Philippine Quarterly ofculturE and Socav3 (1975\204 -236

I'IIE PHILIPFINE NEGRIMS IN TIIECONTEXT OF RESEARCH ON FOODGATITDRERS DURING TIIIS CENTURY

Rudolf Rahmann, SVD.

lciI

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

L Wilhelm Schmidt's app€al to study the food-gathercrs and the r€spons€ of anthropologirts

II. The rc{iscovery of the African rygmies andstudies generated ther€by

IIl. Negrito res€arch in the Philippines

A. The early yeals of this century

l. The Bur€au of Non{hrktian Tribes andDavid P. Barrows

2. William A. Reed

3. The Eeyer Papen

B. John M. carvan

l Biodata

2. GarYan's Negdto Manuscript

a ) M s A

b ) M s B

c ) M s C

d) Other manuscript forms

3. The contents of carvan\ Negrito manuecript and Bomemann's evaluation ofit

a) Ih unfinished state

b) The generalizations ther€in

c) The r€lative formlessness ofNegritocurture

d) Carvan's world view

4- Azcona's analysis of Garvan

5. Hochegger's book edition of Galvan'smanuscript

C. Morice Vanoverberyh, Paul Schebesta,Robert Fox. Marcelino kaceda. and others

CONCLUDING RLMARKS

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Thispaper is a contribution to the history ofanthropology (ethnolory) in the Phitippinesduring this century. While working on it thevriter realized anew that this subject is notonly a vast field of investigation but also amost .ewarding one. This paper, though ratherlong, is limited to the Negritos and certainlydoesnol exhaust the $bject matter. But it will,so the writer hopes, p.oyide a somewhat fullerand also more clarifying description and makea wider circle of anthropologists and studentsof anthropology aware of the various aspectsof the field research and theor€tical studies onthe Philippine Negritos accomplished duringthis century. It may also help us to see whatfuture Esearch about them still needs to bedone.

As stated in the Dedication, this issue of theQr.otterly is in honor of a great missionary-anthiopologist, Father Morice Vanoverberghof the Scheut Missionary Society. At the sametime, however, I would like to dedicate it tothe Society of the Divine Word which cele-brated its first centenary on Septembe. 8,1975. I am sure that Fr. Vanoverbeeh will notmind sharing the hono. \aith the Society,especially since his wo.k as an anthropologisthas from the very outset linked him closelywith it. As will be detailed in the pages ofthisarticle, several membeN ofthe S.V.D. (SocietasVerbi Divini. which is the Latin nane of theSociety) have participated, like our honorce,in the work of studying the Philippine Negritos,and it is for that rcason that the writer wishesto dedicate this pape. also to the S.V.D. on theoccasion oftJIe filst centenary ofits existenc€.

In his work, the late Father Wilhelm Schrnidt,the founder ol Aathropos, was generouslyencouEged and prudently guided by Father

I

5

3

I

;

r--:1 r,d Janss€n, the Founder of the S.V.D.-_:::

can be no doubt that the strong ands-r:r.rl intercst given to the shorl-statured:i: : i .s of the world in this century's anthro-:': .ifcal field research and systematic studies:.:<: largely back to the init iat ive of Fatheri. .1rir- Father Paul Schebesta, belonging to:: :l15! post-Schmidt generation in the Anthro-::! Insti tute, cal led Schmidt the RuJer zur>. =t,tenlorschung (Herald df Pygmy Research),. : : : .e which delighted Schmidt (cf. Schebesta

:: i \ ). Father Peter Schumacher of thei ' :e Fathers, a Pygmy explorer like Schebesta::: . :ates his work on the Kiw-Pygmies in East1::: .r to Father Sclmidt, the "Standard-:,:.::r" (Bannertrueger, of Pygmy research>-:umacher 1950:i i i ) . This paper wil l also try

:emonstrate how ltrongly Schmidt in---::r.cd

the studies on the Phil ippin€ Negritos.-rJ he who attracted Father Vanoverbergh:ii field work and obtained from Pope Pius

,. ::ic financial means for an expedition to the' ' : :ntos of no hem Luzon in 1925.

'i anoverbergh's expcdition to the Negritos' ilstem Luzon was discussed by him and

:' , r jdt when the two met, on the occasion of:.- :nidt 's world tour, in Manila in the year: j i The funJs for t l)rs r\prdit ion were in,J amounts provided by the hovincial of. Society of the Dvine Word in the Philip-

: - ii and by hofessor Joseph Schrijnen-r l l ! ,rd), Ceneral Secretarv of the ( inter-,: : rnal) Commission d' EnquCte Linguist ique.

. - i : !r\erbctgh write s that:

''Tlese gran!5. together with the unsnimous:rpport of the officials of the Philippine Com-:ronwealth, have allowed me to mate a fairlyjr.nsive study of several of the Negiito goupswho:habit eastem Luzon." (See Vanoverbergh 1937:9

VanoverbeBh writes that he met Schmidt inVanila in November 1936. However, the yea. was:lnainly 1935; see Henninger 1956:31. I, more-o!er, rememb€r thal Father Bomemtann and myselftul. prior to Father Schmidt's rEtum, some orderurlo the considenble amount of mail lhat was await-u|g him on his desk in St. cabri€l's. I left for my

signment at Fu Jen Uni€rsity in PekinS in eadyAugust 1936).

The value of the studies made by the late

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 205

Father Schebesta to our ptesent knowledge ofthe Philippine Negritos equal that of W.Schmidt's. Mention should also be made ofanother S.V.D. anthropologist, likewise of thefirst post-Schmidt genemtion, the late FatherMartin Gusinde. who had a keen intercst in thePhilippine Negritos although his merits are of amore peripheral nature.

Other outstanding contributions to our prc-sentday knowledge of the Philippine Negritoshave been made by three mote S.V.D. members,namely Fritz Bomemann, Hermann Hochegger,md Jesus Azcona. This writer is grateful that,having been a student of Schmidt and Sche-besta, he belongs to this fine group of anthro-pologists.

Another personal rcmark may be allowed. Thisarticle was *ritten snidst va.ious other, and pardyrath€r heavy, duties; not infrcquently fiagments oftrme had to be used for it. This by necessity entailssome shortcomings in the paper. On the otier hand,h.rdly any other anthropologist urould, so it seemsto me, be in an equally good position to deal in asomewhat comprchensir€ way with the subjectmatter as I am; and I felt that it should be dealtwith at once.Iwish to add that I would almosr neverhave b€€n able to writ€ tlis paper in a r€lativelyshort time without the faithful and constant help ofLydia Colina, S€cretary of the Editorial Oflicr ofSan Carlos hrblications. Miss Colina complet€lyspar€d me the trouble of going to the Libmry of theUniversity of San Carlos in order to get the literatureneeded. She pati€ntly twed and i€typed my drafts,prepaFd the Bibliography as well as the Appendic€s,and did most of the pmof readins. So I arn de€ply.indebted to her.

I. W. Schmidt's appeal to 6tudy the foodgather-ers and the tesponse of anttuopologistg.

In 1910, Father Wilhelm Schmidt publishedhis rather extensive work on the position ofthe Pygrny peoples in the history of thedevelopment oi man (Schmidt 1910). In theanimatedly wrilten conclusion of the work(pp.304-309), he made an appeal to the anthro-pologists and ethnologists as well as thescientific institutes and govemments of thecountries concemed for the study of thes€peoples. Moreover, he tecommended the

206

crcation of an intemational commission for re_search on the "Pygmies." In Schmidt's opinion,such studies would be a valuable contributionto the elucidation of the earliest history ofmankind. But Schmidt's appeal found at thattime no echo whatsoever, as he himself ad-mitted hfteen yeals later (Schmidt 1925).Furthemore, the outbreak of World War I inl9l4 made field work Qf that kind practicallyimpossible. After the war Schmidt took thematler energelically into his own hands.

The year 1925 saw the b€ginning of the fieldwork of Father Moric€ yaioverberyh, C.l C M., asalready mentioned, among the Negritos ofnorthemLuzon; of Father Peter Schum acher , among thePygmiesof Ruanda (s/p'a);and of Father Schebestd'among th€ Semang N€gritos ofMalaya. During thefollowing years, these three missionaries continuedtheir {ield work. In particular, Schebesta devotedhis whole life to r€search among the Semang, thePygmies of central Africa, the Negtitos of thePhilippines as well as to the subsequ€nt preparationof comprchensive scientific publications on thesepopulations. During the years I926'28 Viktorkhzelter did field work among the Bushmen (Kala-

hari Des€rt, south Africa), which was continuedduring the yea.s l95l and 1953 by Father MartinCusinde (Rahmann 1956:7 f.). How€ver, Gusinde slife work concentrated on the vanishing Indiatrtrib€s ofTienade Fuego, called Fuegians, after tleirhabitat, the southemmost part of South Amedca.

Even befot€ Vanoverbe$I did the field wotkmentioned above, Gusinde had begun (in l9l8) toorganize his field work amonS the Fuegians. He hadbeen in Santiago de Chile since 1912, and amongother duti$ he had at the time he held the positionof a S€ction Chief of the Museo de Etnologa yAntrcpologia of the Chilean capital. Th€ ChileanCovemment and the Archbishop of Santiago grant_ed finarcial support (Gusinde 1931, I:66f). ln th€Preface to the first volume of his great wotk on theFuegians Gusinde writes (p.viii) that FatherSchmidthad included the Fu€gians in his far'ran8ing plan ofpromoting .esearch among $e ethnologicaliy oldeslpr imrtrve people when he {Gus: inde, was st i l l a slu-dent (in St. Gabriel's Mission Seminary, M,Mlin8,near Vienna, where Schmidt was a member of theFaculty and edltor of AnthoPos). when Gusinde.Eported to Schmidt at the end ofworld War I abouthisfield work. the latter encouraged him unr€s€rved-ly and gaye support. Gusinde stayed anong the

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Fuegians altogether four times: he concluded hisfield work in 1924. Fath€r wilhelm Koppers, S.v D.,joined him during his third visit (1921-1922) to theFuegians.

Du.ing the months ofJuly-Ausust 1955, Gusindespent a few weeks in the Philippines. This Save hima chance to have a look at the Negitos in "cenhaland northem Luzon." He also visited Father Vano-verbergh in the Mountain Province with whom hehad lons discussions (Gusinde 1962:212). During ashort visit to Cebu, he undertook field trips toPanay and Mindanao in the company of MarcelinoMacedd. ln Pandy he met sevenl Negri lo groups inthe intenor of the Provinc€ of lloilo. A second tnptook him tothe yamanua in northeastern Mindanao.His plan to do field work among the PhilippineNegdtos the following year unfortunately did notmaterialize. It would have been very desirable tohave Gusind€'s views on the racial problems that theNe8ritos of the Philippines pose. In tlis connectionrefercnce may be made' to Sch€besta's opinion thatthe eye is a mor€ reliable guide (in matters of racialcharacteristics) than dead measurcmentdata(Schebesta 1938. l:x). lt may be sald that bothGusinde dnd Schebesta did hate a keen eye inmatlers of race (conceming the oft-mentionedPapuan racialelement among the Philippine Negdtos,see Rahma,l1n and Maceda 1955:820). We may men_l ion fuf lher lhdl Cusinde bnef l) Save his views onthe 'Aera". views lhat are largely still valid today,in 1962:239-242.

Gusinde did his last field work in the SchraderRan$ of eastem c€nt.al New Guinea durlng theniddle ofthe year 1956. He felt that he had veri{iedthe a.sqrmption that the short-statured people livingin isohtion in those hi8hlands ll/erc Pygmies. Hecalled them, after thek habitat, Ayom Pygmies(Gusinde 1958; 1962:252). As early as the thirddecade of this c€ntury, the New Guinea missionary

.Fraiz Kirschbaum, S.V.D., had dealt with these

rygmies in several brief publications; Lord Moynealso wrote about them (cf. Gusinde 1958:503;rcgarding Kirschbaum s€e also Rahmann 1956:9).

May I be pemitted to mention here tlat I metFatler Gusrnde at the Manila lntemational Arrportwhen he arrived in the Philippines in the second halfof July 1955. I was th€n on my way to Switzeilandin order to work for some yean in the editoialoffrct of Anthopo'lA the s€cond halfofS€ptemb€t1956, I had the pleasure of meeting Gusinde, thenalr€ady a septuagenarian, at th€ airport ofwashing-ton, D.C., upon his retum from his just-mentionedfield work in New Guinea.

- Tbe r-discovery of the Africa+ pygmiesadd studies genented theteby.

.: i i l l be useful to realize that W. Schmidt's..: : ,rr l interest in the "Pygmy peoples" was

: :Li:rply accidental. The scientific trends

:---:j durirg the first half of this century- tr-:::! pan of the keen interest which-<tci--asrs. physical anthropologists firstJd- b -a,i for some decades in these sho -i-a: ;.< ril.s. generally consid(''ed temnantsd ri] ::rkind. That intercst was aroused in

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRTTOS 20'7

the expedition leader to have the dwarf wellguarded lest he find his death in the waters ofthe Nile. He furthermote inslmcts him to re-port immediately to his court, after his retum,together with the dwarf. In his letter, he al-ready welcomes the dwarf with the words: ..To

the Heavenly Darcet greetings- Salutations tohim who makes the heart glad, to whom theKing Neferkara . . . sendshomage" (quotationfrom Ballif I 95 5: l5 ). Pharaoir Phiops mentionsin his letter that at an earlier time, under KinBAsosi, a dwarf had come to the coud of thepharaoh. This was, according to Gusinde, whohad more specific sources at his disposal, aboutone hundred yeals ea ier! around 2460 B.C.Gusinde comments on the mentionjng of Asosiby Phiops that the coming of a dwarf to thecourt of the pharaoh at Asosi's time musrhave left a deep impriit in the minds.of theEgyptians. The Pygmies' a.t ofdancinglis eventoday astonishing and their joy in dancmg sogreat that Eugen Fischer speaks of a dancingmania. He believes this extraordinary vitality isdu€ to the dch intakc ,.f insect food by thePygmies. Thiskind bffood contains the vitamincomplcx T which produces such effects (Fischer1955 :35 ) .

The role of dancers of the Pygmies at rre counsof the pharaohs prcvid€d t}le title of a book by NoelBallif, l€aderof a French expedition to the Pygmies:Les dahsews de Dieu, which appeared in 1954. Tirefollowing year an English as well as a cermantranslation appeared under the respective titles:I'he Dorcet al Cod (see Refercncet), Die Taenzet

Grcek-Roman antiquity had a raUter ex,tensive, although vague. knowledge of theAfrican Pygmiesl Phoeniciall merchants tradedamulets that represented Pygmies to l,leditena-nean countries, especially to Cyprus. In theliterary sources it is shown that the by tllenlaBely fabulous Pygmies had come to theattention of the Greeks itnd Romans. Even atthe t ime of Homer (ca.800 B.C.), Pygny talesmust have been already widespread in theGreek-spealing world because in the third songof the lliad (lll, 2-7) Homer explains the fightof the Trojans against the Greek by referringto the cranes which, flying from the cold and

I E._..n the Germar explorer, Georgloer::::nir. re{iscovered the Africant!3o:-. I meeting some of them in a Negrodr€ r: r ie northern Congo. It is true thatE t.: . :-: ea.l ier t ire French African gxplorer,ta :, C:rai l lu. claimed to have seen Pygnies! l5: \triaa. near the C)!!owe river. However,r;: : : Chail lu's report was somewhat roman-'-! : : i:rr'. European scholars hesitated to be-r;: . :r: the authority of Schweinfurth dis---.; i i doubts. Since thcn reports of ex-:\:.=:,. lr'hose main intercst were! however.pi =.i : Ic- about their meeting with Py€mies:t -.L... more and morc nunerous. Finally, in

:: i , Schcbesta )began his systematic f ieldr:1 :mong the P,gmies of Ccntral Alr icat : : t s t r 1938 . l : 30 f ; 36 f . ) .

ixebesta chos€ for all Aincan Pygmies the nalne:.i::iuti see Schebesra 1938, I:24-26. ln the Bush--.: hc sces Birmburoids ibid. 355f..: : : iorrect to say that Scnweinfurth r€{is-

- 1:::J lhe Afric:m Pygmies. Thousards of: i ,r r. lorc him, the ancient Egyptian had a-r , lood knowlcdge ofthe dwartt in tropical-:: : i wl lo wcrc lr i ! : l r l ,v cherjshed cult ic dancers- : '- : aourt of the pi laraohs. A lctter olpharaoh: :; .s II of thc Sixth Dynrsty (2500-2300: cf. Sellman 1960:63) is of special im-' : ir ircc tbr our knowlcdge of the Atrican:_ ;nies. The letter is addressed to the leader

,r expedit ion wllo was returnidg f lom the.:r and wl)o had, t lrrouglr a special mes-

. i l j r roported to the pharaoh i iom one of. i)alt ing placcs that he was bringing along

- i l the Tree and Glrost Couitry (tropical-:n.a) a dwarf who could dqnce the dMces of-rJ. The pharaoh is erthusiastic. Hc cnjoins

208 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

rain (from the north towards the south theystill fly every autumn from northem Eurcpeto the swamps of the Nile), threaten the smallrace of Pygmies with death and destruction.There may be a factual element in Homer'stale. The big flocks of this large wading bird,which suddenly appeared every autumn in theirhabitat, pFsumably consumed the fruits fromwhich the Pygmies obtained their livelihood,and they, in tum attecked the birds, whichmust have been for them also a source of meat.with their weapons, Could it furthermore bethat the irritated cranes, which probably weremuch morc numerous in the then thinlypopulated world, attacked on their part thePygmies in large formations? Whatever may bethe truth of the matter, the antique storyabout the enmity between Pygmies and cranesbecame a nligratory tale that got as far asJapan.

