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VowelsVowels
Upper and lower articulators Upper and lower articulators relatively far apartrelatively far apart
cf. manner of articulationcf. manner of articulation
A five vowel systemA five vowel systeme.g. Spanish
Tongue advancement Tongue advancement (backness)(backness)
frontfront centralcentral backback
Vow
el (T
ong
ue)
Vow
el (T
ong
ue)
heig
ht
heig
ht
highhigh ii uu
midmid ee oo
lowlow ɑɑ
Spanish vowelsSpanish vowels
frontfront centralcentral backback
highhigh [mis[misɑɑ] ] ‘Mass’‘Mass’
[mus[musɑɑ]] ‘muse’‘muse’
midmid [mes[mesɑɑ] ] ‘table’‘table’
[mosk[moskɑɑ] ] ‘housefly‘housefly’’
lowlow [m[mɑɑssɑɑ]] ‘dough’‘dough’
Lip roundingLip rounding A third parameter of vowel systemsA third parameter of vowel systems (height – backness – rounding)(height – backness – rounding) Vowels of SpanishVowels of Spanish
– [i] = high front unrounded vowel[i] = high front unrounded vowel– [e] = mid front unrounded vowel[e] = mid front unrounded vowel– [u] = high back rounded vowel[u] = high back rounded vowel– [o] = mid back rounded vowel[o] = mid back rounded vowel– [[ɑɑ] = low back unrounded vowel] = low back unrounded vowel
Most languages: high or mid back vowels tend to be round; other vowels unround
Vowel quality vs. quantityVowel quality vs. quantity Vowel “quality”Vowel “quality”
– height: high vs. mid vs. lowheight: high vs. mid vs. low– backness: front vs. central vs. backbackness: front vs. central vs. back– rounding: rounded vs. unroundedrounding: rounded vs. unrounded
Vowel “quantity”: long vs. shortVowel “quantity”: long vs. short
Danish vowel length Danish vowel length contrastscontrasts
http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter9/danish/danish.html
Modern English vowelsModern English vowels
Middle English > Modern English Middle English > Modern English – Long vowels (600 years ago) >now ‘tense’Long vowels (600 years ago) >now ‘tense’– Short vowels > ‘lax’Short vowels > ‘lax’
““Tenseness”Tenseness”– Positions of tongue or lipsPositions of tongue or lips
““more extreme”: tensemore extreme”: tense less extreme: laxless extreme: lax
– DurationDuration ““usually longer”: tenseusually longer”: tense shorter: laxshorter: lax
English also hasEnglish also has
Monophthongs vs. diphthongsMonophthongs vs. diphthongs– Monophthong = 1 vowel qualityMonophthong = 1 vowel quality
hawedhawed [ [ɑɑ]]
– Diphthong = sequence of vowel Diphthong = sequence of vowel qualitiesqualities hidehide [ [ɑɪɑɪ]]
Western North AmericaWestern North America
frontfront centralcentral backback
unroundedunrounded unroundedunrounded roundedrounded
highhigh heed [i]heed [i] who’d [u]who’d [u]
hid [hid [ɪɪ]] hood [hood [ʊʊ]]
midmid hayed [ehayed [eɪɪ]] hoed [ohoed [oʊʊ]]
head [ɛ] [ɛ] HUD [HUD [ʌʌ]]
lowlow had [had [ææ]] sod [ɑ]sod [ɑ]
lax vowelslax vowelslax vowels [eɪ] = [ej]; [oʊ] = [ow][eɪ] = [ej]; [oʊ] = [ow]
Further east in North Further east in North AmericaAmerica
frontfront centralcentral backback
unroundedunrounded unroundedunrounded roundedrounded
highhigh heed [i]heed [i] who’d [u]who’d [u]
hid [hid [ɪɪ]] hood [hood [ʊʊ]]
midmid hayed [ehayed [eɪɪ]] hoed [ohoed [oʊʊ]]
headhead [[ɛɛ]] HUD [HUD [ʌʌ]] hawedhawed [[ɔɔ]]
lowlow had [had [ææ]] sodsod [[ɑɑ]]
[ɔ] is [ɔ] is a lax vowel, according to textbook
[[ɑɑ] vs. [] vs. [ɔɔ]]
cotcot [[ɑɑ]] caught [caught [ɔɔ]] Polly [Polly [ɑɑ]] Paulie [Paulie [ɔɔ]] Don [Don [ɑɑ]] dawn [dawn [ɔɔ]]
A female speaker from New York City
Vowel summaryVowel summary
Main parametersMain parameters– Tongue heightTongue height– Tongue backness/advancementTongue backness/advancement– RoundingRounding
Some languagesSome languages– LengthLength– TensenessTenseness
Monophthongs vs. diphthongsMonophthongs vs. diphthongs