BN C TH HIU C KINH THNH

Phc truyn lut l k

BOB UTLEY GIO S CHUYN NGNH GII KINH

(GII NGHA KINH THNH)

TI LIU GII KINH HNG DN T HC KINH THNH

LOT TI LIU CU C QUYN 3

NHNG BI HC KINH THNH QUC T MARSHALL, TEXAS (Hiu nh nm 2011)

MC LC Nhng gii thch vn tt v cc ti liu chuyn mn dng trong b gii kinh Cu c ny .................... i

Nhng nh ngha vn tt v nhng dng ng t ting H-b-r tc ng n vic gii kinh .............. iii

Nhng ch vit tt c dng trong tp gii kinh ny .............................................................................. ix

Li chia s ca Tc gi: Tp ti liu gii kinh ny c th gip ch g cho bn? ....................................... xi

Hng dn thi quen c Kinh thnh hiu qu : S nghin cu C nhn cho L tht c xc thc ... xiii

Gii thiu sch Phc Truyn .............................................................................................................. 1

Phc Truyn on 1 ........................................................................................................................... 7

Phc Truyn on 2 ......................................................................................................................... 39

Phc Truyn on 3 ......................................................................................................................... 52

Phc Truyn on 4 ........................................................................................................................ 61

Phc Truyn on 5 ......................................................................................................................... 85

Phc Truyn on 6 ...................................................................................................................... 103

Phc Truyn on 7 ....... .............................................................................................................. 112

Phc Truyn on 8 ...................................................................................................................... 122

Phc Truyn on 9 ...................................................................................................................... 130

Phc Truyn on 10 .................................................................................................................... 138

Phc Truyn on 11 .................................................................................................................... 146

Phc Truyn on 12 .................................................................................................................... 154

Phc Truyn on 13 .................................................................................................................... 164

Phc Truyn on 14 .................................................................................................................... 175

Phc Truyn on 15 .................................................................................................................... 185

Phc Truyn on 16 .................................................................................................................... 193

Phc Truyn on 17 .................................................................................................................... 201

Phc Truyn on 18 .................................................................................................................... 214

Phc Truyn on 19 .................................................................................................................... 224

Phc Truyn on 20 ................................................................................................................... 230

Phc Truyn on 21 ................................................................................................................... 235

Phc Truyn on 22 ................................................................................................................... 245

Phc Truyn on 23 ................................................................................................................... 253

Phc Truyn on 24 ................................................................................................................... 263

Phc Truyn on 25 .................................................................................................................... 273

Phc Truyn on 26 .................................................................................................................... 280

Phc Truyn on 27 .................................................................................................................... 286

Phc Truyn on 28 .................................................................................................................... 294

Phc Truyn on 29 .................................................................................................................... 311

Phc Truyn on 30 ................................................................................................................... 318

Phc Truyn on 31 .................................................................................................................... 325

Phc Truyn on 31 :30-32 :52 ................................................................................................... 335

Phc Truyn on 33 .................................................................................................................... 356

Phc Truyn on 34 .................................................................................................................... 370

Ph lc Mt : Gii thiu v Cc sch Tin Tri Cu c ...................................................................... 375

Ph lc Hai : Kho st khi qut v nhng Quyn lc khu vc M-s-b-ta-mi ............................. 379

Ph lc Ba : Biu ca Ton b Cu c ........................................................................................ 387

Ph lc Bn : Lp trng v tn l ........................................................................................................ 390

MC LC CC CH C BIT

Y-s-ra-n (tn ring), 1:1 ...................................................................................................................... 9

a im ca ni Si-nai, 1 :2 ............................................................................................................... 10

Lch ca khu vc Cn ng C i, 1 :3 ............................................................................................ 11

Cc Danh Xng ca ng Thnh, 1 :3 ................................................................................................ 12

Thi im ca cuc Xut Hnh, 1 :3 ................................................................................................... 16

Dn c vng Palestine thi im tin Y-s-ra-n,1 :4 ......................................................................... 17

Hng ngn (Eleph), 1 :15 ..................................................................................................................... 23

S cng bnh, 1 :16 .............................................................................................................................. 23

Nhng thut ng s dng cho Nhng Chin Binh Hoc Dn Tc Cao Ln/Mnh M, 1 :28 ............ 29

Tin, Tin cy, c tin v s Thnh tn trong Cu c, 1 :32 .............................................................. 30

Tui ca S Chu Trch Nhim Gii Trnh, 1 :39 ......................................................................... 35

Bin , 1 :40 ...................................................................................................................................... 35

Nhng ng Vng Trong Cuc Xut Hnh, 2 :1 ................................................................................. 40

c Cha Tri c M T nh Con Ngi, 2 :15 ............................................................................ 44

Cha lm cng lng, 2:30 .................................................................................................................... 48