Cenainly not all such narratives should beconsidarcd as belonging to the realrn of fairytales. A report of Herodot (5th century B.C.)speaks of five adventurous young men whocrcssed the Lybian desert and saw south of itlittle men who were below medium stature.Of special intercst i$what Aristotle (+322 B.C.)writes in his Historia Animalium (Yll, 12)when he speaks about the migration ofbirds:

In some cases they lthe birds] migrate fromplaces near at hand; in others they may be said tocome from tha ends of the *orld, as in the care ofth€ cranei fo. these birds migrate from tie stepp€sof Scythia to the marshlands south ofEgypt wherethe Nile ha! it! source. And it is herc, by the way,that they ar€ said to fight with the Pygries; and thestory is not fabulous, but there is in lealit a race ofdwadish rnen, and the hors€s are little in proportion,and the men live in caves underground.

The horses are most probably an unhistoricalpart in this report although the Hyksos, apeople from Asia Minor, brogght the horse toEgypt around 1700 B.C. Thit those Pygmieswerc (as a mle) cave dwellers (troglodytes),and even underground ones, can hatdly bereconciled with the fact that they lived in aswampy region. Nowadays the typical dwellingof the Pygmies of eastem and central Africa isthe beehive hut (see respectively Schumacher

1950: 184.186; Schebesta l94 l : 142-150. Hos-ever. the hut ofthe former shows. as Schumacherpoints out, influences of the farmeG andherders in their teritories). According to [rRoy (around 1900:242; see also 238 ff.) thePygmies of westem Africa arc occasionaltroglodytes but the caves arc formed by over-hanging rocks, and I-e Roy iound it pleasant(p. 239) to spend a night in them whenlravelling. It can be deduced from I,e Roy(238) that the Pygmies whom the five adven-turous youths in Herodot's report saw (supra),were troglodytes. A further comment wouldbe difficult to make; the matter must be leftat that.

Only one more question may be asked.Aristotle writes that the cranes flew in autumnfrom Scythia to the swamps of the Nile. Maywe conclude from this statement that one partof the birds flew in sp.ing to the Black Searegions (and not to northem Europe)?

The Roman writer, Pliny the Elder (23-79A.D.). considem in his Ndtrrdlis Histotia theUpper Nile r€gion the home of the Pygmies.There is also a report in Greek antiquity aboutthe existence of Pygnies in lndia. It is byKtesias, physician ofthe Persian King ArtaxerxesII (405-358 B.C.). Peftaps Ktesias was in-fluenced by reports about the African Pygmies(although there must have been Negritos inIndia in former times; cf. Fuchs 1973:27 l,').

In this srrvey one report should not be over-looked;it is that ofNonnosus, a Byzantine Jewwhorn Emperor Justinian entrusted around theyear 533 A.D. with an ambassadorial missionto the Ethiopians and other nations. Nonnosusreports that along the southem part of the(westem) coast of the Red Sea, there existedwhole peoples who looked like human beingsbut wer€ of very short stature. l,€ Roy, whogives details of Nonnosus' rcpof, remarks(p. 13) that it could, in its entircty,be appliedto the Pygmies whom modem tnvelers rcdis-covered. Two points ar€ of special intercst inNonnosus'repoft. The first is that he saw thesedwads, and many of them, along the southem(western) coast of the Red Sea. This seems toprove that the teritory ofthe Pygmies str€tchedat that time rather far to the northeast of the

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS

'her

NCI

Lehe)al:r-|rlten)yn-

ldft

ljocan continent, even to the s€a. The second:,jint is that these Pygmies lived on sea shells.rJ Ush washed ashore. This seems to be a.-rod example of the ability of foodgathercrs: adapt themselves in their economic life to: _.3 cnvironment.

Ir is of special inte.est that St. Augustine-+30) and St. Albert the creat (+ 1280) also

-,1 some knowledge ol the existence of thel gmies. Augustine (The eity of Cod, XYL8\:: jkons them among the human monstrosit ies,r.i asks whether they are descendants of' . rh and ult imarcly of ALlam. Alberr sees in' :m. after some hesitation, beings that are to- placed (of cou6e, not in the sense of the

- rdem theory ofevolution) between man and' ' : b.ute animal. Apparently, these two great

:.istian thinkers faced the theological problem: iow the existence of such a race would be:npatible with the universali ty of redemption

' Christ, the Second Adam. Le Roy remarks-;-r l \ (p. 12) that Augustire looks at the

-: i t ion solely from a dogmatic viewpoint.From the beginning of the seventeenth

-.-tury unti l about the middle of the last-,:rurv. the Pygmies are occasionally men-

r:d in travel reports; but this had no effect, . : r the scientific world. This changes sudden-

.:rer the re-discovery of the African Pygmies- . S rhwe in fu r t l t .

F,rr the preceding s€ction of this article see..:e. lal ly Gusinde 1962:21l-224, L€ Roy ca. 1900::.: I l . and Schebesta I938:l- l4i furthermore Wotf- l : 445-514, Hennig 1944:357-361, Fischerr: i l-37 and 1958:61 l{14, and Scheb€sra 1957:

: - : l : .J,rhn GaFan, with whom a larse parr of this

,i:r,lc will deal, devotes Chaprer 32 (see Appendix;'rlrd) ofhis manusc.ipr on the Philippine Negiitos

' rhe knowledge of the Egyptiarls and to the. r.*ledge as well as (fabulous) stories of other..jrent peoples about Pygmy races, and, further--rR. to the existence of reat or allaged Pygnies inir lime. In his article of August 1934 (s€e

i.:lirences) Garvan sives as the date of the above,-entjoned l€tt€r of the pharaoh ca_ 4400 B.C.;'--.at it was written "some 6334 yean ago." lnliapter 32 of his manusc.ipt (Bomemann's mrcre:ilm edition), the date is co.rect.

Thelast scholarly concem about the Pygmiesbefore modem times, namely that ofAugustineand Albert the Great was, in a vague sense, of aracial nature. This was the uppernost concemagain, but now on a modem scientific basis,after the rediscovery of the Pygmies bySchweinfurth; and this concem reflected theprevailing scholarly atmosphere of the secondhalf of the last century. It should, howeve., benoted that in spite of the modem scientificapproach, it look some time belore the racialpeculiarities of the foodgatherers wer€ moreclea.ly seen. A better understanding was gainedonly after some erToneous views had been ex-pressed; this should be a consolation ano arthe same time an incentive to humility forscholars of our day-

The staiing point was the biogenetic lawadvocated by Emst Haeckel (then acceptedbut later rejected), according to which eachhuman individual repeats in the developmentol his body the development of the humanrace as such (ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny).Applying this soralled law, the Swiss anatomist,J. Kollmann, advocated a special evolutiona.rytheory. According to him the oldest races ofmankind were dwarfish or. pygrnaean. l t waslrom lhese shorl-slatured rvces thar the tal lraces slowly developed, and this in such a waythat each pres€ntday tall race was prccededby a correlated pygmy race; and Kollmann con-sidercd the pygmies of our time the last rem-nants of the o.iginal pygmy .aces (Schmidtl9l0r2). Father Schmidt was also of theopinion that the Pyfrny peoples rcpresent aninfant stage of the human race. ln bontrasr toKollmamn, however, he assumed that therc wasoriginally only one uniform Pygmy race (cf.Schebesta 1938, I:217. Here as in the para-graphs immediately following, I use some per-sonal notes which I compiled about twentyyears ago). It may be added that FatherSchmidt's view in this matter was probably (asin the cas€ of Augustine and Albert the Great)infl uenced by theological considerations.

Opposed to Kollmann's (and W. Schmidt's)views were those of anthropologists who sawthe Pygily populations as the outcome of mcialdegenemtion. Among Kollmann's foremost

d .

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/

2ro PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF

critics arc c. Schwalbe and E. Schmidt. Thebest-known advocate of the degenerationtheory is the physical anthropologist andpionee! in studies on human heredity, EugenFischer. He is of the opinion that humanizationcould not have taken place in the virginalforest. According to him, it took place in thesteppe,and the hlst human beings were huntersof big game. Consequently, the lilb of theAfrican Pygmies in thq vi.ginal forest is, inthe opinion of Fischer, of a secondary naturc,and they developed their present economy,namely, foodgathedng, only when they movedfrom the steppe into the viryinal forest (Fischer1955:1-35). This view is opposed by Schebesta(1957:24-32). He holds that Bambuti cultureis of a primary-primitive nature; i.e., itdeveloped within the virginal forest. But headmits that therc was a mutation towards abodily pygmaean growth. Rudolf Martin, whoin 1897 did field work among the inlandtribes of Malaya (see Schebesta 1952:35),agees partly with Kollmann's views. He sees inthe low stature of the Semang Negritos ofMalaya an original element that was preservedby heredity, and consequently not a folm ofdegeneration. Like Kollmann, he also assumesthat a ligh age must be ascdbed to the low_stature forms of the human race but he rejectsthe rest of Kollmann's conclusions.

Rudolf Poech (Vienna) distinguished fromthe viewpoint of race five groups of pygmypeoples: the Southeast Asian Negdtos;the central African Pygmies; the Bushmen;rneLapps; the Veddoid. He does not, how€ver,assume their racial unity. Among the Negroidpeopleshe also numbers the low-staturc (moun-tain) people of New Guinea. (This last assump-tion may be said to have been confirmed byGusinde's field work mentioned above. As tothe rest, I refer the reader to the extensivesummary about the whole problem in Martin-Saller 1959:79G792)

Schebesta made (1952:458479) a thoroughstudy of the poblem of a racial affinity be-tween the Negritos of Southeast Asia and theAfrican Pygmies. The main points of his con-clusions (p. 478f.) arc:

l. Only the Andamanese, Semang and the

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Philippine Negritos (Aeta) belong to theNegdtos.

2. The Negritos are a short-statured but byno means dwarfish goup of mankind; somecharacteristics exhibit them as Negoid.

3. Basic to all Negrito groups is a (pygmoid)racial complex (dark skin, curly hair,brachycephalism, short-stature, with somc un-differentiated characteristics), found among lnethree groups, although in varying combinations.Thercby the similarity of the tacial rmage lsaccounted for. -[he

differences result fromother racial components through racial mixture.

4. The Negritos are not a homogeneous race.Since prehistoric times, racial elements ofmelaresoid, Veddoid, premongoloid andaustraloid origin, together with the negroidbase, have entercd into the constitution of theNegrito race.

5. The Aeta exhibit morc geographicallylimited groups (local and regional groups), eachwith its typical pattern whilst among theSemang racial mixture strctches horizontallythrough their entfe habitat in a more uniformway.

6. The Negritos are not Pygmies since theyin their presentday appearance differ from theBambuti in most ofthe charactedstics. Negritoand Bambuti arc two short-staturcd races ofthe neg'oid form complex.

7. There is, however a possible genetic con-nection between the dwarfish more lightskinned and brachycephalic Negrito elementwith peppercom hair and the brachycephalicBambuti component.

Schebesta's morc explicit views seem to con-cur with what A.L.Kroeber wrote about tenyear earlier ( 1943:41):

It is . - . certain that there is a close similaritybetween the East lndian [Southeast Asiai]Negdtosand the Negrillos or pygmy blacks of Cen tral Africa.Most students aI€ inclined to identify these two far-flung groups as members of the same race. This ofcou.se makes the queslion of their origin and dis-persion still morc mysterious.

Kroeber then goes on to say that "severaltheories have been propounded in explanations"but he did not consider it profitable to discusstnem.

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Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 2l l

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Regarding th€ term N€grillos used above by(roeber. it is, of course, derived from the French..{/tll"s (see the title of Le Roy\ work in rh€?:ferenc€s) which has the same meaning as the:.rnish ,ejr'or. It has in the meantime become_:rrer gen€rally accepted terminology to speakr:out Southeast Asian Negdtos and African Pygniesrr Barnbuti). Schebesta (1938:21?f.) rejects the

::lTn Negrillos.

\ concems Wilhelm Schmidt, hrs m:uni::rest in the h'gmies did not involve racial:-: i t ions they were for him only the start ing:ir:1!-but the culture of these peoples. In::: ircular, his attention was drawn to their: . . . . i ln the c\istence of a h igh goJ or Supreme:..:rg. The data, largely the result of the-i- re-mentioned f ield work, whicir he amassed

ihis belief among the "Urvoelker" (primor-: . . peoples) of the two Americas. of Asia,i , l l ral ia and Africa are dealt with in volumesl.: oi his twelve-volume work Der tlrsprurg: ' t iattel i . lee (Schmidt 1926-1935). Volume

.916) is an historical-cri t ical and posit iver-,.r\ ()1 the various theories about the origin

' .:ligion. The last chapter of that volume:,.. i with the cultural-historical method in!-:r:ropology. Volume 6 contains the f inal. -: ' )csis. The Phil ippine Negritos are dealt. : on pp .28G3 l7 i n Vo lume 2 (1931) . A t-- -: lime Schmidt had rather scanty material.i: :ls disposal, as he admits in his introductory-:-rrks. Volume 5 (1934) has an Appendix ofi : :w pages (800-804) on the Phil ippine\ : : n loS .

l--lcre is strong evidence that this specific::: : .st of Schmidt was aroused through,-.:r l i from without. At the beginning ofthis:,-:un the former Mission bishop in Westr:: :al1 and then Superior C'eneral oi the

:rrgation of the Holy Ghost, Alexandrc [,e: : , . publislred his Les l\ tgmdes Nigti l les c! '- : . . lre et Ndgritos de I ' Asid. Schmldt re-: *:d this work in the f irst volume of

' .*. 'po{ ( l90ot in the very f irsl book review-:rcaring in the new pedodical (pp.389-392).- : . .r\ review ScllmiJl gives special prominence

' Lc Roy's descript ion of the Pygmies'belief- ' high god (un Dieu peNonel et souve.ain).. , 'onnection with this he refers his rcaders to

Ardrew Lang's vtork, 'fhe Mahiflg of Religion,which had appeared in 1898. In his work Langsurprised scholars of England and other partsof the world with his assertion that belief in ahilCr god existed among the materially lowtribes of Southeast Australia and (besidesother peoples) among the Andamanese (cf.Schmidt 1926:134 ff.). Since the publicationof Lang's book, the question of the belief inthe existence of a high god or (still moresharply formulated) a Suprcme Being amongthe primitive peoples has agitated the mindsof anthropologists and scholars specializing inthe various fields of studies in religion. Againstthis background it is understandable that itbecame Schmidt's resolve to collect all theavailable data about the high-god belief andthe religious cults of those peoples which wercthouClt1t to be

-the rcpresentatives of earliest

mankind; they arc now frequently called food-gatherers (or wildbooters; see Kem 1960).

Later in his life Schmidt also collected the cores-ponding data about the herdsmen civilzations.These data arc contained in volumes 7-ll of hisUrsptufg d.r Cottesidee. Volume 12, posthumouslypublished by F. Bomemann, contains the synthesisofVolumes 7-11.

Whatever the shortcomings of Schmidt incertain respects may be, i t cannot be deniedthat he has iunassed an impressive arnount ofmaterial about the existence of the belief in ahigh god or Supreme being among preliteratepeoples. It is hard to see how Urose anthro-pologstswho cannot find anything but "super-natural powers" or "supematurals" amongthese peoples can do justice to the facts. Theacceptance of the frequency of the belief in apersonal god (whatever the details about him)does not, of course! mean that i t is foundamong all "Urvoelker" or prclitemte ethnicgroups in general. lf Schmidt erred (and whichscholar does not? ), the anthropologrsts whosimply reject or ignore Schmidt (and perhapsnever read him) err likewise. It may be appro-priate to quote herc Schebesta who, althoughvery close to Schmidt, was certainly alwaysalert to the necessity oi being objective andcritical. He states that Schmidt, in his attackagainst mechanical evolutionism, may have

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2t2 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTUREAND SOCIETY

pushed the high-god belief too vehemently tothe fore but that he (Schmidt) was perfectlyright with his thesis of the existence of a high-god belief among the oldest peoples(Akuoelker). He adds that Schmidt's Ursprungder Cottesidee is awarm-hearted apolory;how-ever not an apolory for Christianity, but forprimodial man (Urmensch) whom Schmidtdid not consider as a merc animal but as fullyhuman (Schebesta 1954:689).

What Father Schmidt (and probably mostofthe European anthropologists) did not knowwhen he made his appeal in l9l0 to study thePygmy peoples of the earth was the fact thatrather intensive field work was already beingdone on the Negritos oi the Philippines. Even-tually presumably after World Wa. I Schmidtleamed that therc existed in Manila a bundle(Konuolit) of rnan\tscripts on the Negritos. Hewrote several times to the Bureau of Sciencebut his requesls were taken care of, as hestates ironically in a footnote, by giving him noanswer (Schmidt 193 I :280). Perhaps Schmidt'sletters werc passed on to Beyer, who apparent-ly was not very good in correspondence (cf.Rahmann and Ang 1968:3).

For the part of this paper that now follows, Idraw very largely upon two important publicationswhich, because they are written in Crerman, may tr€less accessible to a larger number oJ anthropologists.These publications are Bomemann's article (1955)on the Gawan materials toSether with his microfilmedition ther€of, as well as Azcona's criticalexamination of the more r€cent NeSrito reearchwith special regard to Garvan (Azcona l9?5).

