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©Fraunhofer ISE/Foto: Guido Kirsch
© Fraunhofer ISEFHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
Photon Management Enables High Efficiency Photovoltaics
Henning Helmers
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
4th Fraunhofer Symposium on „Digital Photonics made in Germany“
Tokyo, 09.10.2019
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
December 12, 2015Paris, France
© Fraunhofer ISE
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1.5e18 kWh/year
>10‘000 times the worldenergy consumption
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Silicon-based Photovoltaics Solarsiedlung, Stadtteil Vauban, Freiburg, Germany
Picture: Rolf Disch SolarArchitektur, www.rolfdisch.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Silicon-based Photovoltaics: Top 25 Operational Solar PV Plants in Japan
Pictures: https://asia.solar-asset.management/top-25-largest-projects
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Terawatt-scale Photovoltaics: Trajectories and Challenges [1]
Solar capacity is growing exponentially for decades
2018, solar PV capacity additions passed 100 GW mark
Exponential growth rate of solar substantially greater than growth in electricity demand
Request to technology
Further cost reduction
Efficiency increase (=reduced balance of system cost)
[1] NM Haegel, R Margolis, T Buonassisi, D Feldman, A Froitzheim, R Garabedian, M Green, S Glunz, HM Henning, B Holder, I Kaizuka, B Kroposki, K Matsubara, S Niki, K Sakurai, RA Schindler, W Tumas, ER Weber, G Wilson, M Woodhouse, S Kurtz, Science 356(6334), 2017. DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1288
[2] REN21. Renewables 2019 Global Status Report, 2019. ISBN 978-3-9818911-7-1
2018[2]
Glo
bal
po
wer
pla
nts
cap
aci
ty[T
W]
or
ad
dit
ion
s[T
W/y
ear]
Total
Total additions
Solar
Solar additions
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[#] Yoshikawa, et al., Nature Energy 2, 2017.[§] Polman, et al., Science 352, 2016 (latest values: www.lmpv.nl/SQ).
Silicon Based Solar Cells: State of the Art
Si
Si single-junctionsolar cell
Kaneka IBC record cell [#]=26.7%
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500 1000 1500 2000 25000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Spec
tral i
rradi
ance
[W/m
²/nm
]Wavelength [nm]
Solar spectrum Si
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsHow to Make Better Use of the Broad Band Solar Spectrum?
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit [†]
Si
Si single-junctionsolar cell
Kaneka IBC record cell [#]=26.7%
[#] Yoshikawa, et al., Nature Energy 2, 2017.[§] Polman, et al., Science 352, 2016 (latest values: www.lmpv.nl/SQ).[†] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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500 1000 1500 2000 25000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Spec
tral i
rradi
ance
[W/m
²/nm
]Wavelength [nm]
Solar spectrum Si
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsHow to Make Better Use of the Broad Band Solar Spectrum?
[†] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961.
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit [†]
Si
Si single-junctionsolar cell
X
–
–
–
–
+++
+
EC
EV
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High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsEnabled by Photon Management
Manipulate the spectrum [1,2,3,4]
Adapt the receiver material
[1] Götzberger, Greubel, Appl Phys 14, 1977: Luminescent concentrator[2] Young, Appl Opt 5(6), 1966: Solar-pumped fiber laser[3] Harder and Würfel, Semicond Sci Tech 18, 2003: Thermophotovoltaics[4] Trupke, Green, Würfel, J Appl Phys 92, 2002: Up- and down-conversion of photons
Fondriest Environmental “Solar Radiation and Photosynethically Active Radiation.” Fund Environ Meas. 2014.
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsEnabled by Photon Management
Manipulate the spectrum [1,2,3,4]
Solar-pumped fiber laser [2]
Adapt the receiver materialbelow/above
laser threshold
Reusswig, Nechayev, Scherer, Hwang, et al, Scientific Reports 5, 2015.
