Philanthropy 1

PhilanthropyPhilanthropy etymologically means "love of humanity" in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing andenhancing "what it is to be human" on both the benefactors' (by identifying and exercising their values in giving andvolunteering) and beneficiaries' (by benefiting) parts. The most conventional modern definition is "private initiatives,for public good, focusing on quality of life". This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the 20th centurywith the original humanistic tradition, and serves to contrast philanthropy with business (private initiatives forprivate good, focusing on material prosperity) and government (public initiatives for public good, focusing on lawand order).[1]

Instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or viceversa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, whereas philanthropyattempts to solve those problems at their root causes (the difference between giving a hungry man a fish, andteaching him how to fish for himself). A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist.

EtymologyThe word was first coined as an adjective by the playwright Aeschylus in Prometheus Bound (5th century BC), todescribe Prometheus' character as "humanity loving" (philanthropos tropos), for having given to the earliestproto-humans who had no culture, fire (symbolizing technological civilization) and "blind hope" (optimism).Together, they would be used to improve the human condition, to save mankind from destruction. Thus humans weredistinguished from all other animals by civilization the power to complete their own creation through education(self-development) and culture (civic development), expressed in good works benefiting others. The new word, philanthropos, combined two words: philos, "loving" in the sense of benefitting, caring for,nourishing; and anthropos, "human being" in the sense of "humanity", or "human-ness".[2] The first useof the noun form philanthrpa came shortly thereafter (ca. 390 BC) in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro.Socrates is reported to have said that his "pouring out" of his thoughts freely (without charge) to his listeners was hisphilanthrpa.[3] The Philosophical Dictionary of the Platonic Academy defined philanthrpa as "A state of welleducated habits stemming from love of humanity. A state of being productive of benefit to humans. A state of grace.Mindfulness together with good works." Philanthropa loving humanity was thought to be the essence ofcivilization.[4] The ancient Greek word for culture as education was paideia. In the first century BC, both paideiaand philanthrpa were translated into Latin by the single word humanitas which was also understood to be the coreof liberal education studia humanitatis, the studies of humanity, or simply "the humanities". In the second centuryAD, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrpa to describe superior human beings. This Classically synonymoustroika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the Fall of Rome, during the MiddleAges philanthrpa was superseded by caritas charity, selfless love, valued for salvation. In the 19th-century, theword "philanthropy" and its variants tended to drift in meaning and importance, and came to be associated with"doing good". In the late 20th century, the word "philanthropy" came to be associated exclusively with its mostconspicuous manifestations, foundations and grant-making. Professional fundraisers stopped using the word as it wasconsidered as unnecessarily pretentious and pompous.[5] However, use of the word has seen a modest revival inrecent years

Philanthropy 2

History

ChlropyThe Ancient Greek view of philanthropy that the "love of what it is to be human" is the essential nature andpurpose of humanity, culture and civilization was intrinsically philosophical, containing both metaphysics andethics. The Greeks adopted the "love of humanity" as an educational ideal, whose goal was excellence (arete)thefullest self-development, of body, mind, and spirit, which is the essence of liberal education. The Platonic Academy'sphilosophical dictionary defined Philanthropia as: "A state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity.A state of being productive of benefit to humans." Just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against thetyranny of Zeus, philanthropia was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws ofAthens were described as "philanthropic and democratic".The total economic collapse attending the Fall of Rome and leading to the Dark Ages dissolved Classicalcivilization, replacing it with Christian theology and soteriology, administered through the Roman Catholic Church'secclesiastical and monastic infrastructures. Gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure basedon peasant farming organized into manors, which were in turn organized for law and order by feudalism. For athousand years Classical humanism hibernated in forgotten manuscripts of monastic libraries.When it was rediscovered in the Italian Renaissance, humanism consisted of a specific academic curriculum:grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy, or ethics, designed to train laymen for effective leadershipin business, law, and government. One of the clearest literary expressions of Renaissance humanist philosophy isPico della Mirandola's famous 15th-century Oration on the Dignity of Man, which echoes the philanthropic myth ofhuman creation, though with the Christian God as the Promethean Creator. Sir Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in aletter that his "vast contemplative ends" expressed his "philanthropia", and his 1608 essay On Goodness defined hissubject as "the affecting of the weale of men... what the Grecians call philanthropia". Henry Cockeram, in hisEnglish dictionary (1623), cited "philanthropie" as a synonym for "humanitie"(in Latin, humanitas) thusreaffirming the Classical formulation.