At this juncturc it should be pointed out thatAzcona implicitly limits the term Nesrito to thedark-skinn€d short-6tatured population of the Philip-pines. Only so can the title of th€ study (thePhilippinesis not mentionedin the title) be corr€ctlyunderstood. However, such a nanowins down oftheterm Negrito runs counter to the currently acceptedterminolog/, and an explanation by Azcona wouldhave b€en desimble. Reference may be made toKroeber (1943:40 f.) who, however, also includesthe short-staturcd people of New4uinea fslprd,among the NeSrito6 (to8ether with the Aeta, Semangand Andamanese). Recendy Geoffrey Benjamincaled the S€mang "Malayan Negritos" (seeBenjamin's Inhoduction (p. vi) to Schebesta 1973).

no need of m€ntioning Scheb€sta in this

through Bomemann's efforts that themanuscript was rcscued from the nearinto which it had fallen. To him we alsofrlst, and tluly keen, analysis of Gaffan's

Th€re is

It wasGarvan

manuscript as well as most of what we know aboutGaivan himself. Bom€mann collected these datasoon after World War II in Washington, D.C.. theywere mainly obtained from the papeB of the formerBurcau of Insular Affairs (Bomemann 1955:907,fooinole 9). The photographic portrait ofGa an,firsl published by Bomemann and reproduced inthis article, was also found among these papers.

Garvan's manuscript is now available in bookform. thanks to the efforts of Father HermainHochegger. S.V.D., who undertook the task at thesug€eslion of Schebesta, his professor during hisseminary days in Si. Gabriel's at Moedling, near

The critical investigation into the morc recentNegrilo res€aich by my junior Spanish confrere,Father Azcona, is a hishly €rudite contribution tothe subj€ct matt€r. This is all the more admirablesince the author has never been in the Philippinesand has. consequently, had no field experience witht}le N€gritos. For the past two years, in answer to arequest made to me, I had been thinking of writingthis prcs€nt articl€ but various other duties made itdimcult to carry out that purpose earlier. Azcona'sextensive study, actually his doctoral dissertation,has geady facilitated my task and I an profitingfully from hisprcsentation and insights.

In passing, I would like to mention that I haveprcfered an approach somewhat different frcm thatof Azcona, vE., to "direct attention to the salientcontributions to the advance in ideas and know-ledge." This was the approach adopted by AnenioManuel on the occasion of tJle symposium held inhonorofH. Otley Beyer on the occasion ofhis 82ndbirthday at the University of the Philippines (Manuel196'7:23\.

III. Negito reseatch in tlre PhilippinesIIl. A. l. The Bureau of Non{hdstian Tribes

and David P. Barrows

OctoberInOission

Ii' mt set uP

1901 the U.S. Philippine Com-"The Bureau of Non{hristianPhilippine ldands." ln view ofTribes for the

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NECRITOS 213

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r, Sreat progress that the new science of.-::ropology had made in the United States!: ^rrJs the end of the last century i t was, sot l leak. but natural that Ame.ican anthro-! ' l rsts wanted to get as complete as possible.r : . ,rurc of the ethnic situation of the Phil ip-;--: rrcbipelago. David P. Barrows, the Chiefc- : l ] . Burcau just mentioned, did not let theE:i! grow under his feet. In December of thei:. : . year. l90l, he p;bfished a "Circular ofts: rrmation" which contained "lnstructions::: \ 'olunteer Workers" (Barrows l90l). I t: . . be assumed that these volunteers werei:: tr;hed to "The Museum of Ethnology,\.irrill History and Commerce" (sec title pagc: :.re Circular and pp. l5-16). I t hardly needs-.rr{ that these instructions were not con-

-:J lo f ield work among the Negritos. How-: -.. t l)ey are the f irst ethnic groups of which;.:rows gives a brief survey and characterization: . l i . : see also p. l0 f.). Hc is also aware that:.1. existcnce of these l i t t le pcople in t l te

?.l ippines is given an added interest by the:: i j .nce elsewhere of similar pygmies" (p. 4).:: : thcn mentions the Semang of the Malay:.rrnsula, mistakingly cal l ing them Sakai, and: : .{ndamanese for whom h€ uses the name,- i obsolete, "Mincopies."

About the Salai s€e Schebesta 1952:69-72.This\{]lay word has the meaninS of "follower, retainer,rependent associate" (p. 7l). The word is used for.:rland dwellers of the Malay peninsula (but with ther\.lusion of th€ Semang). A Malay would considerrI an insult to be called Salai- In an earlieriublication (1928) Schebesta calls the Sakai "atlrange. enigmatical, and primitiv€ race" (seeSchebesta l9?3, 2nd edit ion:13). - The naneVincopies, which came into use towards the €nd ofthe last cenfury, s€ems to stem from a misund€r-standing (Schebesta 1952: l7).

ln the second part of his Circular, BarrowsJves for investigators "of fewgr opportunities"nther inclusive "suggestions fot observations".He furthermore announces that for investigatoN*ho are able "to make an exhau$tive study of3ny tlibe, a detailed syllabus is undet pre-paration" and that this "will be sent as soon asp.inted" (p. 9).

This syllabus must b€ identical with the

Questionnaire (marked "Paper Nr. l2l") ofwhich I obtained a copy from Professor Beyera little over twenty yea6 ago and which isentitled "Preguntas para el estudio etnologicode las tribus." lt is Publication No. I of theBureau of Non{hristian Tdbes, and datedManila 1901. Thisdate shows that the promiseddeta i led sy l labus was no t long in coming.Tlle.e are no less than 390 questions, not num-be.ed consecutively, but separately for each ofthe 3l sections in which they are arranged.That the questionnaire was worded in Spanishiseasil, underslandable: it was in lhe beginningof this century still the better-known languageof the prospective recipients. Tlle choice ol thelanguage also shows that an all-around par-ticipation of the Filipinos in the large-scaleethnographic endeavor was desired and expect-e d .

On August l, 1912, Beyer wrote a Prefaceto the Prcguntas. He states therein that theywere contained in "a mimeographed circular,of which 1000 copies werc sent out to allptesidentes ol municipalities and other officialsthroughout the provinces." He further remarksthat it was Dean C. Worcester who preparedthe original list of questions. Of special im-portance is Beyer's statement that "Over fivehundred manuscripts were rcceived tn answerto thc questions asked" and that ',most ofthese manuscdpts are still on file in theRecords of the Division of Ethnology." Therecipients of the questionnaire were, as statedin Beyer's Preface, besides the presidentes olthe municipalities, other interested personssuch as officers of the armed forces, students,teachers, etc. Barrows"'Instructions for Volun-teer Field Workers" in his Circrrar was meantfor an even wider range of persons, includinginspectors of the Insular Conslabulary, supenn-tendents of the Department of Public In-struction, officials of the provincial govem-ments, and other "persons who throughresidence or investments have become familiarwith the conditions therc prevailing." I leceivedfrom Beyer, together with the pregt ntas, orleof the original answe$ by Camilo Abrico,dated June 13, 1902. h is a point-to-pointanswer about the "Mountarn People near

214

Valderrama" (Antique, Panay), and the secondentry in the Beyer ( Holleman) Collection onthe Negritos (see Appendix I of this paper),Here, the question inevitably arises as to whathappened to those answers and this leads us tothe matter of the Beyer Collection; however,before we deal with it, Williarn Reed must begiven due attention.

II l. A. 2. Will iam A. ReedWilliam Reed was one of the earliest mem-

be$ of the Bureau oi Non{hdstian Tribes(cf. Azcona:209). On the strength of the fieldwork he pursued during the months of Mayand June 1903 (Reed l905r9), he wrote amonograph on the Negritos of Zambales whichwas published under the auspices of the Bureauupon the recommendation of Albert EmstJenks, Chief of the Ethnological Sufley. Itappearcd in 1905 in Volume tl of d1eEthnological S fl)ey Publicat iot1s.

If 6ne consideB the l itt le t ime which Reedcould spcnd in gathering his information andthe still rather unsatisfactory state of know-ledge about the foodgatherers in gcncral, Reed'swork must be rated as a remarkable achieve-ment. As far as the Phil ippine Negritos are con-cemed, it was the richest coherent outcome ofthe research work organized and sponsored bythe Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes.

Azcona ( 1975:209) has a brief paragraph onReed. After stating that the results of Reed'sfield work are mainly descripLions of thematerial culture, he goes on to say that physicalanthropology and language are not covered atall ("ueberhaupt nicht behandelt") and thatjust as l itt le attention is given to the spiritualculture. Finally, so Azcona remarks, there areno references ("Hinweise") to social l i fe andsocial structure (polit ical organization, kinship,and legal systems.).

About this criticism of Azcona il must besaid that it is largcly unwafiantable. although

lit must be admitted that Reed's treatment olthe various aspects of the culture of these .,Negritos is not as thorough as might have beendesirable. In l lre casc of l lrr Negrit,rs' spiritu;i/culture, Azcona himself refers to pp. 6l-64 in'Rced's monograph. As concems physical

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

anthropology and language, Reed deals withthem in Appendix A and Appendix B res-pectively.

In Appendix A, Anthropomo.phic Measure-ments (pp. 75-77), Reed gives the measure-ments on 77 individuals on standing height,span of arms. l ."ngth of nosc, breadth of nose,nasal index, and length of ear. lt is ratherobvious that in making these simple measure-ments. Reed followed the instructions ofBarrows (cf. Barrows 1901:10). ln general, i tmay be said that Reed was aware of the defectsof his study. ln his Preface he states (p. 9) thatthe short time at his disposal for the in-vestigation is his "only excuse for the meagertreatment given some lines of study-as, forexample, physical antluopology aad language."

In Appendix B, Vocabularies (pp. 79-83),Reed states in the introductory part (p. 79)thal the Negritos of Zambales "seem to havelesl entirely their own l-gtguage and to haveadopted that of the Chdstianized Zambal."Before mi i i ig this statement, Reed refers tohis previous remarks on the language situationin Zambales: these rem.rrks are lbund on p. 28f.There. Reed expresscs his opinion that theSambalimposed their Ianguage on the Negritos,and that they did so "thorougi y". One ol theevidences of a former close contact betweenthe Negritos and the Sambal, as Reed sees it,l ies " in the fact that the Neg tos of southemZambales who l lave never personally come incontact with the Zambal but only with theTagalog also speak Sambal with some slightva r ia t i ons . . . "

The (Malay) Sambal are "much the smallest ofthe recocrized Christiai nationaliti€s." Their habitat,th€ Province of Zambales, is "somewhat off themain tracks of communication," and they cameunder the Spanish rule "considerably later than theother Christian peoples. As miSht be expected, theytherefore lag somewhat behind in their Seneraladvancement" (Kroeber 1943 :59).

Even now. what Reed has to say about therssumed exislencc of a \egri lo language inZambales and the neighboring areas may be ofinterest. He himself secms rather inclined toassume that res€arch into an eventual originallanSuage of these Negritos wottld not lead very

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Clos€ study and specjal investigation into the:::rinics of this region, carried also into Bataan:::: across the mountain into Pampanga and Tarlac,-:v throw more light oo this very interesting and--:onant subject and may reveal traces of an::rnal Negrito dialect. Prominent nalives of Zam-:..ri. whom I have questioned, and who are familiar- : r rhc subject, affirm Urat the Negritos know only: . Jialect of Zarnbal. Iidecd those are not lacking- r believe in a blood relationship between the\:Jilos and the Zambal, but lhis belief cannot be

q.ed then gives a comparative vocabulary,-: 30-l l3) of onc hundred entries (with some:: r i j ions) tbr Zambal of Bolinao. Zambal of-:: Znnbal-Aeta, Z.unbal of Santa Fe, Aeta of:-rra. Aeta of Bataan Province, Dumtgat of!-.". 'an Province. The choice ol Reed's wordsr,: not his own. These words were taken asi i r i s ta tes on p .83 , f rom Mon tano 1885 , and:: : t manuscripts by c. J. cooke and E. J.i -:-,ns in "The Ethnological Suney" / inl; . lr .-_ jv case, Reed gavc considering the hme he-i: : :rt lbr his f ield work among the Negritos ofZ-:bales. a good degree of attention to their-:i +age situationr'

\zcona is furthemore, as already stated, of: - opinion that in Reed's monosaph, any: ' . |rDcrs to social l i fc and social struclure ire-, ing. Ancnt this statement i t may be said-- , i Reed entit les Chapter VI (pp. 55-67):'- ,:neral Social Life," and in previous chapters. icals with such matters as t! .oup action in

.-rr ing (p. 47), as well as with games and::r. ing (pp. 49-51) which arc part of social

:: . Reed might, as already rematked, not have:. in tul ly famil iar with that kind of civi l ization: $hich his Negritos basical ly st i l l belonged,:-r .ven so he bears witness of the existcnce: Ihc local kinship group among the Negritos

:: dre then (still) more rcmote areas of Zam-:rlcs. l t seems to be advisable to quote Reeda. 70) about thispoint at length:

Those Negritos still living in a wild state haverery simple govemment. flrey simply gather aroundlhe most powe ul man. whom they recognize as asort of chief and whom they follow into raids onrhe plains or neiShborhg trib€s of Neerit6: But

Rahmann / fiE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 2t5

when peaceably scattered through their mountainseach head of a family is a small autrocrat and ruleshis farnily and thos€ ofhis sons who elect to rcmainwith him. When he dies the oldest son becomes thehead of the lextendedl family. Usually, however, aSroup of families living in one locrlty rccognizesone man as a capitdn. He niay be chosen by thepresident of dre nearest pueblo or by the Negdtosthenselves, who arc quick to rccognize in this waysuperior abiliry or geater wealth. The capit6ns€ttl€s disputes between families.

May it also be briefly mentioned that theprcliminaries of a marriage and of the weddingceremonies of the Negritos of Zambales des-cr ibed by Reed (pp. 56-60) have their paral lelsamong other Philippine Negritos.

Reed's desc ption of the &ligi-on of theNegritos of Zarlbales (under the heading"Superstitions")/appears to be somewhat in-a-dlqlate in spi lc of i ts relative lenl i ir(pp. 65-67). However, in his vivid descript ionof their hunting activities (pp. 44-48), he givesproof (p. 48) of the existence of what couldbc called a "primitial" sacrifice or "first offer-inc" (cf. Kern 1960:97; Koppers 1952:183).Tl lr pmyer accompanyint the ceremony isclearly aprayer of thanksgiving. Reed thereforcseems to give a partly wrong interyretationwhcn he says that the purpose of the ceremonyis to "fe€d and appease" the spir i ts (p.48;c f . p . 65 ) .

May it be said in conclusion that the use ofReed's monograph is made somewhat difficultlor two reasons. The first is that the logicalaraangement of the report is rather poor. Thesccond, that t l le text proper of only 6l pagescontains 62 full-page illustrations on glossypapcr. Thus. one has to scarch a l i t t le for thetext pages. Furthemore, Reed's monogaphis bound into one volume with Otto Scheer€r's'l'he

Nabaloi Dialect, uld Edward y. Miller,s'lhe Batahs oJ I'dldwdtt. These handicaps makethe use of Reed's work in some measute time-consuming. As concems the Plates, quite a fewof them may be uscful for future racial studieson the Philippine Negritos. Reed was accom-panied in his field work by a photographer,Mr. J. Diarnond (p. 9).

I

2t6

III. A, 3. The Beyer Papers

We now coms to the matter of the Bey€r Papers.It is a difficult matter. and one cannot write aboutit withoul the fe of making mistakes. FatherJoseph Baumgartner has given me considerable helpfor this part of the articl€ ; however. any mistakes re-main mine. I do hope that this whole article, butespecially this section ot it will, in spile oi all short-comings, be a contribution to the history of Philip-pine ethnotogy. lt is my tunher hope that other,in pariicular younger Philippine r.nthropologists,will take up the mattr ed shed furthcr light on it.

The first question that a-rises was alreadyintroduced above, viz.: f)id the Barrows papetrbecome part of the Beyer Papers? There seemsto be l i t t le doubt about the matter. As Beyerwas to explain in his introduction to Set 20ol the Philippine Ethnographic Serles (Manuel1958:48), henceforth PES, "There was tumedover to me at this t ime [ i .e., ca. 19l7] by theDirector of Science, to dispose of in whatevermanner I deemed best, all of the former re-cords. papers, and corespondence of the oldBureau of Nonthristian Tribes, The Ethno-logical Survey, Division of Ethnology, andPhilippine Museum. The mass of these paperswas considerable and t l leir condit ion deplo-rab le . . . " .

Beyer himself had started collecting ethno-graphic material in 19l l . At f irst his intercstwas foclrsed on the lfugao, but his search forsuch matedal gave him a growing "insight intothe wealth of important and unpublished data(mostly buried in Govemment and Church rc-cords) relating to the neighbodng groups; andat the same time my interest was greatlybroadened through a clearer understanding ofthe extensive inter-relationship and diversemmifications of the different cultures." AsBeyer began to cast his net in ever widersweeps, an immens€ mass of papers began toaccumulate. The task of siftihg and orderingthem also became morc pressitrg. ln responseto this need "a more or less dehnite and work-able scheme for collecting information, classify-ing and copying it, and finally having it boundup in usable form, was developed and put intoexecution" by Beyer.

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Two events intervened to stop Beyer fromgoing ahead with his plansr one was an "imti-cipated govemment ban on ethnographic workin 1914," accompanied by the abolit ion of theexisting machinery (ethnological division ofthe Burcau of Science, elimination ofemployees and closing of the museum). Theother was Beyer's appointment to the newlycreated chair of Anthropology and Etltnologyat the University of the Philippines.

By 1917, with tlre routine work ofteachingand administering his department fairly wellsettled, Beyer was able to resume wherc hehad left off in 1914. As he remarks (preface,ilrtd.) "the impetus of ttre fresh stad in Lgl?was such tl lat during l9l8 and 1919 no lessthan forty-five volumes of text and plateswere completed and bound upJ and a numberof other volumes partially prepared'' (Manuel1958:47f.). Eventually there would be a totalof "about 150 volumes" (Manuel 1967r24).According to Azcona. p. 2l l, footnote I l, thecompleted Series consists of 165 volumes.

