in the spark of
nationalism. The feeling of nationalism could be strengthened only by socio-religious
cohesiveness. Swami Vivekananda's life and teachings proved vital and inspired not only
to the moderates, but to extremists and revolutionaries too to achieve the historic target on
15th August 1947, though with a bitter taste of communal politics and riots resulting in the
unfortunate partition of the sub-continent. After independence the makers of India
thought that to raise the nation to the path of development that too along with the
atmosphere of social equality, communal harmony and love towards the country with
open mind. Vivekanand emphasizes that Country should rise above the caste, creed and
regional biases, mutual jealousies and hatred. For this it is the desire need that youth of the
42
nation must be prepared, inspired and guided accordingly because youth is the spine of the
country. Though Indian society has progressed a lot but still a lot has to be done in the fields
of poverty, unemployment, communalization and other social evils. During the last two
decades not only our country but also the whole world has been undergoing revolutionary
change. We term this phase as globalization. Traditional social structures are moulding,
position of women is progressing towards equality, relevance of caste is being debated vis-
à- vis dominance of a caste over the other is changing and this happens in terms of sub-
castes. Religious rituals, ceremonies and sect culture are also in a new shape and existing as
a major force in India. Moral values are seen in different perspective. A great number of
Indians have migrated to other countries and this trend is still on which is also acting as a
catalyst for change in every sphere whether social, religious, or political. All these changes
are putting forth new challenges. To get our youth ready for counterchallenges there are so
many aspects of his ideology, which can give real inspiration. This becomes even more
necessary when today people are attracted towards western materialistic ideas and on the
other side, religion and society of India are moulding and having new trends in new shapes.
The present work endeavors to answers to those questions which new nation's policy
makers countering at daily basis. The faith Swami Vivekananda had in the younger
generation is the core idea which we need to follow today. How country can awake if the
people are not ready to respond to its problems and the youth is not equipped to tackle these
issues head on? To bring the Indians out of slumber, frustration and mental slavery, it was
necessary to inculcate faith in them. Swami Vivekananda even advocated that only through
meditation or spirituality one can become strong personality and can develop faith in
himself. This faith becomes more immense when it is practiced for others welfare. That is
why, Vivekananda declared renunciation as new national ideal. He was sure that no
scriptural knowledge will be helpful if the Indians are not strong enough to grasp the
concept of strong and weak. He pointed out that the only message, which the Upanishads
gave repeatedly, is fearlessness. He gave massage to new generation that Instead of
blaming the fate, one should follow the path of belief in man's divine potentiality. Only
cowards fear failures and mistakes. Strength of individual is as important as of the nation.
He asked the countrymen not to think of their body alone. They should always feel that they
have an immortal soul. It is man's nature to be free and act or rationalize the things.
Vivekanand was so clear on his concept of Nation building that he exhorted the youth to
shed off the superstitious rituals and not to waste energy on the silly issues like whether one
should be vegetarian or non-vegetarian. Rather they need be broad minded. Indian youth
must learn from the West the art of mechanics, but not on the scarification their character.
The greater the good impressions in one's mind, the better will be the character. He
43
cautioned the Indians not be blind followers of the West. His patriotism was not of narrow
nature but of inclusive spirit. Nationalism was not to be used as a tool to instigate the
citizens to subjugate others, but to promote the feelings of oneness and common ancestry
among the fellow citizens. Swami Vivekananda was in favour of full acceptance of Indian
tradition and his visit to the West was a stepping-stone in this direction. His love towards
his country was unparalleled. His nationalism and internationalism are often interlinked
and interdependent. India has her own role to play in the global sphere and it cannot be
possible without freedom. Swami Vivekananda advocated synthesis not only in India but
also in its universal form. He gave an equal importance to equality as per socialism and
liberty as per capitalism. His approach on this topic was quite rational. He pointed out that
every nation, as it is today, is the result of the thousand years of karma behind it. Therefore,
imitating west is useless. 37 Thus he admits the necessity of both, spiritualism and
materialism, idealism and realism. For him ideal India would be the one in which would be
synthesised the Indian idea of spiritual integrity and the western idea of social progress. 38
He was the leader who not only critised west but also gave us reasons to proud of us.
References:
·The complete works of Swami Vivekananda (Mayavati Memorial Edition), part-1,
1936, P-140.
·V.P. Verma, Modern Indian Political Thought,1980, P-117.
·VishnoBhagaban, Indian Political Thinkers, Delhi, 1999, P-194.
·B.C.Pal, The Spirit of Indian Nationalism, P-36.
·The Life of Swami Vivekananda, Vol-II, P-699.
·Ibid, P-782.
·“Our Duty to the Masses”, the complete works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol-VI, P-
308.
·“Swami Vivekananda and the Indian Freedom St ruggle” by
SabyasachiBhattacharaya, published in bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission
Institute of Culture,2012, P-381. 37 Vivekananda. The complete work. Vol.
VI,p.243. 38 Vivekananda. Caste, Culture and Socialism. Calcutta:
AdvaitaAshrama, 1970.
44
DOCUMENTARIES ON INDIAN MUSIC AND MUSICIANS
Ravi SharmaProfessor, Deptt. Of Music, M. D. University,
Rohtak-124001 Mob:+91987310733
Email: [email protected]
Documentaries films are the shorter version of feature films. It is not usual three hours feature film. It is just like 78 rpm records of three and half minute of duration which means not full fledged raga- but “gagar mein sagar”. It's duration is not the criteria but depends upon facts and the maker. Theory or definition of a particular word sometimes does not serve the purpose. The word Documentary is more related with printed document/s rather than related to films. It can be define as,“ Being a consistent of document: contained or certified in writing, documentary evidences". Hence, we can say films based on any documented subject may be considered a meaning or definition of documentary film.
Objectives: Audio visual effect: What could be the objectives of documentary film making? Human body possesses five senses: seeing, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Each sense play its own role. Here we will stick to only two senses-Listening and seeing. Listening correspondence with ears and seeing with eyes. Listening or reading anything takes you to create your own images though imagination. In this process human being indulge in documenting things with the help of images and stored in memory. Two things are happening simultaneously, reader not only reading but also at the same time save sequences through images or sequence of pictures. This is human nature create own stories, images, showing own creative movie in the background of imagination. This is the essence of absolute involvement reading and indulging ourselves in the same character of interest. In other sense we are creating an imaginary film while reading. Reading could be of many categories: reading without interest, reading merely words only, reading without any objective, reading with interest and so many. But reading with whole heartedly certainly creates imaginary pictures, sequences of happening hence creates own films on the subject of interest. It reveals that interrelation between reading and creating imaginary scenes also falls in the same category.
Natyashastra also advocates the importance of audio visual effect upon human body. It completely emphasize on the phenomena of showing drama based on written document to the masses. Drama, feature films, directing film comes under others creativity and we watch it with great interest. Their motive is to create an atmosphere where you are lost with the characters. Its effect could be immense while watching it. It seems we are watching live all the incidents while seeing and connecting at the same time between the sequences and already read any written document, watching same on the screen may be called documentary films with shorter span of time . Here we can easily distinguishing genres between documentary films and feature films.
Watching live performance or on screen could /may be a fulfilling experience. One forget
45
everything if watch with enthusiasm and interest, a Swedish film maker says, “ Film as dream, films as music, no art passes our own conscience in the way film does and goes directly to our feelings, deep down into the dark rooms of our souls.”
Cultural knowledge: Documentary films are not meant for entertainment purpose or to get any profit out of it, rather it spreads cultural knowledge of a particular topic or problem. It would be more encouraging if we the musicians give importance into making and funding this genre of Indian musician and music. The question may be raised why is it so important? The reason is very simple that it could be very beneficial for the students of music who are merely reading biography of a musician and never saw their photograph. Documentary could be an extended help for them. It would not serve the purpose until and unless we arrange it for the masses. Restricting to only for the students would not be sufficient. We must show their life history along with their music. Inserting others views on his/her music would be more fruitful. It could be open for the whole society so that the documentaries of their contribution in the society be known.
Archival value: Till date we have not documented not only documentary films on music and musician but also their music at one place. We do not know exactly the number of documentaries films had been made and by whom. We have all kind of archives but not in the field of Indian music and musicians. There should be an archive for it. Musician or concerned public have not taken it seriously but it would be more beneficial for the generation to come and tell them that this is their root to Indian music. We have already lost important keys of our music. We are not talking about the musicians only but about all aspects of Indian music.
Inspiration: This was Suresh Chandvankar who's record collection inspired me collecting something other than records because he has already many and more than Chandvankar ji Sangeet Natak Akademi have 5000 rpm records in different languages. But I wanted something different in the field of music. One day I attended a seminar in a college and at the doorstep the students were selling documentary film on the musicians and one of the speakers. I purchased the one entitled ' beware of dog', from this very moment I thought why not to collect documentaries on Indian music and musician. In spite of collecting documentaries, I have collected stamps with special reference to Indian music and the world and the collection of coins of different denomination.
Promotion of Documentaries films: After 60 year of Independence the present scenario of music has been completely changed. We are more progressive than ever before. Science and advancement things are changing rapidly. The other subjects have enhanced through the technology but Indian classical music is still behind, especially students belong to rural area. The educational system does have curriculum with both the aspect – practical
1. Ingmar Bergman sited in an article entitled- Matrabhoomi: stri vishin srishti ka duswapn: Rahul sing Naya Gyanodaya p 78 Nov 2011
2. Suresh Chhandvankar is a record collector (specially 78RPM records). He lives in Mumbai. 3. I am a regular visiter of Sangeet Natak Akademi Library, Delhi and one day I saw its librarian Ms. Swatantra Vogra
cataloging 78 rpm records. Yesterday (23.01.12) I met her and enquire about the same and told me that she has completed cataloging of all the 5000 rpm records.
4. Seminar intitled "Note in Music" was inaugurated by English Deptt. Venkatesh Collge, Delhi.
46
and theory. But we still have not implicated practical aspect in theoretical aspect of it. We teach biographies to students but never show them their photographs. Even we do not find their photographs in the text books along with biographies. The students learn biographies by heart only for the examination purpose and forget. Here we can add latest technology, gadgets and show them not only still photographs but also their documentaries and its effect would be immense. It is not the technology advancement in present century but speed of the communication has spread and increased. We are living in 3G (third generation) speed revolution where any information can be provided within seconds. As far as music is concerned the formidable media list (radio, television 78 rpm records, gramophone records, and cinema) has grown up and many of them know obsolete. The field of documentary is still in its infant and need more attention than other media as they have already grown up very high whereas less concerned media needed special attention. It could be big industry to the students of music to take up as new dimension in the field of music. This particular media can be considered in respect of its influence on students of music and musicians in many ways, the whole scenario would be changed in both the ways economically and sociologically and historically with special reference. Many manufacturers of musical instruments have closed down their units and their children's are not ready to accept their traditional family businesses. Through documentary making one can capture the whole technique of their art and skill to preserve their knowledge, who knows who become interested one day and starts manufacturing musical instruments in making and try to open up and learn the process through it. There is a vast knowledge spread in the field of instrumental music. We can preserve it through making documentaries.
Start from scratch: As mentioned above the century is known for technological advancement. Students can start their documentaries with their mobile phones. There is a festival on mobile film festival every year held in Delhi. They should start some project with the help of mobile and edit with some reference the result would be appreciable. I would suggest the inclusion of video or documentary film making in the curriculum and initiate them to make a project on some topic with the help of syllabus. Equip them and get result – should be the motive of a curriculum. Recently UGC has implemented a Question paper of computer in the pre Ph. D. course.
Till date the author have collected 34 documentaries on Indian music and musicians and trying to get more. Possessing these would not serve the purpose. There should be someone who can organize and show these to the public. In this effort a NGO Naad Nartan has taken up the job of showing the documentaries in different part of India – especially in Music Deptt., colleges, seminars and at music festival, Recently this NGO has shown three documentaries at 126 year old music festival 'Haevallabh Sangeet Sammelan', Jallandhar, Faculty of Performing and Visual Arts-Maharaj Sayaji Gayakwad University, Vadodara, Deptt. Of Music, Himachal Pradesh University, Kriti Kala Sansthan-Agra. Any music department or NGO can contact the author to show the documentaries from the list mentioned below.
47
List of all the documentaries are given below. The author of the article has not only collected the documentaries on music and musicians and Folk festivals but also the audio Books on Indian classical Music (Ragas).
List of Documentaries of Indian music and musician
Sr. No. Title Year Description
1.
2.
Khayal
Sarod
1988 Here in this film about the Indian classical music, the sitar maestro Ravi Shankar and the santoor maestro Shiv Kumar Sharma explain their concepts of a raga, a gharana, and their world of music. Characteristics of various gharanas or schools such as the Jaipur gharana, the Kirana gharana, the Agra gharana, the Patiala gharana, the Mewati gharana are explained along with the contribution made by their leading exponents.
India's string instrument Sarod evolved from the Rabab, which was originated in Persia. It was Ghulam Bandegi Khan Bangesh, son of Mohammed Hashmi Khan Bangesh who modified the Rabab into the Sarod in Rewa (Madhya Pradesh). He substituted the wooden chest of the Rabab with a steel one and switched from fibre strings to steel ones. His mother tongue being Pushto, he picked the name for the instrument form the Persian language, Sarood, which means music or melody. Later the name jettisoned an 'o' and was called Sarod. While tracing the history of musicians who played this instrument, this film also focuses on the contemporary scene. Among Sarod players today, only five styles of the trend settersare in vogue. But the man who revolutionised the technique of Sarod playing is Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, who hails from the family that introduced the Sarod to the world. This film includes an interview with the Sarod maestro, including his teaching session when the raag Bihag is being played.
48
Sr. No. Title Year Description
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Kanak Rele
Salil Chaudhury
Girija Devi
Swami Haridas Sangeet Samroh
Tarana
Ahmad Jaan Thirakwa
1997
2006
A biographical documentary film on creative classical dance exponent Kanak Rele.
Writer, story - teller, Dramatist, Music-composer and above all a humanist, Salil Chowdhury lives forever through his works.
A biographical film on Girija Devi an eminent classical singer.
The film is on music and dance festival held at Brindavan (U.P) in memory of Shri Swami Haridas the renowned 15th century saint poet and celebrated exponent of classical music.
This film is on the 'Tarana' gharana of Indian classical music. A Tarana Bandish normally does not use words instead it employs menmonic syllables. Some of these ae borrowed from tabla bols, some from the moment of her instruments. It has been suggested that these syllables may have religious origin both from Hindu and Sufi faith.
The film on the life and performance of the Tabla player, Ustad Ahmad Jaan Thirakwa.
The film portrays the various aspects of the personality of the great Maestro, Ustad Allaudin Khan.
It is a biographical film on the life and music of Pt. VishnuDigambar Paluskar, Whose contribution to Hindustani music ranks among the most important.
A doyen of the Hindustani music, Pandit Malikarjun Mansur was born at Mansur in Dharwad District of Karnataka on December 31,
1996
1995
1971
1969
1971
1982
Baba(2 Copies)
Vishnu DigamberPaluskar
Pt. Mallikarjun
49
Sr. No. Title Year Description
1910.Neelakantha Buva Alur Math of the Gwalior gharana took the 11-yearold Malikarjun as his disciple in Miraj. Malikarjun studied under him for 6 years. Later, Malikarjun became the disciple of Ustad Manjikhan, son of Alladia Khan Saheb of Jaipur Atrauli gharana. Several awards and honours were conferred upon Malikarjun Mansur - the Padma Bhushan, Fellow of the Sangeet NatakAcademy, the Kalidas Award, et al.
The film portrays the personality and family
life of Ustad Amir Khan, the famous vocalist
and his music.
A documentary showing the cultural mix of the
Goan life through the folk dances of Goa. The
"Dhalo" of the Gawdas and the dance ofthe
Kunbis who were the earliest setters of Goa; the
"Mando" of the Goan Christians, "Corridenho"
of the Portueguese origin, the Dasseradance of
the Dangars, who are goatherds, the "Ghode
Modni" of the Ranes and the wonderful "Tonya
Mel" or the harvest dance.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Amir Khan
Folk Dance of Goa
Chhau Dance of Mayurbjanj
YaminiKrishnamurti
Damyanti Joshi
1978
1980
1986
1981
1973
A film on the leading Bharat Natyam exponent
Yamini Krishnamurthy. Yamini who learnt
dance at the Kalakshetra in Madras embellishes
her dance with the beauty of line and form as
visualised by the Odissi dance form. Yamini
Krishnamurthy also excells in Kuchipudi,
displaying great depth and range. With equal
perfection in Nritta and Abhinaya, she performs
the Varanam in Sankarabharanam here.
This short film is on the life and work of Ms.Damayanti Joshi, the renowned exponent of the Kathak dance form. The word Kathak is derived from kathakar or story-teller. Kathak is the art of story telling. A story is interpreted through abhinaya - hand gestures, facial
50
Sr. No. Title Year Description
-expressions and bodily movements.
Originally performed in temples, this dance
form was later performed in the royal courts.
Formerly society girls were not allowed to take
this dance form. But it was through the efforts
Ms.Sokhi, wife of Major General Sokhi, such a
stigma was eventually removed. Though long
years of her hard work has been fruitful, she
sees less hope as now students are not prepared
to do the rigorous 'sadhana' to attain perfection.
A film on the history of Kathak dance.17. Kathak 1970
18.
19.
20.
Dhrupad
Ravi Shanker
Beware Dogs
1982
1970
2008
The film is on "Dhrupad Raag". In its existing
form Dhrupad can be traced back to a thousand
years of living traditions. Its origin, however,
can be linked with the emergence of very first
classical forms, follwing the break-up of tribal
culture and the consequent development of folk
music in early villages and of classical music in
city/states.
"Ravi Shankar" is a film portrait of the Sitar
Maestro, depicting through a series of
interviews and recitals his versatile personality
as a well-known classical performer and a
creative composer of Indian Music.
A poetic and exciting documentary on the contemporary music groups of the contemporary South Asian scene. They explore and intriguing crossover of eastern and western styles. They have written many music scores for independent films. In this very loosely structured film with a quite poetic cinematic style, we witness the struggle of four musicians to create new material. They are together on their artistic journey in an inspiring house in old Delhi, sharing their inner joys, fears, laughs, thoughts and putting it all in their music. With a lyrical rather slow pace, yet in a cinema verite manner, the film shares with us the excitement and the inner battle of the process of creating music .
51
List of Documentaries on Haryana Folk Festivals and their Folk Music
S. No. Name of Festival Title 1 Googa Peer A Religious Folk Festival of Haryana 2 Makar Sankranti A Social & Pious Folk Festival of Haryana
List of Audio Books on Indian classical Music (Ragas) in my possession
S. No. CD No. Name of Ragas 1 Rag Ras Barse-1 (ACD-20) Rag- BIlawal, Yaman,Khamaj, Kafi, Bhairav,
Bhairvi 2 Rag Ras Barse-2 (ACD-21) Rag -Poorvi, Marva, Asavari, Todi, Bihag, Bhoopali 3 Rag Ras Barse-3 (ACD-22) Rag -Bageshwari, Des, Vrindavani Sarang,
Malkauns, Deshkar, Chayanat 4 Rag Ras Barse-4 (ACD-23) Rag -Multani, Jaunpuri, Kedar, Hamir, Vibhas, Lalit 5 Rag Ras Barse-5 (ACD-24) Rag -Ramkali, Jaijaivanti, Tilak Kamod, Gaud Saran,
Bahar, Pilu 6 Rag Ras Barse-6 (ACD-25) Rag -Bhimplasi, Kamod, Gaud Sarang, Sohini 7 Rag Ras Barse-7 (ACD-26) Rag -Paraj, Vasant, Puira, Puria Dhanashri 8 Rag Ras Barse-8 (ACD-27) Rag -Shankara, Shidh Kalyan, Darbari Kanhada,
Adana 9 Rag Ras Barse-9 (ACD-28) Rag-Gurjari Todi, Bhatiyar, Ahir Bhairav,
Hansdhvani 10 Rag Ras Barse-10 (ACD-29) Rag -Sindura, Megh Malhar, Desi, Malgunji 11 Rag Ras Barse-11 (ACD-30) Rag -Sri, Hindol, Durga, Tilang 12 Rag Ras Barse-12 (ACD-31) Rag -Kalingara, Mian Malhar, Rageshwar,i Yamani
Bilawal 13 Rag Ras Barse-13 (ACD-32) Rag -Suha, Sughra,i Bandishon Ka Saswar Gayan
52
A Study into the Marketing of Potato Crop in Punjab State
Navarsh Kumar
Asst. Professor in Economics
Dev Samaj College For women, Ferozepur City
Abstract
Punjab State has witnessed a rapid increase in area and production of potatoes
during the last four decades. The potato growers have been following various marketing
channels to dispose off their produce keeping in view the convenience and profitability.
The present study was conducted to examine the marketing margins and costs of
intermediaries involved in the marketing of potato. The study was conducted in Jalandher
and Ferozepur districts of the Punjab state. A multistage random sampling technique was
used to draw a representative sample of the study. One block from each selected district
was selected at random. From each of the selected blocks, two villages were chosen at
random and from each of the selected villages, 25 growers spread over different farm size
were selected at random. The required primary data were obtained from the respondent
farmers during the year 2009-10. The results showed that the sampled farmers sold about
86 per cent to the total production of potato. The extent of marketed surplus varies with the
farm size. The disposal pattern of the potato revealed that the selected farmers sold 30.73
per cent of their total marketable surplus on the farms, 49.69 per cent in the city market and
19.56 per cent in the terminal markets such as Kolkatta, Mumbai, Delhi etc. The price
spread was worked out for this crop. It was found that the net price received by the
producers famers were 63.19 per cent in channel-I and 56.09 per cent in channel-II.
Marketing costs and margins were further examined for their feasibility. The results
indicated that the marketing margins received by the wholesalers and retailers in channel-
I turned out to be 3.80 per cent and 12.12 per cent, while the same was 3.56 per cent 10.29
per cent in channel-II, respectively. The net margin of itinerant-merchant in consumer's
rupee was 1.34 per cent and it accounted for about Rs 8.00 per quintal. It was shown that
the spread could be narrowed down without affecting efficiency of marketing and in the
process both the producer's and consumer's surplus could be raised. Wide marketing
spreads are more generally a reflection of the high cost of providing services under
existing marketing conditions. This cost could be reduced by cutting down the number of
intermediaries, reduction in market levies and commission charges, formation of co
operative societies and standardizing the produce.
Key words: Potato, Cost and margins, Price spreads, Local market, Terminal markets,
Wholesaler, Retailer.
53
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the backbone of the Punjab economy. Punjab is the second largest
producer of wheat and third largest producer of rice in the country. The greater emphasis
on rice and wheat production to achieve food security associated with favorable price
policy and assured irrigation has increased area under these crops manifolds during the
last four decades. The predominance of rice-wheat cropping system has been exhausting
the natural resources at very high rate, particularly in terms of reduction in the water table
and deterioration in soil fertility. The problems of stagnation of agricultural productivity,
increasing capital investment, squeezing farm income etc has been arising due to rice-
wheat cropping system in the state. To sustain agriculture and accelerating farm income,
agricultural diversification towards high value commodities (Fruits and vegetables) is
considered as one of the most promising strategies. Among vegetables, potato is valuable
product both from view point of consumption and from industrial uses. Since, it is a
commercial crop, potato has various uses. It is used for table purposes, producing starch,
dextrin, glucose, potato chips etc.
Potato is commonly called as king of the vegetables and is the most important
vegetable crop grown in the state of Punjab. The state produced about 2.2 lakh tonnes of
potato during 1970-71, which increased to 16.09 lakh tonnes during 2010-11. The state is
the fifth-largest producer of potatoes in the country, representing only 5 percent of national
production. The major portion of the area is concentrated in the districts of Jalandhar,
Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Moga, Bathinda and Patiala.
The marketing of potato requires special attention due to its semi perishable
nature. The producers do not have sufficient incentives for further for further production
because marketing system is not satisfactory and results in uncertain returns. The wide
fluctuation in prices and arrivals in the market for this crop discourage the farmers to
increase area under this crop. As a result many problems relating to marketing of potato
has been emerging up. Old trade channels have changed and improved means of
transportation, storage facilities etc have contributed to a change in the market structure.
The changing scenario of marketing system of potato crop needs a careful analysis.