Modern philanthropyPhilanthropy began to reach its modern form in the Age of Enlightenment - after the Wars of Religion in 17thcentury Europe, secular alternatives such as Rationalism Empiricism and Science, inclined philosophers toward amore progressive view of history. This tendency achieved an especially pure articulation in the ScottishEnlightenment,[2] especially in the works of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury and FrancisHutcheson, who proposed that philanthropy is the essential key to human happiness, conceived as a kind of"fitness"living in harmony with Nature and one's own circumstances. Self-development, manifested in good deedstoward others, was the surest way to live a pleasing, fulfilling, and satisfying life, as well as to help build acommonwealth community.Influenced by these ideas, and as a facet of the expansion of civil society, charitable and philanthropic activityamong voluntary associations and rich benefactors became a widespread cultural practice. Societies, gentleman'sclubs and mutual associations began to flourish in England and the upper-classes increasingly adopted aphilanthropic attitude toward the disadvantaged. This new social activism was channeled into the establishment ofcharitable organizations; these proliferated from the middle of the century.

Philanthropy 3

The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.

This emerging upper-class fashion forbenevolence resulted in the incorporation ofthe first charitable organizations. CaptainThomas Coram, appalled by the number ofabandoned children living on the streets ofLondon, set up the Foundling Hospital in1741 to look after these unwanted orphansin Lamb's Conduit Fields, Bloomsbury. Thiswas the first such charity in the world andserved as the precedent for incorporatedassociational charities everywhere.

Jonas Hanway, another notablephilanthropist of the era established TheMarine Society in 1756 as the first seafarer'scharity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the navy.[3] By 1763, the Society had recruited over 10,000 men andit was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the MagdalenHospital to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntaryassociations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generallyheld in high social regard - some charities received state recognition in the form of the Royal Charter.

Philanthropists, such as anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce, began to adopt active campaigning roles,where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organizedcampaigns against the ill treatment of animals and children and the campaign that eventually succeeded in ending theslave trade throughout the British Empire at the turn of the 19th century.

Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy. Puck magazinecartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903

During the 19th century, a profusion of charitable organizations wereset up to alleviate the awful conditions of the working class in theslums. The Labourer's Friend Society, chaired by Lord Shaftesbury inthe United Kingdom in 1830, was set up to improve working classconditions. This included the promotion of allotment of land tolabourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotmentmovement. In 1844 it became the first Model Dwellings Company -organizations that sought to improve the housing conditions of theworking classes by building new homes for them, at the same timereceiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was oneof the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavour thatflourished in the second half of the nineteenth century brought aboutby the growth of the middle class. Later associations included thePeabody Trust and the Guinness Trust. The principle of philanthropicintention with capitalist return was given the label "five per centphilanthropy".[4]

Henry Dunant, the Swiss businessman, from his own personal fortune,he founded the Geneva Society for Public Welfare in 1863, which became the International Committee of the RedCross. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiersand won the first Nobel Price in 1901.

Philanthropy became a very fashionable activity among the expanding middle classes in Britain and America. Octavia Hill and John Ruskin were an important force behind the development of social housing and Andrew

Philanthropy 4

Carnegie exemplified the large scale philanthropy of the newly rich in industrialized America. In Gospel of Wealth(1889), Carnegie wrote about the responsibilities of great wealth and the importance of social justice. He establishedpublic libraries throughout the English-speaking countries[5] as well as contributing large sums to schools anduniversities. Other American philanthropists of the early 20th century were John D. Rockefeller and Ford. The sheersize of their endowments directed their attention to addressing the causes and instruments, as distinct from thesymptoms and expressions, of social problems and cultural opportunities.[6]

In recent decades, wealth creators in new hi-tech sectors have turned to second careers in philanthropy at earlierages, creating large foundations. Individual philanthropy began to be chic, attracting celebrities from popular arts.Commercial movies and television adopted the idea, and many initiatives have been led by wealthy individuals suchas Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. Nonetheless, according to studies by the Chronicle of Philanthropy, the rich (thosemaking over $100,000 a year) give a smaller share, averaging 4.2%, to charity than those poorer (between $50,000 -$75,000 a year), who give an average of 7.6%.

