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THE UTILISATION OF WASTE LACTOSE WITH MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES USAGE. Ph.D. Ewa Połom I nstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes. Plan of presentation. 1. Introduction 2. I ntegrated systems of e nvironmental protection - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ph.D. Ewa PołomInstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes
THE UTILISATION OF WASTE LACTOSE
WITH MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES USAGE
Plan of presentation
1. Introduction2. Integrated systems of environmental protection 3. Whey as a source of valuable products4. Membrane techniques proposed for lactic acid LA,
manufacturing 5. Zr(IV)/PAA Dynamically formed membranes DMF6. The scheme of the experimental set-up7. Statistical examination of experimental results7. Conclusions
Introduction
productionprocess
water
raw materials
energy
air pollution
main product
solid wastes
liquid wastes
POLLUTION PREVENTION
cleaningstrategy
cleanerstrategy
re-use recycling energyrecovery
deposition
Integrated systems of environmental protection
Diary industry main products
cheeses
yoghurts
skim milk
Main waste from food processing
whey
lactose5%
proteins0,8%
minerals and vitamins 0,5%
fats 0,3%
lactic acid0,2%
Lactic acid LA stereoisomers
Possibilities of LA obtaining :1. Chemical synthesis from oil-based non renewable
resources2. Biotechnical processes based on fermentation of
industrial wastes
The main steps in the process of waste lactose conversion to LA or ethanol
Product separation/purification
Product concentration
Sugar conversion
Feedstockpreparation
The membranes techniques proposed for LA manufacturing by waste lactose fermentation
1. Prefiltration of solutions before fermentation processes2. Selection of lactic acid from post -fermentiation solution3. Conversion of lactic acid salts into lactic acid4. Purification and concentration of lactic acid solutions
Membrane technique Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Microfiltration, MF v v
Ultrafiltration, UF v v
Nanofiltration, NF v
Reverse osmosis, RO v
Liquid membranes, LM v
Membrane extraction, EM v
Electrodialysis, ED v
MF+ ED V V
UF + ED V V
UF+ MF + ED v V V
EM + ED v v
Fermentation
UF MODULE
ED UNIT
lactic acid
sodium lactate
post fermentaive solution
lactose
+ lactic acid bacteria
Integrated scheme of LA production with product neutralisation
The conception of LA production from whey with continuous product disposal
The characteristic of Zr(IV)/PAA dynamically formed membranes DFM
Membrane Support Gel-layer Pore radius*/
layer thickness**
MF, Ti (IV) Stainles
steel tube
TiO2 0.03 – 0.05 m*
UF, Zr (IV) MF membrane
ZrO(OH)2 10 m**
NF,
Zr (IV)/PAA
UF membrane
PAA 2 m**
DF MEMBRANES Zr(IV)/PAA EMS PHOTOS
a) Top view of NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA surface of PAA
layer
b) Cross- section of two NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA layers:
ZrO(OH)2 and PAA
K.S. Menon, Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson 1988
DF MEMBRANE Zr(IV)/PAA
The scheme of the experimental set-up
´
Statistical examinations of NF LA solutions experimental results
r=0,35–0,05x1+0,104x2+0,08x3–0,09x4+0,14x1x4–0,044x2x4+0,03x1x2x4+0,03x2x3x4
r=0,49–0,027x1+0,11x2+0,1x3–0,077x4+0,135x1x4–0,044 x2x4–0,061x32–0,077x4
2
(1)
(2)
Forms of obtained polynomial models:
Symbol Parameter description Range of parameter
x1 Cross flow velocity 1.0 – 2.6 m/s
x2 pH of feed solution 4.0 – 8.0
x3 Pressure difference across membrane surface
1.4 – 5.5 MPa
x4 Concentration of LA in the feed solutions
0.02 – 1.0 mol/l
Independent variables description
x1 u = 1,0 [m/s]
x2 pH = 8,0
x3 p = 5,52 [MPa]
x4 cLA= 0,02 [mol/l]
rmax = 0,82
x1 u = 2,6 [m/s]
x2 pH = 4,0
x3 p = 1,42 [MPa]
x4 cLA= 0,02 [mol/l]
r min 0,02
Values of parameters allow to obtain rmax
Values of parameters allow to obtain rmin
Influence of NF process parameters on LA DFM Zr(IV)PAA selectivity
• Fermentation of waste lactose connected with lactic acid manufacturing is the best way of whey utilisation which corresponds to the integrated systems of environmental protection rules
• Employing pressure membrane techniques in utilisation of whey process brings profits from both: environmental and economical points of view
• Zr(IV)/PAA DFM can be use in LA separation from fermentative solutions and purification of selected product.
Conclusions