Therefore, the present study is designed to identify the marketing problems faced by the
potato growers to explore the possibilities for improving the existing marketing system to
ensure better returns to the producers.
Objectives: The specific objectives of the study are:
1. To examine the production, marketed surplus and disposal pattern of potato crop in
the study area;
2. To find out marketing channels used by the farmers and work out the marketing
margins, marketing costs of market intermediaries and price spreads of marketing
54
channels and
3. To suggest measure to improve the potato marketing system for better returns to the
growers.
Methodology
The present study was conducted in the Punjab state during 2009-10. For the
purpose of the selection of the two districts, average area per district of potato was worked
out.. From each category of the district one district was randomly selected to represent
above said categories of the district Ferozepur represented the less developed zone, while
Jalandhar district represented the developed zone of the districts.
Sampling procedure
After selecting the districts, a multistage random sampling technique will be used
to draw a representative sample. One block from each selected district was selected at
random. From each of the selected blocks two villages were chosen at random and from
each of the selected villages 25 growers spread over different farm size category of farms
were selected at random. Thus, the study comprised of a sample of 100 producers of potato
from two districts of Punjab.
Formation of size groups
The information on operational area for all the farm households in the selected
villages were collected for the formation of representative size groups. Then, the list of
operational area so obtained was arranged in ascending order. The size groups obtained in
this manner were small farms up to 4.05 hectare, medium farms more than 4.05 hectares
and upto 12.15 hectares and large farms above 12.15 hectares, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1: Details of the selected farm families, Punjab, 2009-10. Sr.
No.
Selected
districts
Selected
blocks
Selected
village
Farm size category
Small Medium Large Total
1. Jalandhar Jalandhar
East
Athoula 16 3 6 25
Kohala 12 10 3 25 Sub-total
28
13
9
50
2.
Ferozepur Ferozepur
Macchiwara
12 10
3
25
Habibke
17
2
6
25
Sub-total
29
12
9
50
Total
57
25
18
100
55
Collection of data
Both the primary as well as the secondary data will be collected to achieve the
stipulated objectives of the study. The required secondary data were collected from various
published sources such as Statistical Abstract, Punjab, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance,
Economic survey etc. The primary data was obtained from the respondent farmers with the
help of specially designed and pre-tested schedule through the interview method. The
schedule prepared for potato growers contained questions pertaining to different aspects
marketing costs of potato like loading/unloading of potato, transportation, packing,
storage etc for the disposal of potato for different marketing channels were also estimated.
An appropriate number of dealers, wholesalers, retailers processors and cold storage
owners were selected for the collection of data through personal interview method for
calculating the price spreads. The mode methods were used and modal prices at different
levels of marketing were collected.
Analysis of data
The data will be analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools like averages,
percentages etc. To work out the price spreads, mode method at a point time and over time
was used.
Price spread
To study the price spread in marketing of potato, the marketing costs and
margins were worked out as under:
Marketing cost
Total cost of marketing was calculated as under:
C = C + C + C + C + ……………….+ CF M1 M2 M3 MM
Where,
C = total cost of marketing
C = Cost borne by the farmers in the marketing of produceF
C = Cost incurred by the ith middlemen in the process of buying and sellingM1
Absolute and percent margins
Absolute margin = ??? - ??? + ? ??
???
× 100
56
Where,
P = Total value of receipts (sale price).Ri
P = Total purchase value of goods (Purchase price).Pi
C = Cost incurred in marketing.mi
Producer's share in consumer's rupee
The producer's share in the consumer rupee was worked out as under:
P = S
Where,
P = Producer's share in consumer's rupee.S
P = Price of the produce received by the farmer.F
P = Price of the produce paid by the consumer.C
Result and discussion
1. Production and Marketed Surplus
The total operational area, area under potato crop and total production of potato
under different sizes of selected farms was collected from the hundred sample farmers.
Out of hundred farmers, 57 farmers were small operators, 25 were medium farmers and 18
were large farmers. The data shows that the total operational area was 788.4 ha under
different size of farms of hundred sample farmers. Similarly, total area under potato was
481.8 ha under different size of farms. The total production of potato was 124872.5 qtls by
the selected farm operators. The average yield of sample farmers was found to be 259.18
qtls per hectares.
Table: 2.1 Operational area and production of potato by sample farm per holdings,
sample farmers, 2009-10
× 100 PP
?
C
Farm size
No. of farmers Operational area
(ha) Area under
potato (ha) Production of
potato (q)
Small
57 3.12 1.65
(52.88) 424.56
Medium 25 9.57 6.64
(69.38) 1659.18
Large 18 19.76 12.31
(62.30) 3288.5
Average 100
7.72
4.82 (62.44)
1248.73
Figures in the parenthesis indicate the per cent to total operational area
57
The per holding operational area, area under potato and the total production of
potato is given in Table 2.1. The data shows that the small operators were having an
operational area of 3.12 per holding and on an average 1.65 per holding were put under
potato crop by this group of farmers. The production per holding worked out to be about
424.56 quintals. The medium farms were on an average operating 9.57 and the area put
under potato was found to be 6.64 per holding which worked out to be 69 per cent of the
operational area. Larger farm holdings were operating 19.76 hectares and area under
potato was 12.31 ha per holding which worked out to be about 62.30 per cent of
operational area. On the whole, the average size of operational holding was found to be
7.72 ha and the area under potato was 4.82 ha which 62.44 per cent of operational area
was. The overall average production of potato was found to be about 1248.73 quintals per
holding. The overall average yield thus worked out to be 259.07 q per hectare of the
sample farmers.
The Table 2.2 shows that out of the total production of potato i.e. 424.56 quintals
about 355 quintals per holding were sold in the market by the sample farmers. Thus the
marketed surplus worked out to be above 83.71 per cent of the production. Size-wise this
ratio was found to be higher i.e. 54.21 per cent in case of medium farms. Small and large
farm operators sold above 80 per cent of their total production in the market. Rest of the
produce was retained at the farms for home consumption, seed, kind payment, wastages,
etc. which was higher at small and large farms as compared to the medium sized farms.
Marketed surplus was higher with large holdings and vice-versa. This happened because
of per capita land diversion of larger acreage to the cash crops on the small holdings.
Table: 2.2 Production and marketed surplus of potato crop, sampled farmers, 2009-10.
Farm size Production of potato (q)
Total retention (q)
Marketed surplus (q)
Marketed surplus as percentage of
production Small
424.56
69.16
355.4
83.71
Medium
1659.18
262.02
1397.2
84.21
Large
3288.5
403.81
2884.7
87.72 Average
1248.73
177.61
1071.1
85.78
Then the study need Marketing organization that refers to the organization of various
marketing functionaries in a particular way to facilitate the movement of farm product
from the producer to the final consumer at the minimum of cost, delay and waste. These
market functionaries include commission agents, brokers, wholesalers and retailers. The
functions performed by them can be briefly discussed here.
58
1. Commission agent represents the producer seller and physically handles the
produce for a very short period, arranges for sale, deducts his commission and
remits the balance to the producer.
2. Wholesalers are those whose major activity is change, store and sell in the same or
distant market. They operate either on their own behalf or in an agency
relationship. They derive their profit from the difference between their purchase
price and sale price. Their characteristics are that they deal in bulk.
3. Retailers buy the products from the wholesalers for resale directly to the ultimate
consumer of the goods and earn their margin of profit from the difference in prices.
4. Besides, there are other functionaries who assist in the process of purchase and
sale. The more important among them is the broker.
on behalf of seller or buyer for the sale or purchase of specific lots of produce without
himself taking either title to or possession of goods or other wise assuming control over
them. He may help the seller, or the buyer to locate a possible buyer for seller or a possible
seller for a buyer. For this he receives a commission. So, these market functionaries help in
exchanging the title and possession as the commodity changes handsand moves through
marketing channel. This studyr is mainly devoted to the marketing channel and the
agencies that facilitate the flow of potato through these channels. The marketed surplus of
sample farmers was sold in the market as follow:
2. Disposal of potato
The following methods for selling potato were prevalent in the study area:
i) Sale in the village
ii) Sale the local town market
iii) Sale in the terminal market
It was found from the analysis that some producers sold potato through more than one
channel.
Table 2.1 shows the number of producers and quantity of potato sold through different
channels
i) Sale in the village
The sample producers in Jalandhar market disposed off 28.81 per cent of their produce
in the villages. These sales accounted for 34.30 per cent of the total. But in Ferozepur
market, this channel was relatively less important. In this area, 19.73 per cent of the sample
producers sold their potato through this channel. These village sales accounted for 24.30
59
per cent of total. On the whole, 24.44 per cent of the sample producers sold the potato
crop at their village level and it accounted for 30.73 per cent of the total sale in both the
markets.
Table 2.1: The number of producers and quantities of potato sold through different
channels, Jalandher and Ferozepur Markets, 2009-10
Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentage to the total
Note: Total number of farmers in the sample was 100. Since some the sample producers sold the
produce through more than one channels.
ii) Sale the local town market
The local town market was the most important channel for selling potato. The
highest per cent of the sample producers in lalandhar market (67.79 per cent) sold their
produce through this channel. Their sales accounted for about 55 per cent of the total
sales in this market. This channel was equally important in Ferozepur market. About 47
per cent of the sample producers sold their produce through this channel. These sales
accounted for about 40 per cent of the total sales in Ferozepur market. On the whole,
about 56 per cent of the producers sold their produce in the local town market and their
sales accounted for about 50 per cent of the total sales in both the markets.
iii) Sale in the Terminal Market
The sale in the terminal market was less important as compared to the previous
ones in lalandhar area. Only two farmers as 3.40 per cent of the sample producers in this
area and accounting for 10.70 per cent of the total sales disposed off their produce
through this channel. In the case of Ferozepur market however, this channel was adopted
by larger proportion about 33 per cent of the selected producers. The channel account for
35.50 per cent of total sales. On the whole, about 19 per cent of .the sample producers
sold their produce in the terminal markets. Their sales accounted for 20 per cent of total
sales in both the markets.
Method of sale No. of producers
Quantity sold (quintal)
Jalandher
Ferozepur
total
Jalandher
Ferozepur
total
Sale in village 17
(28.81) 15
(19.73) 32
(24.44) 23638.03 (34.30)
9281.62 (24.30)
32915.36 (30.73)
Sale in the local town
40 (67.79)
36 (47.36)
76 (56.29)
37882.87 (54.97)
15316.58 (40.10)
53223.70 (49.69)
sale in the terminal market
2 (3.38)
25 (32.89)
27 (19.25)
7394.64 (10.72)
13597.76 (35.50)
20972.43 (19.56)
total
59
(100.00)
76
(100.00)
135
(100.00)
68915.54
(100.00)
38195.96
(100.00)
107111.50
(100.00)
60
3. Marketing margins, Marketing costs and Price Spreads
Marketing costs refer to the actual expenses incurred by marketing agencies
engaged in the distribution process. Gross marketing margin refers to the differences
between the price paid by the ultimate consumer and the price received by the farmer. This
difference is often called "Price spread". Price spread or marketing margin also refers to the
differences between values of physical quantity equivalent at different levels of marketing.
Marketing margins include all costs of assembling, processing, storage, transportation and
handling, wholesaling and retailing, the whole process of marketing i.e. moving produce
from the farmer to the ultimate consumer.
The study of marketing margins is very essential for the formulation of an
appropriate price policy and its successful implementation. It assumes particular
importance in a predominantly agricultural country, like India where ag;ricultural prices
policy aim at safe guarding the interests for both the farmer and the consumer. On one hand,
farmer has to be assured of a reasonable return for his produce and also of the legitimate
share in the consumer's rupee, and on the other, the consumer has to be safe-guarded
against excessive rise in prices of essential commodities. These twin objectives can best be
served by ensuring that the services of the intermediaries are made available at reasonable
costs.
The market margins, at a point of time, were worked out by using the mode method
for the fair average quality potato. Modal prices for Jalandhar market during the peak
period i.e. Jan. 2010 were compared at all the points to examine the margins. Keeping in
view the importance of different channels in the disposal of produce the following two
channels were selected to the price spread studies.
Channel-I Producer - Wholesaler - Retailer- Consumer.
Channel-II Producer - Itinerant merchant / Local Trader - Wholesaler - Retailer-
Consumer.
The analysis of marketing margins and costs for different channels in various
markets yielded the following results. The results are presented in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2
respectively.
Producer's share
The producers sold the produce at Rs 397.82 per qtl in channel-I and Rs 315 per qtl in
channel-II. The total expenses borne by the producers were Rs 65.07 per quintal in
channel-I. These costs were nil in channel-II as they disposed of the produce at their farms.
The producer was to pay Rs 57.76 for sorting, grading and packing, Rs 4.50 per quintal for
transportation charges and Rs 2.13 for unloading of the produce in the market. The net
61
share in consumer's rupee varied from 63.19 per cent to 52.30 per cent in channel-I and
channel-II, respectively. Marketing costs borne by producers are high, particularly the
traders' commission. In order to increase the producers' margin, the marketing system
needs to be made more efficient by means of enforcing market regulations and
strengthening cooperative marketing in order that it can compete effectively with traders .
Itinerants merchant's share
The itinerant merchants purchased potato from the producers at their farms. The
total expenses borne by itinerant merchant were Rs 54.56/qtls. The itinerant' merchants
were to pay Rs 47.76, for sorting, grading & packing, and Rs 4.25, 2.00 and 0.55 for
transportation, loading unloading, and weighing, respectively. The net margin of
itinerant-merchant in consumer's rupee was 1.34 per cent and it accounted for about Rs
8/qtls.
Wholesaler's share
The gross margin of wholesaler's ranged was about Rs 53/qtls and Rs 55 per
quintal in channel-I and channel-II. The total expenses borne by the wholesaler's varied
from 6.61 per cent to 5.48 per cent in channel- I and channel-II, respectively. The
wholesaler's were to pay market fee at the rate of two per cent, rural development fund at
the rate of 2 per cent and commission at the rate of 5 per cent in the market. The net margin
of the wholesaler's was about Rs 20 per quintal in both the channels in the selected
markets.
Table 3.1: Price spread and marketing costs for potato (2009-10)
(Channel-I: Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer)
S. No. Price Spread Price
(Rs/quintal) % age of consumer's
rupee
1 Producers sale Price/wholesaler purchase price 397.82 75.55
A Total Marketing costs borne by the producer farmer
65.07 12.36
i Transportation 4.5 0.85
ii Loading & unloading 2.13 0.40
iii Sorting & packing 57.76 10.97
iv Weighing & other related expenses 0.68 0.13
v Commission 0 0.00
62
2. Net Price received by the producer farmer 332.75 63.19
3. Total Marketing costs borne by the wholesaler 34.79 6.61
i Market fee 5.81 1.10 ii RDF 5.81 1.10 iii wastage during transport 0.56 0.11 iv Commission 14.49 2.75 v transportation charges 8.12 1.54 4 wholesaler’s margin 20.00 3.80 5 Wholesaler's sale price/Retailer's purchase price 387.54 73.60 6
Expenses borne by the retailers
75.72
14.38
i
Transport to retail outlet
11.15
2.12
ii
Miscellaneous expenses such as cess to corporation, watchman for unsold stock
9.46
1.80
iii
Wastage
6.58
1.25
iv
Loading/ Unloading
4.45
0.85 v
Packing material
36.2
6.87
vi
Shop rent
7.88
1.50 7
Retailer’s margin
63.31
12.02
8
Retailer’s sale price/consumer's purchase price
526.57
100.00
Table 3.2: Price spread and marketing costs for potato (2009-10)
4
Expenses borne by the wholesaler
32.68
5.82
S. No. Price Spread Price
(Rs/quintal) % age of consumer's
rupee
1 Producers sale Price/itinerant merchants purchase price
315.00 56.09
A Expenses borne by the itinerant merchants
54.56 9.72
i Transportation 4.25 0.76 ii Loading & unloading 2.00 0.36 iii Sorting & packing 47.76 8.50 iv Weighing & other related expenses 0.55 0.10 v Margin of the itinerant merchants 8.00 1.42 3
Itinerant merchants sale price/wholesaler's purchase price
377.56
67.23
i
Market fee
7.00
1.25
ii
RDF
7.00
1.25 iii
Wastage during transport
0.56
0.10
iv
Commission
14.00
2.49 v
Transportation charges
4.12
0.73
63
5
wholesaler’s margin
20.00
3.56
6 Wholesaler's sale price/Retailer's purchase price
430.24 76.61
7 Expenses borne by the retailers 73.02 13.00 i Transport to retail outlet 10.15 1.81
ii Miscellaneous expenses such as cess to corporation, watchman for unsold stock
9.26 1.65
iii Wastage 5.58 0.99 iv Loading/ Unloading 4.35 0.77 v Packing material 35.56 6.33 vi Shop rent 8.12 1.45 7 Retailer’s margin 58.34 10.39
8 Retailer’s sale price/consumer's purchase price
561.60 100.00
Retailer's share
The total expenses borne by the retailer's in consumer rupee ranged from 14.38 per
cent to 12.24 per cent in channel-I and channel -II respectively. The total expenses borne
by retailers accounts for Rs 75.72/qtl in channel-I and Rs 73.02 in Channel-II. Retailers net
share in consumer's rupee varied from 12.02 per cent to 9.78 per cent in channel- I and
channel- II, respectively. The retailer's margin ranged from Rs 63.31 per quintal in channel
- I to Rs 58.34 per quintal in channel II which seems to be higher keeping in view the daily
sales by them.
The above discussion shows that the produces were getting only about 56 to 63 per
cent of the price period by the consumers.
4. Suggestion to improve the potato marketing system for better returns to the
growers
Although, there has been a steady growth in the price of potato, the wider seasonal
fluctuations (low in peak period) were detrimental to the interest of the producer-farmers.
The problem of glut in the peak period arrivals has to be tackled through cold storage,
processing and exporting of potato from the state to other consuming markets.
Wide marketing spreads are more generally a reflection of the high cost of
providing services under existing marketing conditions. This cost could be reduced by
cutting down the number of intermediaries, reduction in market levies and commission
charges.
It is needless to mention here that the decision regarding the place for marketing
potato can be taken, keeping in view the prevailing price and the marketing costs for each
64
place. However, the sales in the big consuming markets, on the whole, hand an edge over
the sales in the field as well as in the State markets as reported by the respondents.
Therefore, efforts need to be made to remove the constraints on account of which the
producer seller suffers for selling his produce in long distance markets. Some of the
suggestions are given below:
4.1. Fixation of Commission and Mandi charges
The commission of Kacha arhtya may be reduced from five per cent to three per
cent and that the margin of the middleman need to be fixed under the Markets Act.
4.2. Formation of Co-operative purchase societies
A bidder has to purchase whole of the lot put to auction under the bye-laws framed
under the Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961. The retailer being a man of
lean resources cannot purchase the lots in full and as a result, the role of whole-saler is a
compelling force. If, however, retailers could be organized into co-operative purchase
societies, the function of the .whole-saler can be taken over by them. Part of benefit could
then percolate back to the producer and onward to the consumer through narrowing down
of the marketing margins.
4.3. Reducing long chain of intermediaries
Efforts should be made to reduce the number of middlemen involved in the
marketing system. Direct sales or involving few agencies can bring efficiency in the
system and consumers and producers can be directly linked.
4.4. Market information
The farmers should be kept informed about the prevailing prices and market
trends in big consuming markets. These markets should, therefore, be covered regularly
under the Market News Service Progamme. At present, only the State markets are
covered. For this purpose, the State Government should post its own whole-time staff in
each of these markets. Along with the prevailing rates, the supply position, the costs of
sending the produce and the economics of selling the produce in those markets should
form part of the Market News Service Programme.
4.5. Efficient transport facilities
a) At present, there is a shortage of wagons to cope with the needs of the farmers to
transport their produce. The state Government should impress upon to Central
Government to enhance the supply of wagons to cope with the needs of the potato
producers.
b) At present, even the quick service good trains reach Mumbai and Kolkata from
Jalandhar in about eight days and Madras in two weeks. This time lag needs to be
shortened. The railway authorities may look into this problem.
65
c) Investigations have revealed that truck transport is a quicker means of transport, but is
costlier than the railways. So till the supply of railway wagons is improved, the State
Government should subsidize transport by trucks to facilitate inter-regional movements of
potato during the peak crop season.
d) To overcome the procedural difficulty of dispatching the produce at the railway station,
the marketing staff of the Department of Agriculture should be deputed during the peak
crop season.
4.6. Capital requirements
The requirements of capital for marketing should be met through the co-operatives
and the commercial banks. They may advance adequate and timely short-term credit, till
the produce in sold at remunerative prices in the lean period.
4.7. Price Policy
In the light of findings of the study, it is suggested that to also provide effective price
support to the potato crop, the Government should implement the price-support policy on a
regular basis rather than making adhoc purchases during certain years when prices fall
drastically.
The minimum support price in the case of potatoes should take into account not only
the explicit economic costs but also weight some noneconomic consideration which matter
most to the potato-growers to go in far its cultivation. The procurement price can be decided
every year, keeping in view the supply-and-demand position.
The potato is a semi-perishable commodity, which can be stored only in cold stores
for long periods. Since the capacity of the internal market to absorb potato production is
rather limited, it is necessary that the Government should tap export avenues on a long-term
basis to add another demand dimension in the potato market.
Even if during certain years, the export openings are not available, the Government
could not play a passive role in the market. It should procure sufficient quantities to create,
among traders, a psychology of Government intervention on a regular basis.
The impact of this uncertain and widely fluctuating prices of potatoes falls heavily
on growers because the benefits of lean period high prices is not reflected back to the
growers but is mostly absorbed by the middlemen i.e., cold stores and traders engaged in the
marketing process. It is suggested that processing units and cold storage of potato should be
established in rural areas for orderly marketing of potato, which would benefit both
consumers and producers (Verma and Rajput, 2000).
66
The growers thus suffer the loss of slump without getting any advantage of off-
season spurt. The foundations of potato growing industry thus need to be strengthened on
this score. The measures like increased use of cold stores by the growers to check the glut
of potato during peak season, establishment of processing units, evolution of new
varieties etc. will help in improving the situation.
References
Chatha, I. S. and Kaul, J. L. (1979) A study into the marketing margins of potato crop in
Punjab. Thirty-ninth Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics,
Bangalore, December 18-20, 1979. Indian Society of Agricultural Economics.
Gill K Sand Vashisht G D (1973) Constraints form which producers-sellers suffer and
remedies, Paper submitted to National Commission on Agriculture, New Delhi
Government of Punjab (2011) Statistical Abstract of Punjab. Government Advisor to
Government of Punjab, Chandigarh.
Sinha, Randhir, Singh, R. R. and Verma, P. N. (1968) Marketing of potato in Biharshrif.
Agricultural Situation in India 23 (5): 464-71.
Singh, P. K., Kakadia, B. H. and Patel, V. M. (1993) Marketing of potato in a major potato
producing area of Gujarat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing. 1993; 7(2): 179-185
Verma A R and Rajput A M (2000) Costs, returns and marketing of potato in Indore district
of Madhya Pradesh. Indian,J Agric Mktg 14 (1) : 23-31.
Singh, I. J. and Choudhry, K (1977) Economic analysis of potato production and
marketing in Haryana. Research Bulletin No. 2, 69pp
Tripathi,-R-S (1991) Economics of potato cultivation in the high hills of Uttar Pradesh.
Journal of the Indian Potato Association; 18(3/4): 142-146
Dahiya,-P-S; Bhatia,-J-P (1992) Trends and potentiality of potato exports from India.
Agricultural Situation in India. 1992; 47(1): 21-26
Singh, Joginder, Kumari, S and Grover, D.K. (1993), Behavioural analysis of market
arrivals and prices of potato in Punjab Agricultural Marketing. 1993; 36(3): 34-42
Singh H, Grover D K and Vatta K (2001) Marketing of fruit crops in Punjab. Indian
Journal of Agricultural Marketing 15:8-16.
Singh K and Chahal S S (2001) Marketing structure performance of vegetables in Punjab.
In: Prasad J (ed) Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Marketing 8:171-86.
Kumar, Pawan, Yadav, S. K. and Kumar, Manoj (2008), Production potential and
economics of different cropping systems in semi-arid zone of Haryana under irrigated
situations. Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 24(1/2): 59-61.