Modern philanthropyPhilanthropy has been affected in various ways by technological and cultural change. Today, many donations aremade through the internet (see also donation statistics).[7]

Organizations like Opportunity International and Kiva (microlending), Raise5 (microvolunteering), or Charitykick(micro-donating) leverage crowd funding philanthropy to raise money for charity. Global Giving allows individualsto crowd-fund community development projects in low-income countries. GiveDirectly facilitates direct cashtransfers to individual low-income households in East Africa. Zidisha is a nonprofit person-to-person microlendingwebsite which uses an eBay-style marketplace to allow individuals in developing countries to crowd-fund loans fromindividual web users worldwide. Vittana is an online platform that allows low-income youth in developing countriesto crowd-fund tuition for higher education.Charity evaluators, like Givewell and Charity Navigator have emerged, which assess charities in various ways tohelp prospective donors make their choice.

Some large individual bequests

John D. Rockefeller in 1885

Note: These are nominal values and have not been adjusted for inflation

$31 billion from Warren Buffett to the Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation (initial value of the gift)

$9 billion from Chuck Feeney to Atlantic Philanthropies $2 billion from Azim Premji to the Azim Premji Foundation in 2010. $1 billion from Ted Turner to the United Nations $540 million from John D. Rockefeller to the Rockefeller Foundation

and various other Rockefeller Charities, over the course of his life.[8]

$500 million from T. Boone Pickens to Oklahoma State University. $500 million from Walter Annenberg to public school reform in the

United States $350 million ($7 billion in modern terms) from Andrew Carnegie in

1901 who distributed most of his wealth to good causes, including thebuilding Carnegie Hall New York City.[9]

Philanthropy 5

Front building of the Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation in Seattle

$424 million from managers of the Reader's Digest fortune to theMetropolitan Museum of Art

$350 million from Michael Jackson who distributed most of hiswealth to good causes, and who supported over 39 charityorganizations. He was listed in the Guinness Book Of WorldRecords for the "Most Charities Supported By a Pop Star".

$350 million from Yank Barry and his Global Village Champions infood, education and medical supplies to the needy around the Worldfrom 1990 to the present.

$225 million from Raymond and Ruth Perelman, parents of RonaldO. Perelman, to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 2011.

$200 million from Joan B. Kroc to National Public Radio in 2003 $220 million from Phil and Penny Knight (co-founder of Nike) to Oregon Health and Science University $100 million from Mark Zuckerberg to Mayor Cory Booker for the Newark, New Jersey public schools. $100 million from Henry and Betty Rowan to Glassboro State College[10]

Millions from Charles T. Hinde to undertake various projects in Southern California from 1895-1915.

Use in popular culture Philanthropy is the name of the anti-Metal Gear NGO in the Metal Gear Solid game series

References[1] These distinctions are analyzed by Olivier Zunz, Philanthropy in America: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012, pp.

???.[2] George McCully, Philanthropy Reconsidered (A Catalogue for Philanthropy Publication, 2008, 1-21), Marty Sulek, "On the Classical

Meaning of Philanthrpa (Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2010, 39:3, 385-408); Hubert Martin, "The Concept of Philanthropia inPlutarch's Lives." American Journal of Philology, 1961, 82:164-75.

[3] N. A. M. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company: 2004), 313.[4][4] Tarn, J.N. (1973) Five Per Cent Philanthropy. London: CUP[5] Abigail A. VanSlyck, "'The Utmost Amount of Effectiv [Sic] Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library,"

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1991) 50#4 pp 359-383 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 990662).[6] Olivier Zunz, Philanthropy in America: A History (2012) excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/

Philanthropy-America-History-Politics-Twentieth/ dp/ 0691128367/ )[7] Blackbaud online giving report, "The 2011 Online Giving Report", Presented by [[Steve MacLaughlin (https:/ / www. blackbaud. com/ files/

resources/ downloads/ WhitePaper_2011OnlineGivingReport. pdf)], Jim O'Shaughnessy, and Allison Van Diest, Published February 2012,Accessed January 2013]

[8] Rockefeller Foundation (http:/ / www. rockefellerfoundation. org/ who-we-are/ our-history/ 1913-1919)[9][9] Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920[10] Gurney, Kaitlin. "10 years later, Rowan still reaps gift's rewards - Rowan Milestones" (http:/ / infoweb. newsbank. com/ iw-search/ we/

InfoWeb?p_action=doc& p_docid=0F4AE72930ABDD06& p_docnum=2& p_queryname=NaN& p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated4& p_nbid=B48D4FNGMTE4NTg0NzQ0OS4yODY4NjU6MTo3OnJhLTE4ODg), The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 9,2002. Accessed August 1, 2007. "Rowan University catapulted onto the national stage a decade ago when industrialist Henry Rowan gavesleepy Glassboro State College $100 million, the largest single sum ever donated to a public institution.... Rowan and his late wife, Betty, gavethe money on July 6, 1992, with just one requirement: that a first-rate engineering school be built. In gratitude, Glassboro State changed itsname to Rowan College."

