Phil Anderson (1972) "More is Different".

limitations of “representative individual” “mean field” / continuum / linear way of thinking

-conceptual gaps between various disciplines. - accompanying mysteries connected to the nature of life, intelligence, culture

-arise exactly when "More Is Different".

life emerges from chemistry, chemistry from physics, conscience from life, social conscience/ organization

from individual conscience etc.

The Microscopic Representation Method.

MICRO - the relevant microscopic degrees of freedom        

INTER - their fundamental interactions        

MACRO - the macroscopic emerging collective objectsIntrinsically interdisciplinary:

-Micro belongs to one science

-Macro to another science

-Mechanisms: statistical mechanics (?) phase transitions, scale invariance, spontaneous symmetry breaking etc

At 1000 C nothing special happens to one or two H2O molecules! or 100 or 1000!

How come that 1 Kg of them behave so dramatically?

- Microscopic Customers and Macroscopic Sales     

MICRO – Customers, products / ideas / information    

INTER – purchase, inform, learn, hear-say

MACRO – global trends, waves of sales (e.g. Tamaguchi), hits, flops, market fluctuations, anomalous diffusion

demarketing

Percolation transition

From non-sales at all to a lot of sales

Infinitely sharp at infinite size system

ALSO: effects of

Expectations Adaptation

Self tunning to criticality

Fractal fluctuations

and correlations

ALSO: effects of

Expectations Adaptation

Fractal space-time fluctuationsProduct Success prediction (15/ 17)

Resistance

Resistance

Resistance

Resistance

“ANTI-Percolation”

Antivirus

Parallel Networks

Consumption;

home

Expectations

work

- Microscopic Investors and Macroscopic Crashes /Power Laws         

MICRO - Investors, individual capital ,shares        

INTER - sell/buy orders, gain/loss         

MACRO - social wealth distribution, market price fluctuations (cycles, crushes, booms, stabilization by noise)

-Microscopic Concepts and Macroscopic Ideas

MICRO - concepts, connections between concepts

INTER - creating/deleting/activating connections between concepts

- Microscopic Seers and Macroscopic Sight

MICRO - motion visual sensors for points and line elements.

INTER - time and space  local data integration.

MACRO - Perception of 3 Dimensional global structure.

- Microscopic Picassos and Macroscopic Drawings

MICRO - local line / motion features, mental states, mental eventsINTER - line breaks and mind events(changes) vs line/mind inertia.MACRO - drawing shapes, emergence of representational meaning  - Microscopic Doctors and Macroscopic Health

MICRO  - Cells, Enzimes, Antigens, Antibodies          INTER  - producing, destroying, changing state of a cell/enzime,          MACRO  - immunity, health, infection, sickness, inflamation. -Microscopic Drivers / police and Macroscopic Jams

MICRO - carsINTER - go ahead/give way at intersections.MACRO - traffic flow, jamming; self-organization; useless police

Microscopic Grimm Brothers and Macroscopic Stories

MICRO – persons, relationsINTER – change in relations ; actingMACRO –plot, story, meaning

Internet study along the same lines1. physical,2. information flow and 3. emergent / cognitive.

LAYERS

Micro Macro

1. Cognitive / Social Layer   Self-Organization

Content based servicerelationships, ringsPeer-To-Peer nets

Emergence of Collective

Complex Institutions with personality and

interests

2. WEB Information Layer

Sites, links, information storage and flow

Distributed Information

storage, processing retrieval, control, trust

3.INTERNETHardware Layer

Nodes, cables, data packets

Connectivity, robustness

Louzoun-LevA

B

C

• We exemplify this by studying two types of networks: Genetic networks and the World Wide Web. In the first case we formulate a model including only random unbiased gene duplications and mutations. In the second case, the basic moves are website generation and rapid surf-induced link creation (/ destruction). In both cases we do reproduce the experimental observations at all scales.

• For the genetic network our model predicts a slow convergence toward a directed structure composed roughly of a core directing toward a periphery. By contrast, the WWW presents rapidly changing non-stationary bi-directionally linked clusters.

• In the genetic case the rough picture outside the core is of a tree-like structure with arrows preferentially directed towards the branches. In the WWW case, the hierarchy is rather in the form of strongly linked clusters-within clusters and the connections between clusters are generically pointing in both directions.

DC

A

36546, Z=46

B

253270, Z=23

826, Z=2.83 442, Z=2.22

browse

link

Gene network

Internet network

Microscopic Investors and Macroscopic Crashes

M. Levy, H. Levy and S. Solomon,

Economics Letters 45 (1994) 103-111.

9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.53750

3800

3850

3900

3950

4000

4050

4100

Fundamentalists believe the market will eventually revert to the fundamental price.