Bhajantri, Shrinivas (2010) Production, Processing and Marketing of Potato in
Karnataka-An Economic Analysis. Project Report submitted to the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
67
IMPACT OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH ON ECONOMIC GOWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Dr. Gurinder Jit Singh BhullarHead Department of Economics
Guru Nanak College, Moga
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze the contribution of health and education on
economic growth. Education plays a great and significant role in the economy of a nation.
It forms the basis of human capital which is urgently required for increasing output and
earnings of individuals. Education helps in enhancing skills of manpower, make them
more productive, increases the employment avenues of the workers thus contributing to
economic development. It not only imparts knowledge and skills to individuals but also
make them better human beings.
Introduction
Investment on education of people is universally recognized as essential for
achieving higher rate of economic development in any country. Education is able to
develop and mould people in such a way that they are eager and ever ready to accept any
changes around them that can lead to enrichment of skills and abilities in them which
could be helpful in adopting technical changes around the world for the over all social and
economic development. Thus the increase in education level serve as a platform for the
policy maker The acquisition of knowledge and skills is an investment in the sense that
people forego consumption in order to increase future income. Investment in human
beings does not result in same output across all workers because it is the differences in
skill formation which makes the difference in output. Education increases future labour
productivity and future income and can thus be seen as an investment in human capital,
which then is embodied in the human being (Wobmann, 2003). Education plays a great
and significant role in the economy of a nation. It forms the basis of human capital which
is urgently required for increasing output and earnings of individuals. Education helps in
enhancing skills of manpower, make them more productive, increases the employment
avenues of the workers thus contributing to economic development. It not only imparts
knowledge and skills to individuals but also make them better human beings.
Health is another aspect of human resource development which is equally
68
important. The improvement of medical and public health of the working population leads
to more labour productivity. Only a physically and medically fit individual or group or
society at large can make better use of their skills to further develop human resources
(Harbison and Myers, 1964). Health improvement leads to better human development
and better health itself leads to economic growth. While economic growth may not be
always necessary for health but health plays vital role for the economic growth. A healthy
person can work more effectively and efficiently and by doing so he can devote more time
to gainful activitiesand education on economic development The objective of this study is
to analyze the contribution of health and education on economic growth.
Data Sources and Methodology The study is based on secondary data. First of all, list of
all possible indicators related to study was prepared. An attempt was made to collect the
data regarding the maximum possible number of indicators for the developing countries.
The data used in the study were collected from various publications of World Bank,
United Nations and World Health Organization that are available in India. Publications
like World Development Reports, Human Development reports, etc were consulted. . The
study has been undertaken for the period 1980 to 2005. The multiple regression analysis
technique has been applied to find whether the effect of different factors differ
significantly between the countries. The analysis has been done for 79 countries for which
the data are available. The analysis has been carried out at three points of time, viz. for the
years 1985, 1995 and 2005. The purpose behind this is to study the changes over time.
In order to find the impact of education and health on economic growth the econometric
approach based on regression is used in the form of following equations.
PCI = ? + β lnALR +β ln PER + β lnSER + β ln LEB + β ln IMR + β ln TFR + it 2 21 it 22 it 23 it 24 it 25 it 26 it
β ln DR + β ln BHS + β ln PSW + β ln PS + β ln LFP + β ln HE + 27 it 28 it 29 it 2.10 it 2.11 it 2.12 it
β ln EE + U2.13 it it
Results and Discussion
Analysis for the year 1985:
The results of the regression analysis for the year 1985 for developing countries
for finding the impact of health and education indicators on economic development are
presented in the table 1. The equation I of the table shows that 80.9 per cent variations in
the dependant variable are explained by the set of explanatory variables under study. The
69
coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at one per cent level of significance. The
increase in the human developmental level will cause per capita income to increase and
hence increase in the economic development. The coefficient of secondary enrollment
ratio and population with access to sanitation are positive and significant at five percent
level of significance. The section of population receiving secondary education is very
important as it forms the basis for producing productive labour force. With better access
to sanitation wasteful expenditure on diseases due to unhygienic condition can be avoided
and it ensures healthy and productive labour force which acts as a basis of economic
development. The coefficient of health expenditure is positive and significant at ten
percent level of significance meaning thereby that the expenditure incurred on the health
services is also responsible for productive labour force which can be gainfully employed
for increasing the production and hence the increase in per capita income which is
essential for economic development. The coefficient of adult literacy rate is negative and
significant at five percent level of significance. This may be due to the definition of adult
literacy followed in most of the developing countries which is very faulty. The primary
enrollment ratio is negative and significant at five percent level of significance meaning
thereby that this segment of society though form the basis of future growth actually does
not contribute in enhancing per capita income in the initial stages. The coefficient of
labour force is negative and significant at five percent level of significance. The
coefficient of population with access to safe water is positive but non significant. The
coefficient of life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, total fertility rate, dependency
ratio and birth attended by health staff are negative but non significant.
The analysis has been extended by dropping labour force as a percent of total
population from the list of explanatory variables. The equation II shows that value of as
59.3 percent meaning there by that the effect of explanatory variables on the dependent
variable have decreased. The coefficient of secondary enrollment ratio is positive and
significant at one percent level of significance. The coefficient of adult literacy rate is
positive and significant at ten percent level of significance.
The analysis is further extended to find the relationship between per capita income
and health related indicators. The coefficient of life expectancy at birth, population with
access to sanitation and health expenditure as a percent of GDP are positive and significant
at five percent level of significance. The coefficient of labour force as a percent of total
population and total fertility rate are negative and significant at one percent and five
percent respectively at the level of significance. Further more the analysis is carried to
2R
70
establish relationship between per capita income and the indicators which do not form part
of HDI. The coefficient of population with access to safe water and sanitation are positive
and significant at five percent level of significance. The coefficient of labour force as a
percent of total population is negative and significant at one percent level of significance.
The coefficient of infant mortality rate and total fertility rate are negative and significant at
five per cent level of significance.
In one to one relationship between HDI and per capita income, the coefficient of
HDI is positive and significant at five per cent level of significance and it reveals that 71.1
percent of variations in the dependent variable are explained by it.
Table - 1 Cross Country Regression Results for the year 1985:
Developing Countries Analysis
Per Capita Income (PPP)
Dependent Variable
Eq-I
Eq-II
Eq-III
Eq-IV
Eq-V
Eq-VI
Adult literacy Rate
-0.351
-0.394
0.304 (-1.797)**
(-1.869)**
(1.675)***
Primary Enrollment
Ratio
-0.433
-0.337
0.23 (-2.458)**
(-1.801)**
(0.103)
Secondary Enrollment
Ratio
0.189
0.271
0.569
(1.919)**
(2.656)*
(5.210)*
Life Expectancy at Birth
-0.275
-0.048
1.733
(-0.347)
(-0.056)
(2.581)**
Infant Mortality Rate
-0.041
0.005
-0.056
-0.213
(-0.431)
(0.044)
(-0.484)
(-2.027)**
Total Fertility Rate
-0.177
-0.155
-0.375
-0.511
(-0.842)
(-0.683)
(1.536)**
(-1.957)**
Dependency Ratio
-0.236
0.016
-0.247
-0.432
(-0.519)
(0.034)
(-0.450)
(-0.739)
Births Attended by Health Staff
-0.024
-0.036
-0.109
-0.126
(-0.241)
(-0.330)
(-1.030)
(-1.073)
Population with access to safe water
0.061
0.036
0.168
0.289
(0.438)
(0.243)
(1.133)
(.931)**
Population with access to sanitation
0.149
0.155
0.134
0.182
(2.344)**
(2.248)**
(1.740)**
(2.98)**
Labour force as a percent of Total Population
-0.643
-0.862
-1.105
(-2.948)**
(-3.536)*
(-4.635)*
Education expenditure as a percent at GDP
-0.013
-0.013
0.090
0.051
(-0.133)
(-0.126)
(0.775)
(0.414)
Health expenditure as a percent of GDP
0.148
0.150
0.153
0.141
(1.752)***
(1.649)**
(1.582)**
1.321
HDI
1.935
1.998
2.027
(4.174)*
(3.994)*
(12.103)**
Constant
15.287
10.281
3.923
4.511
13.516
8.534
(3.558)
(2.412)
(5.781)
(1.090)
(5.488)
(69.680)
R2
0.854
0.826
0.621
0.755
0.723
0.716
Adjusted 2
0.809
0.777
0.593
0.711
0.673
0.711
71
Source Authors own calculationsNote-1 Figure in Parentheses are t-valuesNote-2 *, ** and *** indicates significance at 1 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent
respectively.
Analysis for the year 1995:
The cross country regression results for developing countries for the year 1995 are
presented in the table 2. The equation I of the table shows that 78 percent variations in the
dependent variable are explained by the set of explanatory variables under consideration.
The coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at five percent level of significance. The
increase in the human developmental level will cause per capita income to increase and
hence economic development. The coefficient of population with access to safe water is
positive and significant at five percent level of significance. With the availability of safe
water the population will be free from diseases and hence will work more efficiently so as
to increase the per capita income. The coefficient of health expenditure as a percent of
GDP is positive and significant at ten percent level of significance. The increase in health
expenditure will result in better health of the people who can put extra effort in their work
and can enhance the income of the country. The coefficient of secondary enrollment ratio,
life expectancy at birth, births attended by health staff are positive but non significant. The
coefficient of adult literacy rate, primary enrollment ratio, infant mortality rate, total
fertility rate, dependency ratio, population with access to sanitation, labour force as a
percent of total population and education expenditure as a percent of GDP are negative
and non significant. The coefficient of secondary enrollment ratio is 0.069 meaning that if
there is one percent increase in the secondary enrollment ratio the per capita income will
increase by 0.069 percent. The analysis is also extended by dropping the labour force as a
percent of total population. The coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at one
percent level of significance. The coefficient of population with access to safe water is
positive and significant at five percent level of significance. The coefficient of secondary
enrollment ratio is also positive and significant at five percent level of significance. The
equation II shows that 78.2 percent variations in the dependant variable are explained by
the set of explanatory variables under consideration.
The analysis is also extended to find the relationship between per capita income
and education related indicators. The value of dropped significantly to 47.6 percent
indicating the fact that the effect of explanatory variables on the dependent variable have
decreased considerably. The coefficient of secondary enrollment ratio is positive and
significant at five percent level of significance.
2R
72
Further, the analysis is extended to find the relationship between per capita income
and the health related indicators. The equation V shows that 76.1 percent variations in the
dependant variable are explained by the set of explanatory variables under study. The
coefficients of life expectancy at birth, population with access to sanitation are positive
and significant at five percent level of significance. The coefficient of total fertility rate is
negative and significant at five per cent level of significance. The coefficient of labour
force is negative and significant at ten percent level of significance.
Table - 2 Cross Country Regression Results for the year 1995:
Developing Countries Analysis
Per Capita Income (PPP) Dependent Variable
Eq-I Eq-II Eq-III Eq-IV Eq-V Eq-VI
Adult literacy Rate -0.283 -0.290 0.279 (-0.945) (-0.973) (1.122)
Primary Enrollment Ratio
-0.338 -0.366 0.484 (-1.258) (-1381)*** (1.482)
Secondary Enrollment Ratio
0.069 0.082 0.552 (0.514) (0.618) (3.509)**
Life Expectancy at Birth 0.515 0.633 1.983 (0.532) (0.665) (2.450)**
Infant Mortality Rate -0.003 -0.015 0.007 -0.143 (-0.017 (-0.086) (0.042) (-0.813)
Total Fertility Rate -0.187 -0.054 -0.581 -0.865 (0.562) (-0.192) (-1.885)** (-2.977)*
Dependency Ratio (-0.41) -0.027 -0.074 -0.076 -0.239 (-0.158) (-0.458) (-0.443)
Births Attended by Health Staff
0.074 0.066 0.102 0.168 (-0.637) (0.579) (0.898) (1.421)***
Population with access to safe water
0.520 0.544 0.408 0.550 (1.814)** (1.918)** (1.876)** (2.458)**
Population with access to sanitation
-0.026 -0.022 -0.003 0.017 (-0.200) (-0.173) (-0.031) (0.155)
Labour force as a percent of Total Population
-0.302 -0.656 -1.094 (0.771) (-1.728)*** (-3.101)*
Education expenditure as a percent at GDP
-0.128 -0.122 0.086 -0.166 (-0.986) (-0.948) (0.494) (-1.190)
Health expenditure as a percent of GDP
0.185 0.182 0.188 0.243 (1.45)*** (1.356) (1.440) (1.670)**
HDI 1.885 2.043 1.418 (2.474)** (2.796)* (12.764)**
Constant 7.878 6.246 2.336 0.311 10.248 8.973 (1.461) (1.265) (2.241) (0.070) (5.464) (69.481)
R2 0.832 0.830 0.511 0.798 0.780 0.737
Adjusted 2
R 0.780 0.782 0.476 0.761 0.740 0.733
73
Source Authors own calculationsNote-1 Figure in Parentheses are t-valuesNote-2 *, ** and *** indicates significance at 1 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent
respectively.
The analysis is further extended to find the relationship between per capita income
and the indicators which are not the part of HDI. The equation V shows that 74 per cent
variations in the dependent variable are explained by set of explanatory variables under
consideration. The coefficient of population with access to safe water and health
expenditure as a percent of total population are positive and significant at five percent level
of significance. The coefficient of births attended by health staff is positive and significant
at ten percent level of significance. The coefficient of total fertility rate and labour force as
a percent of total population are negative and significant at one percent level of
significance. In one to one analysis between per capita income and HDI, the coefficient of
HDI is positive and significant at five percent level of significance. The HDI reveals 73.3
percent variations in the dependent variable.
Analysis for the year 2005:
The cross country regression results for developing countries for the year 2005 are
presented in the table 3. The results of the regression analysis (equation I) shows that 83
percent variations are explained by the set of explanatory variables under consideration.
The coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at five percent level of significance which
means that any increase in the human developmental level will lead to more increase in per
capita income and hence increase in economic development of the country.
The coefficient of primary enrollment ratio and total fertility rate are negative and
significant at ten percent and five percent level of significance respectively. The coefficient
of secondary enrollment ratio, births attended by health staff, population with access to
safe water and health expenditure as a percent of GDP are positive but non significant. The
coefficient of adult literacy rate, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, dependency
ratio, population with access to sanitation and labour force as percent of total population
are negative but non significant.
The analysis is extended by dropping labour force as a percent of total population
from the list of explanatory variables. The equation II shows that 83.3 percent variations in
the dependent variable are explained by the explanatory variables under consideration. The
coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at five percent level of significance. The
coefficient of adult literacy rate and primary enrollment ratio are negative and significant at
74
2R
ten percent level of significance. The coefficient of total fertility rate is negative and
significant at five percent level of significance. Further the analysis is extended to find the
relationship between per capita income and education related variables. The value of
dropped to 62.2 percent meaning that the effect of the explanatory variables on the
dependant variable have decreased. The coefficient of secondary enrollment ratio is positive and significant at one percent level of significance. The analysis is further extended to study the relationship between per capita income and health related indicators. The equation IV shows 82 percent variations in the dependent variable are explained by the explanatory variables under study. The coefficient of population with access to safe water and health expenditure as a percent of GDP are positive and significant at ten percent level of significance.
Table - 3 Cross Country Regression Results for the year 2005:
Developing Countries Analysis Per Capita Income (PPP) Dependent Variable
Eq-I Eq-II Eq-III Eq-IV Eq-V Eq-VI
Adult literacy Rate -0.201 -0.207 0.226 (-1.249)
(-1.387)***
(1.355)
Primary Enrollment
Ratio
-0.344
-0.347
0.236
(-1.387)
(-1.429)***
(0.722) Secondary Enrollment
Ratio
0.062
0.064
0.839 (0.482)
(0.508)
(7.099)*
Life Expectancy at Birth
-0.015
-0.011
-1.333 (-0.017)
(-0.012)
(-1.957)**
Infant Mortality Rate
-0.109
-0.107
-0.212
-0.451 (-0.548)
(-0.545)
(-1.075)
(-2.801)**
Total Fertility Rate
-0.427
-0.422
-0.571
-0.668
(-1.744)**
(-1.775)**
(-2.448)***
(-2.823)*
Dependency Ratio
-0.103
-0.101
-0.219
-0.300
(-0.704)
(-0.704)
(-1.578)***
(-2.143)**
Births Attended by Health Staff
0.092
0.092
0.167
0.126
(0.734)
(0.740)
(1.356)
(0.990)
Population with access to safe water
0.347
0.348
0.400
0.569
(1.255)
(1.272)
(1.425)***
(2.035)**
Population with access to sanitation
-0.071
-0.065
-0.063
-0.163
(-0.379)
(-0.368)
(-0.363)
(-0.950)
Labour force as a percent of Total Population
-0.044
-0.266
-0.428
(-0.104)
(-0.682)
(-1.082)
Education expenditure as a percent at GDP
.121
.129
0.143
-0.001
(.164)
(.167)
(0.952)
(-0.005)
Health expenditure as a percent of GDP
0.184
0.183
0.230
0.222
(1.289)
(1.301)
(1.654)***
(1.478)***
HDI
1.963
1.968
3.009
2.164**
2.198**
16.231**
Constant
(10.181)
(9.998)
(2.745)
(2.147)
(9.035)
(9.427)
1.912
2.011
2.221
0.523
4.108
88.264
R2
0.870
0.870
0.647
0.848
0.836
0.820
Adjusted 2
0.830
0.833
0.622
0.820
0.806
0.816
R
75
Source Authors own calculationsNote-1 Figure in Parentheses are t-valuesNote-2 *, ** and *** indicates significance at 1 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent
respectively.
The coefficients of total fertility rate and dependency ratio are negative and
significant at ten percent level of significance. The coefficient of life expectancy at birth is
negative and significant at five percent level of significance.
Further more the analysis is extended to find the relationship between per capita
income and the indicators which are not the part of HDI. The coefficient of population with
access to safe water and health expenditure as a percent of GDP are positive and significant
at five and ten percent respectively at the level of significance. The coefficient of total
fertility rate is negative and significant at one percent level of significance. The coefficient
of infant mortality rate and dependency ratio are negative and significant at five percent
level of significance.
The one to one relationship between per capita income and HDI reveals that
coefficient of HDI is positive and significant at five percent level of significance. It
explains 81.6 percent variations in the dependent variable.
The study found that over a period of time from 1985 to 1995 the value of
decreased and from 1995 to 2005 it has again increased meaning that the effect of
explanatory variables on the dependant variables first decreased and then increased. The
coefficient of health expenditure as a percent of GDP and HDI are significant throughout
the period of study. The coefficient of population with access to sanitation is positive and
significant in the year 1985 but it has become negative and non-significant in the year 1995
and 2005.
Conclusion Education and health are the most vital instruments that can contribute
significantly towards economic growth so policies should be made for improving the
quality of life which will increase efficiency thus leading to growth . As a matter of fact the
basic purpose and reason of economic growth is to enable all mankind to live comfortably,
peacefully and to make sure that coming generations do not face miseries and adversaries.
Economic growth should bridge the gap between rich and poor which is otherwise
responsible for unrest, conflicts and aggression all over the world. Development planning
is necessary for economic growth that leads to better human lives. Better human lives only
can further lead to increased development choices for the people.
2R
76
References
Harbison and C.A. Myers (1964), Education, Manpower & Economic Growth, Oxford
& IBH, Publishing Co-Operations. United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), Human Development Reports, New York, Oxford University Press: Various
Issues.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Statistical
Year Book, Paris: Various Issues.
United Nations Demographic Year Book, New York: Oxford University Press various
issues
Wobmann Ludger(2003), "Specifying Human Capital", Journal of Economic Surveys,
17(3), 239-270.s
World Bank, Global Development Finance, Washington D.C.: Various Issues.
_____________, Social indicators of development, Baltimore: John Hopkins University
Press: Various Issues.
_____________, World Development Indicators, Washington D.C.: Various Issues.
World Bank, World development report, New York, Oxford University Press: Various
Issues.
_____________, World Statistics, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press: Various
Issues.
_____________, World Tables, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press: Various
Issues
77
Formation of Progressive Artist Group : The Struggle for Artistic Expression
Ravinder SinghResearch Scholar
Department of Fine ArtsKurukshetra University,
KurukshetraMob.:8950693131
Email:[email protected]
Introduction
The year 1947 has a great impact on many lives of both India and Pakistan because
of the tragic Partition. Recently, a book of short stories by a Pakistani writer Intizar Hussain
“The Death of Sherherzad” is immensely being appreciated by intellectual across the
region.Book is a translation of 15 short stories that give a glimpse of the writer's unique art.
His short stories are not like a typical one with a beginning, middle, and end. These belong
to the era wherein Partition of India and Pakistan; the subsequent violence and migration of
millions of people from one country to another, had a huge impact on writers in the
subcontinent. Displacement or what he equate with “hijrat”, is a much a protagonist in his
stories as the human characters, but he doesnot tread moralistic and judgmental ground.
Nostalgia, pain and pathos of loss are the recurring images in Intizar Hussain stories.
Whether it is the concerns of modern times or references to medieval period,
Hussain ads to a touch of timelessness to these, making this tales relevant in any milieu and
any age and therein lays perennial appeal.
Formation of Progressive Artist Group (PAG)
On the eve of Independence, when the Progressive Artists Group (PAG) was
formed, it carried a similar program as part of its manifesto. The early meetings of the PAG
were, in fact, held in the office of the Friends of the Soviet Union at Girgaum in Bombay.
The Group, consisting of F.N. Souza, S.H. Raza, K.H. Ara, M.F. Husain, S.K. Bakreand
H.A. Gade were to forge a common front against academic realism aswell as the revivalist
art of the Bengal School.
Although the first exhibition of the Progressive Artists Group was held in 1949, in
the then Bombay city, the group came formally into existence as early as 1947, in a meeting
held on December 15, (which was reported in 'Blitz' dated Dec. 20 of that year). The
arbitrary selection at the current exhibitions of the Bombay Art Society had prompted
some artists and critics to organize such a meeting. The persons who spoke at this historical
78
conclave included the artists Souza, Raza and Ara besides the critic Rashid Hussain.
Expressing their utter disappointment with the judging and the lack of principle on which
the exhibits were accepted for display, they insisted that the Judging Committee should
be an elected body who should be able to justify before the public their choice of exhibits
based on specific art values. The artists were especially perturbed over the rejection of
same remarkable paintings like Ara's 'Independence Day Procession'. Rashid Hussain
criticized the old orthodox critics and declared the necessity of the artists taking initiative
in developing a conscious art patronage among the masses with deliberate social purpose
in their art. Newton (Souza initially referred to himself by this name) exhorted that artists
should get together to thrash out common problems and initiate the development of a new
national art. Ara demanded that artists should have freedom, 'svatantrata' for their
expression and should overthrow the living corpse of the worshippers of false art. Before
this meeting, four of the artists had already met and decided to exhibit their works
together. These were Ara, Raza, Souza and Bakre. Two more were added soon. Hussain
was persuaded by Souza while Gade was brought into the fold of the PAG by Raza. Bakre
who had been convinced by Ara, was already in the Group. They decided to limit the
number of members at six in order to avoid stylistic scramble. The title 'Progressive' was
inspired from the Progressive writers' movement which was started in Indian literature
by the Marxist novelists, poets and fellow travelers at a conference held in 1936. The
PAG had an anti-Imperialist outlook and the objective of 'bridging the widening gulf
between the artists and the life of the people' was declared in the short manifesto.
The artists denounced the efforts of the Bengal School as an effete revocation of a
past that had no contact with the reality of the present.
79
The Group held its next exhibition in Baroda, and subsequently one in Bombay,
from 7th July 1949, at the Bombay Art Society salon. This exhibition was inaugurated by
Mulk Raj Anand.
As elementary as their program sounded, it was an attempt at rooting themselves
within the paradigms of modern art. It was at the same time a means of re-inventing these
in their own context. To do so in the India of their time required an act of courage.
The artists had stepped into the difficult terrain of Indian art where a variety of
styles intermingled. They had to find a means of assimilating classical art, folk art,
miniature painting and the different forms of western art that existed alongside and from
this medley of schools they were to create their own mode of expression. It is to their
credit that they squarely took historical reality into account and did not attempt to revoke
an imagined past that absolved all contradiction. In coming together, they symbolized
inadvertently the transcendence of divisions created by religion, region, or caste.
It is significant that they painted cityscapes for it could only have been in the city
that a multiple, synchronic view— the essence of modernism—could have come about.