Philanthropy 6

External links (http:/ / www. aucegypt. edu/ research/ gerhart/ mpdl/ Pages/ Home. aspx), Muslim Philanthropy Digital Library,

an open-source Library managed by the research program at the John D. Gerhart Center for Philanthropy andCivic Engagement at the American University in Cairo

Voluntary Action History Society (http:/ / www. vahs. org. uk), Various research into the history of charity,philanthropy and voluntary organisations

ULIB.IUPUI.edu (http:/ / www. ulib. iupui. edu/ collections/ special/ psl), Joseph and Matthew PaytonPhilanthropic Studies Library

ULIB.IUPUI.edu (http:/ / cheever. ulib. iupui. edu/ psipublicsearch), Philanthropic Studies Index NPtrust.org (http:/ / www. nptrust. org/ history-of-giving), History of Philanthropy, 1601present compiled and

edited by National Philanthropic Trust MCCORD-museum.qc.ca (http:/ / www. mccord-museum. qc. ca/ en/ keys/ webtours/ VQ_P3_7_EN. html), "A

Bourgeois Duty: Philanthropy, 1896-1919" Illustrated historical essay GPR.hudson.org (http:/ / gpr. hudson. org/ files/ publications/ GlobalPhilanthropy. pdf), PDF file from the

Hudson Institute at The Index of Global Philanthropy 2006 83 page. ULIB.IUPUI.edu (http:/ / indiamond6. ulib. iupui. edu/ PRO), Philanthropy Resources Online MyGivingPoint.org (http:/ / www. mygivingpoint. org/ ) IMPACT.UPENN.edu (http:/ / www. impact. upenn. edu/ ), Center for High Impact Philanthropy in the

University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice (SP2) A New Voice (http:/ / crs-blog. org/ three-words-for-the-new-year-faith-action-results/ ) Feeding the Hungry (http:/ / www. usccb. org/ issues-and-action/ human-life-and-dignity/

agriculture-nutrition-rural-issues/ farm-bill. cfm)