In his 1967 symposium address, Manuelbriefly speaks about another collection ofpapers which Beyer compiled dudng his activeyears. "Phil ippine Customrry Law. ' comprisingI I volumes, which he edited together with Dr.F. D. Holleman "a Dutch scholar of inter-national repute" (Manuelrlr Zunoft 1967:26).According to Azcona, Holleman came toManila in 1930 for t lrree months;his work wassubsidized by the American Cor-rncil of LearnedSocieties (Azcona l9'75:213\. According toBeyer, Holleman seems to have been in Manila1931. We quote Beyer from Manuel (1958:48f. ):

ln l93l . . . the new period of intensive work onmy ethnographic series was made necessary by thecustomary law investigation-witil Dr. Holleman-which .esulted in the addition of a new ten{olum€set on PhilippineCustomary Law to my ethnographicseries dwing that year. In order to adequately getat and compile the customary law material, it wasnecessary to proceed with the working and bindingof my ethnogaphic series at an unusuaily rapidrate. The rcsult, ofcourse, was the addition ofmanycompleted volumes or pap€N to my various sets.. . .

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: i F' : k

r i e

. 1

rte

:.- -: drcn goes on to say that due to lack of' : : rrd the shift ing of his i l terest to. . i i !g]. he had to suspend any special-. :r !he ethnograpll ic series unti lnear the- . q3l. tr lanuel adds that due to Beyer's

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 217

porated in the Negrito volume. Among thesepapers is an introduction, written by Beyer,and a nine-page excerpt from Montano's des-cription of the Negritos of Bataan (J. Montano,Rdpport dA1.le Ministre d'I structioll Publiquesur une 'l,ission aux IIes Philippines et e11Ilalaisle (Archives des missions scientifiques etl itt6raires . . . Paris 1885); cf. Montano 1886;viii).

I I I . B . John M. Carvan

L Biodata. Borncmirnn ( 1955:901f.), whornade a painstaking search for the biodata onGdrvan, states that wc poss€ss only a fewvcrit led data. Grrvan was born on November19, 1875. No rel iable documentary evidencecxists about thc placc of his birth. Bomemannis iJlclined to assume that Carvan avoided men-tioning his birthplace bccause he did not wantto draw attention to thc lact t l tat he was notbom in the Unitcd States. The (U.S.A.)"Official Rostcr ot the Civil Service of thePhil ippines" mentions for 1904 as birthplace"Oregor"j t ie Roster for l9O5 omirs the entrywhilst that foi 1907 mentions "lreland."Ac(urJing to Bcyur. Crrvan w:rs born in poorcircumstances in a suburb of Dublin- llr anapplication dated May 18, l903,tothe (U.S.A.)

. ' ; ' . .nrent inPhil ippine arcltaeology in later:-- : :J .thnographic series had to suffer.-- r:r iarial accumulated from year to year

'-: ,rrcd in raw form, uncopied and un-

: :-r iLm to the "Phil ippine Customary. :: nrr! be pointed out that i ts relation-

-.: : r. ' PES is not entirely clear. Holleman-, : ' ,ctcd to solcct pert ir)ent material lrom

- u0 pJplr\ und I ' , urJngc ir by regions., - . . . : i oi l l is labors, wll ich lasted, as already. :-r. J b rc three months, are vols.3 to 9

( . j l l .ct iorr. Vols. I and 2 were compiled- : . : hinrsolf, with conlr ibutions l iom his

. -:r rnd l)apc.s writ tcn by his students.I r s . l 0 and l l . wh ich acco rd ing to'h :)uit hrve formed part of the col-

:. ' i tained. I i lm not able lo ascertai i .: . i :n\ i l f speaks of l0 volumes lrrpl.r. ] .: ) f l) f l l tarl lr and Azcona know of only 9

. l l f unue l i r Zanora 1967 :26 i Azcona._' I I I lrc pi lrt of Holleman in the com-

.\ork sho!rld not be overestimated).' r . ; ' i | l . J i ! r , \ . i un $ r \ i n n l y op in i oD

- . -, . .r\ in ordcr to know thc sett ing in wll ich: .-tnt{) papers appear. The part dealing. : - ' \ j l rr i tos is found in vol. 9 of lvlat, for-- : .-, sake. I shall cal l the Beyer-Holleman

-i ion (hcnccforth /t l lc). The material for'L,rnrc was drawn l iom thc PE.S, set 17:

.. -- -. \ . Ir. The lattcr consists of a total of' ' lurncs but vol. 4 consists entirely of:-: . Vcona docs not say anything about

r 1\! ir ich, according to Manuel 's l ist con-:-: i ' iorc original reports-Papers 9l-100).' , rn!' way, to this material also belongs

r- --: 107 "Life of the Mountain Peoplc near-i . Ir*n of Ceiinog. l loi lo," rby Norberto!<: :ucvo. Feb. 1924, 18pp. Possibly thisr' -.:: rs a later addition to 1l-S that was not

-. -:^1. at the t ime the BHC was compliod.ri . . inr l ists in his Bibl ioefaphy r total of43

:::-- -1 isre Appendix I of this art icle) which,_ .: : t in the form of extracts, werc rncor-

218

Burcau of Insular Affain he w.ites: "Myclassical studies I completed in ConglowesWood College, lreland." He was in the UnitedStates at the age of about twenty. From theend of 1895 or beginning of 1896, he nttendedfor three years a College in the State ofLouisiana and studied Plrilosophy, Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry, but uncertainty existsabout the college at which he studied. In anapplication to the Bureau of lnsular Affairs,dated May 18, 1903, he writes: "l made averystrong . . course for proficiency in which Ireceived the degree of Master of Arts from theCollege of the lmmaculate Conception, NewOrleans, Louisiana (1898)." However, the Re-cords of which he encloses copies are from St.Charles College in Grand Couteau, Loulslana.Moreover, no Master's degree is mentionedtherein; it simply states: ". . gave completesatisfaction while going through the followingstudies. ." This unce ainty conceming hisMaster's degree is still augmented by the factthat Garvan writes later in Piil?pine Mdgazine,September 1934 (p. 399)r "M.A. (Dublin)."L1 the sarne magazine of the same year he addson p. 323 to the p nted "M.A." in handwriting"Brit ish", and similarly, on p. 387: "heland."

See the reproduction in the microfilm editionof Gaflan's manuscript Garvan-Bomemann1954:55, 63, 66. In ar application of 1926Garvan mentions his "Master's degree at TrinityCollege. Dublin. lreIand." Bomemann's inquiriesin Dublin resulted in negative answers. TheMswer of the Unive$ity of Dublin, T.inityCollege, dated October 6, 1955, was: "l havebeen unable to find his name appearing ineither set of rccords." The answer ol theNational University of lreland, dated October18, 1955, was: "l am unable to trace that namein the rccords of this University" (Bomemann1955:902) .

After giving these data.,Bomemann makes(p.903) the following notdworthy remark: Ifthese uncertainties and contradictions in tatherelementary matters ofhis own life are no reasonto simply doubt the trustworthiness of Gar!an'sgeat ethnographic reports (on the Manoboand the Neg{tos), they are certainly to be takenink) considemtion in the final evaluation ofhis

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

work.After the completion ol his studies Garvan

was, according to his statement, for "five years"

a teacher in vadous Colleges: two years at St.Charles' College in Grand Couteau, Louisiana;about ten months at St. Mary's College inOakland, Califomia; then one year at theCollege of Our Lady of Lourdes in SouthPark, Washington. These add up to iust fouryears and they are attested by the recordswhich he encloses in his application to theBureau of Insular Affairs. For the Applicationhe used the stationery of Columbia University(sic), University Park, Oregon, which suggeststhe possibility that he studied or taught there.His last stay in the United States may have beenat the University of Notre Dame. The docu-ments mention his excellent quali t les as ateacher. He himself mentions his "great controlof boys. My education quali f ies me to teach al-most any branch. but my incl inations and pastexperiences prcdispose me to the teaching ofLatin, Greek, French and Spanish."

In the beginning of 1903, after having ob-tained American citizenship the year before,Garvan applied for a position as teachet in thePhil ippines.Ir June 13, 1903, he received f iomthe War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs,communication of his provisional appointment.Thus Caflan left in July 1903, when nearlythirty years old, for the Philippines. However,after four years (May 23, 1907), he severed hisconnection with the Philippine Civil Servicebut he remained in the Philippines (Bomemann,1955 :903 ) .

As Bomemann puts it, this was the start of aperiod in Garvan's life characterized by repeat-ed ups and down, and a definite downwardtrend. For yeaN, so it seems, he looked for hiseconomic security as merchant in the interioroftheislands. In soberhours he seemed to havebeen conscious of his penonal weakness

[alcohol], but in the long iun he was ove.-whelmed by that weakness. His last conflictduring his years as a teacher was with thefamous Jesuit missionary in Mindanao, FatherSatumino Urios, of whom he speaks, however,with great respect in his lllanobo monograph(Ganan 1931 :250 ) .

' j '

St .1 a ilnherl i l)uri J sle

i r !i l s

-_u -

' ) l

.tl-

! r t

i J

: t -

i.i

: t t i

l t r

i , I

r l l

rrcnlann then qoutes a piece ol i i -' . , l ron which Ihad sent hi ln l iom Cebu City

I , nc 1 ,1 . 1952 , and wh ich l ob ta ined t i on t! . : l l tr t i ldo. t i)en a student for thc Master's: '- : r l thc Univc$ity of Si ln Clr los. ln tum.\r - l r had reccivcd the inlbrmation t iolnv .,os who had known Clrvan pcrsonally-! - -nrann remarks r ightly t l lat this i I1-- -_ r lron. wll ich sl lows, thc style of l i lc 1)t: . r. lopt in the interior of Mindrnao. would- i ts valLre. even if not al l detai ls should: ' - io bc true.

' fhis is thc infomration I for_. - .- 'J froln Migucl Mati ldo to I lornemann:

.,Jnan visited most of the places occupied by the.r,robo tr ibe. According to some old Manobos, he, ::ked. ate and danced with them. He colored his', . :r. chcwed their betel nut. spoke their language,-_ r sore their clothings- He went with them hunt_

r 3nd fishins in the lakes and in lhe tribularis of\susan River. He joined thcn in their religous

.ri and ceremonies. My informants said lhat when,1an and a gxoup of Manobos came down on a

_ : ro Butuan, the capibl of ASusan, and they-:';..ned to meet some Amcricans, he did not stop' r chat. He was always with his Manobo com-

t.ona (p- 229, footnote 52) mistak€nly states: r: \laiildo did field wolk amons the Negritos ofLl -ianao. He actually worked among the Manobo\1.i do 1953).

-,t :r. around 1918. ( lanan bcgan looking'--. ()n tbe posit ive aspects of his past ycars.

,r l led himscll "rt l lnolo!! ist for t l)e Phil ip-- (; ,)r l jn1ment, Lecturer in Phil ippinc Tribes' : | [Jniversity of t .rc Phil ippincs, Secretary. l r J r l r ( t r r o f Su l t t ( l t i . l . . - ' I r r . 1 I n imco-- ' :J rpplication of the samc t imc, Carvan

' l i . p rL ! t [ u \ o (LunJ t r r r r ] s : " ( ) r , ! dn i / ( r .

_ .t igrtor. statist ician, explorer, govenror and--: l ir tor. et l lnologist. translator, prol 'essor,: ir l i \ t . hacicndero, auti loq reviewer. lec-

'---r r l ]d purchaser ol curios. secretary and.:rrxl {dviser to thc Sultan of Sulu." In

::. .us ways, even in his personal troubles, he.,. .rr t j lat t ime, t ire support of H. Otiey

:-. . :r. To him Garvan frequently sent his l irstr.. .1 rcports and he must have rcceived useful;-: ,restions from Beyer.

l l l . B. 2. Carviur's Ncgrito manuscript

Raimann / THE PHTLIPPINE NEGRITOS 219

Around 1924-25 Caflan rctLlmed to theUnited States. on his way t l lere (or evenearlicr) he mieClt have spent some time inJapan, Soulh{ir ina, and Malacca. I lr 1926 ltel ived in Berkeley. Cll i fomia. Two years later,he was !:ver the opportLlllity to work for ayedr or two on part of his materials in theDepartment of Aithtopology at the Universityof Cir l i fornia (Berketey). ln 1938, he entrustedsome of his manuscripts to Professor J M.

Cooper of tbc Cati lol ic University of America,washington, D.C. (f i le entry ol Cooper, Sep-tember 9. 1938). In a note inserted in theNegrito maruscript by Professor A L. Kroeberon Deccmber 22. 1941. Kroebcr presupposesthe dcath of Caflan: so he would have diedbetween the 63rd and 64th ycar of l i is l i fc.

Could ii be concluded from the fact that Garvanentrdsted some of his manuscripts to Professor(Monsignor) Cooper that he found in the priest apersonal friend? A number of yean a8o I (R.R.)heard of a rumor that GaNan died in Burma. Imention this because it may one day be helpful inobtaining more certalnty about the last years ofGarvan's life.

Bomemann concludos his sketch of Garvan'sl i fc wit l) the remark that these lew data aboutwhich we can be certain, al low the outsider tosense something ol t l le tragedy that character-ized thc outward coursc of Carvan's l i fe whilsthis literary lcgacy proves him to Ilave been atalented man with a vast store ol knowledge(Bornemann I 955 :90 l -905 ) .

This s€ems to be the placc to remark that WilhelinSchmidt leamed about Calfan's Negito manuscriptfrom a paper which John M. Copper had publishedin 1940 on cu ltural relations among th€ SoutheastAsian Negriios (s€e Re feren ces ). Since I 94? Schmidthad tried to get that manuscript (Bomemann 1955:899). Certainly Schmidl also knew the l94lpubhcal ion ot Coop(r. |J l to whrch the foresoinBpaper had been incorporated. Becaue of the exor'bi tanl costs for the pnnt ing of t i )e voluminousmanu$ript. Cooper had already thouglt of a micro-filn edilion. Theplan ws, howeve., ,ot caried oul,asProfessor Regina Flannery-Herzfeld, first Cooper'sassistant and tjren his successor, wrote to Fr.

I

220 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF

Sclmidt on April 15, 1950 (Bomemann, loc. cit.,footnote 2).

After devoting dbout two pages to Carvan'sscientif ic work in general, Bomemann dealswith the versions ol his Negrito manuscriptand i t s o r i g i l l . He d i r t i ngu i : l r es t l r ree ma inversions, cal l ing them Ms A, Ms B, Ms C;thereare other versions.at Ms A. - In the fal lof 1949, Father Schmidtreceived from thc Departmcnt ofArthropology,Catholic University, Washington, D.C., a mrcro-f i lm of the manuscript matcdals which GaNanirimself had entrusted to Cooper in 1938(supra). This microfilm had, as Bomemannpoints out (p. 908), some technioai sirort-comings, e.9., i t began wit ir Chapter 22, andthe first part followed after the last chapter.Scllmi. l l 's very minLllr \ tudy uf Crrv;ur irbased on this microfi lm. He was then alreadyan octogenarian, and it was the f irst t ime thathe worked wit l l microfi lm and reader. He wentpatiently t lrree t imes through the wilolc micro-f i lm. al l t lre wll i le lrkir)! notcs rnLl re-i lrrJngj,t !the material. These notes are now part of theAnthropos microfi lm-cdit ion of Gaflan's work.In this edit ion (Garvan-Bomemann 1954), thetechnical deficiencies of the Wasiington micro-film were eliminated anLl several improvementsmaoe,

b),,Ur. a. At (about) the same time that theAnthropos Institutc received Ms A, ProfessorR. Lowie (Depa ment of Anthropolo!$/, Uni-versity of Cali fomia, Berkeley) sent to thcInstitute another copy of Garvan's manuscript,which Bomemann calls Ms B. This copy is inseveral respects different from the Washingtoncopy. Ms B is in i ts entircty typewritten onyellow paper. I t is, according to Bomemann,not an original but a carbon copy. On the otherhand, Ms A is in all parts which are found in Aand B, an original copy; arIC it is clearly thatcopy of which B is (in the same process oftyping) a carbon copy. The length of lines, thctyping errors correotions made during thetyping, etc., correspond widt onc anotherexactly; the character of the types is alsoidentical.

On the otiler hand, Ms A contains parts

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

which are not found in l\,ls B. Bornemann givesthe fol lowing detai ls: Of the total of 1000pages of Ms A, t lrree hundred pages are missingin Ms B. As far as the contents are concenled,the difference is not quite as big because in theparts which Ms A ltas over and above Ms B,t l lere are repetit ions. Moreover, i t has manyhand-waitten pages which contain fewer wordsthan the typed pagcs. Among the machine-written pages there are sections which are nororiginal but carbon copies, e.g., the longChapter 31, compising over 100 pages andcon taining rcports from tjle Archives ofllanila.tr, ls B also lacks t i le galley Drools ofan art icle:"Our Phil ippine Pygmies a remnant of anancient race" ( 100 l-1004).c),\ Ir C. - Sent together with Ms A which theAnthropos Insti tute rcceived from Washingtor,D.C., was a bundle of mostly hand-writtenpages. altogeUrer about 475. There is strongevidence, so Bomcmann states, that t l ley arepart of that hand-written copy of Gawan,which was afterwards typewritten. However,the Ms contains only a few complete or in-complete chapters, r iz., Chapters 16-19, 25,28, 30 ald 32 of tr{s A. Several checks provedthe identity of the handwritten copy C withMs A. In the opinion of Bomem:rnn an exactcomparison is superfluous because we have in Aa copy that was completed and approved bythe author.d) Other manuscript forms. Bomemann refeN(p. 909) to a stat€ment in the aforementionedtwo publications of Cooper about Ganan'swork. Cooper cites (see Cooper 1941:24, foot-note 25): "J. M. Garvan, The Pygnies of thePhil ippines. Ms." He adds: "(copies rn theDepa ment of Andrropology, University ofCalifomia Ioriginal], Catholic University ofAmerica lcarbon]." Bomemann then refers tohis statement that the copy which was sent toAntluopos Institute from Washington, D.C. is,in its biggest part original, therefore not "car-bon" and the copy from Berkeley was in itsentircty not "original" but "carbon". He givesfurther rcasons that this must have been thesituation conceming the two manuscript copies.