Their repertoire was impressive and there was no doubt that it was an important
period of art history which had to be recorded.
If art is in some ways a barometer, thenthe Progressive Artists Group is
emblematic of the formative years of modernism in India. In its move towards
individualism, its strong leanings towards universal values and its non-hierarchical
attitude, modernism has met with resistance in this country. But to the Progressives goes
the credit for imbibing from internationalism and rooting it here and lending it an iconic
status. If at the same time they have been criticized for being imitative or too
'westernized', art debates always add to the substantive body of knowledge already in
existence. But the fact remains that their works today occupy a position of centrality and
hence their worth has to be taken into account. When the Progressive Artists began they
were without any means and their struggle to give a direction to contemporary art was all
the more creditable. The fact that they have become legend today and their contribution is
immenseis a validation oftheir efforts and also of the ideas that gave impetus to their
work.
80
In many ways this paper is an attempt at documenting that turbulent
period when cultural ideas were in their formative period. In mapping their graph,
hopefully, some light is also shed on "the course of development in the ensuing years. To
some extent this paper has as I hope been able to demonstrate this.
Historical Background
Modernity did not arrive suddenly in minds of so called six revolutionary on the era of
independence. Indeed, it was a gradual process which was initiated by various
indigenous and thinking minds in the different time period. They rejected the art-
practices and tendencies of British raj in there pursuance of art. The great contribution of
so many luminaries should and as a need of time be recorded.
The Nationalist and Orient list Approach
Any understanding of the debates in Indian art prior to independence ought to consider
the fact that while knowledge of art was disseminated by academic institutions
established by the British , there was at the same time, a reaction against their canons by
practitioners produce by these very schools. The conflicting paradigms in the early part
of the twentieth century seem to arise essentially out of the same basic premises and they
were to remain unresolved till a method could be found for art practices which could get
together with the developments in India.The art school that were set up in the middle of
the nineteenth century__1850 in Madras, 1854 in Calcutta and 1857 in Bombay__ were
geared towards the development of the 'native genius' of the people as manifested in their
craft tradition.
At the outset, these art schools were established to counter the gradual decay and
erosion of the earlier splendor of Indian craft. Yet, in strangely advocating measures to
81
preserve India's rich tradition, fine arts was thought to be non- existencewhile craft
–which became a blanket term henceforth to be applied to all folk arts—were seen as a
commercial products. Henery Cole, William Morries, and George Birdwood, were
among those who campaigned strongly to encourage Indian craft, which they felt were
being destroyed rapidly. Birdwood, who wrote most passionately on the subject,
idealized village life and blamed Hindu mythology for the 'monstrous' art produced in
India.'2 But the craft were viewedwith benevolent paternalism.
The Nationalist and Orientalist Approach
The construction of nationalist Indian painting of a totally different genre was taking
place at about the same time in Bengal. In the very year the Ravi Varma painted The
Triumph OfIndrajit, Abanindranath Tagore had painted his Bharat Mata, a painting that
epitomized the highest value in Indian art.SisterNivedita,whoalongwith E.V.Havell,
AnandaCoomarswamy, and KakuzoOkakura was the ideologue for the new movement,
hailed the painting as embodying the ideals of nationhood, the “Mother India” as she
appears to the eyes of her children… eternally virgin. While Varma's painting were
dammed by Coomaraswamy as 'theatrical conception s, want of imagination and lack of
Indian feeling in the treatment of sacred and epic Indian subjects, Abnindernath and his
followers were seen as the true interpreters of Indian spirituality that symbolized the
aspiration of the nation.
The tide finally turned against Ravi Varma when a new group of orientalist began
to urge an Indian art upon the nation. E.B. Havell, principal of the Calcutta school of art,
launched a scathing criticism of the British system of art education in India, a system that
denied the country any tradition of fine arts.
In their reconstruction of Indian Art History, the orientalists virtually created an
alternative hierarchy where the term 'Indian' became synonymous with a pristine Vedic
civilization that was essentially Aryan in character. Emphasis was laid on classical ages
of Mauryas and Guptas and the later Mughal period was seen as an intervention that was
absorbed in the Great Indian Synthesis.
The pivotal focus of the alternative theory was the centrality of the spiritual and
ideal basis of Indian art as oppose to the adherence to outward experiences in western art.
Thus, the Hindu artist transcended nature in his search for divinity and higher world. The
link between art, asterism, and Yoga was worked out by Coomaraswamy by showing the
oneness of the worshiper and the artist in constructing divine images.
82
Moreover, the style adopted by the artist derived, to a large extent, from academic drawing
and figure modeling and the very concept of fine arts discourse,thereby bringing about a
genuine visual transformation, could not takes place. Ravindranath Tagore, who was
critical of this moment, wrote in a letter to his nephew in 1924, 'When I hear this constant
refrain about “Indian Art” I feel more and more certain that drilling a hole into a cultural
heritage, whether one's own or somebody else's, and getting something to flow
thievery………….'
A Bid for Modernism
This form of modified revivalism could not find routes in Bombay, and in 1936,
when the next principal of J.J School, Charles Gerrard, stepped in, modernistic notions in
art were introduced.
This form of modified revivalism could not find routes in Bombay, and in 1936,
when the next principal of J.J School, Charles Gerrard, stepped in, modernistic notions in
art were introduced. Modern techniques like thick impasto of colour and application of
paint with a palette knife, the textural and pictorial aspects of painting, and Post-
Impressionist and Expressionist notion were now to influence the students. Gerrard's
encouragement of self- expression prompteda few students to form a group called the
'Young Turks'. Consisting of some able students such as P.T. Reddy, M.T. Bhopale, A.A.
Majeed, M.Y. Kulkarni, and C.B. Baptista, it forged a front for modernism in Indian art.
The Group, for all its brave beginnings, was not able to form a cohesive front that could
leave and indelible mark on the art world. There work, however, showed the first
tentative signs of modernism where the flourish of the brush-stroke and the emotional use
of colors, rather than the subject itself, dominated the canvas. Early reviews of their
works speak about their undigested incorporation of styles borrowed from Matisse and
Picasso.
The break with academism had come about as early as 1920s, the first catalyst
being the exhibition of Bauhaus prints 1922, in Calcutta. It was Rabindranath Tagore
who initiated this move after a visit to Weimar in 1921. The contribution of artists such as
Benodebihari Mukherjee, RamkinkarVaij and later K.G. Subaramanyan need to be
viewed in this context.
Setting the contours of modernism in a manner that was to become decisive for
later artists was Amrita Sher-Gil (1913-41), with her attempts at synthesizing two
different modes of perception.
83
The conflict that Sher-Gil faced in her work seems to be far more pervasive than a
mere amalgamation of dual aesthetics. In her attempts to bring the School of Paris training
to bear upon an Indian situation, she seemed to have felt a pull in two different directions.
While her link with formalism have been latently recognized and her work even has been
associated with that of Paul Gaguin, the underlying implication of rooting her aesthetics in
a purely formal discourses or the contradiction this would bring about in her work has been
in her proclaimed aim was seldom seen, even by her.
A climate was created for modernism to come into its own, to form its paradigms
and to set about resolving its contradictions. The artists based in Calcutta and Bombay at
that time was posited with a dual proposition: on the one hand was their alignment with
international modernism mediated to them by war émigrés, books and prints, and their
own encounters in the West; and on the other hand a struggle to formulate their identity in
terms of their aesthetics and historical past. To assimilate the variegated impulses of
modernism transposed onto a once-subjected race required an ingenious manipulation of
the available devices.
The accelerated pace of industrialization as a result of the War, a century of
education, and the emergence of a consciousness of a national self as a result of the
freedom movement privileged the individual above his community and race. The growth
of individual consciousness called for a new mode of representing reality free from the
immobilizations of academic realism. As a historical mode in art, then, modernism was
eminently suited to ventilate the outpourings of a surging self.
The artists had stepped into the difficult terrain of Indian art where a variety of
styles intermingled. They had to find a means of assimilating classical art, Folk Art,
Miniature Painting and the different forms of western art that existed alongside and from
this medley of schools they were to create their own mode of expression. It is to their credit
that they squarely to historical reality into a count and did not attempt to revoke and
imagine past that absolved all contradiction. In coming together they symbolized
inadvertently the transcendence of divisions created by religion could only have been in
the city that the multiple, synchronic view- the essence of modernism- could have come
about.
The Formative Years of PAG and its' Impending Success
An exuberant optimism prevailed in the 1950, in spite of the tragic consequence of the
Partition and the struggle to create a new nation. One legacy of the British that had
84
continued but with a different purpose was the creation of groups, which met to exchange
and enlighten themselves on human affairs.
'The Progressive Artists were young, barely making, and experimenting to find a
means of self-expression. And as they were without any institutional support, it was only
in Bombay that they could have struggled and survived. The city helped each
individual,no matter what his class or religion was, to struggle and make end meet, to do
well and in the end respect himself '.4
The artists met frequently and had long discussions at the Bombay Art Society
Salon, the Chetna restaurant, or by the sea at Marrine Drive. They lived in small
congestedspaces and travelled great distances to attend these meetings. They worked at
small jobs to support themselves, and for the most part, did not succeed in selling their
work. Yet in spite of extremepoverty of means at their disposal, there was a bond of
common quest.
The 1950s was a period of resurgent optimism and a time of discovery and
experimentation in several field. This was heightened by the congregation of a large
number of creative individuals in Bombay. Looming over this crowd was the writer and art
patronMulk Raj Anand, who began publishing the art magazine Marg, the theatre director
Ebrahim Alkazi, who also organized an exhibition on Picasso, the scientist Homi Jehangir
Bhabha was both patron and a close friend of some of the artistes. In a twist of destiny, the
war émigrés from Europe who landed in Bombay proved to be deeply involved with the
arts andbecame central to its development in India in its formative years. Rudolf Van
Leyden, Walter Langhammer, and Emmanuel Schlesinger were not only patrons of art and
of Progressive Artists Group, they also introduced a European art sensibility that was
radically differentfrom Royal Academy of Art style taught in art colleges in India.
The thrust towards modernism, however, met with a great deal of resistance. Souza's
distortion and frank exposures of human body had already aroused a good deal of
criticism.
The first exhibition of the Progressive Artists generated a great deal of controversy
in the press, especially for what was termed as 'Degrading Art'.
But, the resistance was for very short period, the Progressive Artists Group had made
an impact with their first exhibition in 1949. The Group finally dissolved in 1954, but by this
time a whole new crop of painters had come into their own. Artists like Akbar Padamsee,
Tyeb Mehta , Ram Kumar, Krishen Khanna, and Adi Davierwalla could handle their medium
with self-assurance and had made a definitive stride towards modernist self-expression.
85
Notes
1. Sister Nivedita, 'The function of Art in Shaping Nationality', in Complete Works,
Calcutta, 1967,pp. 57-60
2. Ravindranath Tagore quoted by K.G. Subramanyam, The Living Ttradition:
Perspective on Modern Indian Art, Calcutta, 1987, p. 29
3. F.N. Souza, 'Progressive Artist Group', Patriot Magazine, February 12, 1984.
4. Itizar Hussain, A book of short stories, 'The Death of Sherherzad',Transelated by
Rakshanda Jalil, Harper Perennial,2014, The Tribune Newspaper Review.
5. F.N.Souza, 'Progressive Artist Group', Patriot Magazine, February 12, 1984.
Bibliography
1. DalmiyaYashodhara, The Making of Modern Art: The Progressives, Oxford
University Press, UK, 2001.
2. Coomaraswamy, A.K., TheDance of Shiva, New Delhi, 1971.
3. Anand, Mulk Raj, Amrita Sher- Gil, New Delhi, 1989.
4. Sheikh, Gulammohammed(ed.), Contemporary Art in Baroda, New Delhi, 1997.
86
A study in deteriorating Gender Ratio in Haryana
Ravi Kant Research Scholar
Department of AIHC &ArchaeologyPanjab University
Mail: Mobile: 9467603619
Abstract
In India, females are worshipped as Devi but at the same time, they are killed even in
womb. Continue decline in sex ratio is proof of the brutal mentality towards a girl child.
Haryana has the lowest sex ratio in India with a paradox of high level of education and low
sex ratio. The sex ratio has been found highest in districts with low literacy level and vice
versa. The present paper will examine the historical background and cause of low sex ratio
in Haryana. We shall also try to examine the impact of this problem on society.
Keywords:- worshipped, humankind, ardhnarishwar, Meo-Muslim, mother's womb,
egalitarian.
------------
India is a country, which is built on the strong notion of”
ytranaryastupujyanteramntetatradevtaha”,means a place where females are worshiped
that is place of god. However, the complete Indian society has faced many up and down
from the Vedic era to present modern era and the woman has witnessed tremendous
change in the whole journey. No nation, society or community can hold its head high and
claim to be the part of civilized world if it condones the practice of discrimination against
one-half of the community. It is India's biggest dilemma that at one hand females are
worshiped as Devi during navratras, we are having more female deities than male deities;
concept ofardhnarishwar was developed and nurtured in India only but at another side, we
also have long tradition of female infanticide and female foeticide, status of woman is
very low than her male counterpart. India is amongst one of most poor performing
countries as per gender development index 2014. Also reported with high rate of crime
and violence against women. Continuing preference for boys in society, for the girl child
the apathy continues, the child sex ratio in India has dropped to 914 females against 1,000
males, one of the lowest since Independence according to Census 2011.Declining sex
ratio is a silent emergency ( Dhavan 2015).However, the crisis is real, and its persistence
has profound and frightening implications for society and the future of humankind.
87
Haryana is one of the few states in the country where males are more than females.
Haryana general sex ratio throughout the 20th century and as well as in 21st century
fluctuates. In 1901 Haryana general sex ratio was 867. It declined gradually between
1901 to 1931 and 1941 with a minor increase in 1951. In 1961 there was again a decrease
in sex ratio (i.e. 868) and after this it shows continuous decreasing till 2001 (i.e. 861).
There has been auxiliary improvement in general sex ratio (i.e. 877) in 2011 (Report of
National Commission for Women).
Area of study:-Haryana is a state located in the northern part of the country and has
New Delhi as its neighbour along with Punjab and Rajasthan. Haryana shares its capital
with the state of Punjab. Chandigarh is the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.The state
of Haryana is confine within 27 degree 39 min N to 30 degree 35 min N Latitude and
between 74-degree28min and 77 degree 36 min E longitude. The altitude of Haryana
varies Between 700 to 3600 ft above sea level. The state is spread over an area of about
44000 sq. km. making it the 20th largest state in the country in terms of area. The density
of population per sq. Km. is about 570. Haryana state comprises of 21 districts. The
Population of Haryana according to the 2011 census stands at about 25 million, making it
the 17th most populated state in India. Out of the total population male and female are
13,494,734 and 11,856,728 respectively. Literacy rate in Haryana has seen upward trend
and is 75.55% as per 2011 population census, of that, male literacy stands at 84.06 percent
while female literacy is at 56.91 percent. Out of total population of Haryana, 34.88%
people live in urban regions.
88
Statement of Problem:-Steep and constant decline in sex ratio in Haryana is cause of
concern. Sex Ratio in urban regions of Haryana is 873 females per 1000 males. Child (0-
6) sex ratio for urban region stood at 832 girls per 1000 boys. Of the total population of
state, around 65.12 percent live in the villages of rural areas. In rural, female sex ratio per
1000 males are 882 while same for the child sex (0-6 age) is 835 girls per 1000 boys.
While the total sex ratio of Haryana is 877/ 1000 male.
Objectives of Study: The present paper will try to analyse the gender inequality and
its pattern in Haryana. What is the relationship between sex ration and relationship and
also try to find out the paradox of it. The paper will try to trace the historical origin of
gender inequality in Haryana and the impact of it on society.
Data Sources and Methodology:- the paper has used secondary data of various
organisations and the report of census 2011 as base of analysis. The paper used various
news paper reports and articles to analyse the impact of gender in equality on social and
cultural fabric.
Gender in Equality in Haryana:-Through these strict laws are under
implementation the government and administration is unable to control female
foeticides. The situation has worsened since 1991, particularly in the 0-6 age group. All
districts in Haryana except two, record a child sex ratio of less than 850 girls to 1000
boys.. The law has not been properly implemented by the administration and there is lack
of will on the part of political leaders as the figures below show that number of cases
registered under the PNDT Act are low at national level and in Haryana as compared to
number of female foeticides cases in the country and in the state ( Sharma 2011). The
child sex ratio has been on a continuous decline with certain ups and downs since the
formation of Haryana as separate state in 1966. The study of trends in child sex ratio will
reveal the intensity of changes in it over a period. Table 1 furnishes the data on the trends
of child sex ratio with decadal change in Haryana.
89
Year India Haryana
1951 983 -
1961
976
910
1971
964
898
1981
962
902
1991
945
879
2001
927
819
2011
914
830
Table no. 1: Haryana: Trend of Child Sex Ratio, 1961-2011 Year Female Children per
1000 Male Children Decadal Change Haryana India.
Source:-http://researchtrend.net/pdf/9%20KAMAL%20HR.pdf
Paradox of Gender in Equality in Haryana:-
Regions having Child Sex Ratio above the State's Average (Above 830 female children
per 1000 male children) Out of the total of 21 districts, about half of the districts (10
districts) of the state are attributed with child sex ratio above the state's average (830
female children per 1000 male children). Amongst them, Mewat district of southern
Haryana has the highest child sex ratio of 903 female children per 1000 male children.
Lowest literacy rate has been reported in Mewat district not only in terms of overall
literacy rate ((56.14 per cent)), but also in case of both male ((72.98 per cent)) and female
literacy rates (37.58 per cent). The lowest literacy rates are the outcome of social
conservation of Meo-Muslim society which dominate the scene in the district. Because of
low literacy, it seems that people are more rigid in their religious attitude and they do not
want to interfere in Allah's creations. Hence, they do not want to use family planning
measures, despite the fact that these measures are being provided free of cost by the
government through its anganwadi workers in each village of Haryana. The result is high
child sex ratio Mewat district.
90
Table no. 2 :- Haryana: Child Sex Ratio by Descending Order of Districts, 2011 Female
Children Per 1000 Male Children Haryana
State/district
Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Haryana
830
76.64
Mewat
903
56.1
Palwal
862
70.3
Sirsa
852
70.4
Panchkula
850
83.4
Hisar
849
73.2
Fatehbad
845
69.1
Jind
842
72.7
Panipat
835
77.5
Bhiwani
833
76.7
Gurgaon 831 84.4
Yamunanagar 826 78.9
Kaithal 825 70.6
Karnal 821 76.4
Kurukshetra 820 76.7
Ambala 817 82.9
Rohatak 807 80.4
Sonepat 807 80.8
Rewari 790 82.2
Mahendragarh 784 78.9
Jhajjhar 778 80.8
-
Source: Census of India (2011), Provisional Population Totals, Rural-Urban Distribution,
Paper 2, Vol. 1 of 2011, Haryana, Series 7, Director of Census Operations, Haryana, p. 20
91
From the above table it is clearly visible that worstperformingdistricts in terms of
sex ratio ie Ambala, Rohatak, Sonepat, Rewari, Mahendragarh and Jhajjar are having very
high literacy rate i.e. 82.9, 80.4, 80.8, 82.2, 78.9 and 80.8 respectively. It is very
paradoxical truth, because generally it is a common perception thatwith spread of literacy
there is a decline in social problems.It is also believed and emphasised by many policy
makers that with awareness and education we can combat the problem of gender inequality
in India.However, in Haryana spread of education is leading to spread of negative
awareness which results in increased knowledge, that how to kill more efficiently the girl
childinto the mother's womb.
Causes of Gender Inequality in Haryana:- despite legal provisions, incentive-
based schemes, and media messages. Indians across the country, bridging class and caste
divides, are deliberately ensuring that girls are simply not born. This artificial alteration of
our demographic landscape has implications for not only gender justice and equality but
also social violence, human development and democracy.
Many studies have shown that Pre Natal Sex Determination is the main reason of
low sex ratio in India followed by abortion of female fetuses. Besides the misuse of the
technology, the patriarchal societies in many parts of India have translated their prejudice
and bigotry into a compulsive preference for boys and discriminations against the girl
child.In year 2005 Number of cases of female feticide(which were registered) were 334, in
2007, 416 in 2009 123and in 2010 it was 107. In 2009, 114 ultrasound machines have been
seized in Haryana and in January 2011 registration of 245 ultrasound centers has been
cancelled (Mandal 2011).
Women work is always socially devalued with limited autonomy in decision
making. Patriarchy always maintains a strong hold on the gender inequality. (Sex
determination tests are seen as providing a 'reproductive choice' – a choice to decide to
have a boy or a girl.ThePNDT law is enforced at both the national and regional levels. At
the same time, many difficulties and loopholes in the provisions of the Act lead to
unsatisfactory results like lack of resources to carry out inspection and monitoring, lack of
corresponding qualified staff, poor performance of advisory committees at various levels,
insufficient understanding of the law and procedural errors (Sen, 2011).
Impact of Gender Inequality: - The surplus of males in a society leads to lack of
marriage-ability, and consequent marginalization in society, may lead to anti social
behaviour and violence, threatening societal stability and security.
92
Decades of unchecked sex-selective abortions have made the once fertile States of Punjab
and Haryana suffer a drought of brides, making human-trafficking a lucrative and
expanding trade. Often projected as a voluntary marriage, every year, thousands of young
women and girls are lured into the idea of a happy married life with a rich man in Punjab or
Haryana. Sadly most 'purchased brides' are exploited, denied basic rights, duplicated as
maids, and eventually abandoned (Sharma 2014). In Mewat region trafficking of paro is
very common. Here cattle is cheaper than female.
The scarcity of female has an impact on the gender balance of society which led to increase
of violence against women. They are generally treated as commodity and very low
participation of decision making is showed in many studies.(Raza 2013).
Governments Measures To Tackle The Problem :-Women's development
became a central issue after the report of the Committee on Status of Women in India th(1974) and the emphasis it received in the 5 Five Year Plan. The National Policy for
Empowerment of Women (2001) and the National Plan for Action for Empowerment of thWomen from the 10 Five Year Plan outline strategies for social and economic
empowerment and gender justice. Specific programmes in these categories include
SarvaShikshaAbhiyan and MahilaSamakhya, which are aimed at girls. Programmes for
economic empowerment include Swayamsiddha, Swashakti, SwablambanSiksha
Kendra, Swadhar, RashtriyaMahilaKosh and the Support to Training and Employment
Projects programme (Arora 2012). The National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level was launched in 2004 to provide special emphasis within the
SarvaSikshaAbhiyan programme by giving additional support to girls' education at that
level.
Women in rural areas from families living below the poverty line were the target group of
the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas programme which started as a
pilot project in 1982. The programme aimed to give poor women access to employment,
skills training, credit and other support services. Women's groups were formed to combine
services such as family welfare, childcare, nutrition, education, childcare, safe drinking
water, and sanitation. The JawaharRozgarYojna, in operation since 1989, is aimed at “the
generation of additional gainful employment” by providing a means of livelihood for
people who are at critical levels of subsistence. Reviews of this programme's work
conclude however that “the share of women in employment generated was poor and there
were differentials in wages paid to male and female workers”(Ghosh 2005).
93
Now the ladali scheme and the latest betibachaobetipadhaoyojana also aims to decrease
the the gender gap and improve status of women in society.
Conclusion:- The girl who gave guard of honour to American president barrackObama
in India's republic day function is from Haryana only and there are many more. Daughter is
not less than son. Women held half the sky. she has full right to live a life with dignity.
Haryana is very developed state of India in economic terms and now it is time for it to prove
its developing capacity in social sector also. Empowering women as economic, political,
and social actors can change policy choices and make institutions more representative of a
range of voices. In India, giving power to women at the local level led to increases in the
provision of public goods, such as water and sanitation, which mattered more to women.
Kaithal district of Haryana was a place where coronation of India's first female ruler Razia
sultan took place. Now its civil society and governments turn to settle the glory of the past,
and to create an egalitarian society that can enlighten the future generations.
References Arora, Rashmi. "Gender Inequality: Economic Development and Globalisation: A State Level
Analysis Of India." The Journal Of Developing Areas (2012): 46-48.
dhawan, himanshi. "Sex Ratio in Haryana: An Alarm For Government." Times of India 23
january 2015.