[1] Götzberger, Greubel, Appl Phys 14, 1977: Luminescent concentrator[2] Young, Appl Opt 5(6), 1966: Solar-pumped fiber laser[3] Harder and Würfel, Semicond Sci Tech 18, 2003: Thermophotovoltaics[4] Trupke, Green, Würfel, J Appl Phys 92, 2002: Up- and down-conversion of photons
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Reusswig, Nechayev, Scherer, Hwang, et al, Scientific Reports 5, 2015.
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsEnabled by Photon Management
Manipulate the spectrum [1,2,3,4]
Solar-pumped fiber laser [2]
Adapt the receiver materialbelow/above
laser threshold
Yabe, Ohkubo, Uchida, Yoshida, et al, Appl Phys Lett 90, 2007.
[1] Götzberger, Greubel, Appl Phys 14, 1977: Luminescent concentrator[2] Young, Appl Opt 5(6), 1966: Solar-pumped fiber laser[3] Harder and Würfel, Semicond Sci Tech 18, 2003: Thermophotovoltaics[4] Trupke, Green, Würfel, J Appl Phys 92, 2002: Up- and down-conversion of photons
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Photovoltaic Laser Power ConvertersTheoretical Limit
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single-junction PV cell
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Solar cell
Bandgap Eg [eV]
Opt
o-el
ectri
cal c
onve
rsio
n ef
ficie
ncy
[%]
Wavelength [nm]
3 2 1 0.7
[#] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961.
[#]
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Photovoltaic Laser Power ConvertersTheoretical Limit
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single-junction PV cell
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 W/cm²10 W/cm²1 W/cm²
0.1 W/cm²
Solar cell
0.01 W/cm²
Bandgap Eg [eV]
Opt
o-el
ectri
cal c
onve
rsio
n ef
ficie
ncy
[%]
Wavelength [nm]
0.1 W/cm²
Laser powerconverter
3 2 1 0.7
[#] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961. [§] Bett, Dimroth, Löckenhoff, Oliva, Schubert, Proc IEEE PVSC, San Diego, 2008.
[#]
[§]
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Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters Photon Management by Bandgap Engineering: III-V Compound Semiconductors
III IV V
5 B 6 C 7 N
13 Al 14 Si 15 P
31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As
49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb
81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 400 800 1200 16000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
In0.
53G
a 0.4
7As
InG
aAsP
InG
aAsP
Ga 0
.85In
0.15
As
GaA
s
Spec
tral r
espo
nse
[A/W
]
Wavelength [nm]
Ga 0
.50In
0.50
P
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Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters Photon Management by Bandgap Engineering: III-V Compound Semiconductors
III IV V
5 B 6 C 7 N
13 Al 14 Si 15 P
31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As
49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb
81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 400 800 1200 16000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
In0.
53G
a 0.4
7As
InG
aAsP
InG
aAsP
Ga 0
.85In
0.15
As
GaA
s
Spec
tral r
espo
nse
[A/W
]
Wavelength [nm]
Ga 0
.50In
0.50
P
1550
1310
1064
980
850
808
650
1625
635
830
Common laser wavelengths [nm]
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Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters Light Trapping and Photon Recycling
Cell on substrate: Emitted photons fromthe absorber are lost into the substrate
GaAs substrate
GaAs PV cell
750 800 850 900 95010-3
10-2
10-1
100
Emission spectrumof GaAs
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
Wavelength [nm]
1.6 1.5 1.4Energy [eV]
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Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters Light Trapping and Photon Recycling
Cell on substrate: Emitted photons fromthe absorber are lost into the substrate
Back mirror: Light is trapped inside theabsorber increased carrier concentration boost voltage („photon recycling“) [#]
Schilling, et al., IEEE JPV 8(1), 2018.
Miller, et al, IEEE JPV 2(3), 2012.