Hence, the price they offer will be determined by:

)(* lfundamentamarketmarketorder PPkPP

Chartists, believe in trends they. The simplest choice for short times is a linear extrapolation

tt

tPtPttrtPtP marketmarket

marketorder0

000

)()())(1()()(

Noise-traders are making “random” offers at a price randomly distributed around the current price.

)1,1( RANDOMsPP marketorder

L.Muchnick and S.Solomon

Physica Scripta, in press

Stock market shock explained

Physicists model recent trading frenzy.

1 October 2002

Market makersMarket 'spikes' are seen by traders as freak events.

Physicists expect them, Thursday October 3, 2002  

Newton (after loosing 20 K Pounds in stock market) “I can calculate the motions of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.“

Levy, Solomon and Levy's Microscopic Simulation of Financial Markets points us towards the future of financial economics." Harry M. Markowitz, Nobel Laureate in Economics

How do we see it?

A matter of 2 points of view.

Restricted Ability to Recover 3D Global Motion from 1 D Motion Signals: Theoretical Observations, N. Rubin, S. Hochstein and S. Solomon, Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Restricted Ability to Recover 3D Global Motion from 1 D Motion Signals: Psychophysical Observations, N. Rubin, S. Hochstein and S. Solomon, Vision Research 35 (1995) 463-476.

To what elementary receptors are sensitive?

- line-like features such as contours or frontiers passing through the or

- point-like features such as corners or line-ends?

- the position and velocity of the microscopic features, or

- also to their acceleration

-Answer:

- micros: corners and line-ends

- use mainly positions and velocities

-instead of the complicated exact algorithms, approximate ad-hoc ones

-=> macroscopic illusions predicted and confirmed

T=1T=2

T=3

TRACES OF MIND

Emergence of Representation in Drawing: The Relation Between Kinematic and Referential Aspects Ester Adi-Japha, Iris Levin and S. Solomon Cognitive Development 13, 25-51 (1998)

We identified and characterized

children 2-3 yrs

When / how do they first associate representational meaning to their drawings?

Breaks.

discrete sharp corners in their own drawings: not to the drawings of other children only shortly having experienced the act of drawing

Breaks <-> discrete mental events

Our findings can be summarized as follows

- In the drawing process one can identify inertial periods of a few seconds in which nothing happens with respect to representation

-During these periods the motion is characterized by a simple kinematic rule.

These inertial kinematical periods are interrupted by discrete events characterized by a Break in the continuity of the velocity and direction of the pencil motion

Breaks turn out to be the central element of the present work

representational meaning Breaks

smooth kinematic inertial parts nonsignicant

Breaks are correlated with a posteriori representation

Creative Sparks

Jacob Goldenberg, David Mazursky, and Sorin Solomon Science 285: 1495-1496, 1999;

Creativity in Advertising

Symbols set:

Fireman-sheet Air-bagSprings

Nike - Air Protection

Product space

Sidewalk

Foot

Sneaker a sneaker-shaped fireman-sheet

?

Figure 2b: General scheme underlying the replacement version of the pictorial analogy template

Symbols set

Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3

Product Message

Product space

P1

P2

P3 Matching by a linking operator

?

P4

Communication at the speed of sound

Herald Tribune

Examples of Replacement computer produced ideas

       Image of Apple Computer Terminal/ handing of Flowers (for advertising Apple computers friendliness)

       Texture of Tennis Ball / Temple Mountain Mosque (for advertising World Cup Tennis Tournament in Jerusalem).

       Shape of Plane/ Coo-coo in Coo-coo Clock (for advertising the time accuracy of a flight company).

       Picture of Jeeps/ Speaking in Sign Language (for silent car engine) shape of car/ bullet (for fast car).

 

Table 2: Idea Ratings for the Four SourcesCreativity Ratings Mean S.D.Winning Ads 3.26 .49Magazine Ads 2.88 .55Routine-Generated Ads 2.89 .48Laymen-Generated Ads 2.22 .43 

Originality Ratings Mean S.D.Winning Ads 3.33 .55Magazine Ads 2.85 .58Routine-Generated Ads 2.89 .54Laymen-Generated Ads 2.22 .46

What Are Stories Made Of? Quantitative Categorical Deconstruction of Creation Y. Stolov, M. Idel, S. Solomon, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 11 (2000) 1 ;

EVENT EVENT NO EVENT TOTAL DENSITY

but and NO LINK LENGTH

NO LINK LINK

RAVEN 9 8 1 1652 0.7 %

PRINCESS 12 3 1312 1.4 %

(Lost Princess story has no end)

21 commentators, 29 events

Ordered in nr of commentators.

Highest one diagonal was only rank 14

Only one non-link below it.

Testing the Turing Test

Do Men pass it?

Turing testTuring test::•“I propose to consider the question “ Can machines think?” . . . I shall replace the question by another . . . The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the ‘ imitation ‘ imitation game’game’.