Ghosh, Jayati. "Globalisation and Women in India: Some Macro Conclusions." MaINSTREAM
6 October 2005: 34-36.
Mandal, Pooja. "Declining Sex Ratio In India: Reason, Gender gap and Need For Policy
Reform." Indian Express 27 january 2011: 11.
"Mixed News From Census." The Hindu 1 april 2011: 13.
Raza, Danish. "Where Women are Cheaper Than Cattle." Hindustan times 23 March 2013: 9.
Sen, Amartya. "Many Faces of Gender Inequality in India." Frontline 27 ocober 2011: 38-42.
sharma, vrinda. "Crime Against Women On The Rise In Panjab and Haryana." The Hindu 26
august 2011: 8.
Census of India official website http://censusindia.gov.in/announcement.htm
94
Global monitoring of population
Sakshi Arora and Garima Sharma,
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,
DAV-10, Chandigarh
Abstract
Today, the world's population is approximately 7.4 billion and is currently (2016) growing
at a rate of around 1.13% per year. The average population change is currently estimated
at around 80 million per year. Population growth is distinctly uneven worldwide and these
differences are reflected in the allocation and use of resources. This paper gives a brief
overview of population growth processes and surveys recent trends in population
statistics, including fertility, contraception and sex ratios. Current population trends
provide a basis for ongoing attention and research on population issues.
Introduction
World Health Organization identifies adolescence as the period in human growth
and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, from ages 10 to 19.
Many aspects of this growth and development are driven by biological processes, with the
onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological
determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining
characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic
situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century namely the earlier
onset of puberty, later age of marriage, urbanization, global communication, and 1changing sexual attitudes and behaviors.
Similarly, there is no established definition of youth. In preparing for the first
International Youth Year in 1985, however, the report of the Advisory Committee for the
International Youth Year noted the following: “A chronological definition of who is
young, as opposed to who is a child or who is an adult, varies with each nation and culture.
However, the United Nations, for statistical purposes, defines those persons between the 2ages of 15 and 24 as youth without prejudice to other definitions by Member States.”
The main focus in the present report is on young people aged 12-24, but the term
“adolescents and youth” will refer to varying age groups owing to data limitations.
95
Among the 1.6 billion persons aged 12-24 in 2012, 0.85 billion are aged 18 to 24. The
overall number of adolescents and youth is expected to undergo a change little over the
coming decade and, provided that fertility and mortality levels in developing countries
continue to decline, may remain relatively stable over the rest of the century. The
population aged 12-24 is still mounting rapidly in Africa, which is expected to rise from
18 per cent in 2012 to 28 per cent by 2040, however, while in other regions, it is declining,
or will soon decline. The region comprising Asia and the Pacific is expected to experience
a steep decline, from 61 per cent in 2012 to 52 per cent by 2040.
Compared to young people 20 years ago, adolescents today, are healthier and
more likely to go to school, so as to postpone their entry into the labor force and to delay
marriage and childbearing. However, there are also growing disparities among
adolescents and youth within and across countries, owing to cross-country variations.
Specifically, young people who live in poverty face major disadvantages. They are more
likely to work as children, to never attend school or to drop out of it, to marry and bear
children early. To reduce such disparities among young people, it is urgent to focus on the
services that can bring major differences in their lives. Declining fertility and
improvements in child health have increased demand for schooling. Ensuring universal
primary education and expanding enrolment at the secondary level can reap many
benefits, especially with regard to improving skills for productive employment. Greater
investments in the educational field, health areas and labor market opportunities can very
well mould the well-being of tomorrow's adults and, in the process, ultimately narrow the
gaps among countries with regard to human development.
Figure 1
Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision.
96
Population-Growth Processes
Demographers attribute world's population change to high fertility rates, high crude
birth rates, high infant mortality rates, high crude death rates, high mortality rates, and
low life expectancy. When we add them together, we see that the world's population has
turned over rapidly, but absolute numbers grew only slightly or not at all. In
demography, a relatively stable condition of no net decrease or increase in numbers is
called a population replacement rate.
By 1830, the global population had reached one billion. The second billion in population
increase took only 100 years, the third billion about 30 years, the fourth billion 15 years, 3
and the fifth billion only 12 years (Population Reference Bureau, 2007).
Currently, the world population continues to grow though more slowly than in the recent
past. Ten years ago, world population was growing by 1.24 per cent per year. Today, it is
growing by 1.18 per cent per year, or approximately an additional 83 million people
annually. The world population is projected to increase by more than one billion people
within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 4
billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. In 2013, the world's population had reached
approximately 7.1 billion, increasing by around 2.5 individuals per second. The most
populous country in 2015 is projected to be China with a population of 1,372 million and
India's population is shown to stand at 1,314 million after China in 2015. However, in
2050 India is expected to outnumber China with a population of 1,660 million and 5
China's population to stand at 1,336 million in 2050. In absolute terms, the global
population is projected to increase to over 9 billion people by 2050. This increase is
approximately the size of the combined populations of India and China, the two most
populous countries representing two of the highest population growth rates in the world.
China and India remain the two largest countries in the world, each with more than 1 6
billion people, representing 19 and 18 % of the world's population, respectively.
Factors Affecting Population Growth
Obviously, genetic, biological, geographical, and ecological factors are affected by
population processes. One of the most well-known theories of population growth was
put forth in 1798 by Robert Malthus, who held that world population would grow at a
rate just slightly higher than food production, i.e. how unchecked population growth is
97
exponential arithmetical
sustainable
abstinence delayed marriage
Malthusian catastrophe
while the growth of the food supply was expected to be . Malthus
believed that there were two kinds of "checks" that could reduce the population, returning
it to a more level. He believed that there were "preventive checks" such as
moral restraints such as , . Along with these, Malthus
believed in "positive checks", which lead to premature death: disease, starvation, war,
resulting in what is called a . The catastrophe would render
population to a lower, more sustainable level.
Population processes are also affected by cultural and social factors. In India and China
(before single-child policy), people accorded great attachment to large family size. On
the other hand, the developed nations propagate small family norms.
Demographic Transition Theory
To understand the variety of demographic regimes found across the world, it is necessary
to understand the history of demographic change globally. The demographic transition
theory is a summarized description of the changing pattern of fertility, mortality and
growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
In the first stage, both birth and death rates are high, whereas in the second stage,
birthrates remain high, but death rates fall sharply as a result of improved nutrition,
medicine, health care, and sanitation. In stage 3, birthrates begin to drop rapidly, death
rates continue to drop, but more slowly. Economic and social gains, combined with lower
infant mortality, reduce the desire for large families. And in the stage 4, both birth and
death rates are in balance, but at a much lower rate; population growth is minimal if at all.
The theory of demographic transition assumes that a country will move from a pre-
industrial (agricultural) economic base to an urban, industrial one, with a corresponding
decrease in family size and population growth. The slowing of population growth
theoretically results from better standards of living, improvements in health care,
education (especially for women), sanitation, and other public services.
Demographic transition theory will be put to the test as India and China, with the world's
largest populations, continue to industrialize and we see the outcomes of other recent
trends in population processes over the next 40 years.
98
Recent Trends in Population Processes Fertility & Contraception
thFertility rates in industrialized nations have been on a decline since the 20 century.
During the latter part of the twentieth century, attitudes toward childbearing began to
change. The global fertility rates began to decline after 1960, as women in less
industrialized countries began to limit the number of their children. Many factors such as
family planning programs contributed to the changes in fertility patterns in the less
industrialized world.
In the 1960s and 1970s, surveys to measure knowledge and use of family planning were
first conducted in a small number of countries around the world. These surveys found that
less than 10 percent of women were using any family planning method. A staggering 225
million women in developing countries want to avoid pregnancy but are not using
modern contraceptives. And tens of millions of women do not receive the basic
pregnancy and delivery care they need. As a result of which, family planning
programs worldwide began to introduce women to more effective pregnancy prevention
methods, including female sterilization, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and oral
contraceptives. Vasectomy, or male sterilization, is used by only about 4 percent of the
worldwide population.
So by the 1980s, most women were using at least one effective method of contraception,
and by 2000, more than half of the world's women of reproductive age were using some
method of birth control. In less industrialized nations, the total fertility rate fell from
about 6.2 in the 1950s to around 3.0 in 2005. At that time, contraceptive use was higher in
some less industrialized countries than in many European countries.
Many researches done over the last several years link education for women and girls,
with reduction in fertility levels. Indeed, recent data from many countries show that
women with at least a secondary-level education eventually give birth to one third to one-
half fewer children than do women with no formal education whatsoever. Educated
women tend to delay marriage and opt for more control over their reproductive lives 7
(Haub, 2007).
99
Sex Ratios
Across countries and time periods, both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio
generally vary little between human populations. In 2013, just over half of the human
population was male, with males accounted for 50.3% of the global total. In some areas of
the world the ratio of males to females is higher, while in other countries, including the
United States, females outnumber males.
Cultural traditions of preference for sons are seen in almost all patrilineal societies, which
link inheritance of property to the males in a family. However, there seems to be some
evidence that son preference has distorted expected sex ratios in large parts of Asia and
North Africa in particular. The contention is that son preference is now practiced actively
in these countries through the increasing availability and use of sex-selective abortion and
through discrimination in caregiving practices for girls, which leads to higher female
mortality. Since the early 1990s, improved health care and conditions for women have
resulted in reductions in female mortality, but these advances have now been offset by
large numbers of surplus males now reaching adulthood. These males are predominantly
of low socioeconomic class, and concerns have been expressed that their lack of
marriageability and consequent marginalization in society may lead to antisocial
behavior.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The belief that population growth, especially in developing countries, is bad is the
predominant view of the educated public. Family planning has long been touted as an
essential tool to combat excessive fertility through education and the availability of
contraceptive methods. By implementing birth control it would directly limit the birth rate
in countries that have extremely high growth rates and would ultimately slow the
population growth. It has long been debated as to whether poverty is a contributor to
population growth or a result of overpopulation and theories regarding the economic value
of children; education, the empowerment of women were investigated. The focal point of
the problem of overpopulation is its prevalence in urban areas. This urbanization, because
of the industrial capacity of urban areas, accounts for a multitude of social and ecological
problems. Through the Demographic Transition Model we can see how the population has
changed over time and can predict what to expect for the future. It is evident from these
analyses that population growth is a vast and complicated problem
100
that requires significant changes in government policies, educational practices, and social
attitudes for it to be adequately controlled.
Endnotes
1. Adolescent development. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2016, from
2. Def in i t ion o f youth . (n .d . ) . Ret r ieved March 14 , 2016, f rom
3. World Population Highlights, Key Findings from PRB's 2007 World Population Data
Sheet. (2007). Population Bulletin, 62(2). Retrieved March 15, 2016, from
4. World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15,
2016, from
5. 2015 World Population Data Sheet with a special focus on women's empowerment.
(n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2016, from
6. United Nations. (n.d.). World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050
with most growth in developing regions, especially Africa - says UN [Press
release]. Retrieved March 16, 2016, from
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/other/10/World_Po
pulation_Projections_Press_Release.pdf
7. Carl Haub, 2007 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population
Reference Bureau, 2007).
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/dev/en/
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf
http://www.prb.org/pdf07/62.3Highlights.pdf
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf
http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-
population-data-sheet_eng.pdf
101
Financial Inclusion- A study of District Hisar
Dr. Monalisa
Asstt. Professor,
Kamla Lohtia S.D. College, Ludhiana
Abstract
Financial inclusion is an idea whose time has finally come in India. It will enable hundreds
of millions of low-income people to improve their economic and social status by
participating in the financial system. This study examines the financial inclusion in rural
areas of district Hisar and tries to find out the reason of financial exclusion where it was
found.
Keywords: Financial inclusion, banking, Jan dhan yojana
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Financial inclusion
Financial inclusion is delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast sections
of disadvantaged and low income groups. As banking services are in the nature of public
good, availability of banking and payment services to the entire population without
discrimination must be the prime objective of the public policy. A working definition of
Financial Inclusion has been given by a Committee on Financial Inclusion:
“Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial
services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as
weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost.”
Access to a well-functioning financial system, by creating equal opportunities, enables
economically and socially excluded people to integrate better into the economy and
actively contribute to development and protects them against economic shocks. C.K.
Prahalad, economic and management guru has rightly said, "There is growth and gold at
the bottom of the pyramid”.
1.2 Financial exclusion
While we are discussing financial inclusion we should also try to understand what
financial exclusion is and what its effects are. According to Shri Rakesh Mohan, Deputy
Governor, RBI, Financial Exclusion signifies the lack of access by certain segments of
102
the society to appropriate, low-cost, fair and safe financial products and services from
mainstream providers. It is the result of our inability to provide comprehensive financial
services to the poor and downtrodden in a cost effective way.
Research carried out and discussions held among experts within the present research
project leads us to propose the following definition:
“Financial exclusion refers to a process whereby people encounter difficulties accessing
and/or using financial services and products in the mainstream market that are
appropriate to their needs and enable them to lead a normal social life in the society in
which they belong”.
1.3 Why there is Financial Exclusion?
Financial exclusion could be looked at in two ways:
i. Lack of access to financial services which could be due to several reasons such as:
ü Lack of sources of financial services in our rural areas, which are popular for
the ubiquitous money lenders but do not have (safe) saving deposit and
insurance services.
ü High information barriers and low awareness especially for women and in
rural areas.
ü Inadequate access to formal financial institutions that exist to the extent that
the banks couldn't extend their outreach to the poor due to various reasons like
high cost of operations, less volume and more number of clients, etc. among
many others.
ü Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS), which number around
one lac are also often exclusionary, as their membership is restricted to persons
with land ownership. Even to their members, not many PACS offer saving
services.
ii. Lack of access to formal financial services in both rural and urban areas, but is a
larger issue in cities and small towns. The distinction between access to formal and
informal services is crucial to understand, as informal financial markets suffer
from several imperfections, which the poor pay for in many ways. Some informal
financial services due to which there is exclusion, are having the following
attributes due to which financial inclusion is a must:
ü High risks to saving: loss of savings is an easily discernible phenomenon in
low income neighborhoods in urban areas.
103
ü High cost of credit and exploitative terms: credit against collateral such as
gold is even more expensive than the effective interest rates, similarly, rates
paid by hawkers and vendors who repay on daily basis are very high.
ü High cost and leakages in money transfers: the delays in sending money
home through all informal channels add to these.
ü Near absence of insurance and pension services: life, asset, and health
insurance needs.
1.4 Distinction between 'access' to financial services and their 'usage'
It is often observed that people may have access to financial services but may not wish to
use them. Such voluntary excluded persons, it is argued, should be included in measures
of access even if they do not use financial services. Access covers a range of institutions
from the more formal to less formal. At the one end of the spectrum are banks or near
banks which are often defined as formal financial institutions which can provide multiple
financial services to their clients, including deposits, payments and credit services. Other
formal financial service providers are all other legal entities licensed to provide financial
services.
The access to finance could be divided into five segments:
i. The proportion of the population that uses a bank or bank like institution;
ii. The population which uses service from non-bank 'other formal' financial
institutions, but does not uses bank services;
iii. The population which only uses services from informal financial service
providers;
iv. Percentage of population transacting regularly through formal financial
instruments; and
v. The population which uses no financial services.
There is a need to draw distinction between access and usage in the following ways:
i. We need to consider how to categorize people who do have transaction banking
facilities with an account but choose not to use them.
ii. There is the issue of people who could gain access to specific services but choose
not to do so.
iii. An important distinction is often made between those who choose freely not to use
a particular service (such as people who have a fundamental objection to using
104
credit) and those who are deterred from doing so because they believe the features
of the products or services make them inappropriate to their needs or the costs puts
them beyond their reach.
1.5 Committee on Financial Inclusion
The Government had, in June 2006, constituted a committee on financial inclusion, under
the chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangrajan, Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the
Prime Minister. This committee was asked to suggest measures including institutional
changes to be undertaken by the financial sector to implement the proposed strategy of
financial sector. This committee has submitted an interim report. Government has decided
to implement, immediately, two recommendations:
üThe First is to establish a Financial Inclusion Fund with NABARD for meeting the
cost of developmental and promotional interventions.
üSecond is to establish a Financial Inclusion Technology Fund to meet the costs of
technology adoption.
Each of these funds will have an overall corpus of Rs.500 crore, with initial funding to be
contributed by Central government, NABARD & RBI.
Besides this, in order to improve provision of financial services in the North-Eastern
region and prepare an appropriate State-specific monitor-able action plan RBI has set up a
Committee on Financial Sector Plan for the North-Eastern Region headed by Deputy
Governor of RBI, with members from financial institutions and banks, State Governments
from the North-Eastern States and academics.
The major recommendations of the Committee include:
üLaunching of a National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan (NRFIP) in mission mode
with a clear target to provide access to comprehensive financial services, including
credit, to at least 50% (say 55.77 million) of the financially excluded rural
cultivator/non-cultivator households, by 2012 through rural/semi-urban branches
of Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks. The remaining households have
to be covered by 2015.For the purpose, a National Mission on Financial Inclusion
(NaMFI) is proposed to be constituted comprising representatives from all
stakeholders to aim at achieving universal financial inclusion within a specific
time frame.
üConstitution of two funds with NABARD – the Financial Inclusion Promotion &
Development Fund(FIPF) and the Financial Inclusion Technology Fund(FITF)
105
with an initial corpus of Rs. 500 crore each to be contributed by GoI / RBI /
NABARD. The FIPF will focus on interventions like, “Farmers' Service Centres”,
“Promoting Rural Entrepreneurship”, “Self-Help Groups and their Federations”,
“Developing Human Resources of Banks”, “Promotion of Resource Centres” and
“Capacity Building of Business Facilitators and Correspondents”, while the FITF
will focus on funding of low-cost technology solutions. (This recommendation
has already been accepted by GoI.)
üDeepening the outreach of microfinance programme through finacing of
SHG/JLGs and setting up of a risk mitigation mechanism for lending to small
marginal farmers/share croppers/tenant farmers through JLGs.
üUse of PACSs as Business Facilitators and Correspondents.
üMicro finance – Non Banking Finance Companies (MF-NBFCs) could be
permitted to provide thrift, credit, micro-insurance, remittances and other
financial services up to a specified amount to the poor in rural, semi-urban and
urban areas. Such MF-NBFCs may also be recognized as Business
Correspondents of banks for providing only savings and remittance services and
also act as micro insurance agents.
üOpening of specialised microfinance branches / cells in potential urban centers for
exclusively catering to microfinance and SHG - bank linkages requirements of the
urban poor. An enabling provision be made in the NABARD Act, 1981 permitting
NABARD to provide micro finance services to the urban poor.
1.6 Current Scenario in India
In India, there are close to 370 cooperative banks, 96 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) with
14,000 branches, and in addition to that we have 25,000 farmers' clubs. In spite of this
network, more than 50 percent of the population doesn't have access to formal financial
services. The government has decided that two funds should be created within NABARD,
namely the Financial Inclusion Fund (FIF) and the Financial Inclusion Technology Fund
(FITF). We are currently exploring the possibilities and trying to reach the technology
providers, the bankers, while at the same time trying to launch some pilot projects, all in an
endeavor to see how we can reach the rural masses. It also includes facilities to those who
lack assets for collateral and empowerment of SHGs to promote financial inclusion.
In India the focus of the financial inclusion at present is confined to ensuring a bare
minimum access to a savings bank account without frills, to all. Internationally, the
106
financial exclusion has been viewed in a much wider perspective. Having a current
account / savings account on its own, is not regarded as an accurate indicator of financial
inclusion. There could be multiple levels of financial inclusion and exclusion. At one
extreme, it is possible to identify the 'super-included', i.e., those customers who are
actively and persistently courted by the financial services industry, and who have at their
disposal a wide range of financial services and products. At the other extreme, we may
have the financially excluded, who are denied access to even the most basic of financial
products. In between are those who use the banking services only for deposits and
withdrawals of money. But these persons may have only restricted access to the financial
system, and may not enjoy the flexibility of access offered to more affluent customers.
2. Review of Literature
Financial inclusion as a field of study has attracted the attention of researchers across the
world. A lot of studies have been conducted on financial inclusion till today. Pick a RBI
bulletin and you will find atleast one article on the subject. Some of the studies conducted
on the subject have been reviewed and these are as follows:
Farnish (2000) found that a relatively high percentage of low-income and minority
households do not use mainstream financial services, factors responsible for which are
that these households have no, or almost no, month-to-month financial savings and cannot
pass standard credit-risk screening procedures. Mahajan (2004) provides an insight into
the role of financial inclusion as an essential pre-condition to uniform economic
development. The study emphasized on the role of micro credit as a tool for increasing
financial inclusion. Ghosal (2005) explains the role that banks can play to deliver
microfinance to self help groups. Leeladhar (2005), the Deputy Governor, RBI argued
that banks need to redesign their business strategies to incorporate specific plans to
promote financial inclusion of low income group treating it both as a business opportunity
as well as a corporate social responsibility. Mohan (2006), the Deputy Governor, RBI
explained the topic of financial exclusion. He elaborates the benefits of financial inclusion
and gives some evidence from the experience of other countries, with regard to financial
inclusion. Adhikari (2006) in his article describes the efforts of ICICI Bank to reach the
rural poor. According to Leeladhar (2006) financial inclusion can emerge as commercial
profitable business. Only the banks should be prepared to think outside the box. For
example, ATMs cash dispensing machines can be modified suitably to make them user
friendly for people who are illiterate, less educated or do not know English. Gardner
107
(2007) outlined some factors which appear to contribute to the success of the good
practice initiatives like engage of community, building trust amongst the beneficiaries of
the service, awareness, developments in technology and personalised services.
Ramkumar (2007) argued that financial inclusion is not a one time effort; it is an ongoing
process. It is a huge project which requires concerted and team efforts from all the stake
holders- the Government, financial institutions, the regulators, the private sector and the
community at large. Thorat (2007) explained the various reasons for financial exclusion
in India, like geographical barriers, poor infrastructure, physical access that itself acts as a
deterrent, lack of awareness, low incomes/assets, social exclusion, illiteracy, distance
from branch, branch timings, cumbersome documentation and procedures, unsuitable
products, language, staff attitudes etc. Financial Inclusion in India (2007) study
provides an explanation that the expansion of financial services to all sections of society is
important, in order to leverage development and growth benefits. Sarma and Pais (2008)
examined the relationship between financial inclusion and development by using an
index of financial inclusion to investigate macro level factors using the three basic
dimensions of financial inclusion – accessibility, availability and usage of banking
services. The study concluded that higher the income level, higher is the financial
inclusion. Physical infrastructure like road network, telephone and internet usage is also
positively associated with the level of financial inclusion which indicates that
connectivity and information play an important role in financial inclusion. The report of
Rangarajan Committee on Financial Inclusion (2008) felt the need for a normative
definition of Financial Inclusion and gave working definition of Financial Inclusion.
Chidambaram (2008) in his budget speech said that Government has decided to
implement two recommendations given by Committee on Financial Inclusion. One is to
establish a Financial Inclusion Fund with NABARD for meeting the cost of
developmental and promotional interventions. The second is to establish a Financial
Inclusion Technology Fund to meet the costs of technology adoption. As per the study on
Financial Inclusion Index (2008), ranks India at 29 in a list of 55 countries based on the
country's performance in banking penetration, availability of the banking services and the
usage of the banking system highlighting inefficiencies in making the services available
to the financially excluded population. According to Bays et.al, (2008) most developed
financial inclusion markets reach no more than 30 per cent of the addressable population.
Mishra and Kumar (2009) attempts to measure and understand financial inclusion by
looking at supply of and demand for financial services and found two important
108
perspectives, one is to widen the ambit of policy initiatives under financial inclusion, and
second, is to provide greater focus on vulnerable states/regions in providing access to
financial services on which they are lagging. Ramji (2009) found that bank accounts have
been opened typically to receive government assistance, mostly under the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP). Moreover, accounts have gone to
households that already had access to savings and accounts.
3. Need of the Study
To ascertain the ground level status of the first phase of financial inclusion in the rural
areas of district Hisar after the SLBC Report has claimed that 100% Financial Inclusion
has been achieved in rural areas of Punjab and Haryana this study is undertaken. So there
was a need to study the extent of Financial Inclusion achieved in the rural areas of Hisar
separately.
The present study attempts to analyze the extent of Financial Inclusion in the rural areas of
district Hisar and then suggest some measures to speed up the process of Financial
Inclusion. The study will highlight the problems faced by the respondents in the selected
sample with the present banking system and suggestion given by them to tackle the
problems.