GaAs substrate
GaAs PV cell
GaAs PV cell
750 800 850 900 95010-3
10-2
10-1
100
Emission spectrumof GaAs
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
Wavelength [nm]
1.6 1.5 1.4Energy [eV]
[#] Miller, et al., IEEE JPV 2(3), 2012. | Walker, et al., IEEE JPV 5(6), 2015.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters Light Trapping and Photon Recycling
Cell on substrate: Emitted photons fromthe absorber are lost into the substrate
Back mirror: Light is trapped inside theabsorber increased carrier concentration boost voltage („photon recycling“)
Schilling, et al., IEEE JPV 8(1), 2018.
10-3 10-2 10-1 100
1.01.11.21.356586062646668
V OC [V
]
Tunable laser (860 nm) LaserSim (809 nm) FlashSim (broad band) MuSim (broad band)
860
nm [%
]
Equivalent input power P860nm [W]
67.3%
Ades=0.054 cm²T=25°C
Helmers, Höhn, Lackner, López, et al., Proc OWPT, Yokohama, 2019.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Power (and Data) by LightOptical Power Transmission – An Enabling Technology
Picture: Christine Daniloff
Wireless power
Explosion protection
Picture: wikipedia/C-Axwel-CC-BY
Galvanic isolation
Picture: Dennis Richardson
Electro-magnetic interference
Picture: St Jude Medical
Lightning protection
Picture: www.cleanandgreenlaw.com Picture: wiki.vag.cc
Weight reduction
Helmers, Lackner, Siefer, Oliva, et al., Proc 32nd EU PVSEC, Munich, 2016.Helmers, Höhn, Lackner, López, et al., Proc OWPT, Yokohama, 2019.
© Fraunhofer ISE© Fraunhofer ISE © Hustvedt/CC-BY-SA-3.0/GFDL
Laser PV cellFree space/
optical fiber
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High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsEnabled by Photon Management
Manipulate the spectrum
Adapt the receiver material
Multi-junction solar cells [1,2]
Fondriest Environmental “Solar Radiation and Photosynethically Active Radiation.” Fund Environ Meas. 2014.
[1] Henry, J Appl Phys 51, 1980.[2] Philipps, Dimroth, Bett, in: McEvoy's Handbook of Photovoltaics, Kalogirou (Ed.), London: Academic Press, 2018.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
500 1000 1500 2000 25000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Spec
tral i
rradi
ance
[W/m
²/nm
]Wavelength [nm]
Solar spectrum Si
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsHow to Make Better Use of the Broad Band Solar Spectrum?
[#] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961.
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit [#]
Si
Si single-junctionsolar cell
X
–
–
–
–
+++
+
EC
EV
© Fraunhofer ISE
23
FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
500 1000 1500 2000 25000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Spec
tral i
rradi
ance
[W/m
²/nm
]Wavelength [nm]
Solar spectrum Si AlGaAs AlGaInP
High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsHow to Make Better Use of the Broad Band Solar Spectrum?
[#] Shockley and Queisser, J Appl Phys 32(3), 1961.[§] Létay and Bett, Proc 17th EU PVSEC, Munich, Germany, 2001.
Detailed balance calculation in the Shockley-Queisser limit [#,§]
III-V/Si tandemsolar cell
Si
Tunnel diodeAlGaAsTunnel diodeGaInP –
––
++
+
EC
EV
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High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsSi-Tandem Technology Expected
https://itrpv.vdma.org/
1% of 200 GWp
> 6×106 m2/year
Fischer, PV CellTech Conf., 2019. https://itrpv.vdma.org/
Wo
rld
mark
et
share
[%]
© Fraunhofer ISE
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High-efficiency PhotovoltaicsPresent and Future Markets
0.16[#]
sonomotors.com
Solar electricvehicles
Cube sats / high altitude
pseudo satellites
Solar-powered Toyota Prius
[#] Mono PERC cell, high, http://pvinsights.com/ (27.09.2019)
102 103 104 105 107 108 109
1
10
100
0.1So
lar
cell
cost
[€/W
]Market size [m²/a]
Flat panel
Space
Cube sats/HAPS
Automotive
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III-V/Si Tandem Solar CellsFabrication Approach: Wafer Bonding Route
Si
Cariou, Benick, Feldmann, Höhn, et al, Nature Energy 3, 2018.