Bomemann concludes that, as far asevidencesallow, Ms B is identical with the manuscript

aa

I!I

rng to a note of Professorbet l l , l94l ) completed

b L.le Lnivenity of Califomiaad $hich was then copiedThe univelsity kept a carbon

Rrhm. lnn l t lL PHIL IPPI \L NEGRITOS 221

hsting md arran8ement of al l data. Notwith-standing the shortcomings in Chapters 30 and31, he conside$ these two chapte$ which l istthe data collected by others, methodologicallya/.,/mell/the best chapters in the whole manus-c ip t (p .913 ) .

In the evaluation of Garvan's manuscriptBomema'rn deals a) with i ts unfinished state,b) the generalizations therein, c) the relativelbrmlessness (Ungeformtheit) of Negrito cul-ture. d) and Carvall 's world view.

As to a). In the manuscripts (B and A) therezLrc notes madc by the typist that show that shewas not clear about the sequence of pages, etc.Therc are unintelligible tcxts and doubts aboutsome statements, and the remarks theretoshow that a competent person went throughthe manuscript material. But in his own check-ing of the scripts, Gawan very seldom gave hiscomftents on such questions, seemingly be-caose he could not Mswer them. Bornsrnannthinks (p. 915) that therein we have an indirectprooi of the rel iabi l i ty oi his other statements.

A.s to b), Carvan localizcd many of his des-cnptions. This can, e.9., be secn from thegeographical synthesis of W. Schmidt wilo, inl l i \cighries6,ipfd . arr irnged with t l te conscious-ness of a serious doctorand the geographicalaspects of Garvan's reports (Bomcmann 1955:92 5-9 27 ;Garvan-Bomem ann 1954: 1075- I 154).llowever, Garvan frequently mentions only thepart of thc island concerned, not the exactl labitat; st i l l less frequently, he states the yearduring which he made an observation (and hisres€arch extended ovcr fifteen years). Since itwill presently be seen that Garyan pays somuch attention to the,f luctuations in Negrito'culture, a grcater exactness in mentioning thelocali t ies in which he made his observationscould have been expectcd. Bornemann rcmarksthat we would, for instance, l ike to knowwhether Garvan's important statcment that onlysongs fbr the dcad have legendary motifs andare sung only during night, holds good for allgroups, or only for some and, if so, for whichones. (For more about singing arnong theNcgrito, see Garvan-Hochegger 1964: 148f.).

Bomemann goes on to say that besidesdetailed individual observations which fill the

origna.l copy.aigrnal copl ofthc "recopy" of

ioples were given to Gawan,

conllnues to reason, thatb! Can'an to Professor Cooper.

i15t che(led t i lat copy, L.or-a.J'nplclcd i t with short remarks

) rnsert ions either in machine-hrnd*rrtrng. BomentJnn r(marks

l i i r t $e owc t l le prcservat ion of\ l i A to Ganan's conf idencc in

- _ : .: : i J- , ' . t i : t

, I . J : l

. - t f v

I t r r l : J j Prot(s5.Jr Rcgina I lunery -i .r . ]nd to l l le cirr wil ich Coo|er

bejlo$.d on this manuscripti a5 i 905- , ) I0 ) .

T^_,: aont.'nts of Garvrn's Negritou.!,-_npt and Bomemaurn's evaluation

: J.als f int wit l t the contents of

.: : .rpler t i t les of the manuscript. Theill :r olice Gan a,'r's Iove for alliterationsl

-to-ru:cnpt I Appcn.l ix I l of t l t i \ rrt icre

r,1n begiDs with the Table ofContcntsI l t r . lhJI d comparison ol the "( \rra-

(-. i .r . Vanobo reveals the latter to be aE:-1r. r irorough scholarly study whilst reL ::]JJtuscnpl l) s i lor he(n complet(J, in

i:-r: . ln a prcvious section (p.913) Bor-::r Nmarks that this chapter reveals how

: rL .J r wea l t l t o f da ta " con ta ineJ i n_ i \< , r r ro manusc r ip t anL l i n l l i s mono-

: . c \ cg r i l os . t su l l l c aJds t l t a t rhcsc Lx -

fr :i a:ln be seen from its content, The-: j us.d is not worked into the Negrito

:::1pl but remdns extemal to i t ; this is- . , t r uc o i C l r rp te rs 30 snd 31 . l l

qi.r, i0. Caflan oflers a compilat ion from

car-: r i t s! ives

r theapres.

i'rip t

e::ii can be used only after a thoroughd::: iue of the sources. In Chapter 3l (100?€:ir unpublislted materials belonging to t irc

!.. . : : \ l90G1915 are made use of. BomemannFrlr l ts this chapter because of the mcticulous

I

biggest part of Garvan's work, larlle sectionsare also devoted to the descript ion ol Negritoculture as such. Moreovet, evcn his individualdescript ions are frequcntly interwoven wtthgeneral judgments. As a matter of fact, there isthe unmistakable tendency ofdrawing a general-ized image of t ire Negrito. Even i l drawingsuch a picture werc warranted, Bomemannthinks i t desirable to. indicate among whichgroups the pert inent observations were made,especially since the Filipino Negrito groups areseparated from each other by large distances.Thr demand lor monographs on lhe variousgroups is especial ly applicable in this case.

As to c). [n contradict ion to Garvan'sgeneralizations, there are more specific observations on the mult i formity and varicty of theelements of Negrito culture, and on the con-tinuous change of thesc forms lrom group togroup, as wcll as withi i t l)e group and theindividual. Garvan observes that the customsand beliefs in connection with planting andharesting are found "in ilmost inilnitcvariety." (For some detai ls, see Garyan-Hochegger 1964;78).

Tl lere is, according

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

1964:208). Puerile and contradictory or not.many cases contradictory" (Garvan-Hoch

is t lre i irst duty of an etlrnoBrapher to

deeper study ol such phenomena seems toaccuratelv his fir1dinqs. In order to show thal

necessary, I quote once more from Gaflanadd Hochegger's annotation on Garvan's sment. Gaflan wlites:

Among our Pygmies, as aLrnongst ourselves,

arbitrariness and fortuitousncss in the matter ofincest tabus. Whilst he speaks ol a tradit ionalfonn for the hair comb, thc l i t t le bag used forbelel nuts. tobacco. etc., varies fronl group to

lroup and within thc individual group. Thisvariety of forms also holds true of carrinlls (cf.

Garvan-Hochegger 1 964: 13 7 ;40 f . ). Clearly dis-tinguished from each other arc the religiousdances and those for cntcrtainment (festive

dances); the va eties thereof are so numerousthat thek descript ion would l l l l a wholevolume. Although hardly the same tcxt is sungtwice, characterist ic geographical zones can berecognized (see. e.g., Garvan-Hochegger 1964:146 ff.). Among the menstruation and preg-nancy taboos some similarities are found, butthere are also dilferences liom group to group

which have set in with the passagc ol time (see

Cawan-Hochegger l qb4 : l )9 . 132 [ . ) . Conc .m-ing "taboolike rules and magic" (exact head-ing in Hochegger) Carvan writes: "l havedeliberately omitted a very great deal ofmaterial because it seems so puerile and in

wax and wane and what was bad at one time ftibecome indifferent or even good at another,what one group mighi consider harmtul, anosroup mirnt deem lo be beneficial (GarvHochegger 1964:129).On ihis statem€nt Hochegger conments (p. 257):

It should be mentioned here that suchtrrdiclions are found frequently within the mphology of dre taboo. As reliabl€ authon pointedout. lhr. phenomenon r. brsed on the facltabooed tl nss and/or acts are sometimes thoueht toh.lve contrary values or qualities, i.c-, they ar!

Hochcgger then refen 10 Eliade's treatment ofthis problem (sce Eliadc I 958: l4-l 9).-Hocheggercon$rlted the French original of Eliade's 'tork:TruitA d' hiltone .les religiois, 1949, 2nd edition,1959 .

On the other hand, Bomemann values as ahighly positive element the fact that the mereprcsentation of tlrese differences by Garvan, ifit is reliable , reveals the vivacity and creativeactivity of these Negritos which surpasseseverythin!t t irat W. Schmidt said about theful ly human quali t ies of the man of hisa/r lr i l trr. Bomemann concludes this paragraphwith the basic statement that constancy cannota priori be postulated for any culture. He addsthat no othcr monograph on foodgathercrs haspointed out this principle as clearly as Garvan'shas.

As to d). ln th, i cri t ique of W. Schmidt'stlieses on the primordial conditions of man-kind, with monotheism and monogamy, etc.,the ideological a priori of Schmidt, so Bome-mann states, has becn of'fered as an explanationof his allegedly idealized descriptions of pri-mordial times. In reality, the basis fot Schmidt'sstartinB position was mainly the conditionsobtaining among the short-statured peoples.

to Garvan, much

' :rer reads the three first chapters and

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 223

and slavery and other institutions in a social way,so we find that in religion they lack sacrifices, idols,religious charms and fetiches. Even charms are norfound as frequently as among other foresr anomountain tribes; nor are there sacred places exc€ptin a f-ew places such as Zambales where an odd rocko. cave would b€ looked upon as inhabited by onespiit or another.

Leaving aside Carvan's contradictory state-ments about nudity and dress among theNegri tos (cf . p. 2l I and pp. 36-40; Hochegger 'sarrangement of the manuscdpt-infra), it rsdifficult to see no contradiction in ftrst sayingthat the Negritos "lack. . . religious charms andfctiches" and then state immediately after that"even charms are not found as frcquently asamong othe.. . . tribes." His assertion that theNegritos lack sacrifices is modified by the otherstatcment (p.228): " l t should be noted fromtl le beginning that with very few exceptionsthere are no sacrifices in Pygmydom, and withnot many more exceptions, few offerings."

About religion itself he then males the statement:In relision too we find no trace of ethics nor of

sinfulnessas among ouI5€lves. A thing is good or badbecaus€ Iong tradition in the inner sense of everyindividual tells him there is sood and bad.

Hochegger remarks rightly in his annotations1p . 2071 l l r a l " t h i s sen lencc rema ins un in -telligible," for according to Ga|an's ownaccoun l . l l l e Negr r tos i n Z rmba les be l l eve i n asupreme spidt (the existence of whom Garvanadmits for some groups, and "even a number ofcontiguous groups"), whom they call Kadai and"who became angry with humankind becauseof the commission of some such things asmurJ ( r i nces t and so on " tp . 22? r . KaJa i , ."chief of al l supematural spir i ts" of thePinatubo Negritos, was supposed (we keepGarvan'spast tense) "to indicate his displeasureby speaking thJough the thunder." Ga anthen goes on to say that Kadai "had certainlikes ard dislikes such as for instance thatquarry slrould be quarteret- i in a cerlain wayand so on and so on" (p. 227). One cannotlrelp thinkirg that Garvan portrays Kadai as awhimsical old man. Neither an ethnographernor an ethnologist will, as a rule, express him-self that way. Even so, the data which Carvan

r ro t . l ta.'fOlt: ra t aro be

rr i tnd, i late-

J S a

: r . i f. l i ve

I J I C

h isr iPh1 : t o t

I . l ! s

: i t s

- I s

: . ln-

: I a . .

me-

da ' sonsles.

:rptions beforc him. However, i t is prac-:.. \ certain that GaFan did lrot know

. :. other parts of GarvM's work wil l get the::.ssion of having authentic "Schmidtian"

':_riLlt 's writ ings, and therc seems to be no!::rce that Beyer may have introclucedL-.rn to Schmidt's works. Tl le similadty:-:r 'n Schmidt's and Carvan's prcsentations

i,-, be taken as a guideline.

: r i .ws acquiFs mors signif icance when we- i : . [ ' r t l le fact that Ga an, although brought.! r Catholic, showed so Bomemann holds.: : t ime of his f ield work an anti{hdstian.

- i rnt irel igious att i tude.r- ' jona (p. 243, footnote 7l) is. however,

.: opinion that i t is not justi l iable to con-r l iom some of Garvan's statements or: rhe fact that hc wanted to kecp Christ ian-.rey from thc Negritos that his atttruoe

-,r, ls rel igion and his evaluation of i t was:.: l \ ' . . I t is to be appreciated that Azcona, ro thc delense of C;arvan in t l l is respcct.' : ic mltter to be considered ltere is not so

--: Gaflan's personal att i tude towardsi: 'rr as his rcl iabi l i ty in dealing with rhe

.::. ,n of the Negritos- And in this respect:-.: 'mann's view sti l l deservcs to be hceded

::: i iously, two shortcomings of Garvan's: -. . \ !ere mentioned: the unfinisl led state of:: -:rluscript and the genemlizations therein.

: ir as rel igio[ is concemed. a third short-:--)S must be addcd: Ganan's somewlar

n,: : : iN r evaluat ion of his data.. : is t ruc that Garvan makes an excel lent

: . : : i announcement about his approach in!:i: rring data on the religion of the Negritos.ts: ! riles:

Ii arriving al conclusions in these matte.s I made.':r] effort to secur€ the truth and bas€d th€ fol-

.mc infomadon on information fumished m€' : my own sl]idanc€ and prot€ption on hundr€ds' Jther occasions when my informants had no

-rures to mislead m€ (Ganan-Hochegeer 1964:- l All quotations in this section arc taken from' : Hochegger edition).

Carvan goes on to say (p. 2l l):

Jusi as we found that the Pygmies lacked-,: $es and so many other things in a material way

reports rcmain valuable; and such elements asfear of incest and murder as well as of thuflder,and the rules concerning the quaftering ofallimals, will have to be considered in a solidmethodological way when questions about t l tercl igious beliefs and the ethical views of theNegritos llavc to be answeaed.

C)nc more instance to show tl)at there arecontradict ions in Garvan should be mentionedhere: what is said is agai based on Bomemann(p. 922). Garvan states that the l i t t le Negrito"grows up in an atmosphere of human lovir lg-ness, free from dogma, don't 's and dri l l ." Sucha sentence woLlld nevcr be made by Scllmidt;and Gaflan himself would nevcr state that i fhe held on to another, earl ier statement: "Thcmain motive that seems to gui( le the Pygmyin his daily l i te is not to ( i isfrcss the dead.Another principle is that this or the other t l l ingwil l bring good or bal luck. These ideas.together with the natural i lnitat iveness iurdambit ion to be l ike thcir elders. are suff icicnlto explain thc human l ines aiong which tbeygrow-" But there is also among t l tese l lunanlincs the reverence fowards their ancestors inthe world beyond. A further investigation (soBomcmann belicves) would show that thiswor| l of the beyond (not only the dcad there-in I pl! ! ,s, according to Garviur's prcsentatiorl .a greater role in the l i fe of the Negritos thanhe admits in some of his assert ions. Even in hisdescript ion of Negrito personali ty, which is inpraise of thc natural ly-good man, severar l lmes,t lrough incidental ly, the world of the beyond,inclusive of the dead. is mentioncd; and to t l lc"things of honor in a Pygmy group" also be-longs the admonit ion "to remembcr the dead."Bomemann concludes that with al l the cautionwhich is, in the interest of truth. required whenone is confronted with an idealizing extreme,the assumption is waffanted, urd this on thebasis of Garvan's own material, that Gulrandid not do justice to the rcl igious clerncnt inthe l i fe of the Phil ippine Negritos.

II I . B. 4. Azcona's analysis of Garvan

Azcona has made an excellent contributionto the study of Carvan. A few almost inevitableshortcomings thercin latrgely stem from the

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

fact that he has not yet had, as already stated,a chance of field experience with the Philip-pine Neg tos. In the first part, his analysisdeals with Garvan and his work; in the second,mainly with Gawan as a rese:Lrcher (fieldworker):and in t lre third, with 6arvan's report,i .e., his manuscrrpt. The iast part confainscategorizing of the various aspects of Negdtolift described by Garvan and an inquiry intothe scientific reliability (Wissenschaftlichkeit,of the report as well as into the question ofi tsoriginali ty. - In this summary of Azcona'sar)alysis and his comments, efforts are made toavoid repetit ions.

Azcona had, of cou.se, to base his study ofCarvan to a good extont on Bomemann. Healso had to take into considcration Hochegger'scdit ion of Carvan. About this edit ion Azconarcmarks that several d e\iatlons (Abueichutryen )are found therein. e.g.. a change of the dataaboLrt Mindanao. Alabat ( island in thc LamonIlay. bclonging to Quczon Proviice, eastemLuzon) dnd Palawan. He mentions thatR:thmann ard Maceda were expected to publishthe data about the Mamanua of Mindanao(i hd). The minorjty groups of Alabat andPalawan were not considercd Negritos byHochcgger (and Schebesta ); consequently,Cirr',,a,'r's data about thcm were omitted in thehook (d i t i on . The qm( happcned w i l h a se r iesof interpretations wl ch, in most cases, wereconsidered by Hochegger (and Azcona) asunimportant remarks of Carvan. Otheronlissions, however, would have made possible,according to Azcona, a better judgment aboutthe rel iabi l i ty and the value of Garvan's manus-cripl (Azcona l9?5:2?5). This last point iscertainly to be considered in the f inal evaluationof Garv0's work.

Blsing his judgment on Garvan's own state-ments. Azcona f inds that Garvan was crit icalof l l imself. althouedl not always frce from pre-conceived ideas, and crit ical of informants(p .230 r ' . ) .