Tm lng, 2:30 ..................................................................................................................................... 49

Nhng nh kin thun ty tin lnh ca Bob, 4:6 ................................................................................. 65

La, 4:11 ............................................................................................................................................... 66

Giao c, 4:13 ...................................................................................................................................... 67

Nhng c tnh ca c Cha Tri ca Y-s-ra-n, 4:31 .................................................................... 72

Ti sao nhng Li Ha Giao c trong Cu c dng nh khc bit vi nhng

Li Ha Giao c trong Tn c ....................................................................................................... 73

Bit, 4:35 .............................................................................................................................................. 79

Mi Mi (Cu c-Olam), 4:40 ......................................................................................................... 80

Vng t, Quc Gia, Mt t (88 .............................................................................................5:8 , (

S Tt Lnh, T T (Hesed), 5:10 ......................................................................................................... 90

S Thnh Khit(92 .................................................................................................................. 5:12 ,(

Ngy Sa-bt, 5:12 ................................................................................................................................ 92

Ghi Ch ti Xut 20 (Ti St Nhn), 5:17. ........................................................................................... 94

Ha Bnh v Chin Tranh, 5:17 ............................................................................................................ 96

S Vinh Hin, 5:24 .............................................................................................................................. 99

T Tng c Thn, 6:4 .................................................................................................................... 105

Gi Chuc/S Cu Chuc, 7:8 .......................................................................................................... 116

S Hu X, 8:1. .................................................................................................................................. 123

Cha Th Thch Dn S Ngi, 8:2 .................................................................................................... 124

Mi quan h Cha Thin Thng ca c Cha Tri, 8:5 ................................................................. 125

Nhng Hnh ng n in ca c Gi-h-va Vi Y-s-ra-n, 9:4-6 ............................................ 132

Giao c Li Ha Dnh cho Cc T ph, 9:5 ................................................................................... 132

Nhng Hiu nh Thm Vo Sau Ny Trong Sch Phc Truyn, 10:6 ............................................ 140

Nhng Yu Cu Giao c ca c Gi h va i Vi Y-s-ra-n, 10:12 ....................................... 142

Hu Qu Ca Ti Th Hnh Tng, 11:16-17 .................................................................................. 150

Nhng ng X c Yu Cu Ca Y-s-ra-n i Vi S Th Hnh Tng Phn Thc

Ca-na-an, 12:3 ................................................................................................................................... 156

Danh Xng ca Gi-h-va, 12:5 ........................................................................................................ 158

Thn Mo-lc, 12:31 ........................................................................................................................... 163

Nhng Li Tin Tri trong Cu c, 13:1 ......................................................................................... 165

Nhng Tc L Than Khc, 14:1 ........................................................................................................ 176

Cc Lut v Thc n trong Cu c, 14:3 ...................................................................................... 178

Nhng S ng Kinh Tm, 14:3 ...................................................................................................... 178

Ru (S Ln Men Ru) v S Say Sa (S Nghin Ngp) 14:26 ................................................ 182

L Vt qua, 16:1 .............................................................................................................................. 194

Tc quyn ca Mi-se trn Ng Kinh, 17:14..................................................................................... 206

Khng T Vt, Khng Li Lm, V Ti, Khng Ch Trch c,18:13 ......................................... 220

n T Hnh Y-s-ra-n, 21:21 ....................................................................................................... 241

Treo Ln 21:22 .................................................................................................................................. 242

S Ra S, 21:23 ............................................................................................................................... 243

Nhng Con S Biu Tng Trong Kinh Thnh, 23:2, 3 ................................................................... 255

Lm T Thin, 24:13 ......................................................................................................................... 268

o Trng Lng v Dung Tch Vng Cn ng, 25:13 ................................................................ 276

Ngha V ng Thu Mt Phn Mi Trong B Lut Mi-se, 26:12 .............................................. 283

Ch A-men, 27:15........................................................................................................................... 290

S n Nn trong Cu c, 30:2 ....................................................................................................... 319

Nhng K L ca Y-s-ra-n, 31:10 ................................................................................................. 328

Vn th H b r, nhng Tng trong on 32 ........................................................................... 336

Bng Che Nh L n D v s Bo v v Chm Sc ..................................................................... 343

Ma Qu trong Cu c, 32:17 .......................................................................................................... 345

Hin Thn ca iu c, 32:17 .......................................................................................................... 345

Nhng Ngi Cht u, 32:22 ...................................................................................................... 348

S Chc Phc, 33:1 ......................................................................................................................... 357

S t Tay, 34:9 ................................................................................................................................ 373

i

GII THCH VN TT V CC TI LIU CHUYN MN C DNG TRONG B GII KINH CU C NY.

I. T vng C vi quyn t in chuyn su v ting H-b-r c rt hu ch. A. Hebrew and English Lexicon of Old Testament ca Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, v Charles A.