4. Objective of the Study
The study aims at examining the concept of Financial Inclusion, its scope, other aspects
and international experience in promoting Financial Inclusion. In order to understand the
same, extent of Financial Inclusion has been analyzed in the rural areas of district Hisar.
The broad objective is sub-divided into the following:
i. To study the concept of Financial Inclusion.
ii. To analyze the extent of Financial Inclusion in rural areas of district Hisar.
5. Research Methodology
Following methodology has been used to fulfill the objectives of the present study:
5.1 Scope of the study
In this project, an attempt has been made to study the conceptual framework of financial
inclusion. This has been done on household level. If any single member in the family is
having a bank account in any bank then the whole household will be treated as financially
109
included. On this basis the extent of financial inclusion in rural areas of district Hisar has
been studied.
5.2 Sample of the study
The sample consisted of rural areas of district Hisar. The sample size consists of covering
367 respondents. The methodology of selecting a respondent as a sample is convenient
and random sampling. The sample consisted of age groups from 15 years to 56 years and
above.
5.3 Data for the study
The study is based on both primary as well as secondary data. The primary data has been
collected through a standardized questionnaire used by UBS for RBI. The secondary data
has been collected from published and non-published sources.
6. Findings Of The Study
Findings of the present study have been divided into the following sections:
6.1 Extent of Financial Inclusion
6.2 Motivators for Opening of Bank Account
6.3 Impact of Banking Services
6.4 Respondents' profile and financial inclusion
6.5 Qualitative aspects of Banking services
6.6 Problems faced by the villagers
6.7 Suggestions given by the respondents
6.1 Extent of Financial Inclusion
Financial inclusion in rural areas of district Hisar under study has been presented in Table-
1. It can be observed that 65.67% households of rural areas of district Hisar have been
financially included.
TABLE- 1
Total no. of
Respondents
financially
included
%age financially
excluded
%age
367 241 65.668 126 34.332
Total no. of
Respondents
financially
included
%age financially
excluded
%age
367 241 65.668 126 34.332
Total no. of
Respondents
financially
included
%age financially
excluded
%age
367 241 65.668 126 34.332
110
6.2 Motivators for Opening of Bank Account
Table-2 shows that Self Motivation (34.85%) has played a dominant role in
motivating the respondents in opening of bank accounts followed by Friends (26.14%),
Family Members (14.52%) and others (14.11%) whereas Banks (3.73%) have played not
much role in motivating people to open bank accounts.
6.3 Impact of Banking Services
In this section the impact of banking services on income, opportunities for
livelihood, savings, consumption and financial prudence has been examined.
The effect of banking services on the income of the respondents has been depicted
in Table-3. This table shows that only 30.29% of the respondents in the selected area have
reported increase in income due to banking whereas 63.07% respondents said that their
income has not been affected by banking services. Table shows that 87.97% respondents'
earning opportunities remain unaffected from banking services whereas only 9.54%
people said that their income has increased as they availing banking services. Further,
25.31%, 21.99% and 34.85% of the respondents have reported increase in savings,
consumption and financial prudence respectively due to banking.
TABLE-
2
Motivators for Opening of Bank Account (Figures in percent)
Bank
Employee
Family
Member
Friend
No
One
NGO
Members of
Panchayat
Other
3.73 14.52 26.14 34.85 1.24 5.39 14.11
TABLE- 3
Increased % Decreased % No
effect
%
Effect on Income 73 30.29 16 6.64 152 63.07
Effect on earning
opportunities
23
9.54
6
2.49
212
87.97
Effect on Savings
61
25.31
17
7.05
163
67.63
Effect
on Consumption
53
21.99
42
17.43
146
60.58
Effect on Financial
prudence
84
34.85
0
0.00
157
65.15
111
6.4 Respondents' profile and financial inclusion
The respondents of the study have been classified on the basis of social categories,
economic categories and main occupation and have been presented in Table-4. It can be
observed that 65.67% of the sample respondents in the rural areas of district Hisar have
been financially included. On basis of social classification, the highest and lowest
percentages of financial inclusion could be observed in respect of OBC and SC
respondents. On the basis of economic categories, it can be observed that financial
inclusion of respondents classified as Marginal farmers is higher than that of respondents
categorized as BPL. On the basis of occupational classification, it can be observed that
highest percentage of financial inclusion has been recorded in respect of respondents
engaged in business and lowest for agriculture.
TABLE- 4
Categories INCLUDED EXCLUDED TOTAL
Households
%
Households
%
Social Category
General
124
67.03
61
32.97
185
Scheduled Class
64
59.81
43
40.19
107
Scheduled Tribe
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
Other Backward Class
53
70.67
22
29.33
75
Total
241
65.67
126
34.33
367
Economic Category
Below Poverty Line
42
57.53
31
42.47
73
Landless Workers
31
53.45
27
46.55
58
Small/ Marginal Farmers
53
88.33
7
11.67
60
Others
115
65.34
61
34.66
176
Total
241
65.67
126
34.33
367
Main Business
Trade
19
100.00
0
0.00
19
Profession/Service
79
79.00
21
21.00
100
Other
60
58.82
42
41.18
102
Agriculture
83
56.85
63
43.15
146
Total
241
65.67
126
34.33
367
112
6.5 Qualitative aspects of Banking services
Performance in financial inclusion can be evaluated from two angles: quantitative and
qualitative. Quantitative performance in financial inclusion can be judged from the
number of persons who have an access to financial services. Qualitative performance can
be judged from the point of view of efficiency and frequency in the use and provision of
financial services. Qualitative performance in financial services can be judged from three
angles:
1. Awareness about financial services: The percentage of respondents who are aware of
no frills account is low (3.27%) as compared to awareness of General Credit Card facility
(4.63%), but very low in respect to the knowledge of mutual fund products and insurance
services, as the respondents have above 67% awareness of these products.
2. Use of these services: The percentage of respondents who use no frills account, General
Credit Card facility and overdraft facility is even lower than their awareness. Moreover,
more than half of the account holders are using either only saving deposit services or only
loan facility. Very insignificant number of respondents uses both the services.
3. Perception of the users about the quality of delivery of financial services: The
respondents who are satisfied with the opening and closing time of bank branches are very
low. Regarding the question whether bank officials cooperate and encourage the
respondents to make use of banking services in rural areas of district Hisar, the percentage
of respondents who agree with the above statement is very low. Another question
examining the quality of banking services is whether the bank officials are efficient and
professionally competent. In this respect, this percentage is quite good or at least better.
For question relating to difficulty in working system of banks, a lot of respondents are
there who find the bank working system difficult. The next question seeks to examine
whether the respondent feels that he makes use of banking services conveniently. Most of
the respondents disagree to this. In the last question as to whether the bank branch is
situated at the nearest and convenient place, it was observed that these villages do not even
have a bank branch. Most of the respondents who do not have a bank account have replied
that they do not have a bank account till now due to the fact that there is no bank branch in
their village and not even near the village.
6.6 Problems faced by the villagers
Following is the list of problems faced by the respondents in relation with the bank
followed by suggestions given by them to provide services to serve them better. Most of
113
the problems and suggestions are genuine. There are some problems that need to be
addressed urgently.
1. Too much formalities/ paper work to get an account opened.
2. Problem with opening and closing timing of banks.
3. Bank is at far distant from the village.
4. Depositing cash and other processes are very time consuming.
5. Employees of the bank don't talk well.
6. Employees of the bank don't help whenever needed.
7. Attitude of bank employees and post office clerks towards customers is not
cooperative.
8. No help offered and misguidance to illiterate people by bank employees.
9. Lack of professionalism and delay in transactions.
10. Working system of banks is not good.
11. Bribes taken to sanction loans.
12. Getting a loan is a difficult process.
13. Banks do not give loan to those who are willing to return.
14. Don't give loan to students for their education.
6.7 Suggestions given by the respondents
There are suggestions that need to be considered.
1. Excessive documentation for opening of bank account or on sanction of loan
should be minimized.
2. Reduce excessive paper work and simplify procedures so that it does not consume
much time.
3. Working hours of banks should be increased.
4. Free account should be opened for poor people.
5. The provisions of getting a loan should be eased out which will lead to increasing
the loan facility and decrease the interest rate on loans.
6. Give proper training to the bank staff to serve the bank customers better.
7. There should be some guidelines for bank employees.
8. Bank employees should carry helpful and cooperative attitude towards
customers- especially poor and uneducated people.
9. More number of branches should be set up in rural areas.
10. No hidden costs should be charged without prior knowledge of the customers.
114
11. Flexibility and transparency in the bank procedures and more customer related
services.
12. Organizing campaigns for creating awareness about No Frill A/c, GCC etc.
13. Separate window for enquiry and the person sitting there should satisfy all
enquiries.
14. Banks should clearly tell the amount of minimum balance for an account.
15. Government should take the initiative of promoting banks.
16. Banks should not think of only filling up of quotas for the schemes launched by
RBI. They should try to provide the schemes to people who actually come under
the scheme.
17. Increase interest rate on savings account as it will serve as incentive to save more
and will improve usage of bank account.
18. In ATM there should be proper facility for transferring money also.
7. Conclusion And Suggestions
It is clear that only awareness is not enough but a multi-disciplinary approach is the need
of the hour. Financial Institution should stop viewing Financial Inclusion as mere
corporate social responsibility but consider it as a business opportunity. Mere access to the
affordable banking does not solve all the problems associated with financial exclusion.
There is a need to promote the use of banking services as well as to increase access to them.
In Indian context, the Indian Govt. and RBI are taking appropriate steps to achieve the
goals of Financial Inclusion. These endeavors have brought considerable success but
considering the vastness of our country and the economic condition and level of
awareness of the people we will have miles to go. The current study shows that there is lot
more scope for banks to include people financially to give way to inclusive growth.
Initiative taken by RBI is not helping those who actually need their help or say for whom
bank has taken the initiative i.e. RBI's initiatives are not reaching those for whom RBI has
taken the initiative. It has been rightly said by Dr. Rangarajan in his report on the
Committee on Financial Inclusion, January 2008, “Financial Inclusion is not an option
but a compulsion”.
8. Limitations of the Study
Although earnest efforts have been made to analyze the extent of Financial Inclusion in
rural areas of district Hisar, however the study suffers from the following limitations:
115
1. Due to time constraints, the research could not be made extensively. Only 367
households could be covered in the selected area. Attitude of the respondents also
posed a limitation for the survey.2. As per my understanding a few of the respondents were hesitant to reveal the true
information.
9. Conclusion And Suggestions1. Leeladhar, V., (2006) “Taking Banking Services to the Common Man – Financial
Inclusion”, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, pp. 73-77.2. “The Banking Sector in India: Emerging Issues and Challenges” Reports
on Currency and Finance 2003-08, Volume 5, RBI publication.3. Limited Access, By S.S. Jeevan,
4. “Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion” By European Commission,
5. “Universal Financial Inclusion in India” By S.Ramesh and Preeti Sahai,
6. “The Banking Sector in India: Emerging Issues and Challenges” Reports on Currency and Finance 2003-08, Volume 5, RBI publication.
7.8. “Financial Inclusion Tough but Top Priority for Indian Banks”, By Esha
Birnur, biztech India, March 24, 2008
9. Readings on Financial inclusion, Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, Taxmann Publications.
10. “Taking Banking Services to the Common Man – Financial Inclusion”, Commemorative Lecture by Shri V.Leeladhar, Deputy Governor, Reserve bank of India at the Fedbank Hormis Memorial Foundation at Ernakulam on December 2, 2005.
11. Farnish, C. (2000): Financial exclusion- a literature and research review, Financial Services Authority.
12. Mahajan, V. (2004): 'Deregulating the Rural Credit', Seminar, September. NSSO (2005): Indebtedness of Farmer Households.
13. Ghosal, S.N., “Some Radical Thoughts on Microfinance”, Professional Banker, Vol.5, No.10, October 2005. pp. 61-65.
14. Leeladhar, V., (2005) “Taking Banking Services to the Common Man – Financial Inclusion” lecture delivered by Deputy Governor Reserve bank of India at the Fedbank Hormis Memorial Foundation at Ernakulam on December 2, 2005.
http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/business.html
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/2008/financialexclusion_study_en.pdf
http://cab.org.in/CAB%20Calling%20Content/Financial%20Inclusion%20-%20The%20Indian%20Experience/Universal%20Financial%20Inclusion%20in%20 India%20-%20The%20way%20forward.pdf
http://www.nabard.org/financial_inclusion.asp
http://www.cab.org.in/ICTPortal/Lists/News%20Room/DispForm.aspx?ID=1
116
15. Mohan, R. (2006), “Economic Growth, Financial Deepening, and Financial Inclusion”, Deputy Governor of the RBI at the Annual Bankers' Conference, Hyderabad.
16. Adhikari, A. “ICICI Banks Rural Thrust”, Business Today, Vol.25, No.46, June 2006. pp.84-88.
17. Leeladhar, V. (2006): Taking Banking Services to the Common Man- Financial Inclusion, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin.
18. Gardner, N. (2007): Promoting Financial Inclusion in Rural Areas- A report for the Commission for Rural Communities.
19. Ramkumar, V. (2007): Financial Inclusion & Financial Literacy: SBI Initiatives, Cab Calling.
20. Thorat, U. (2007): “ Financial Inclusion- The Indian Experience” Speech delivered by Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India at the HMT-DFID Financial Inclusion Conference 2007 on June 19, 2007 at Whitehall Place, London, UK ,RBI Monthly Bulletin, July 2007.
21. “Financial inclusion in India: trends beyond micro finance” Published at January 19, 2007 in Business, India and Microfinance.
22. Sarma, M. and Pais, J. (2008): Financial Inclusion and Development: A Cross Country Analysis.
23. Budget 2007-2008, Speech of P. Chidambaram (Minister of Finance), February 28, 2007.
24. Financial Inclusion Index: Banking Penetration Higher, But Usage Low, http://archive.vccircle.com/wordpress/2008/07/24/financial-inclusion-index-banking-penetration-higher-but-usage-low/
25. Bays, J. et.al, (2008): Promoting Financial Inclusion- Lessons from around the World, Financial services practice, pp.43-58.
26. Mishra, S., Kumar, C. (2009): Banking Outreach and Household level Access: Analyzing Financial Inclusion in India.
27. Ramji, M. (2009): Financial Inclusion in Gulbarga- Finding Usage in Access.
117
Islamic Threat to the World: An Interpretation in the Context of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. (ISIS)
Amit Kumar Singh (Department of History)
Dev Samaj College for Women
Ferozepur City, Ferozepur Punjab-152002
Email- ,
Mob No. +91-9463403074
Abstract
Islam, as a religion, proves a common threat for other religious believers due to its
fanatism and middle aged ideology. Lack of acclimatization and incapability in flexibility
makes Islam a primitive religion trying to drive people of its faith back to the age of the
Caliphates. Islamic terrorism and extremism get its legitimacy from Islamic texts Sariyat,
Hadith and Qur'an. People of Islamic conditioning have not any way except adopting
rotten Islamic beliefs and practices in the name of religion. Otherwise, they are threatened
by various ways. Al-Qaeda and Islamic States of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are modern
developments of same primitive Islamic ideology which are not averse of the technology
for using it to kill the people but surely against modern education in the name of religion.
In this paper I discuss the changing nature of Islamic Jihad in addition to keep the World
regime under its control by use of indiscriminate hazardious weapons and its effort to
expand its empire worldwide with the aim to bring whole world arena under the flag of
Islamic State where Sariya will be followed by people as only the constitution and the
Caliphate enjoys uninterrupted unilateral political sovereignty and religious legitimacy so
far. In this research paper I would try to go into deeper dimensions of the very reason of
Islamic extremism and would try to find out the disastrous outcome of the ongoing war
between USA and ISIS which is wished to be avoided by all in general.
Key Words: ISIS, ISIL, US, ISLAM, Al- Qaeda, Qur'an, Terrorism, Bhaghdadi
1. Introduction
The journey of Islam as a religion was never peaceful. Since the Prophet to contemporary
period Islam has kept struggling and trying to maintain its political and religious
supremacy by fanatical means and middle aged ideology in the name of religion. Its
The Holy Qur'an ,(UK: Islam Internal Publication Limited, 2004), 51-56
118
struggle is multidimensional. In the name of religion the believers fight among themselves
as Shia and Sunni. They fight with science and modernity to maintain its primitiveness and
backward practices intact. No religion teaches violence to attain its goal but different
school of thoughts in Islam are still interpreting and cultivating new meanings of its
religious doctorines which create hoax for its believers. The new face of Islamic militancy
is ISIS after weakening of Al-Qaeda due after Osama Bin Laden. Which is trying to
expand its religious and political supremacy worldwide and has started its brutal begining
from Middle East to reestablish Caliphate which had been buried long before.
2. Islamic Threat to The World
The Islam comprises elements of submission to supreme authority in itself, this way it
stands nearest to Bhakti doctrines, but in practice the World is facing Islam as a constant
threat and
2.1 Islam as a Religion
Islam emerged by the revelation of the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad Sallal Laahu Alayhi
WA Sallam in the month of Ramadan. Muslims believe that every word in the Qur'an is the
literal word of the God as revealed to Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23
years; 10 years in Mecca and 13 years in Medina. No one is authorized to make any change
in the original text of Qur'an. The revelation of the Holy book has happened not at once,
but gradually, throughout the life of the Prophet. The Qur'an deals with the Divine nature,
God's intervention in history, and spiritual lessons learned from observation of nature,
from life, and from history. Basically, it is verses of God and supposed to be infallible
especially by Muslims believers.
catastrophic crisis. Scholars have continually debated about this crisis and tried
to find the route cause, but the situation is getting from bad to worse day by day. Today
Islam sounds the world community more about terrorism rather than a religion. All the
Islamists are not terrorists, but most of the terrorists are Islamists. What is the reason for
this discrepancy? In this paper I would try to find out the very elements in Islam, which
shape it as a threat and world crisis.
Yet, the Qur'an did not exist in book form at the time of
Muhammad's death in 632 CE. There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad
himself did not drop a line down the revelation. Religion is self realization of the divinity
and the truth. Collectively, these divine attributes are called God or Godliness.
Dr. Mohammad Shafi , The QUR`AN - How it was Revealed and Compiled (Accessed 11 September 2014)
Ahmad von Denffer, Ulum al-Quran: An introduction to the Sciences of the Quran (Leicestershire: Islamic Foundation, 1985), 37.http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheQUR'ANHowitwasRevealedandCompiled.pdf
119
In India, Seer says it's the state of enlightenment, when one can be able to realize the truth.
This phenomenon of realization of the truth is called 'Darshan'. Darshan is to encounter the
reality. This encountering of reality makes the person able to be dissolved into almighty
like a drop poured into the ocean. The enlightened one has an urge naturally to make others
knows what has happened to him and what the truth is? This happens out of compassion.
This way a community gathers around that enlightened one and a particular religion takes
shape. By the time, after the demise of the founder this request becomes only the religious
practice and ritual in the hands of unrealized preachers of the religion and get deteriorated.
This is what the deterioration of religion. These contractors of religion prove to be the
destroyer of the authenticity of it. This is what has happened with Islam and other religions
down the ages.
Jihad appears in 164 verses in the Qur'an and 199 times in the standard collection
of hadith. Jihad literally appears only twice in the .
2.2 Islam and JihadThe Qur'an revealed to the Prophet in different time span in different circumstances.
Therefore the action texted in the Qur'an for the same situation varies. One can interpret it
in many ways. The Qur'anic language is poetic and gives more than one meaning in the
same verse. It is like a mirror which shown the own face and thoughts of the reader. The
sense of
Qur'an Jihad literally stands for
'Struggle' and Jihadi is called 'mujahedin'. The Struggle is not inevitable to be violent as
Qur'an shows in its texts that this struggle should be graceful and cordial. Some Qur'anic
texts related to Jihad are following
About patience“Bear, then, with patience, all that they say, and celebrate the praises of thy Lord, before
the rising of the sun and before (its) setting.”
About forgiveness“We created not the heavens, the earth, and all between them, but for just ends. And the
Hour is surely coming (when this will be manifest). So overlook (any human faults) with
gracious forgiveness.”
Kabir, Navneet . (Accessed at 11 August 2014).
Yoel Natan, “ 164 Jihad Verses in the Quran”, answering Islam.org. (Accessed at 11 August 2014).
Muhammad ibn Ismail Bukhari, The Translation of the Meaning of Sahid al- Bukhari, Trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 8 vols. (Medina: Dar al-Fikr, 1981), 4:34-204. Quoted in What does Jihas Mean? By Douglas E. Streusand, Middle East Quarterly, September 1997, 9-11.
The Holy Qur'an ,(UK: Islam Internal Publication Limited, 2004), 60:1 and 9:24
http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/bhavan_navneet_1_2/digest_1_2.pdf
http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Themes/jihad_passages.html
120
About convincing non believers by beautiful preaching
“Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching; and argue with
them in ways that are best and most gracious: for thy Lord know the best, who have strayed
from His Path,and who receive guidance.”
About Oneness of God and non disputes with anyone
“And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better (than mere
disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong (and injury): but say, “We
believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you;
Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we bow (in Islam)” '
The other popular interpretation of Jihad is 'The Holy War' According to Javed
Ghamidi, there is consensus amongst Islamic scholars that the concept of jihad will always
include armed struggle against persecution and oppression. Others have given the word
wider implications and interpretations. Many observers – both Muslim and non-Muslim –
talk of jihad' having two meanings: an inner spiritual struggle—the "greater jihad"—and
an outer physical struggle against the enemies of Islam—the "lesser jihad." This may take
a violent or non-violent form.
Among saying of the Islamic prophet Muhammad involving jihad are
"The best Jihad is the word of Justice in front of the oppressive Sultan [ruler]."
Another saying cited by Ibn Nuhaas and narrated by Ibn Habbaan The
Messenger of Allah was asked about the best jihad. He said:
"The best jihad is the one in which your horse is slain and your blood is spilled."
Jihad is treated as an important religious duty for Muslims. Sunni scholars sometimes
refers to this duty as 'the sixth pillar of Islam' though it occupies no such official status.
However, Jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Islam.
-Jeremiah Bowden, Jihad and the Qur'an: The Case for a Non-Violent Interpretation of the Qur'an
https://www.academia.edu/621299/Jihad_and_the_Qur'an_The_Case_for_a_NonViolent_Interpretation_of_the_Qur'a
n ( Accessed at 10 August 2014)* Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Medieval Islam, ( Leiden: Brill Acedemic Publishers, 1977), 3* Javed Ghamidi, “The Islamic Law of Jihad”, Mizan, 8 July 1992, 6.* Rudolph Peter, Islam and Colonialism: The doctorine of Jihad in Modern History ( Berlin: Mounton Publishers, 1979), 118. * Diane Morgan, Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practoce ( Santa Barbera: ABC- CLIO, 2010), 87.* Ibn Nuhas, Book of Jihad, (Berlin: Mounton Publisher, 1979). 107* John Esposito, Islam : The Streight Path, ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 93.
121
2.3 Actual Jihad
There are different interpretations regarding jihad worldwide. Some scholars are
in support of violence to establish a religious state based on Islamic principles, whereas
some are against the violent interpretation of jihad. The definition of jihad varies in
different Muslim traditions and schools. I.e. Ahmadiya, Qur'anic, Sufic etc. Here the most
appropriate definition of jihad comes from Sufism.
2.2.1 Victims of Jihad
The whole world is suffering from jihad. It is violent in the practice since the
advent of the Islam. All races have been the victim of jihad. For the first century of its
existence, Islam was absolutely soaked in blood. The killing only slowed down as the
Islamic empire finally ran into boundaries in the 8th century, after about a century of
expansionist, imperialist, unprovoked Islamic aggression.
Even after the initial expansion slowed, the killings did not end. Slaughter (jihad) and
oppression (sharia) are part of the core doctrines of Islam. Killing for Islam is not a modern
idea, and it will never end until some sort of reformation takes place within the religion.
Here I am giving the ethnic estimates of victims of Jihad, the holy war!
The Sufic view classifies "Jihad" into
two parts: the "Greater Jihad" and the "Lesser Jihad". Muhammad put the emphasis on the
"Greater Jihad" by saying, "Holy is the warrior who is at war with himself".
Greater jihad is to keep struggling with your own atrocities which lies within.