A few points may now be singled out forcomment, viz.! thc pcculiari ty of Garvan'sapproach in his f ield work; his knowledge oflanguagest and his originality or his dependenceon o ler sources.

j t a ted ,: Pi) i l ip-: ra l ys i s

: : r t i e l d! rJl lort,- l J i ns a\ -g to.! into

- - ' : ke i t ): r t o l l t s\ ' J r l n a ' s:_:. :J! ' to

. . . i v o f

. i : : l He

i . , r ) n a

i J:r ta-. : lnOn. : \ l C f n. r ha t

: . . r. l ish

. . : . ud: \ by. rn l l v ,

: : : t I l te

- . a r i e s

: - a si ) l l t c r

: . i n u s -: i t i s

Fited "part icipant observation." For: i l m(rnl sh:Lring rhe dail) l i fe of the'.:-1s and even playing with their children

ioncems Garvan's approach in his field{zcona makes the fcl ici tous statement

C':n an (who was not a trained ethnologist):: l (so to spexk, anticipated) in his f ield. mrrhoJ wl)ich hrs, sincr B. Malinowskis.: l among the Triobdand islanders, been

::-. 250). Because ol GaNan's excellent:: observation! this method yielded detai l-

i_..: exact descript ions which are enhanced

r: ious aspects of Negrito culture. As an::ir f ield worker, so Azcona remarks:i i ). he had no preparation for analytic. . i that kind. This then, i t may be added.: . r ) ro re unders landab l r Schcbcs ra s v iew

G-.1an's abil i ty to write (p.228).E:iever, contrary to Mll inowski, Garyan

:..r1 have the abil i ty to point out the::. tJl intcrrclat ion and inncr Jyn:r.mics of

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRTTOS 225

thishasbeen said, i t should be stated, however,that Azcona's view sounds acceptable and thatGaFan was indeed well prepared for his fieldwork also as far as his knowledge oflanguagesis concemed, especially since many Negritogroups, as Azcona states, also knew the languageof the neighboring population. Azcona men,tionsGa an's "vocabularies" (pl. - Vokabulare).Probably we can conclude from Manuel's re-port on the Beye; Collection (Manuel 1958:61)that what is meant here is Volume I of Set l7of the "Philippine Ethnographic Sefies." Iquote from Manuel:

Set l7: Negito-AetaVo lume l rpapers l - 19 .

I "Negrito Vocabulary," by John M.carvan. Manila, 1914.24O pp.

2 "Notes to Garvan's 'Negrito Vocabulary',by Edwin E. Schneider. Manila 1914.7opp.

As early as 1955 (1955r913, footnote 43),Bomemann offered to publish Garvan's languag€material in the Micro-Bibliotheca Anthropos. (Pro-bably that offerstill stands even twenty years laterl ).As concems the problem of a Negrito language orNegrito languages of their own, attention is drawnto the papers of Headland and Baumsartner in thisissue of the Qlarterry-

As concems Carvan's or iginal i ty. an in-vestigation into the matter is, according toAzcona, made difficult because Garvan hardlyquotes other authoN. That he did have ex-tensive knowledge of other contempomrysources when he prepared his manuscript atthe University of Califomia follows from hisown statement: "l have looked over all theIiterature in this university and in the lib.ariesin Manila" (quoted by Azcona, p. 246; see alsoGarvan-Hochegger 1964:194 f.). ln paiticularthere is the question whether Garvan made useof Father Vanoverbergh's 1925 article whichcould hardly have escaped his notice when hewod<ed on his manuscript. It may also beassumed that he was in northern Luzon and didfield work there. However Azcona's map(p. 223) of the parts of the Philippines whercGarvan worked has no entry for northemLuzon; the two northemmost ar€as in it arePampanga and Zambales.

: : . : ;oning. and his chatt iness (cf. Azcona,

R:::rding Carvan's knowledge of languages,

, i :n:ur whom he (Schebesta) cri t icizes,:.r. .r. for his joumalist ic style, his subject-

.::r writes (p. 229) that Carvan seems toi:own mitny (zalrlreicle) Negrito dialects.

- lzcona could be familiar only in a:i wa! with the language situation as it

a_:nl ly was in the early part of this century!"r his acquaintance with pert inent

::rre. such a statement s€ems to need: .JJl ion in l \no respects. Tlre f i r l t potnt

: < : r . t l r r number o I Neg tu L l i a iec ts.--rges) actually spoken at Garvan's hme;f,:ond pertains to his own knowledge of

. i Knowledge does not of course, mean::r i and Garvan also used, as Azcona

: i l i l l c -

. iLcal:: Prc-:t ln ts

.t forr:1 m'sl l c o f

Jence

'!: ! lntc4)reters. Azcona himself admits that

lF i . . 1 l i \ I I : a l l ogc t l re r l 8 pa8es r i s no t we l l]n s chapter on the language (Ch. 29, see

.: Bomemann (1955:912) considers i t the.i3it of all chapters. As he perceptively

..: i ' p. 916. footnote 49), we have a legit imate-' j- ' t m Lnowing Gawan's l inguist ic equip-D..: rn view of the statements Gaflan makes*:L: lhe most intimate spheres of Negritol:. jnd this in a generalizing fiishion. After

In this matter as well as in that ofcaNan'sdependence on the Beyer materials and othersources, it seems to this writer that odginalityis not proven as long as doubts remain. How-ever, the reliability of the data reported doesnot necessarily depend on their originality.Scl)ebesla is. in spite hi l \arious misgi! intssabout Ga an, of the opinion that Carvan'sfacts are credible (Schebesta l l ,2, 1952.1245).

This may be the occasion to remark t\at Gusinde ,in his sketch olthe Aeta (1962r139'242), del iberate-ly omits Garvan'as a source (p. 241). Gusinde writcsthat Garvan's big manuscripl is in severai respects ares€rvoir of valuable individual data but that it doesnot fulfill, in every regad, lhc demands of a sedouscritique of sources- Gusinde s view is, however, oflimited valuc bccause, althoulh a great authority onthe civilizations oi toodga.therers, he \rad on'\y alimited knowledse oithc Philippine Nesrilos. On theother hand. he clearly saw lhe need for (thc stilllacking) comprehensive monog:rphs on the variousNegrito sroups (p. 240).

Azcona concludes (p. 251) his well{ocu,mented study with the statement that Garvan,although not a trained ethnographer, intuit ive-I-v sensed the importance of that closeness oet-ween investigator and etl lnic Cfoup which hehad, a.nd which enabled him to reach a deepunderstanding of the Negritos of the PhilippinesAnd so, according to Azcona, Garvan's reportis a rel iable document and, consequently, JohnM. Garvan can rightly be cxlled "explorer ofthe IPhilippinel Negritos" (Erlo'scre' JelNegitos).

In bestowing that titie on Garvan, Azcona wascertainly aware that Sch€besta had aheady con-sidered the same tille forcarvan. However, Schebestasaw one condition for it unfulfilled. He srated: IfGarvan had taken the trouble to systemaricallypublish (the data of) his Aeta lesearch, then hewould today rishtly hold the IlIle "Ert'orscher det,4erd" (Schebesta 11,2, 1957:245, footnote l). Buthere again, asin the case of cusinde, the critic\ corn,petence must be considered. Schebesta was ratherlate in getting a€quainted with caffan's manusc.ipt(infta) a^d so he might nor have been fully com-petent for passing an obje ctive judgment on it_

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Schebesta that the Gxrvxn manusc.iptfinally published in book form. The ediwas prepared by Hermann llochegger whothat time attended Schebesta's lecturesell lnology dnd hi\ elhnololdcal seminar rJlMission Seminary ol St. Gabriel's nearThe book appefied in 1964 as Volumeol t\re Pub\\cations oi rhe lnstirure ol Ethno.

III. B. 5. Hochegger's book edition ofGarvmanuscript.

tlined his lh.D. He is t\e ioundei and no\',r rmeri

We owe it to the initiative of F

Iogy of the University of Vienna (Insti tutfuer Voelkerkunde der Universitaet WienThe printing was jointly financed by

al the Univcrsity of Paris fronr which he also

Austrian Ministry of Education and Schebesta_Hochegger la!e r con tinued his erhnological studi

berof the Centrc d'Etudcs Elhnologiques dedundu. Zr irc.

In his Forcword to t l ie book Schebesta says:

V y i n l e r l r o n o f m a l r n g G , d n . s o r k a v a i linpr intneeds nojust i f icat ion. Had i t been publ ishedprior to 19J8, I would hardly have tirought itnecessary to go to thc Phi l ippines in 1938-39. . .Icarvinl was. of course. able to gathcr more factsconccmiDg the socirl and spiritual life of the Aetathan I could within just s ix months, and this underrather unlavorablc circumstances-

In Volume I of his tlree-part work on theNegritos in Asia, Schebesta had stated that athorough, systematic investigation of the Aetahad, properly speaking, never taken place al-though there were more partial studies on theAeta than on the Semang and Andamanee(Schebesta 1952:56 f.). Garvan was sti l l un-known to Schebesta at that t ime. His namebegins to appear only in Part II, I and is thenmentioned frequently in Part I I ,2.

h his forcword to the Hochegger edition,Schebesta explains the choice of the t i t le "TheNegritos of the Philippines" instead of "ThePy$nies of the Phil ippines," but he adds that(iawan's promiscuous use ofthe terms "Pygny"and "Neg to" within the manuscript has beenleft unchanged. Schebesta writes:

I am probably the only-anlhropologist who knowsbodl the Asiatic Nesritos and the African Pygmie3

227Ralunain / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS

l.rrv an's

Father

- . . ' l c!Derren\e A cornlan'on 'howed lnal

- ,- ; , ' '1, ' - . - ' I rJ ' ia l or culruldl unrr ' ar'

i i ' , , ' . .J. i*" t le r imc\ or A dt Quitrc '

. , , 1 r l , " i , s . r ' rn 'a ' n ' r ' ru ' r r f i< : Ies( rv rnsrne

c Jmong t l r ' bcs l ( l Jbo l r t eJ { c t l - d i l o r '

No tc to cJ rvun l q55 P 769 ) '

HoL''<sscr rurrr, .rem':l" Ii;:':ffi',[ll:olr - s r r h a t t h t p o r t ' o nlli.,i;","",,r,',i," v,-*y, l,I'11f T,ii: l,T;work upon dn' l (r t leJ L' ! I Inrc ' - ' "plhmlnn

ardl ished r, d <f,d,dk n,onlo, l , l , . iu^] , . .1

t , , ,* . r , ," .u . M r c c d d . . . . L , n f o r t u n a r e r v , o x " . u r r . r .

H o * -prevenr(.1 us from drternlrns ro-I 'JL

l l , . urn]-" .ever. rhe long overdue monolraPrr urr u

: :oushi it--: !-39. . .

:. !rt was

rJition:"fi i. i l i"i i i i. ,nin.* dwaJrr' for who," i '- ; : ' i i ' - o.-" cornel and cJlrrns the-J$d' l^--1- . .-"t],

"'r A5r r r \nllrmJn(s 5(mdnr'

l a : i . ' ! i ! 1 I t l l l !

cr-:.r-: . rr 'Ll p,,. .rLrlu rn'r irr ly t" rc-

: r - r l1.r l lL l \cr lpl rr l ; r ls l l rc con-

I . . . , u . . r ' t . , l . t ' r : r l r "ok o l l ou f rNs '

: . l ' . f ' r " t ' , t ' t t l r ' l ^ r l r l J ' 1 ( ' l r : r l r " r \

; r r"rr r( ' . ' |nrnr l"(r ' ($:- ' - l i ia l) ]11.i : : i i rys:

f . , - ' ' ' ' . , " ' , r ' . P l r l i f l r r l " J s $ J l l i 5 u n-J . t . . l , ' . t \n ' lJn'rrr" ' q/c"rr ' r l l ' rnkt

; u b ll " , , 1 , , , 1 g ' rh< r " i ' l ' l r ' r t ' l r n : c u l t . ' t t

+ . _ r ' f ' t ' ' " t " . ' " o l I l ' r l n r i l l n r l r x l l i t )

t . \ ' ! r l l o . l l l l t r r ( { \ \ l l \ c r n : n r ' , \ r r ( i r -

r t - . t i ' t r i n i * 1 , . t J l ; t l l ' t l l ( l r , . l \ ' n r l c u n _

. ' , r l ' t , , r i ' , ' n '

r 1 p l 3 l ' l ? I I * ' r i ' l r

- r , t t r o r r ' t ' f ' r ' r l ' t ' l u l l l ' l l l ' r J l u r . '

" T ":ll.i':iilll."i;'Jemrc debt shou rd be m(n-

, :: ' l ; '1": ':.;;.;; Bomemrnn wnrc' I rqs5:

:l!l: i."i,i;i. :;; i';i i" ""1":'l'"i.T.iJl';iLl95b 3n r r l r ! le on Tl rc 5"1€mn ^ 'ub"

f j , ' , ]"i, ' . .."" 'n* 'I t l ( Plri l irpin(- Re\duse

::::\::,;": ;; i ; i l ' , , ' ' ' 'r '" nor r"unJ 'I 're rime

: : : : , , " " i i ; ; . ,u . i . r " - ' " 'p "u concrererv t rhJr

i",", '" it. i" "t '" t* toncludins Remarr' ro t 'rrs

' :1 : ; ' _ " . r , " , r r rc . r a r r , r \ ro in r lha t Ine 'e

::HJl.l'li:,i: i. o *o,r,,y..r,ur,,ty r"pi. to',younPer anihropoloTrst to lvorK on

I l l C M o r i c . \ r n o t ' r b r r i ' l r ' P r u l S i l ' c b e s l x '

" ' * "o , l i i " " " " t ie l r t ro

M- re<r l r ' r r rJ u thcr '

. U l . r ! o i l l i i r r J c t J I l i n l o m a n \ . ( l r l c \ l i o n 5 l l l

, ' , . 1 ; ; : t ; ' ; ' t 5 t ( t r o n o I r h r q - d r r i i l ( r i r ( w r r r c r

i..r' ir,', 1',.,1;' t't;iI'''J,li:I i::,il',,,.n.,.i.r,,." " i,,,. ,*r. :l ,],.,^n:ji,l,1?;:i;t , r i ns t l r c . l cs i r t d i r r f o rmr t i on . roou r ,' ^ " , , , '

, * " ro r . , r l l ' l l l l ( b ib l l o ! ' r r l ' l l y o f h l \'""'l;"';.:il i;:'':"ll :*' 1.,','ll:';1.'ll'ilh . L \ c b a ( 1 1 r c t e r c n c c s t u h l m l n . l r r r : I'').";"'.' ;:'a-..' ""i::i';il,:;,",,I"i::ll:ilt , ) t h c c t h l \ o g r r l ) h y o t t l l c r r L r t r l ' P l L

l,'. io..,"iiu''""*.,,u:li.l:'i,l'::t :i:'l':i,"i;,A z ! , , l l J r r t c \ V u n o \ c l D e r g l r i r t r | ! r x i t '

,'i,.: .";i.;i. b: ri:r in-J-^:ullr':: :,:; # ll:Jesrriprion "r lr'. ?l:ll: lil'i'i,,n* ,o ,,,.

::11",:; * ;j;ll' ;il.'ii"J. J)" I i"'"*' " " n''i i"r"".' i*' i.,t

"r t"nfLrJ!(s sroorl vrno\'r

t.ri ' ," t""" 'rta'l in lris ficld wurk In a more

Lii;,,i,;:t:;.."^"'usg(sts rrrar vr'|)^t(rb(ult

' l;:,";i;;. l;" "iinr'or tr'" m.rrk in his

'"ti'Tri'""?tlTl",,"'s name has come up very

, . , . , r . , . , - , , 1 \ ' r .r : 1 ' l t l o ( l l c g ! ( ' r ' K c ! r r ( r r r r ! L r r - ' r ' ' '

* t , ' . - ' . t r l r3 t un pr i r r i i l l ' , ' r , i l \ rn : l l l l

, ' . . ' '1" ' ' . ' , . , ' r . ' i " r l r ' i " l r ' l r r ' r ' ' ' r r t ' '

l , ' f ' , ' " f , f J l \ o L r ' no t ' ( l t l r r l i n l ' r -

' : - t . . n ' . l l ' ' c l r ' ! t ' r g ' ' c ' b r l o n l l 5 ' r \ ' -

" ' ,h i . .T mattcl, , r r c s e n t r t i o n o f t h e s L l b j c c t l n a i t c r '

, . ' .