Tunnel diodeAlGaAsTunnel diodeGaInP
GaAs substrate
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III-V/Si Tandem Solar CellsFabrication Approach: Wafer Bonding Route
Cariou, Benick, Feldmann, Höhn, et al, Nature Energy 3, 2018.
Si
Tunnel diodeAlGaAsTunnel diodeGaInP
GaAs substrate
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III-V/Si Tandem Solar Cellswith Rear-side Photonic Grating
Photonic light trapping realized bynanoimprint lithography
Boost in photo current of Si subcell(indirect semiconductor absorber)
Si
Tunnel diodeAlGaAsTunnel diodeGaInP
Ag
p+ poly-Si
Resist
1 µm
Cariou, Benick, Feldmann, Höhn, et al, Nature Energy 3, 2018.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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III-V/Si Tandem Solar Cellswith Rear-side Photonic Grating
Photonic light trapping realized bynanoimprint lithography
Boost in photo current of Si subcell(indirect semiconductor absorber)
Cariou, Benick, Feldmann, Höhn, et al, Nature Energy 3, 2018.Fraunhofer ISE, press release #22, 28.09.2019.
Si
Tunnel diodeAlGaAsTunnel diodeGaInP
Ag
p+ poly-Si
Resist
1 µm 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cur
rent
den
sity
[mA/
cm²]
Voltage [V]
rear-side: planar photonic [%]: 32.3 34.1
AM1.5g, 1000 W/m², T=25°C, A=3.987 cm²
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Bio-inspired Photonic Structures for Integrated PhotovoltaicsMorpho-Color®
Idea:
Morpho butterfly: bright, angle independent color originated from a 3D photonic structure
Realization:
Morpho effect reproduced by Bragg stack on a structured substrate
Potyrailo et al, Nat Comm 6, 2015.
Solar cell
Laminate
Bragg stack
Module glass
Höhn, Kroyer, Bläsi, Kuhn, Hinsch, Patent: WO/2018/154045.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Bio-inspired Photonic Structures for Integrated Photovoltaics: Morpho-Color® PV Modules for Building Integration
Narrow band reflection:
Bright color appearance
Only 7% relative efficiency reduction
Various colors possible
Only module glass is modified
Standard solar cells and lamination processes can be used
Demonstrator modules: 1.09 x 1.12 m2
Höhn, Kroyer, Bläsi, Kuhn, Hinsch, Patent: WO/2018/154045.
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Bio-inspired Photonic Structures for Integrated Photovoltaics: Morpho-Color® PV Modules for Vehicle Integration
Fraunhofer ISE, press release #23, 02.09.2019
Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA), 2019
© Fraunhofer ISE
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
Photon Management Enables High Efficiency PhotovoltaicsSummary
Power-by-Light
Bandgap engineering for PV laser power converters
Efficiency of 860nm=67.3% enabled by photon recycling
Tandem solar cells
Photonic rear-side gratings enable light trapping
III-V/Si tandem solar cell with 34.1% efficiency demonstrated
Photonic structures enable invisible photovoltaicse.g. for building and vehicle integration
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Acknowledgements
Sincere thanks to
all sponsors for financial support
all partners
all co-workers at Fraunhofer ISE
Photo: Dirk Mahler
© Fraunhofer ISE
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FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL
Thank you for your Attention!
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Dr. Henning Helmers, Deputy Head of Department “III-V Photovoltaics and Concentrator Technology”
www.ise.fraunhofer.de | www.III-V.de | s.fhg.de/profile-h-helmers