Jihad is nothing to do with the outer world. The outer struggle may not be a religious
approach to maintain peace and brotherhood. Today world is facing the hazardous state of
jihad due to its misinterpretation. Lesser jihad is the misinterpreted jihad. If Muslim
community come in favor of Greater Jihad the brutal killings and homicides may come to
its end.
2.3.1 The African victims of jihad
There are many assessments of the Islamic killings in the name of jihad are available, but
the estimate of Thomas Sowell seems nearer to the reality. Thomas Sowell estimates that
11 million slaves were shipped across the Atlantic and 14 million were sent to the Islamic
nations of North Africa and the Middle East. For every slave captured many others died. .
2.3.2 The Christian victims of Jihad
Jesus the Christ is considered as one of Nabi or the Prophet in Islam and he is mentioned in
122
Holy Islamic texts. But it is the misfortune of the history that millions of Christian got
killed by jihadis in the name of ideological differences. It is roughly estimated that the
number of Christians martyred by Islam is 9 million. A rough estimate by Raphael Moore
in History of Asia Minor is that another 50 million Christians died in wars by jihad. This
data is tough to digest.
2.3.3. The Hindu victimized by jihadis.
The Hindu , the idol worshipers stand on the next ideological edge of Islamic religious
doctorine. The Hindus are most vulnerable to be fit in the definition of 'Kafir'. In India,
since the medieval period to the modern age the Hindu majority had been ruled by the
Muslim rulers of foreign origine. The estimate of killed Hindus by jihad is gorgonian.
Koenard Elst gives an estimate of 80 million Hindus killed in the total jihad against India.
The country of India today is only half the size of ancient India, due to jihad. The
mountains near India are called the Hindu Kush, meaning the “funeral pyre of the
Hindus.”
2.3.4. The Buddhist victims of jihad
Buddhism spread more vigorously in the reign of Ashoka and Kushana throughout the
globe and especially in Central Asia and South East Asia. In Central Asia, before the
advent of Islam , Buddhism flourished on its full swing and had become the integral part of
Central Asian culture. In Kushana Dynasty Buddhism got split in Heenyana and
Mahayana. The Mahayana Buddhism adopted Bhakti practices and idol worship. The
main clash with Islamic extremist started here after the advent of the Mahayana sect of
Buddhism.. Slaughter of Buddhist monks was not only done by Muslims, but also done by
Hindus in India in the influence of Shankaracharya. But the Islamic resistance against
Buddhist was more rigorous than the Hindus. According to Islam, everyone else had to
convert or die. Jihad killed the Buddhists in Turkey, Afghanistan, along the Silk Route 23(Central Asia), and in India. The total toll is roughly 10 million.
This gives a rough estimate of 270 million killed by Islam in jihad, from all the ethnicities
down the ages.
Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture, (New York: Basic Books, 1994) 188.
Mohammad Ata Ur Rahim and Ahmad Thomsan, Jesus Prophet of Islam, rev. ed. ( London: Ta-Ha Pub., 1995), 265
David B. Barrett and Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200, ( CA: William Carey Library, 2001), 230, table 4-10
123
2.3.6 Worldwide Terrorism
The destructive incident of 9/11 was a breakthrough in the history of Islamic terrorism.
Here is the estimate of killings of radical Islam throughout the world from 2001 to 2009.
The record of Islamic killing and brutality, from 2001 to now (2014), must have exceeded
both in number and the extent of brutality from 2001 to 2009.
[online] http://islamthreat.com/isis_beheading_children_and_women_-after_stripping_naked-_parallels_hindu_story.html (accesed at 12 August 2014)
Koenard Elst, Negationism in India, (New Delhi: Transaction Publishers 2002,). 34.
David B. Barrett and Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200, ( CA: William Carey Library, 2001) 230.
Table 1: The table depicts the data of Radical Islamic brutal terrorist killings took place
worldwide after 9/11
Country
Killed by
Radical Islam
Injuredby Radical Islam
Afghanistan
5121
5771
Algeria
1696
1525
Bangladesh
176
1535
Chechnya
965
1048
Egypt
165
482
France
33
2011
India
4298
9835
Indonesia
512
1456
Iraq 38405 54396
Israel 957 4715
Nigeria 795 1335 Pakistan
6460
11211
Philippines
1027
1963
Somalia
2602
3978
Spain
202
1852
Sudan
2892
1639
Thailand
2034
2341
United kingdom
57
751
United States, (including 9/11)
3033
6558
124
2.4 Brutal truth of Islamic Extremism
The history of mankind is colored bloody red by the Radical Islamic believers around the
world. The whole world has the true incidents of brutality of Radical Islam. In India, it is
a historical fact that Aurangzeb alone destroyed 10,000 Hindu temples. . Taj Mahal was
the Hindu Temple named Tejo- Mahalya of Lord Shiva. Durant notes how Ghazni could
not find enough carts to carry the enormous wealth of just one Somanth temple after
slaughtering 50,000 Hindu priests. The once great country with a 25 % world GDP was
brought to its feet, a country of skeletons as Vivekananda put it in 1890s by Islamic and
European conquests. The estimate is Islam killed 80 million in Indian Subcontinent and
220 million worldwide. The UK rapper Muslim convert, who beheaded American
Journalists Foley and Steven Sotloff, was brainwashed by Indian UK Muslim Anjem
Chowdhary.
India is the most affectd by Islamic terrorism after
Middle East, but Islam is doing its job where 150,000 were killed since 9/11 itself in Kafir
lands, obviously, half million slaughtered in the Middle East itself where one Muslim
wing considers other as Kafir!! The World slowly recognizes the only manner to destroy
destructive people is to revolve them on themselves. Those Muslims who do not execute
the brutalities either become immune or unresponsive because deep in their
consciousness, a Kafir is less than the animal. Many are in a denial stage and have little
courage to face the reality. When Muslims pray in the Mosque, with all men standing in
rows and burning sermons, it is nothing other than a call for conquest. Why do Muslims
want to generate Mosques on the destroyed places of Kafirs, it is a representation of
conquest. In Andhra, one Muslim MP Owaisi growled, give 24 hours without police and
On September 2, 2014, ISIS released a video purportedly showing their
beheading of Sotloff. In the video the executioner says, "I'm back, Obama, and I'm back
because of your arrogant foreign policy towards the Islamic State, because of your
insistence on continuing your bombings and on Mosul Dam, despite our serious
warnings. So just as your missiles continue to strike our people, our knife will continue to
strike the necks of your people."
see Fact India exhibition from Aurangzeb's own diktats Dr. V.S. Godbole, Taj Mahal, Analysis of a great deception, (Thane: Itihas Patrika Prakashan, 2007), 97.
[online]http://newageislam.com/interfaith-dialogue/was-swami-vivekananda-anti-islam?/d/13346
[Online]
“ IS Jihadists demanded ransom to free Foley “. Middle East News. Net, http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/70-people-killed-iraq-mosque-1591715332 (Accessed at 21 Aug. 2014) [Online]“ IS jihadi group beheads US journalist Steven Sotloff “ Big News Network.com, http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/steven-sotloff.html (2 Sept. 2014).
125
20 crores of Muslims will kill 100 crores of Hindus in India. Yes, there are retaliations
alongside Muslims to many provocations, but look at any Muslims groups, they talk
about the retaliations done to their society encouraging more revulsion, but never about
what is causing it. It is never ending rotation of brainwashing and aggression. A
miniscule world population of Jews has the most Nobel Prize winners and more than one
Billion Muslims only produced terrorists and suicide bombers. A brutal religion only can
get the brutes that are ISIS. While one is using its powers to shield its people, the other is
using every opportunity to use its people as shields. Half of Muslims, women are
pressured to wear burkha and hijab so that she will not arouse passions for man while man
can have four wives (at least in Sunni sect). This is the practical Islam in the globe.
The so called Islamic scholars are making out the interpretation of Qur'an in such a
loathsome manner which encourage and justify violence. In Bangladesh ongoing
genocide that reduced Hindus from 30% to 10%, Mosques encourage the violation of
Hindu Kafir women with language like 'Hindu women pubic hair smells very pleasant'.
Love Jihad, where Mosques encourage Muslim boys to seduce and marry Kafir girls for
conversions is rampant not only in India but also in the UK. The boy's task is to marry, get
children and go on to another girl. 1400 UK minor girls were assaulted by Muslim men
and threatened to put out with fire if they bring up about it to parents and adults, in a small
town in the UK!! At 1989, Mosques blared in Kashmir asking Hindu men to leave after
leaving behind Hindu women that resulted in half millions still living as refugees in their own
country. In Delhi Nirbhaya rape case, it is Muslim juvenile who inserted rod in Nirbhaya's
vagina and pulled out her uterus and bowels. Same with the middle aged Hindu woman by
Muslim men in UP inserted a big rusted rod into her vagina and killed her.
3. ISIS: The New Edition of Jihad
Muslim Brotherhood
Salafist
Like al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups, ISIS emerged from the
ideology of the , the world's first Islamist group dating back to the late
1920s in Egypt. ISIS follows an extreme anti-Western interpretation of Islam, promotes
religious violence and regards those who do not go in with its interpretations as infidels or
apostates. Concurrently, ISIS, now IS, aims to establish a -orientated Islamist state
[Online] “ Islamic State” Australian National Security. Australian Government. http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx. (22 July 2014)
[Online]“ The slow backlash- Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State “ The Economist . http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615634-sunni-religious-authorities-turn-against-islamic-state-slow-backlash. ( 6 September 2014)
126
in Iraq, Syria and other parts of the Levant. However, some Sunni commentators,
including Salafi and jihadi such as and , say
that ISIS and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day Muslims
who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam, serving an imperial anti-Islamic
agenda.
ISIS has also stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations
becomes null by the expansion of the Khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its
troops to their areas.". In 13 October 2006, the group announced the establishment of the
Islamic State of Iraq, which claimed influence over the Iraqi governorates of ,
, , , , and parts of . Following the 2013
expansion of the group into Syria and the announcement of the Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant, the number of or provinces, which it claimed increased to 16. In
addition to the seven Iraqi wilayah, the Syrian divisions, largely lying along existing
muftis Adnan al-Aroor Abu Basir al-Tartusi
Kharijites
ISIS has raised a furor at the present time in Iraq and Syria by its brutal ways of
killing the people of other religious faiths. The visual demonstration of the slaughter of
Iraqi and Syrian people by ISIS militants triggered a new debate worldwide, whether it is
tramp of the next and the last world war? Which political equation has brought the world to
this place where uprising and rebel seems the only way to solution?
ISIS, ISIL and IS all these three abbreviations stand for the same group which is
determined to establish an Islamic State based on Sariyat law. Sariyat is the collection of
Islamic social and administrative norms. ISIS is a militant organization which was
formally founded in April 2013. The Chief of ISIS is Abu Bakar al Baghdadi, also named
as 'invisible Shaikh', 'Ali Badri Samurai', Abu Dua', Dr. Ibrahim, 'etc. Though it is not his
actual name. Local people call him 'Daulat' means parallel Government. He was born in
1971. Graduated from Baghdad University and had a Doctorate degree in Islamic Studies.
Abu Musab al Zarkawi was his Predecessor who killed by American Bomb attack in 2006.
The World knows very less about Baghdadi But Baghdadi has achieved fame as a most
organized and most ruthless strategist of war that's why USA, assuming him terrorist in
2011, declared a reward of sixty crore rupees over him to arrest him alive or dead.
Statistics indicate that in the avenge of the death of Obama ISIS carried out hundred and
more actions. Baghdadi has declared himself next Caliphate. ISIS has an ambitious goal
to Islamize the whole World and bring the whole territory under the flag of the Islamic
State.
Baghdad
Anbar Diyala Kirkuk Salah al-Din Nineveh Babil
wilayah
M.Alex Johnson (3 September 2014) , “ Devient and Pathological”: What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?” NBC News .
( 5 September 2014).
, “ The Rump Islamic Emirates of Iraq”, The long War Journal, 2 June 2006
http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/deviant-pathological-what-do-isis-extremists-really-want-n194136
Sinar Harian
127
provincial boundaries, are , , , , , ,
, and the . Once taking control of both sides of the rim in mid 2014,
ISIS created a new county, incorporating both Syrian terrain around and Iraqi
territory around . This new wilayah was allocated al-Furat. in Syria is
the actual capital of the Islamic State. It is said to be a "test case" or "display case" of ISIS
governance. Apart from brutal administrative actions , ISIS also runs a
program in the areas under its rule in Iraq and Syria, which includes ,
religious lectures and , proselytizing to restricted populations. It also performs
such as and maintaining the .
United States Secretary of Defense stated: "(ISIS) is as sophisticated and
well-funded as any group that we have seen. They're beyond just a terrorist group".
stated: "The failure to help build up a credible fighting force of the people
who were the originators of the protests against , there were , there were
, there was everything in the middle, the failure to do that left a big vacuum,
which the have now filled."
Al Barakah Al Kheir Ar-Raqqah Al Badiya Halab Idlib
Hama Damascus Coast
Albu Kamal
Qaim Ar-Raqqah
soft power
social services
da'wah
community services repairing roads electricity supply
Chuck Hagel
Hillary Clinton
Assad Islamists
secularists
jihadists Recently ISIS released a map of his proposed
Islamic State in which some Indian parts of Gujrat and Punjab were included as a part of
emerging Islamic State of Khurasan. Sources say that the militants of ISIS includes some
Indian Muslims also. Unfortunately ISIS is getting the support of the Muslims of same
ideology worldwide. The growing influence of ISIS is quantified that The organization
has spread rapidly than Al Qaeda.
ISIS is not only in conflict with US and the Shia population in Iraq and Syria, but
also with some parallel Muslim militant groups like the Kurds, Nushra Front and Syrian
army. The prime aim of ISIS is to acquire the control of oil resources and Border of
Islamic states which is deliberately expanding with the time.
[Online]“ ISIS : Southern Division praises foreign suicide bombers”. The Long War Journal,
. (9 April 2014.)
ibid
Ben Hubbard, “ Life in a jihadist Capital: Order with a Darker side”. New York Times , 5 September 2014.
Aaron zelin, “ The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has a consumer Protection Office. “ The Atlantic, 13 June 2014.
[Online]Richard MC Gregor, “ US Signals escalation in ISIS fight” Financial Times.
. ( 21 August 2014). [Online]Jefferey Goldberg, “ Hillary Clinton: Failure to help Syrian rebels led to the rise of ISIS, The Atlantic.
. (10 August 2014).
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/isis-southern-division.php
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/20300a76-297f-11e4-baec-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3EhS9Kb4J
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/hillary-clinton-failure-to-help-syrian-rebels-led-to-the-rise-of-isis/375832/
128
The brutality of ISIS is terrific and the brutal ways of killing of its opponents and
differently idealized people are horrible. The murder ways of its rivals are specifically
three i.e. to shoot in the back head, to behead and to crucify. This depicts the seriousness of
their intentions about the establishment of the Islamic State.
There are different views regarding the emergence of ISIS. Mainly it can be classified in
two views. First view states that ISIS is the product of US imperial interests. Even ISIS is
being funded by the USA and its ally Israel.. It is being made a scapegoat to acquire
supremacy over the Middle East to counter the influence of Iran and Palestine into the
region. Iran's top army commander Hassan Firozabadi imputed that Iran will never
cooperate with the USA in war against ISIS. He further exclaims that “ ISIS was created
by the US and Israel to increase the security of the Zionist regime in the region”. The
Second view says that ISIS is result of Islamic fenatism and terrorism, which is another
form of Wahabism. What is truth is a matter of debate, but mystery remains about the huge
funding to ISIS. Some sources assert that the funds are coming from gulf nations to 41promote the concept of Islamic States and anti US waves.
According to Telegraph ISIS makes money through various illegal ways like smuggling,
kidnapping, extortion, capturing of Oil Fields etc. Its annual budget is unbelievably huge,
2 billion dollars, which is many times greater than the annual budget of Al-Qaeda.
Principally ISIS is a Sunni group of Muslims militants against Shiites. ISIS spreading its
influence in the Middle East and its vertical is in Iraq and Syria and somewhat in Iran.
Which are predominantly Shia states. Iran holds 87 percent Shiite populations, whereas
Iraq holds 61% of it. It is estimated that in The homicide by ISIS killed about 7500 Iraqi
people from Shia sect only. ISIS has acquired its supremacy over many metropolitan
cities of Iraq which includes Tikrit, and Masul. In Mosul ISIS has captured a huge amount
of US advanced weapons. Mosul University
Ban Ki-moon
ISIS captured nuclear materials from in July
2014. In a letter to UN Secretary-General , Iraq's UN Ambassador
Mohamed Ali Alhakim said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be
used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction". Nuclear experts regarded the threat
Focus Times, 24 June , 2014. Josh Roin “ America's Allies are funding ISIS “, The Daily Beast
. ( 19 June 2014). http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/14/america-s-allies-are-funding-isis.html
129
[ Online]Max Fisher, “ How ISIS is exploiting the economics of Syria's civil war”, Vox.
( 12 july 2014)
Martin Chulov, “ How an arrest in Iraq revealed ISIS's $ 2 billion jihadist network”. The Guardian, 17 June 2014.
[ Online]Eli Lake, “ Iraqs Terrorists are becoming a full Blown Army:, The Daily Beast .
. (15 June 2014) [Online]Ruth Sherlock, “Iraq jihadists seize 'neuclear material', says ambassador to UN” The Telegraph.
June 1024)
http://votifi.com/articles/18999
www.iraq-terrorists-becoming-army-094500336--politics.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10958388/Iraq-jihadists-seize-nuclear-material-says-ambassador-to-UN.html (15
as insignificant. spokeswoman Gill Tudor
said that the seized objects were "low grade and would not present a significant safety,
security or nuclear proliferation risk"
Christians living
in areas under ISIS control who wanted to remain in the "caliphate" faced three options:
converting to Islam, paying a religious levy or death. "We offer them three choices:
Islam; the contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have
nothing but the sword", reported that ISIS's extremist agenda extended to
women's bodies and that women living under their control were being captured and raped.
According to Martin Williams in , some hard-line Salafists apparently regard
extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult
to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered
from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes" girls in Iraq were allegedly
by ISIS fighters and subsequently committed suicide, as described in a witness
statement recorded by
International Atomic Energy Agency Agency
Baghdad is about to be captured by it, that's why the
Iraqi president had sought help from USA.
ISIS was affiliated with Al-Qaeda, which was considered the most terrible
terrorist organization before ISIS. Later ISIS has broken all the limitations of Crualty. In
2012, 8500 terrorist attacks took place worldwide by leading 7 terrorist organizations, in
which 16000 people were killed. In all these seven organizations of terrorists, 6 groups
were attached to Al-Qaeda.
The orders of ISIS for other believers are embarrassing and shameful. It confers
the middle age primitive administrative norms in the name of the Fatwa.
jizya
dhimma
The Guardian
The Citizen
Yezidi
raped
Rudaw. Only one example is enough to show the primitive feudal
mentality of it. “ ISIS threatens Iraqi people send your wives and daughters for sex”.
130
[Online] “Convert, Pay Tax, or die, Islamic States warns Christians”. The Guardian,
(18 July 2014).
Susskind, Yifat , "Under Isis, Iraqi women again face an old nightmare: violence and repression".The Guardian.
( 17 July 2014)
Williams, Martin “Sexual jihad is a bit much". The Citizen.
(7 July 2014). Havidar Ahmed, “ The Yezidi Exodus, Girls Raped by ISIS jump to ther Death on Mount Shingal”. Rudaw,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/isis-islamic-state-issue-ultimatum-to-iraq-christians
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/jul/03/isis-iraqi-women-rape-violence-repression
http://citizen.co.za/52696/sexual-jihad-is-a-bit-much/
3.1 ISIS: Historical Context
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi swore loyalty Osama bin Laden
Country of the Two Rivers
Mujahideen Shura Council
Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi emir Abu Ayyub al-Masri
Abu
Bakr al-Baghdadi
caliphate
Sunni radical
jihadist
3.1 ISIS: Climax of BrutalityThe brutal use of the violent ways of killing of the innocents is a method of ISIS to
threaten the Un-Islamic people and Islamic people of Shia beliefs as well .
The group has had a number of different names since its formation in early 1999 as Jamat
al Tawahid wa al Jihad. "The Organization of Monotheism and Jihad" (JTJ). In October
2004, the group leader to , and
changed the name of the group to Tanzim Qaidat al- jihad fi bilad al Rafidayn. "The
Organization of Jihad's Base in the ," more commonly known
as "Al-Qaeda in Iraq" (AQI). Although the group has never called itself "Al-Qaeda in
Iraq", this name has frequently been used to describe it through its various incarnations. In
January 2006, AQI merged with several smaller Iraqi insurgent groups under an umbrella
organization called the " ." On 13 October 2006, the
establishment of the Dawlat al-?Iraq al-Islāmīyah, "Islamic State of Iraq" (ISI) was
announced A cabinet was formed and became ISI's
figurehead , with the real power residing with the Egyptian .The
announcement was met with hostile criticism, not only from ISI's jihadist rivals in Iraq,
but from leading jihadist ideologues outside the state. Al-Baghdadi and al-Masri were
both killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010. The next leader of the ISIS was
, the current leader of ISIS. On 8 April 2013, having expanded into
Syria, the cluster adopted the name "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", also known as
"Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham." short-forms of the name "Islamic State of Iraq and
al-Sham" in Arabic; it is similar to calling the United States of America "the States". On
29 June 2014, the enterprise of a new was declared, and the group officially
changed its name to the "Islamic State" ISIS is a group that follows al-
Qaeda's rigid ideology and adheres to inclusive believes.
131
[ Online]Aron Zelin, “ The War between ISIS and al- Qaeda for supremacy of the Global jihadist movement” Wosingoton Institute for near east policy,
( June 2014) [ Online ]Craig Whitelock, “ Death Could Shake Al- Qaeda In Iraq and Around the World” The Washington Post.
( 27 August 2014). [Online]Michael Knights, “ The ISIL's stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor”, Combating Terrorism Center.
( 29 May 2014). ibid. [ Online]Bill Roggio, “ The Rump Islamic Emirates of Iraq” The Long War Journal,16 Oct. 2006
( 23 Aug. 2014) ibid
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-war-between-isis-and-al-qaeda-for-supremacy-of-the-global-jihadist
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060902040.html
https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php
Now a days Iraq and Syria is the ISIS prey.
Shia Muslims
25 October 2009, Baghdad bombings
8 December 2009 Baghdad blast
A report of leading newspaper says- “There is a park in Mosul,”, “where they
actually beheaded children and put their heads on a stick and have them in the park.”
This reminds us the act of medieval Mongol invaders Nadir Shah who built minarets of
the cut heads of the innocent people of Delhi.
The terrorists who have invaded Mosul and other early Christian communities in Syria
and Iraq have prepared music videos of them, murdering civilians and confined soldiers.
They are literally enjoying the act of killing and the fear and suffering realized by others.
This sadism may be the purest demonstration of evil witnessed since the Rape of Nanking
in WWII.
Already, several images have emerged of Christian children beheaded by ISIS,
merely for being Christian. According to Arabo, women are being raped, then murdered,
and men are being hanged. These are the people who were warned convert to Islam to be
put to the sword.
The Islamic State of Iraq made clear its belief
that targeting civilians were an acceptable strategy and it has been accountable for
thousands of civilian demises since 2004. In September 2005, al-Zarqawi proclaimed war
on and the cluster used bombings, especially suicide bombings in civic
places carnages and executions to carry out radical attacks on Shia-dominated and mixed
sectarian areas.Suicide attacks by the ISIS also murdered hundreds of Sunni inhabitants,
which provoked extensive anger among Sunnis. In 2007 only, the ISIS killed around
2,000 civilians, making that the most violent year in its campaign beside the civilian
populace of Iraq. In the 155 people were
slaughtered and no less than 721 were wounded. And in the
at least 127 citizens were killed and 448 were injured. The ISI claimed
responsibility for both the attacks.
132
[Online] “Key Free Syria Army rebel 'Killed by Islamist Group' “ , BBC News, 12 July 2013,
(12 August 2014)[Online] Ishaan Tharoor, “ ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group” The Washington Post. 18 June 2014.
(21 June 2014)[Online] Adam Withnall, “ Iraq Crisis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with restoration of caliphate in Middle East. The Independent. 12 June 2008
(21 August 2014).
[Online] Oliver Holmes, “ Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL”, Reuters. 3 February, 2014.