= . , . . u , n , t t t J l l l l l i ' J L l i t i u r l t l l \ ' h l ' l

, -. on the: . r - . r t h a t a

: i ]e Aeta

.: : l .Lace al-

1_ iJmanese.. . st i l l un-

. l l rs name

, :.1 is then

- i . , | ' , . t . " i ( ; Jn i rn ' r nan t r ' c r r f l l \ ' J

, ' . i L ' f f t . , h r ' r l r eaJ l r \ ' ' n l ) u l ' l i ' l r " ' l

. , , r . r : . r bou l l ( n ) ( J rs cx r l i c r (L rn io

r l l l . , c t r " r ! : . r I 'm r r r l \ " l l r r ' j co t r . l : r rn

. * . . ,p inr , : tncrahz, t r , ' " ' - ' t t i l I t l " l l l l ]: ; : r cdit ion'

- ritle "The:, i of "The:r rdds that

::: PygJnY":a|t has been

\ancan Pygmies

3 "

" l " , t i ' ; , r l r J ' J th ( r ih r l ' l ' r r " { ( ;Jn ar r -

- , . , - ^ . r . . . r , ^ n r . B o r -x - . j ( t l q64 n ) " " ' : : : : i l ^ ; . - " , ' , , '' ' t l l ' r l

. " - r 1 9 5 5 : O l h . f o o t n o l \ 5 0 ) r l s o I e r r, . . t . " . 1 . . ( , . r v J n \

- ' : l r r ( ( i l r s n l c r s s l r o w n l i ' s r L r r o ' i r ' _ . . ^ . ,t ' , , ) , ' a " ' . ' ' t ' " t t "

h rm ' ( l l mu \ l l r r v c

-.,i.".1i, "r rlr.*. rlrn. .n"]:" i:,:];.::l::

....".]i , ' i",t. nl', of tlem in /'/rr/i lpirr'' , . , , .

i n1+ - , t * t s i b l i od r rph ) t As l d r as

. , , f . i . a o n . " ^ t ' f l l r e s ' r l h r ( L ' l r a p l c r s

228

i requently in this art icle. One can actually notwrite on the Negritos of the Phil ippincs, st i l lless on those elsewhcre in Southeilst Asia,wit irout refe.r ing continually to him. He didfield work in the Pirilippines during the year1938-39 for about six montbs anrpi.r,r.

ln December 1938 and January 1939 hcworked among the Negritos of ZambalesiandBataan:in this he was groatly hmdicapped. eshe remarks. by having to rely (ratber unusuallbr himl ) on interpretcrs. In Apri l-May 1939he spent about three wceks amon!! the Cana-rincs Negritos; thcn he made a bricf vislt !o l t tcMountain Province where he studied a groupof ,\"egritos in thc Palanan region. Later he wasalso brief ly in southenr Negros. where l le meta mixed population ol Ncgrjtos arld ' l lukid-

non" .More important thalt these detai ls of Sche-

besla's own work among thc Phil ippi l tcNegritos arc the gencral insighls he gained.During his sixrnonlh stay in thc archipelago.he realized clcarly how dif l lcul l f icld workamong the Pil i l ippine Negritos was and why\esrito rcsearcb in the Phil ippines had re-mained so backward. I le expresscd his regrctthrl unti l t l len no explorcr had been lbund to5Lrbmit al l Negrito tr ibes to a thorough study.\ l hen Schcbesta wrote this. Garvan was Dot yetknown to him but even so, his statcment is st i l ll rrgcly to t l te point. Schebesta goes on lo sayIhat N'lalaya demanded greater (physical) ef lortsand derpivations fron1 an explorcr; he was,however, compensated by t l)e fact that heworked in a racial ly and ethnolraphical lyuniform terri tory whqrc the deterioratiol(destruction) of Negrito culture had not yetprogressed as far.as in the Philippines. Amongthe Aeta, so. Schebesta believes, only an ex-plorcr who is well acquainted with the landand people and knows sevcral languages wouldbe able to do tirorougl work. Every otherexplorer would from the beginning be limitedtopa ial results. The conditions as they existedin the Philippines explained why the ex-ploration of the Philippine Negritos had, incomparison witir that on the Semang andAndamanese, remained so confused and piece-meal (Schebesta 1952 t63-65).

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

lPhr l ippinc | \eF'nlo5 ' rs lp 'd r . In parenthesis r t m

All in all, Azcona is certainly risht when he cGawan, in spite of his limitations. "Explor€r of

be said that Schebesta can, until now, with eqnsht be called "The Ethnologist oi the NegritosSoutheasl Asia."

Robert Fox's mainly ethtlobotanical studythe Pinrtubo Ncgritos (Zixnbales) prcves theauthor to be an outstanding ethnographer; hehas also madc a namc for himself as an outstanding archreologist-

Instead of going into the detai ls ol Fox'work (being in Englislr. i t is more readiaccessibie to our readrrs), I prefer to quotel iom the author's Lrtroduction in which heexpresses ideas that are similar to those oScl)ebesta and indirectly strcsses the need forthoiougll future f ield work iLnd.omparatives tud ies . Fox (1951 :173 f . ) w r i t es (and thequestion may be askcd whether he wouldsubstantial ly modify hjs vicws. now that Gar-van's work is known ):

One of the most challenging problems inpine ethnology is the search for those elementsculture of the Philippine pysries a tools, language,

. beliefs, and rJtitudes which might be held _in' common by thc widely scatt€red Negrito groups,dislinct from other Philippine people, and whichmighl define basic elements of an earlier Negritoculturc or cul ture+

Thq Jr l l rcul l 'urrof tJ l is l ) te of inquiry are mani-r-orJ. Ior the Ne8nros. l r te ottrcr Phi l ippine ethnicgroups. have i€cently undergon€ tremendous culturaldlJagc. dnd ir is neces\ar). rn part. ro reconstricrthejr past cultural activities through statements ofthe oldest informants. In addition, the Philippinepygmies have borrowed extensiv€ly from the cultureof lhe surounding people . . . and it is difficulr todefine which elements of their culturc or culturesmight be unique without a tremendous body ofreadily available data. Unfortunately, very littleresearch has been completed arnong the PhilippineNegritos. Mqst of the goups havenever teen studiedthoroughly/ and consequently few detailed andcritical papeN ar€ available for conpa$tive pruposes.

Another important publication that deservesmention is Nippold's work on the racial andcultura.l history of the Neg to peoples ofSoutheast Asia Nippold 1936). (Unfortunate-

q'i \ of t l)e book in lhe Library of re

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 229

ti)e mate.ial already gathered on them had beensystematically studied. In rcality, so Bomemannremarks, this systematic study was continuedwithout (or almost without) considering theBeyer materials, and certainly without con-sidering those of Garvan. Thos€ involved in thistask were W. Schmidt, W. Nippold, and p.Schebesta. No doubt their work of synthesiswould have been more perfect if they had beenable to ma-ke use of the ethnogaphic materialsthat were in Manila and Berkeley. But even so,theory and here we have to think especiallyof W. Schmidt stimulated field work. ttbegan with Vanoverbergh. This progress in fieldwork and systematic studies entailed a certainre€valuation of the mate.ial collected by Ga.-van. However, the scientific achievement ofGarvan is, in large parts of his work, not out-dated. Bomemann already stressed this facttwenty years ago, and Azcona points it outanew. And anthropologists have to be thankfulto Schmidt and Bomemann for having broughtCarvan out of oblivion and making him inter-nationally known; to Azcona for having recent-ly made him still better known; as well as toSchebesta and Hochegger for having madeCarvan's work accessible in book form. Finally,Bomemann's, Schebesta's, Fox's and Gusinde'sappeals for more field work among the Philip-pine Negritos are largely still waiting to beheeded. However, this issue of tlle eu.rrterlygrves proof that, to an appreciable extent, thedesired work is going on.

CONCLUDING REMARKS1. The foodgatherer cullures are now, thanks

to the extensive field work done among them,as well as to the intensive attention given tothem by ethnologists during this century,rather well known, both somatologically as wellas culturally. But there still exist many lacunae,especially in the knowledge about the philip-pine Negritos. In this paper the fact as well asthe reasons for this have been sufficiently inti-mated; and so have the procedures to be adopt-ed for filling the gaps: systematic field workamong the vadous liroups scattered olrr latgearcas of the archipelago and the subsequenr

r ltrl

- ih equ

: . ' rdi ly

iLroIerJlt ne

r:- ! l fbr: -frt ive. : J t he

r\ ould.,r (;rr-

\ otSan Carlos could not be located inSuffice it to say that Schebesta places-:

book among those works which._.r:3\' do not take into view the entire

-rl tlle research on short-statured! r i f(r nevertheless l l l rough a carefulru*31 compilat ion of al l available data,

ienl racial and cultural history of theseLr Nippold's case, the Negritos of! \ ia (Schebesta I, 1952:ix). Bor-rlso calls Nippold's book valuable,

1., because of lhe r iclt and careful col-:: iources (Bomemann 1955:928).

-'re publication of Fox's monographEnatubo Negritos, the University of

r.,.s has madc a modest contribution to:-i ,r l r lre Negritos of norlheallem Min-, \ t"manua,. and of northem Negros anLl, - . Rahmann and Maceda in the B ib l i u -

\laceda's monograph on the Mamanua,:-.: .ncs speci3l mention. was originall ,:: rn 1964; a photostatic reprint with,.:(n tdty bibliogaph) was publishedr $ I stated in the Foreword (p. iii) to

: . . : tme

! \ o fj Ln ler !p lnerrudied:l and

Adr n' ffi( f tsisi tantsuagc, noFrhe fact that Maceda's starting

s the Mamanua Neg tos" (see theL !.cond edition in this issue of thett Certrudes Ang). Silliman Univer-r! 1968 its own Negito Action-Re-

F:i in southem Negros (see CadeifraThe Summer Institute of Linguis-

B des€rves mention. The three fieldFbiished in this issue, naJnely by&J Griffin, by Headland, and byd: J proof that field work among theE : r i ng on .

h t. . rctum to Bomemann on@ morc.-Et f Bomemann 1955 929) that Bcyer- huqluction to the Neg to-Aeta papers

rlieman Series on Philippine Cus-

r.J edit ion, i t is unti l now ..Ure bestr-5: nancly survey on the Negaitos of

L . iw . Vo l . IX , pp . 178 -18 t ) , does no t

relVeS

i and35 OfLilate-

- Crnan;but perhaps Beyer thought ofr:3. he recommended in his introduction:- .aarying out of major plans for the ex-:rr. of thc Neg tos be postponed unti l

:30

publication of comprehensive monographs olapurely cthnographic (descript ive ) naturc. Thescmonographs, together with the exist ing rathcrrich l i terature (which might. i t is hoped. befurdrer enriched by the data probably st i l lhidden in older Spanish sourccs), would t i lenmrke possible compifativc studies on t l)e dif-lerent aspects of the socii l . economic, andspir i tual l i le of the various Negrito groups as!r 'el l as on the culturc changc that is takin{nlace anong them. Such comparativc sfu(lrcsma) eventually put us in a posit ion to ascertain$lrat was in thc past common to some groupsol the Phil ippine Nellr i tos and. pcrhaps, evcnto al l of them. Thc comparison may then laterLrc c\tcnded to the Semug lncl Anrlamaneseis r chcck on Schebesta's hypothesis of a basicaullural unjty ol thc Southeast Asian Ncgritos.

There can be no doubt that thc studrcs onthr foodgatherers (or wildbooters) I)ave con-rr ibuled considerably to our knowleclge ofman's renrote past and. by qiving us a clearerimagc of early man. enhanced our understand-ing ol m:n in general. Should intcnsivc studieson the Phil ippine Negritos st i l l add to thatkno* ledge and delineate more clearly the imagetf rhc Senuine humanism of early man. the:,rr s ould indeed be lrcat.

I The foregoing rcmarks are relevant torulrLrral (historical) anthropology. But socialanrhropology also, especially its noble humani-tarian oriented offshoot, applied anthropology,should have a full share in the scholarly cn-dcavor. Social anthropoiogy wil l have to provideus with a deeper understanding of the vanouscomponents of Neerito society and theirfunction therein. As conccms applied anthro-pology, the reminder may be allowed that wehave a faint anticipation of i t in the earlyinterest of State and Church in t l)e well-bein8of the Negritos (sl lpra, p. 221 ). Recently FredEggan has briefly but imprgssivcly writtenabout this professional approach in anthro-polog (Eggan 1974). Although Eggan dealsbasical ly with the cultural minorit ies in theMountain Province. his statements have ageneral validity, especially in what hc has tosay about the history of applied anth.opoloryin the Phil ippines. Eggan writes (p.207):

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

In the Philippines, applied anthropology hasfull circlc. beginning with the early ant

in the sense of professionally trained scapplying their anthropologcal knowlcdge 1onistrative problems, throush a period in $anthropological rEsearch wasdiscouraged, !o thesent period whcre Filjpino schola$ are in aio apply their special knowledge in rnoreticaled ways. Filipino anthropolosists wiil b€

whowere perhaps thc firsl "applied" ant

licularly helpful in €valuatins the problems in

beliefs as industnakation proceeds and pin reonentrng socra l r rs l i lu t ,on ' dnd basic cu

continu€s to expand. Wiur resard to theminorities they misht also preven! the apof policies which may have costly effecls.

3. Although the Ciaflan manuscript has.

Here indeed is a task for Philippine anpologists the pcrformance ol wbich wil l retrue national concenl and greatness,

i ts esscnce. bccn mrLlc easily accessible esince it has been published in book formHochcgger, an exact cri t iLlue of sources

cdition. But the crit ique of sources wil l hto go turther. All manuscripts and prin

have to bc bascd on thc manuscript i tseif. navailable in Bornemann's rnicrofi lm publicatiwhich can rightly bc considercd a cntlc

ma lc r i a l i i ncoTora led i n lo Carvan \ mancript which hc included with inexxct quotatior with no mention of his sources, will have tbc chccked against those sources. Furthermo.elhe \eg r i l o n rn ( r s l i \ l ( ' d i n A f fenJ i \ I w ihave to be checked against the reports l 'which they were condenscd, viz.. the pcollected in Beyer's "Pl) i l ippine EthnograpSeries" (slpra, p.216), the ult imate source omost of the material.

4. The last remark is a kind of corollary.This paper has, although rather indirectly,brought out the fact that a very r ich manus-cript material exists or existed in the "BeyerCollection." Manucl writes (1958:64) thatthese "unpublishcd materials form a formidablecollection of ethnographic, historical andlinguistic sources, and cover many more phasesof Fi l ipino culture." This unique nationaltreasure certainly deserves unqualified carcand poses a challenge for scholarly cxploration.

Rahmann / THE PHILIPP1NE NEGR1TOS 231

- b.!o.'derer Benr€ck-G.nr 's. .- l r r l ' ropor

lr'rlcr): Sidgwick and

',bt<n*rur lnbes lot tte

Vrn 3: Bureau of Print-

s Pe:cb o l rhe l 'h t l ipptes.of Pnniinr

'

mar rightly be consider€dof B.rer's work delineated

Valenalien ueber die Negdto

l93l The Manobos of Minddoo. Washington,D.C.: United States Govemment PrintingOffice.

1931 tlr plritippln. Pygmies Their centle'

Genial ways. Philippine lla2a.zifle323-325; 378-37c; 4f9480.

3 l :

t954

195 51964

1 9 5 8

1962

'1he Pyenies of lhe philippihes. Togetherw'th th; pr ivata notes of WrlhelJn Schmi, l t ,S.V.D. on the above. Edited by FritzBomemann. (MicrcBibliotheca Anthropos,Vol. l9), Posieux/Fribourg (Switzerland)1232 pp. Cited: Garvan-Bomemann.Pygrny PeGonality. l"llropos 50:'7'7 0-7 96.

The Nee os of rhe Philippiaes. E,rlited hyHerman; Hochasser. Wien : Verlag FerdinandBerger. Cited: Ga.van-Hoche€ger.

l9G:09. Ed. by Fobert J. Smith. New: Comell Univenity Pr€ss-

. ' , ,50:899-930.

Remarks on the Negdtos of

und P. \\. Schmidts Notizen

Gusinde, Martinl93l De Feuerln<1In<l;arct. Vol.I: Die Selk'nam.

Mo€dling: Verlag d€r lntemationalen Zeit-schrift "Anthropos". (Volume I1: IheYdrhdn a, has been trandated into English byFrieda Schuetze,5 vols. , Human Relat ionsFi le, New Haven, 1961).Die Avom-Pvgm;en auf New{uinea. EinFotschunSsbericht. ,4fl tl ropos 53 t491-S14.Die Kleinwuchsvoelk€r in heutiger Beur-teilung. FoBchungsarbeiten eines halben.J zh..\nderts. Sazculum 2 | l-211 .

Hennig, Richard1944 'lenae Incognita.. Iriden: E. J. Biill.

Henninger, Joseph1956 P. wi lheln Schmidt S.v.D. (1868-1954);

eine biogaphische Skizze. Anthropos 51.t9_60.

Kem, Fritz1960 'the Wil.lbooters. Edinburgh: Oliver& Boyd.

Koppen, Wilhelm.1952 khnitn)e Man and H's WorA pictute. Lon-

F:x.nB M Compatutiw Relizion. Tt bYRc*mary Sheed. New York. Sheed

don: Sheed and Ward.

. : j l t a t y .

.r.( ' t ly,. : ) J ] 1 U S -

. I leyerr -r ) thal::ridable, r l and

: . pl lases: Jl ionalr-'J care,,rratron.

Ltrenkost beim Menschen. Ein Beit.ag

SEphen

Kroeber, A. L.. la43 kopb< oI t]p 1'rtil'eei4"s. New Yo.ki

Arn'erican Museum of f.Iatural History.t€ Roy, Alexardreca. la00 Lc. I'vqnie, \ierilles d A friq@ e! NAS.itos

dc l -;sic.

Tou'rs: Maisan- Alfred M;e elFils.Tlrougi the kindn€ss of Father WilhelrnSaake, S.V-D., Dir€ctor of the AnthroposInstitutc, the Library of the UniveBity ofSan Carlos obtained a photocopy of thiswork. The woak has no date but there is ahandwritten entry on the halftitle that itappeared before (in instdlrnents) in MisiolrCatholiq"es, LyoA, \n 1891 .

l1.a Aboiriial 'tnbes

Vrcmilan.

-J \onhem Negros. Pltiiipp'treot (rnrte e1a sodety t :zt t tzzt,

ang-Eta Cultural Relations.t ta t3 :941-

t ashington D. C.

.{nthropology in the Mountain Pro-Philippines. L Social Orsanizations

ihd Applications of Anthropology,

- t Eeschrchte der menschlichen F-maeh-E und der Barnbul iden. Zeitscht i | t luelB.'obeb 8: l-3'7 .

lL lns€ktenkost der Bambuti und Scheb€stas'rnotationes" danteber. Afthrcpos 53,a l l { 1 4 .

Thc Pinatubo Nesritos; th€ir usrful planlsEJ materiaf culture. Tte l*ilippine lo'dalr j scence 8t (3-4): 1?3414.

of tndia. India,

232

Rir'.m3nn.

R3hmann.1 9 5 6

R3hmann.I q 6 6

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Vaceda Marcelino N.19.15 ll'e Culturc of the |landnw (Noftheft

Stiadaflao)6 Compaed with 71ut ol theOtr€r lkt;tor oJ Sosthed:t tria. 2d. ed.San Carlos Publications. Humaniries Se.iesNo. l. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.