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsPhilanthropy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600575999 Contributors: 16@r, 2D, 7, AA, ASNelson, Aabva, Abcdmitry, Accurizer, Adbar, AdjustShift, Afterwriting,Ahheck01, Ahoerstemeier, Airplaneman, Aitias, Ajbrowning, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alex S, Alex756, All Male Action, Amhistorybuff, Andres rojas22, AnemoneProjectors, Angela,Angela26, Animum, AnkhMorpork, Anna Lincoln, Another disinterested reader, AntTune, Anthropic12, Antilived, Apokrif, Ashleylmack, Attafei, Aviados, B Fizz, BD2412, BWH76, Banus,Barek, Baseball Watcher, Benjaminroy12, Beren, BigStackMedia, Bigrigdan, Bjornland, Boberger, Boccobrock, Bongwarrior, BurtAlert, C.Fred, CBM, Calvin 1998, Can't sleep, clown will eatme, Capricorn42, Carrite, Castravalva, Catgut, Cedders, Chris814, Chriswaterguy, Cmdrjameson, Common Man, Courcelles, Cppdreed, Cunikm, Curious1i, Curtyryan, Cxz111, D Monack,Dancter, Danrok, Davemc500hats, Dcoetzee, Ddnile, Deansharp, Delldot, Diannaa, Digital villager, Discospinster, Dmhicks00, Dnalrom123, DonorRelationsGuru, Donorsearch, Douglas R.White, DrSlony, Dragonrider1015, Drbogdan, EJM86, EastTN, Ecopedia, Ed2lover, Edderso, EditorTM, Edurant, Electriccatfish2, EliasAlucard, Emperorbma, Entresumer, Erianna, Eric-Wester,Excirial, Factbox, Factchecker2213, Faradayplank, Feinoha, Fenice, Fionaven, Flo98, FlorentineD, Fredsmith2, Freechild, GEMcCully, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Geniac, GeorgeMcCully,Georginabrewis, Gfoley4, Giftiger wunsch, Gilliam, Gmonari, Gpidelt, Granpuff, Green Cardamom, Grimhelm, Guyfromgloucester, HaeB, Hajatvrc, Happyme22, Hede2000, Heidijo23,Hertz1888, History90, Hjl7, Hu12, HughMor, Hula Hup, I dream of horses, I love to splooge69, IUPhilanthropy, Immunize, Irishguy, IronGargoyle, Izno, J.delanoy, Jaknouse,Jandrews23jandrews23, Jason Patton, JesseShim, Jheald, Jhecklinger, Jim1138, Jimmyjamesfran, JodyB, JohnCD, Johnsaavn, Jpharrisjr, Jujutacular, Julo, Justme89, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kbdank71,Ken1982, Kenneth M Burke, Khazar2, Kingturtle, Kintetsubuffalo, Kmuehmel, Konullu, Kookyunii, Krause01, Kukini, Kusyadi, Lawman4312, LeCire, Leolaursen, LilyKitty, LostOverThere,Lotje, Lova Falk, Luna Santin, M.nelson, MER-C, MZMcBride, Macanes, Marcosmom, Marek69, Martarius, Mattbrundage, Mattchow, Mecapek, Mel Etitis, Mentifisto, Metaperl, MiG, MichaelEriksson, Mikael Hggstrm, Mike Rosoft, Misterx2000, Mladifilozof, Mmkulu, Mogism, Monkeyman, Munci, Mwanner, Mwilso24, Myles Callum, Navy blue84, Neurolysis, Newyorkadam,Nick Number, Nick271, Nirvana2013, No more vanity please, Nonprofitscience, Noodleki, Noozgroop, Nopira, Noroton, NuclearWarfare, Nutellajunkie, Nyttend, Obey, Obiwankenobi,Obonicus, Ohnoitsjamie, OlEnglish, Omnipaedista, Opiance, Orgtheory23, Ost316, Outeredge, OxygenBlue, PBS-AWB, Pahpaha, PaleZoe, Paulson74, Pavel Vozenilek, Pdiperna, Pederpod,Pengyanan, Peter hecham@yahoo.dk, Philanthropy, Philip Trueman, Pinethicket, Pip2andahalf, Pmj, Pmk724, Potterkid123, PrimeHunter, Procule, Professional145, Pyb, Quisquillian,Qwertyuiop789425, R'n'B, RJASE1, RainbowOfLight, Rainbowwrasse, Rajanala83, Ranaenc, Rayhawk, Reaper Eternal, Renaissancee, Requestion, Riccardo.fabris, Richard Arthur Norton(1958- ), RickRose, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Ronz, Rs2, Rscavilla, Rumiton, Rus793, SLY111, SQGibbon, Samwb123, Satellizer, SchreiberBike, SchuminWeb, ScottJ, Seba5618, SebastianHelm,Semifinalist, Shanes, Shanoman, SiobhanHansa, Sitearm, Smalljim, Snigbrook, Spikeleefan, Spitfire, Stickee, Stratvic, Street walker, Sue Gardner, Sue Rangell, SuperHamster, SynergyBlades,THEunique, Technopat, Template namespace initialisation script, Tesseract2, The Evil IP address, The Librarian, The Magnificent Clean-keeper, The Man13, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheTranshumanist, TheCatalyst31, Thecheesykid, Thenino, Theresa knott, Thesaltire, Thomaslionel, Tide rolls, Timmyrific, Tobby72, Tolly4bolly, TopAce, Tra, Trilliumz, Trunk68, Tsemii,Twinsday, Trelio, Ulric1313, Unionhawk, Velella, Vervin, Vicarious, Wavelength, Wbakker2, Wbrito, Wendyconway, Wiki3hree6ix9ine, Wikipelli, Wikithreesixnine, Wintonian, Wolfdog,Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Wwjonesy, Xerographica, Yaris678, ZooFari, , 629 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Foundling Hospital.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Foundling_Hospital.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Infrogmation, Nikkimaria, Xett, 5anonymous editsFile:Carnegie-1903.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carnegie-1903.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Infrogmation, Lx 121, RjensenImage:John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_D._Rockefeller_1885.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Acollier123, Andy Dingley,Antanana, Bressler, Conscious, DIREKTOR, EurekaLott, MartinHagberg, 3 anonymous editsFile:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation front.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation_front.JPG License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Riccardodalben

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PhilanthropyEtymologyHistoryChlropyModern philanthropy

Modern philanthropySome large individual bequests

Use in popular culture ReferencesExternal links

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