(6 July, 2014).
[Online]“One sided violence- ISIS Civilians- Actor information- summary), Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopedia (Iraq).
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23283079
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/18/isis-or-isil-the-debate-over-what-to-call-iraqs-terror-group/
http://hebrewnationonline.com/iraq-crisis-isis-changes-name-and-declares-its-territories-a-new-islamic-state-with-restoration-of-caliphate-in-middle-east/
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203
Even families that pay the tax, mandated by ISIS for Christians who remain, are now being
victimized. The women are allegedly being taken from their husbands and made into
“wives” belonging to the ISIS fighters. This means they can rape them and even kill them,
if they do not subsequently agree to convert to Islam.
Not all Christians could flee, perhaps because they were caring for elderly relatives
or small children or had some other reason they could not walk out of the city and trek
across the desert. Perhaps some thought paying a tax would save them and their homes and
businesses.
Still, in another part of Iraq, refugees retreated into the mountains where they have
been surrounded by ISIS rebels who are now waiting for them to starve and die from
exposure.
All Christian the children in Mosul are reportedly being killed. Convert or die.
ISIS militants are crucifying victims because to them crucifixion is especially humiliating
due to its Christian implications
Allegedly, Christian children in Mosul are being systematically beheaded and
their little heads placed on poles in a park as a warning to others who love their children.
133
(5 August 2014). Ibid
[Online]“ Baghdad bomb Fatalities Pass 150”, BBC News, 26 October 2009,
(29 October 2009)
[Online]“ Baghdad Car Bomb Cause Carnage”, BBC News 8 December 2009,
( 17 December 2013)
[Online} Mark Arabo told CNN during a Skype interview from San Diego, LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online)
(13 August 2014).
http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/search.php
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8325600.stm
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24690970
http://www.catholic.org/news/international/middle_east/story.php?id=56481
Picture 1: Children in Mosul Killed by ISIS
Picture 2: Parents collecting dead
bodies of their children killed by ISIS in
Syria
Picture 3: US journalist
beheaded by ISIS militant
Picture 4: Iraqi people crucified
by ISIS
134
2.2ISIS: The Gorgoneion Goal
Picture 5: Proposed map of Islamic State by ISIS
Picture 6: Rapidly Increasing Muslim Population in the World
135
3.2 ISIS: An American Blunder which turns into threat to the World.
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
The Long War Journal
The US Senator Lindsay Graham asseraten fear about the advance in Iraq in A TV
interview, pretended a new 9/11 is inevitable. He further exclaimed “ The
remove US military units created a void. Syria is a launching pad and if the central regime in
Iraq collapses- and that's the goal of the ISIS- Iran will own southern part of Iraq, that's
where the Shiites live; they can operate ISIS from Baghdad to Kurdistan all the way into
Syria. They will eventually march to Jorden and Lebnon- our best ally in the region is the
The group was established in 2003, as a reaction to the American-led invasion and
occupation of Iraq. Its first chief was the Jordanian rebellious , who
declared loyalty to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda group on 17 October 2004. Foreign
fighters from external Iraq were thought to play a key position in its network. The group
became a key target of the Iraqi government and its foreign allys, and attacks between
these groups resulted in more than 1,000 deaths every year between 2004 and 2010. The
IBT reported: "As per several corroborated reports, hundreds of ISIS militia were indeed
trained by US instructors for covert operations to destabilize Syrian President Bashar al-
Assad's government, though the training was strictly for Syria." ISIS's use of social media
has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US
companies" 3 May: Iraqi sources claimed that Abu Omar al-Baghdadi had been killed a
short time earlier. According to the , no evidence was provided to
support this and US sources remained skeptical. The Islamic State of Iraq released a
statement later that day, which denied his demise.
determination to
Ibid [Online]Johnlee Verghese, “ Iraq Crisis: ISIS Terrorists were Trained by US in 2012 for Syria Conflict” International Buissiness Times, 19 June 2014,
( 19 August 2014)
[Online]Raula Kalaf and Sam Jones, “ Selling Terror: How ISIS details its brutality”, Financial Times, 17 June 2014,
(18 June 2014)
[Online] “ U.S. says terrorists in Jail Carrol kidnapping Killed”, CNN, 4 May 2007,
(22 July 2014)
http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iraq-crisis-isis-terrorists-were-trained-by-us-2012-syria-conflict-602594
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/69e70954-f639-11e3-a038-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3EnTVwzwp
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/05/03/iraq.main/
136
King of Jorden- and they will assault us from the region of Iraq and Syria. Agreeing to our
own Director of National Intelligence, FBI Director, the next 9/11 is coming from here. I
guess it's inevitable, they plan to push us out of the Mideast by attacking us here at home”
4. Emerging Geopolitics.
5. ConclusionSpeculations regarding the future indicate the end of newly establishing Caliphate and
ISIS by US and its allies, but the roots of the terrorism are deeper in Islam. Islam at
With the announcement, "America will lead a broad coalition to roll back this terrorist
threat. Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a
comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy." USA President Obama
commenced full fledged resistance against ISIS. In retaliation ISIS beheaded one more
UK humanitarian aid worker David Cawthorne Haines with a video titled “ A message to
Allies of America” After rigourus strikes of Australian Military against ISIS brutal plan to
kill its citizens, desperated official spokeperson of ISIS released a speech “ Indeed , You
Lord is Ever Watchful” to encourage Muslims around the World to kill non Muslims.
About 70 countries are, in coalition with USA, fighting against ISIS. India is not yet
involved with the USA and EU forces because of its strategic interest with Iran and Israel.
Iran and Israel both the countries are Indian partners in the Middle East. Due to air strikes
and bombardments of the US and allies ISIS militants are hiding themselves in the Cities
for the protection. War against ISIS seems tougher than that of the Taliban and Iraq. But
ultimately technology and power would prevail.
In an Interview of a American TV Channel [Online]
( 23 August 2014) [ Online]Tom Cohen, “ Obama Outlines ISIS strategy: Airstrikes in Syria. More US forces”, CNN, 10 September, 2014.
(10 September 2014)
[Online]
Andrew Osbourne and Guy Faulconbridge, “UK's Cameron resists calls for air strikes despite hostage killing” Reuters, 14 September 2014,
( 14 September 2014)
http://www.mediaite.com/tv/lindsey-graham-the-next-911-is-coming-from-iraq-and-syria-and-its-inevitable/
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/10/politics/isis-obama-speech/index.html
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/14/us-iraq-crisis-execution-idUSKBN0H80SE20140914
137
large is suffering from misinterpretation, illiteracy, fanatism and non acceptance of
changes in the World which is constantly taking place. The Islamic religious faith is being
misused by Radical militants to acquire monopoly over lands and resources of infidels and
crusade is claimed as the only solution to guard Islam, the religion. ISIS is not a new
phenomenon, but the very root of it is grounded and continued from the very beginning,
Islam as a religion allow many such practices which provoke radical Muslims to spread it
through unfair means so called jihad. Jihad has many versions but one aim. The danger
may convert into third World War due to the strife between brutal radical ideology of Islam
and other faiths. Half of the world is influenced by Islam and it is spreading itself by every
possible ways which counters interests of the other religions. The only way is to educate
the Islamic fanatics and fetch them in main stream of the progressive World as soon as
possible otherwise the result is before us.
[Online] “ Stephen Harper condemns ISIS audio urging attacks on Canadians “ ,CBC World News, 21 September, 2014.
(21 September 2014). http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/stephen-harper-condemns-isis-audio-urging-attacks-on-canadians-1.2773636
138
References.
Books
Ata Ur Rahim, Mohammad , Thomsan, Ahmad. Jesus Prophet of Islam, rev. ed. London:
Ta-Ha Pub., 1995.
Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail, The Translation of the Meaning of Sahid al- Bukhari,
Medina: Dar al-Fikr, 1981.
Denffer, Ahmad von Ulum al-Quran: An introduction to the Sciences of the Quran ,
Leicestershire: Islamic Foundation, 1985.
Esposito, John. Islam: The Straight Path, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Godbole, Dr. V.S. Taj Mahal, Analysis of a great deception, Thane: Itihas Patrika
Prakashan, 2007.
Morgan, Diane. Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practoce , Santa
Barbera: ABC- CLIO, 2010.
Nuhas, Ibn. Book of Jihad, Berlin: Mounton Publisher, 1979.
Peters, Rudolph. Jihad in Medieval Islam, Leiden: Brill Acedemic Publishers, 1977.
Peter, Rudolph, Islam and Colonialism: The doctorine of Jihad in Modern History ,
Berlin: Mounton Publishers, 1979.
The Holy Qur'an ,UK: Islam Internal Publication Limited, 2004.
Barrett, David B., Johnson, Todd M. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200, CA:
William Carey Library, 2001.
Elst, Koenard. Negationism in India, New Delhi: Transaction Publishers 2002.
Sowell, Thomas. Race and Culture, New York: Basic Books, 1994.
139
Articles
Ahmed, Havidar “ The Yezidi Exodus, Girls Raped by ISIS jump to ther Death on Mount
Shingal”. Rudaw, 12 January 2014.
Chulov, Martin “How an arrest in Iraq revealed ISIS's $ 2 billion jihadist network”. The
Guardian, 23 Sep 2014.
Douglas E., “What does Jihas Mean?”, Middle East Quarterly, September 1997.
Ghamidi, Javed “The Islamic Law of Jihad”, Mizan, 8 July 1992.
, “ The Rump Islamic Emirates of Iraq”, The long War Journal, 2 June 2006.
Hubbard, Ben “ Life in a jihadist Capital: Order with a Darker side”. New York Times. 12
August 2014.
Zelin, Aaron “ The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has a consumer Protection Office. “ The
Atlantic, 13 June 2014.
Online Sources.
“ Baghdad bomb Fatalities Pass 150”, BBC News, 26 October 2009,
“ Baghdad Car Bomb Cause Carnage”, BBC News 8 December 2009,
Bowden, Jeremiah . Jihad and the Qur'an: The Case for a Non-Violent Interpretation of
t h e Q u r ' a n
Cohen, Tom “ Obama Outlines ISIS strategy: Airstrikes in Syria. More US forces”, CNN, 10 September, 2014.
Harian Sinar
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8325600.stm
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24690970
https://www.academia.edu/621299/Jihad_and_the_Qur'an_The_Case_for_a_NonViole
nt_Interpretation_of_the_Qur'an
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/10/politics/isis-obama-speech/index.html
140
“Convert, Pay Tax, or die, Islamic States warns Christians”. The Guardian,
Fisher, Max “ How ISIS is exploiting the economics of Syria's civil war”, Vox.
Goldberg, Jefferey “ Hillary Clinton: Failure to help Syrian rebels led to the rise of ISIS, The Atlantic.
Gregor, Richard MC “ US Signals escalation in ISIS fight” Financial Times.
Holmes, Oliver “ Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL”, Reuters. 3 February, 2014.
“IS Jihadists demanded ransom to free Foley “. Middle East News. Net,
IS jihadi group beheads US journalist Steven Sotloff “ Big News Network.com,
“ ISIS : Southern Division praises foreign suicide bombers”. The Long War Journal,
“ Islamic State” Australian National Security. Australian Government.
Johnson, M.Alex “ Devient and Pathological”: What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?” NBC News .
Kalaf, Raula and Jones, Sam , “ Selling Terror: How ISIS details its brutality”, Financial Times, 17 June 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/isis-islamic-state-issue-ultimatum-to-
iraq-christians
http://votifi.com/articles/18999
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/hillary-clinton-failure-to-
help-syrian-rebels-led-to-the-rise-of-isis/375832/
h t t p : / / w w w . f t . c o m / c m s / s / 0 / 2 0 3 0 0 a 7 6 - 2 9 7 f - 1 1 e 4 - b a e c -
00144feabdc0.html#axzz3EhS9Kb4J
h t t p : / / w w w. r e u t e r s . c o m / a r t i c l e / 2 0 1 4 / 0 2 / 0 3 / u s - s y r i a - c r i s i s - q a e d a -
idUSBREA120NS20140203
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/70-people-killed-iraq-mosque-1591715332
http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/steven-sotloff.html
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/isis-southern-division.php
http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx
http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/deviant-pathological-what-do-isis-
extremists-really-want-n194136
141
h t t p : / / w w w . f t . c o m / i n t l / c m s / s / 2 / 6 9 e 7 0 9 5 4 - f 6 3 9 - 1 1 e 3 - a 0 3 8 -
00144feabdc0.html#axzz3EnTVwzwp
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23283079
https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor
http://www.catholic.org/news/international/middle_east/story.php?id=56481
http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Themes/jihad_passages.html
http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/search.php
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/14/america-s-allies-are-funding-
isis.html
http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheQUR'ANHowitwasRevealedandC
ompiled.pdf
http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/bhavan_navneet_1_2/digest_1_2.pdf
www.iraq-terrorists-becoming-army-094500336--politics.html
http://citizen.co.za/52696/sexual-jihad-is-a-bit-much/
“Key Free Syria Army rebel 'Killed by Islamist Group' “ , BBC News, 12 July 2013,
Knights, Michael “ The ISIL's stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor”, Combating Terrorism Center.
Mark Arabo told CNN during a Skype interview from San Diego, LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online)
Natan, Yoel “ 164 Jihad Verses in the Quran”, answering Islam.org.
One sided violence- ISIS Civilians- Actor information- summary, Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopedia (Iraq).
Roin, Josh “ America's Allies are funding ISIS “, The Daily Beast
Shafi , Dr. Mohammad, The QUR`AN - How it was Revealed and Compiled
Kabir, Navneet .
Lake, Eli “ Iraqs Terrorists are becoming a full Blown Army:, The Daily Beast .
Martin, Williams, “Sexual jihad is a bit much". The Citizen.
Osbourne, Andrew and Faulconbridge, Guy “UK's Cameron resists calls for air strikes despite hostage killing” Reuters, 14 September 2014,
142
h t tp : / /www. reu t e r s . com/a r t i c l e /2014 /09 /14 /u s - i r aq -c r i s i s - execu t ion -
idUSKBN0H80SE20140914
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php
http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/stephen-harper-condemns-isis-audio-urging-attacks-on-canadians-1.2773636
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10958388/Iraq-jihadists-
seize-nuclear-material-says-ambassador-to-UN.html (15
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/18/isis-or-isil-the-
debate-over-what-to-call-iraqs-terror-group/
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615634-sunni-religious-
authorities-turn-against-islamic-state-slow-backlash
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/05/03/iraq.main/
http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iraq-crisis-isis-terrorists-were-trained-by-us-2012-syria-
conflict-602594
h t t p : / / w w w . w a s h i n g t o n p o s t . c o m / w p -
dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060902040.html
Roggio, Bill “ The Rump Islamic Emirates of Iraq” The Long War Journal,16 Oct. 2006
“ Stephen Harper condemns ISIS audio urging attacks on Canadians “ ,CBC World News, 21 September, 2014.
Sherlock, Ruth “Iraq jihadists seize 'neuclear material', says ambassador to UN” The Telegraph.
Tharoor, Ishaan “ ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group” The Washington Post. 18 June 2014.
“ The slow backlash- Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State “ The Economist .
“ U.S. says terrorists in Jail Carrol kidnapping Killed”, CNN, 4 May 2007,
Verghese, Johnlee “ Iraq Crisis: ISIS Terrorists were Trained by US in 2012 for Syria Conflict” International Buissiness Times, 19 June 2014,
Whitelock, Craig “ Death Could Shake Al- Qaeda In Iraq and Around the World” The Washington Post.
Withnall, Adam “ Iraq Crisis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with restoration of caliphate in Middle East. The Independent. 12 June 2008
143
http://hebrewnationonline.com/iraq-crisis-isis-changes-name-and-declares-its-
territories-a-new-islamic-state-with-restoration-of-caliphate-in-middle-east/
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/jul/03/isis-
iraqi-women-rape-violence-repression
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-war-between-isis-and-al-
qaeda-for-supremacy-of-the-global-jihadist
Yifat , Susskind, "Under Isis, Iraqi women again face an old nightmare: violence and
repression".The Guardian.
Zelin, Aron “ The War between ISIS and al- Qaeda for supremacy of the Global jihadist movement” Wasingoton Institute for near east policy,
144
Participation behaviour of college-going boys in leisure and social
activities
Khushwinder Kaur * Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science & Fashion Designing ,
Dev Samaj College, Ferozepur city
Kanwaljit Kaur Brar **Professor, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Abstract
Participation in various leisure and social activities not only serves as an indicator
for the merchandisers and designers regarding their life style, but also enables them to
identify the fashion opinion-leaders. It provides clues about the type of outfits they might
need for performing various activities. This information might also be useful for planning
the promotional strategies. The present study employed a 'survey method' to investigate the
social participation behaviour of 150 college-going boys in the age group of 20-25 years
selected randomly from five colleges of Ludhiana city. The statistical analysis of data
revealed that the majority of the college-going boys (96.00%) preferred ready-made
garments. The largest segment of respondents (11.30 and 48.67%) waited eagerly and felt
delighted to see a new fashion. The largest percentage of college-going boys (48.67%)
spent less than 15 minutes in planning what to wear and getting ready. Time spent in
planning and getting ready is also an indicator of level of interest taken by the college-
going boys in their appearance and thereby experimenting with various colour
combinations and styles. A large percentage of college-going boys 73.48 per cent
participated in sports, followed by 34.09 per cent who were interested in cultural co-
curricular activities. Majority of the college-going boys (80.67%) were fond of “watching
movies” during the leisure time followed by 'playing games' (40.67 %), 'chatting on
internet' (37.33%) and 'enjoying food in restaurants (35.33%). Majority of the college-
going boys (87.33%) spent time with friends as informal social activity followed by
'listening to music' and 'watching television' by 61.33 per cent and 32.67 per cent college-
going boys, respectively. A significant association was found between leisure time
activities of college-going boys and time of adoption. Participation of college-going boys
in varied leisure and social activities demands appropriate clothing for each occasion.
Changes in the amount and type of leisure activity have resulted in a move away from
formal codes of dress to much more casual styling. The increased amount of leisure time
that people have, due to shorter working hours, more electronic help in home and
convenience foods has led to a need for more clothing to wear in these leisure hours.
145
Introduction
The word “fashion? refers to the prevailing style accepted and used by the majority
of a group over a period of time. Clothing is one of the most popularly exploited fashion
medium for manifestation of aesthetic and artistic temperament, creativity and self
expression. In the past, fashion was favoured to reveal solidarity through similarities and
conformity in their choice of clothes. Over the period of time, it took the form of a response
to varied internal and external multiple stimuli including a feeling, an event, an era, a crisis,
an action and an enthusiasm. Therefore, fashion became a reflection of social change,
economic success or failure, political strife or its absence, technological advancements,
psychological implications and current events. (Carpentier 1971)
Objectives
·To study the participation behaviour of college-going boys in various activities.
·To study the relationship between leisure time activities of college-going boys and
time of adoption.
Methodology
A sample of 150 respondents, consisting of 75 each urban and rural college going boys
aged between 20-25 years was selected randomly from five colleges of Ludhiana. These
colleges were selected purposively to include the respondents of varied backgrounds and
educational streams. Students of first year of graduation programmes were not included in
the sample considering that period to be a transitional phase for them to adjust to the
college environment. Data were personally conducted by employing an interview
schedule especially constructed for this purpose. The data were analysed statistically by
calculating percentages and chi square.
Results and Discussion
Background information of respondents: Maximum number of respondents were in the
age group of 22-24 years (65.33%), pursuing B.Tech. degree programme (36.67%) and
had their school education from private schools (55.33%). Equal percentages of the
respondents (16.00%) were studying in B.Sc. and B.A. degree programmes. Only 14 per
cent respondents were pursuing their post-graduation degree programmes. A large number
of respondents (44.00%) had total family's monthly income between Rs.20,000-40,000.
Eight per cent respondents' monthly family income was one lac or more. Majority of the
146
respondents, i.e. 77.33 per cent, belonged to nuclear families. Equal number of college-
going boys had urban and rural backgrounds.
Participation in co-curricular activities
Distribution of college-going boys for participation in various co-curricular
activities has been presented in Table 1. A large percentage of college-going boys 73.48
per cent participated in sports. Comparatively fewer percentages of opinion-leaders were
involved in NSS, but they showed more interest in NCC.
Table 1.Participation of the respondents in co-curricular activities (n=132)*
Activities
Opinion-leaders (n=64)
Non- leaders (n=68)
f (%)
Cultural
Sports
NSS
NCC
45
97
11
31
34.09
73.48
8.33
23.48
f - Frequency *Multiple responses
Participation of respondents in various leisure and social activities
Data for participation of respondents in various leisure and social activities has
been presented in Table 2. Majority of the college-going boys (80.67%) showed keen
interest in 'watching movies' followed by 'playing games' (40.67 %) and 'chatting on
internet' (37.33%).
Table 2 Participation of respondents in various leisure and social activities (n=150)*
Type of activity College-going boys
f %
Leisure time activities
Visiting museums and exhibitions 18 12.00
147
Type of activity College-going boys
f %
Leisure time activities
Traveling 22 14.67
Watching movies 121 80.67
Visiting restaurants 53 35.33
Visiting beer bars 43 28.67
Visiting dance clubs 25 16.60
Exercising 44 29.33
Playing games 61 40.67
Renting videos 07 04.67
Shopping 50 33.33
Chatting on internet 56 37.33
Painting/sketching 05 03.33
Informal social activity
Spending time with friends 131 87.33
Playing indoor games 13 08.67
Watching television 49 32.67
Listening to music 92 61.33
Indulging in eve teasing 01 00.67
f = Frequency *Multiple responses
A small segment of college-going boys (3.33%) were interested in
'painting/sketching'. Majority of the college-going boys (87.33%) spent time with friends
as informal social activity followed by 'listening to music' and 'watching television' by
61.33 per cent and 32.67 per cent college-going boys, respectively.
148
Relationship between leisure time activities of college-going boys and time of adoption
It can be envisaged from the data in Table 3 that there is a significant association
between leisure time activities of college-going boys and time of adoption. Changes in the
amount and type of leisure activity have resulted in a move away from formal codes of
dress to much more casual styling. The increased amount of leisure time that people have,
due to shorter working hours, more electronic help in home and convenience foods has led
to a need for more clothing to wear in these leisure hours. Leisure wear, particularly in the
guise of sports-wear such as sweatshirts, t-shirts, jogger bottoms or polo shirts and
tracksuits are worn by majority (Easey 1997).
Table3. Relationship between leisure time activities of college-going boys and
time of adoption
Leisure time activities
Wearing latest fashion clothing is of …
great importance
moderate importance
slight importance
least importance
no importance
Total
Visiting museums and exhibitions
02
08
06
02
0
18
Traveling
05
09
03
04
01
22
Watching movies
90
12
11
08
0
121
Visiting restaurants
20
18
12
03
0
53
Visiting beer bars
13
12
15
03
0
43
Visiting dance clubs
15
05
05
0
0
25
Exercising
12
22
05
05
0
44
Playing games
30
15
15
01
0
61
Renting videos
02
03
01
-
01
07
Shopping
20
15
10
05
0
50
Chatting on internet
22
15
14
05
0
56
Painting/sketching
01
02
01
01
0
05
?2 = 84.628**
**Significant at 1% level of significance
149
The results of the study revealed that majority of the college-going boys (80.67%) showed
keen interest in “watching movies? followed by “playing games? (40.67 %) and “chatting on
internet? (37.33%). Majority of the college-going boys (87.33%) spent time with friends as
informal social activity followed by 'listening to music' and 'watching television' by 61.33
per cent and 32.67 per cent college-going boys, respectively. A large percentage of
college-going boys 73.48 per cent participated in sports. A significant association was found
between leisure time activities of college-going boys and time of adoption.
References
Carpentier GE (1971) Fashion Merchandising. Pp.71. McGraw-Hill Inc, USA.
Easey M (1997) Fashion Marketing. Pp. 43-67. Blackwell Science Ltd, UK.
150
ASHU GRAPHICS (FEROZEPUR PRINTING PRESS)Mall Road, Ferozepur City (Punjab) - 152 002
![The starred publications are in Peer-reviewed Congress ... · The starred publications are in Peer-reviewed Congress Proceedings, the others are in Peer- Reviewed Journals 2018 [178]](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5ead514d568d9a70b57151ef/the-starred-publications-are-in-peer-reviewed-congress-the-starred-publications.jpg)