• (A.M Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 :433-360

The participate in the test:

• Interrogator : Needs to discover who is the human and who is the computer.

• Human: Aims to help the interrogator.

• Computer: aims to fool the interrogator. The interrogator is allowed only to ask them questions. But can ask any and as many questions as he wants.

“… in about fifty years’ time … interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification … ”

A.M Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 49 (1950) 433,

Method:• Doing the imitation game not between human and computer

but between a man and a womanbetween a man and a woman.

• Interrogator: needs to discover who is the man and who is the woman. Turing said – can be of either sex

• Woman: Aim to help the interrogator.• Man: Aim to fool the interrogator.

Turing himself talks about imitation game between man and woman!

“ We now ask the question “What will

happen when a machine takes the part of

A in this game? “Will the interrogator decide

wrongly as often when the game is played like

this as he does when the game is played

between a man and a woman? These questions

replace our original, “Can machines think?”

”

Turing assumed that humans can pass the test – but this assumption

has not been tested

results:The men in the imitation game are reveled (80%).

In this case, an intelligent creature can’t imitate another intelligent creature.

Turing test is not valid.

Turing deduced his test from the imitation game.

Losing All Battles and Wining the War

HIV time hierarchy:

U Hershberg, Y Louzoun, H Atlan and S Solomon Physica A: 289 (1-2) (2001) pp.178-190 ; http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/nlin.AO/0006023

A = antigens (virons)

B = cells of the immune system

i = index of the particular characteristic shape of virus/immune cell

Ai Ai 1 Virons can mutate (actually in a n-dim space)

Ai+B* Ai Immune cells of any type are destroyed

when infected by viruses of any type

Ai+Bi Ai+Bi+Bi Immune cells multiply when they meet

virons with complementary shape to theirs

Ai Ai+Ai Virons multiply

Bi+Ai Bi Virons are destroyed when detected by

immune cells of complementary shape

B B B B B B B B

The immune system generates cells with various characteristic shapes to probe for the presence of antigens with complementary shapes.

Shape space

B B B B B B B B

Once some virons get in the system, they multiply unhindered as long as none of them meets an immune system cell with complementary shape.

Infection

Shape space

B

B B B B B B B B

B

Once one viron (individual from the strain) meets an immune system cell the cell keeps multiplying and its descendents meet more virons and multiply too.

Some mutant virons with different shape (and therefore undetectable by the present strain of immune cells) are produced.

B

The virons from the strain detected by the cells with complementary shape are destroyed.

The mutant ones have different shape. They are not detected (yet) so they multiply unhindered.

B

The detected viron strain is destroyed by the immune system.

Shape space

B

The detected viron strain is destroyed by the immune system.

Shape space

B

The detected viron strain is destroyed by the immune system.

Shape space

B

Before being completely destroyed, the detected strain is able to generate randomly more mutants, with different characteristic shape.

Shape space

B B B

The initial strain is decimated but the mutants are still undetected and multiply unhindered.

Shape space

B B B

The initial strain has now disappeared. The acute phase: primary infection, is finished.The mutants are still undetected.

This strain has so small population that even an immune cell with complementary shape doesn’t meet/detect any of its individuals.

B B B

After the initial strain is destroyed, the immune cells with complementary shape do not meet any excitation and they die without multiplying. Some “memory cells” with the information of the initial strain shape are left (forever).

In the meantime one of the mutant strains is detected

BShape space

B B B B

B

The immune cells with the complementary shape to the detected strain multiply. They are not many enough yet to stop the multiplication of the strain and in particular the generation of some mutants.

Shape space

B B B

B

The detected strain is being decimated but its mutants do well and in fact produce mutants of themselves.

Shape space

B B B B

B

The detected strain is about to disappear and another strain is just being detected.

B B

The antibodies corresponding to the destroyed strain disappear. Only memory cells are left.

Antibodies corresponding to the newly detected strain are being produced.

B B

B

B

B

B

The virus looses another battle but the number of strains keeps increasing.

The virus looses another battle but the number of strains keeps increasing until it overcomes the immune system.

XX

XXX X

X XX

XXX X

XX

XXX X

XX

XXX X

XX

XXX

X XX

New strains appear and are destroyed within weeks.

Many new small strains accumulate and destroy many immune system cells. The system collapses

The strains of the first invasion are completely wiped out

REALITY

SIMULATION

Image Speed and assumption x~y~zNOTImage Speed and acceleration(3 times formulae)

LOST of 3D rigidity

feeling

3D rigidity perception insenstive to large up to x2 deformations

Vision Research 35 (1995) 463-476.

Transistors -> chips -> boards-> computer -> clusters -> internet

Currents-> digital I/O -> coded I/O -> interrupts, packets

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NOW WITHOUT OBSTRUCTION

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Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.

Corners essential

Lines Not

RECEPTORS

Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.