\ lanuel. .Ars€nio E.lqi8 The Beyer Collection of Ori8inal Sourc€s in

1 9 6 7

\lartin.1 9 5 9

Matildo. Miguel D.1953 A Study of the Socio-Economic, Religious,

and. Educational Conditions ofthe Manobosof A€lsan. Masteis thesis presented to theUniv€rsity of San Carlos, Cebu City.

Vontano. J.l88b lbla!€ au\ PhiLryphet pt cn Vdlar ie. Panr.

I rbraine Hachetti:'el Crc.

\ ieDold. waltet-tS.lO lr^seu und Kultwgeschichte .let NegdtoI'oe th er S uedo st A s ien s. Leipziq.

Philippine Ethnography. Ihe ASLI' Bulbtik4 (3-4):46-66.

H. Orley Beyer: His Rescarches and Publica-tions. 1'1 Studies in Philippine Anthropology(in honor of H. Otley Beyer), edi ted byMario D. Zamora, pp. 23-30. Quezon City:AIemar-Phoenix.

Rudolf and Karl Sallerl4tburh der Anrhropologte. Bd. l l . Slutt-gart: Gustav Fis€her Verlag.

Schmidt, WilhelJnlqoo Les Plgmdes Ndgriues d'Alnque el Nd

de l'Asie par Alexand.€ le Roy. RevierAnthopos l:389392.

larc Ue Stellunp der lrzntknwelhct inEatuichlusqstcs.hi.hrc d?s Meas,Stut lgart .

Province. (Manila: Paper

1925 Die Forschungsexpedition von P. P.besta, S.V.D., in 1924125 bei den SemPygm;ien und den Senoi-Pygmoidender Halbinsel Malakka (BritishAathropos 2O:118-739.

1931 txt (r"ptunt d Co esidee Vol lll:Relis.ionin der Urvoelker Asiens und Atliens. Muenster: Aschendorffsche Vebuchhandlung.

Schumacher, Peter

Wolff, Hans Felix1938 Di€ kultische Rolle des zweBes im

AeEy pten. Anthrcp o s 33 | 445 -5 \ 4 -

APPENDIX I

The Beyer (-Holleman) Collection

*i;'J|'t!,. Neerito6 or Bulakan. (cenerar for

indicated.) Paper 241l40:43-46 [Extracbl.Abrico, C.

1902 The Mountain People Near V(Local.) Valderrama, Antique. Paper80:70-?4 [Extnctsl

1915 The Negritos of Bataanfor Bataan Province.)10t15-22.

Araneta, R. M.l9l7 The Mountam P€ople of Negrs Occidcn

Their C\stoms and Beliefs. (C€neralOccidental Negros.) Manila. Papet 2440-41 [8xtr.cts].

l95O Dk Kit'u-pwtuiah. 2 vols. Bruxelles: InsliRoyal coli,;ial Belge.

SelLrnan, R.R.1960 Ancieft Egtpt. Londont Methuen & Co.

Ltd.vanoYerberyh, Moric€

lqJ? son? Undes.'ibed Larquases of Lr\ i jmegen: De[ ler& van de Vegl N V.

RudolfFuenfzig Jahre "Anthropos". Afltl'olos5 l : l - 1 8 .Rudolfand G€rtrudes R. Ang (eds.)

t H otb\ tseyet: Dean of Philipphelrthropolot.tt l.^ comme morallvc issuer. sanCrr los Publ 'cJlrons. cebu Ci l ! : Universi ty ofSan Carlos.Rudolf and Marcelino N. Maceda

Notes on the Negritos of Northem Negros.{ ' r l r 'opos 50:8 I0-836.

Reed. williarn Allan1905 Nesritos of Zambales. .L Philippine Ethno-

logical Suney Publications 2: l-83. Manila:Bureau of Printing.

Schebesta, Paulle38 Die Bdabut i 'Pytm.x ,os t t i i Vol l .

Bruxel les: lnsl ini( Royal Colonial Belge.

Die Bambuti-Pyrmden nm l tut i .yol . 2.Bruxel les: Instr iu"t Royat Colonial B€lge.

Die Nestito ,4s/ens. Vol. L Moedling: St.GabrielDas Problem des Urmonotheismus. Kritikeiner Kritik. l,ti'opor 49.689491tlrolf Vaudan Stevens. Rehabilierung desersten Sem ansfotschers . Aitkopos 50:882'898.Die Neqito Art€rr. Band U. Halbband 2.Moedliisr St. Gabriel.Annotationes zur "lns€ktenkost bem Men-*,trcn" Anthrcpos 52.: 24-32.

l 94 l

1952

1954

1955

tgs't;

1957b

1913 Amont thc Fotcst D.a'ls ol MahJd. 2d edtondoin: Oxford UniversiiY Press.

. r P . P .

.*i Jen Sem

.h.:tnoiaennrish Malay

D. \gras of Baao (Ambos Camarines).[a: . i l aor rhe vrcini ty ol 8rao., Baao., . : - C,rmannes. Pirp(r 240/5q t3.

Ef ' :1 of r Tnp ro rhe Neeri tos of Mrnsa--- Prnga5man (Locat. , Man'ta. prter!€ : , r I l - -37 {Extractsl .G

lli \rlnros of Negros. (cen<rdl for rhel-- Dt \erros.) I4anrla. PaDcr 242/8{, :t l j : _ t \ r r d c l s l

lr:;urtion to the Customarv Law paD€rshc i:e \egritcAeta Peoptes. Manila.

-

LTl* Solod" Tribc of Iloilo province.( l^. ' Vrnr lr PaDcr )42 Tb Sb-tJ.l f -rr . . r \ l

C..r : iFon' lerc( and Renorts RelannA ro thc:Fros of TayJbas. (Locat for th( vrcin, tvd L . . i e z . ) P a D e r : 4 1 1 5 1 i 6 6 6 9 .IT:: \elriros of Bataan. (cenerat for the?r: t . .e of Bataan.) Mani la. paDer 241/2t:l - : : E x r r a c t s l .LEi: l laneous Repons Relat ins to rhc Non-(,1. : i r rs of Ambos Camanncs. tGencral forr : . Indr(alrd.) Ambos Camarincs. paDer: r : : i 1 0 8 . 1 l 5 [ E r t r r d s ] .T:. \on{hristians of Ambos Camarines andl_:,--- . rN. lGeneral lor area indicatcLl t ,I . i : j r P 3 p c r l 4 l r 5 , 1 7 5 - t 0 8 l E \ t r a c l s l

\ : : . : on lhe Ncsj.r tos of Northem Tavabrs.rG-rrr l for area Indicated.t Infanra. iava-h.j P.rper l4 I /48:64-66 tExtracrsl

\grtos (of tsaggao, Cagaya.n). (Local forcr \eg_ir , , teopLs rn the vic inrtv ofl4i lo, . baeeao. Capdyan. paper 241/ l l

I-. Eronomic ,nd Social Life of tlre Aer4o( \{oron. (Local i l ' r Moron. provlnce of8r: : j r r Mani la Pdper 240/a |-14

r: . \ . las of Zambates. Mani la. paDcr: .r l ! j :85-91 lNe.r ly comptetel .!a ,<I:: \esriros and HeaJ-Hunrers of CacavanFrt rn. . . (cenrral forCagayan provinceindi- : i r )rLnce ot Apayao.) Mani l , l . paDer: r l 5 9 : 9 5 , I 0 0 l E x r r a c t s l .

Aetas of Tarlal Province. (ceneral forwestern Tarlak.) Tarlak Province. PaDer240/15:37-39 IExtractsl .

Tlre Non{hr ist ians of Antrque Province_lceneral for {nrrque prcvrnce. l San Reniero.Anl iquc. Paper 242l79:oq lExlractsl .

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 233

Fortaleza. J.1903 lhe NegriLo\ in rhe Vicini ty of t {anapta.

r Local. I Manapla Occ. Negros. Paier242171 3640.

Fulbairc, J.1902 The Mountainers of Orien tal Nesos. (General' for Oriental N€gros.) Bais, Negos Oriental.

Paper 2421 6A: t8-26.Garvan, J. M.l9l2113 Corr€spondence and Reports Relating to the

Negritos of Tayabas. (Summary of in-formation received from J. M. Ganan inle(ers and telegrarns addressed to Beyer.)Paper 24115269- '75.

Gonzalez, S.1902 The Non{lrrisrian Peopl€s of Oriental

Negros. Bais. Negros Oriental. (ceneral forOriental Negros.) P^per 24216111t-18lExtractsl .

Guido, J. P., 1916 The Negritos N€a. Botolan, Zambales.

(Local.) Manila. Paper 240111.22-30IExtractsl .

Jalero, V. H., l9l8 Social Deveiopment of the NeSritos in the

Pfovince of Iloilo. (General for the IloiloProvince.) Mani la. Paper 242175:49-53lExtractsl .

l90l Report on tire Negriros of Zambales. (pro-vincial covemor: general.) Iba, Zanbal€s.Paper 241l26: l5- l7 [Extracrs].

Lumanlan, P.. la l8 The Negri los of pampanga. (cenerat for

Fampdnsd pro! ince.r Mdnita. prper 242l84:81-85 tExt iactsl .

=,: r ".i

. \ 'o i . l l l :

erxuen & co,

:r:es lm.i l -1.

r.ral fori ,Extractsl.

Martin. R.1 9 0 2

Masa, M.t902

\ alde

:nral N

Montano, J.1 8 8 ) f t e N e e r i r o , . L t r J n s t a r e d f r o m p p . i t O - J l 7

of "Mrssiun du\ phi trppines' , l i ; jdte.t rnin Vdni l r . l t locat ior Baraan provinLe.,Paper 240/4: 1,7 lExtractsl .

Navarrete, T.1902 The 'Mundos" of Capiz hovince. (ceneral

lor C,rrz piuvrnc(. ' I rbdcao. CJpiz pro_vince. Panay. Papcr 242183 : 74-8 1 IExtra;ts l .

Ramos, c.1902 Aetas ot Tanay. (Local.) Tanay, Rizal .

Paper 14I145 rs6-63 lExtractsl .

Prper

3 Occidenr cf,neraleet 242172

234 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Ramos, S.1902 Aetas (of Bulakan). (Local for vicinity of

Norz agaray.) Norzagaray, Bulakan. Paper241l41:46-55 [Extracts] .

Reed, w. A.1903 Documents and Correspondence Relating

to the Hill Peoples of Occidental Negros.(General.) Paper 242170:26-36 lExtractsl.

Reyes, J. S.l9l7 The Negritos in the Provinc€ of Solsogon.

(General for Sorsogon provinc€.) Manila.Paper 242166r8-l I lExtractsl.

Rodriguez, V.1902 The Negritos of Bataan. (Local for the

vicinity of Orion.) Orion, Bataan. Paper241l25: I l - l5 [Extractsl .

RoUs, A.1901 Los Negritos y el modo de ser de los mismos.

(Genenl for the Negdtos of Zambales.)Zambdes. Paper 241125: I l-15 [Extracts].

Roque, F.1918 The Negfitos of Pampanga. (Vicinity of

Pomc and Florida Blanca.) Manila. Paper24018:7 -t |.

Salaz ar, A.1902 The Neg.itos and Non{hristians of Antique

Province. ITranslated into English by KaroldKadson.l (Gen€ral for Antique province.)San Jos€ de Buenalista. Antique province,Panay. Papet 2421'7 8.6369 IExtractsl.

APPENDIX II

Garvan's Manuscript

Table of Cofitents

l. Some good points of Pygmypersona l i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pp ,2

Appendices:Appendix l: How our Philippine

Pygmies fill the passing hour pp.Appendix II: Our Philippine

rygmies, their gentle andg e n i a l w a y s . . . . . . . . . . . . . p p . 6

2. More good points of Pygmyp e n o n a l i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . p p .

1 1 .

t4.

15 .

9 .

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

1 .

8 .

The Pygmy's bad points andl i t t l e p e c c a d i l l o e s . . . . . . . p p . 9

Wher€ and how tlle Pygmyplants his palm pent . . . . . pp. 1

When the Pygmy quickens tot heques to fqua r ry . . . . . . . pp . 12

The Pygmy provides his pro-vender from forest-plunder

and f.om pr€y . . . . . . . . . pp. IHow th€ Pygmy prcparcs his

fl esh-pots and replenishesr he i . na r mrn hn I

The Py8my and his poisonedpanoply .. pp. l7l

Tecson, P.1 9 0 2

Valte, P.l 9 t 5

The Negritos of Bulakan. (General for areaindicated.) Provincial Covemor: Malolos,Bulakan. Pap€r 24 l/39:3942 [Extracts].

Past and hesent Kaingin Systems Amongthe N€gritos and Barrio Christians of BulakanProvince. (Local.) Manil?' Pzper 24ll31l3+38 [Extracts].

Villamor, B.1906 Marriage and Burial Customs of th€ Negritos

of (l6abela). (General for the Negritos ofIsabela.) llagan, Isabela. Pzper 241 134 33-34lExtractsl.

1916 Social Development of the Nesritos ofSouthem Panay. (Local.) Manila. Pape.242 | 7 4.45 -59 lExtractsl.

pp. 112. How the Pygmy p.eeN his

p e r s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p p . 2 lThe Pygmy in his postudng to

the pattering of the dmm . pp.247Rul€ and rank and r€concilation

i n P y s n y E a l m s . . . . . . . . . p p . 2 5The Pygmy and his fellowship

with his Fi l ip ino peen.. . . . pp.27Marriage "The way of love and

10. When the PySmy takes to pis-c a t o r i a l p u r s u i t s . . , . , , . . ,

When the PySmy takes totransitory tilth

In the bosomof the rygmyfamily

pp. l8

pp . l 9 l

t6.

17 .18 .

t9.

20.

z l .9p.45

pp . 5 l

the bonds of wedlock" . . . pp. 285The rygmy at the portal of life pp.3How the Pygmy propagates

his progFny . . . . . . . . . . . . . pp.36lWhen the rygmy vades for the

\ " l ley ofthe shado* . . . . .The Pygmy and the powe.s

that rule the emplaean . . .

rygmy opinions on the pheno-mena ofheaven and earth . ,

pp.

Rahmann / THE PHILIPPINE NEGRITOS 23s

pp .27 hsrn'es w€re pis-I L'] the Philippine

p p . 5 j 35 a piece of fine

fl.]e Pysmy and his

Chapter ll.

V i t a l i t y , s i c k n € s s , a n d n q l i c i n e . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

Part II. Material Culture and Economy

Chapter IIl.

L Carnps and dwellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2'l

2. Fire, its production and management . . . . . 34

Chapter lV.

L D r e s s a n d p e r s o n a l a d o m m e n t . . . . . . . . . 3 6

2 . C d r e o f t h € h e a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4

3 . D e c o r a t i v e d i s f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . 4 5

Chapter V.

p p . 9 2 - u o n . . . . . . . , , , . . , .

h!m! tends the ills tot h . r ' l e s h i s h e i r . . . . . .! ri $c mental peer of

. p e o p l e s . . . . . . . .rnio PyCmy anthrG

.-m<rry as comparedr hSmv peoples . . .

i s populat ion,

pp .538 -547

pp .548 -613

pp.614445

pp. 646-7l4

pp. 7lS-'731

pp .738 -765

pp .76&?85

pp.786-804

pp.805-883

pp.884-987

p p . 9 8 8 - l 0 l 3

p p . 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 3 1p p . l 7 l

rp 18

p p . l 9 l

J 'p. 197

; ' p . 2 1 8

. , .p.24'7

rp .25

r r .2

tp. 62-

f p . 2 8

2. Hunting

3. Fishins

4- Tilthing

5. Incidental

P.rrt IIL

( ' i rapter VIL

Socidl Life

f p . t 2 hlstor'

pap€rs of the

rrp. I a r c h r v e s . _ . . . . . .

) lrl lhe paSes of thel rom the days of the

pp. I

ns. and geosraphical

- Frm! tonsues his

sk hrLppine Pysmjes'.b1n8 tlr< days of the

b Pi',1 S.hebesta

ii .i.a'..leri:tics

L Food and st imulanls

2. Preparal ion of fooil

3 . M e a l s . . . .

Clupler VI.

l. Weapons and implements

50

55

59

67

14

79

APPINDIX I I IH$-heqger's Book Edition of

Garvan's Mnnuscript

Contents

rp .3

p p . 3 6 1

PP.

Pages

I

( lhaprer VI l t .

l. Presnancy and chrtdbirrh

on. rabi tat . topulat ion, and

-4nrJ \ j ; I r ibut iu

L Mdrnrg.

I V J m a d ( \ u \ l o r n s r J $ ( d J i n s . e r e m o n r e \

8 I

8 5I Cr.eralities and Physical Traits

p p . 4 5 9 -l l l

6

l 0

2 l

r p .5 l) I r e d r m c n l o r L r l J , ( n r33

PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

chapter lX.

l. The family

2. Division of labor and orderof daily life ..

3. Dancing and singing

Chaptff X.

Ind€x of$bjects

lndex ofnames

lndex of Negrito and Filipino words . . . . . . .

Editor's annotations

135

140

t46

1 8 8

l 9 l

20t

Biblioeraphy

2 . R e l a t i o n s w i t h F i l i p i n o a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter XI.

l. Death and burial

2. Death, budal, and mouming customs inspecific regions

Part IV. lntellectual Life and Religion

Chaptor XlI.

L Language . . . . . . . . . .

2 . M e n t a l i t y . i n t e l l i g e n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Syslem of counting

Chapter XIII.

l. ldeas conceininS natural phenomena . . . . 203

2. Taboo-like rules and magic . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Chapter XIV.

l . Rel igious bel iefs and ceremonies . . . . . . . . 2 l I

2 . l d e a s a b o u t s o u l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 4

3 . h i e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 8

l. Political oEanizatidn, system ofgovem-

4. Dreams and omens

5. B€lief in spirits

150

158

163

155

220

222

6 . Sup reme sp i r i t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

7. Religious c€.€monies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228