Briggs. Quyn ny da theo quyn t in bng ting c ca William Gesenius v c vit tt l BDB.

B. Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of Old Testament ca Ludwig Koehler v Walter Baumgartner, do M. E. J. Richardson dch. Ch vit tt ca n l KB.

C. A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of Old Testament ca William L. Holladay da theo quyn t in bng ting c cp trn.

D. Mt b mi nm quyn nghin cu t vng thn hc c t tn New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, do Willem A. Van Gemeren bin tp. Ch vit tt ca n l NIDOTTE.

Nhng ch no c khc bit quan trng v t vng th ti trng ra mt s bn dch ting Anh (NASB, NKJV, NRSV, TEV, NJB) theo cch dch tng ch v cch dch tng ng trong cch dng (chc nng) (xem Gordon Fee & Douglas Stuart, How to Read the Bible For All Its Worth, trang 28-44).

II. V ng php

Mun hiu c ng php th thng da vo b Analytical Key to Old Testament vi bn quyn ca John Gi-sp Owens. Ti liu trn c i chiu vi quyn Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon of Old Testament ca Benjamin Davidson.

Ti liu hu ch khc v nhng c im ng php v c php c dng trong hu ht nhng tp gii kinh Cu c ca b Bn c th hiu Kinh Thnh l b Nhng tr gip cho dch gi ca Thnh Kinh Hi Quc T (United Kinh Thnh Societies). Chng c t tn l Cm nang cho_________.

III. Bn vn

Ti cng nhn s linh cm ca bn vn ph m ting H-b-r (khng c nhng du nguyn m v ch thch ca Masoretic). Cng ging nh mi bn vn c chp tay u c mt vi on vn cn trong vng nghi vn. y l iu thng thng l do nhng iu nh sau: A. hapax legomenon (l ch c dng ch c mt ln trong ting H-b-r ca Cu c) B. Nhng cm t thnh ng (nhng ch v cm t mt ngha en nguyn thy) C. Khng c chc chn v lch s (chng ta thiu thng tin v th gii c i) D. Ng ngha ca nhng nhm khc trong ngn ng semitic li c trong s t vng gii hn ca ting

H-b-r E. Cc nan lin h ti cc nh chp kinh v sau, chp tay nhng bn vn ting H-b-r c F. Cc nh chp kinh Do thi c o to (hc) ti Ai-cp cm thy c php cp nht ha bn vn

nn khi chp h b sung cho chng c y ngi sng trong thi i ca h c th hiu c (NIDOTTE trang 52-54).

C vi ti liu gm t ng v bn vn ting H-b-r bn ngoi Bn vn truyn thng

Masoretic. 1. B Ng Kinh ca ngi Sa-ma-ri 2. Cc cun Bin Cht 3. Mt vi ng xu sau ny, nhng l th, v ostraca (nhng mnh v ca gm cha nung dng

vit). Nhng hu nh Cu c khng c nhng dng h (trng phi) bn chp tay ging nh trong

cc bn chp tay Tn c ting Hy lp. tm mt bi vit hay v tnh ng tin cy v vn mch ca bn vn Masoretic (c khong nm 900 sau Cha) xem bi vit The Reliability of the Old Testament Text ca Bruce K. Waltke trong NIDOTTE, quyn 1, trang 51-67.

Bn vn H-b-r c dng l t Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia t Hi Kinh Thnh c, 1997,

ii

c da trn Leningrad Codex (nm 1009 sau Cha). Thnh thong, nhng phin bn c xa (Septuagint ting Hy lp, bn Targums ting A-ram, Syriac Peshitta, v Latin Vulgate) c tham kho nu ting H-b-r ti ngha hay l c lm ln cch r rng.

iii

NHNG NH NGHA VN TT CA NHNG DNG NG T TING H-B-R TC NG N VIC GII KINH

I. Tm tt lch s pht trin ca ting H-b-r

Ting H-b-r l thnh phn trong nhm ngn ng Shemitic (Semitic) ty nam Chu . Tn gi ny (do nhng hc gi hin i t) theo tn Sem, con ca N- (xem Sng th K 5:32; 6:10). Nhng con chu ca Sem c lit k trong Sng th K 10:21-31 nh -rp, H-b-r, Sy-ri, A-ram, v A-sy-ri. Trong thc t mt vi ngn ng Semitic c cc quc gia thuc dng di ca Cham s dng (xem Sng th K 10:6-14) nh Ca-na-an, Ph-ni-xi, v -thi--pi.

H-b-r thuc trong nhm ty bc ca ngn ng Semitic. Nhng hc gi hin i c nhng mu tiu biu ca nhm ngn ng c ny t:

A. Dn A-m-rt (nhng bng Mari Tablets t th k 18 trc Cha trong ting Akkadian)

B. Dn Ca-na-an (nhng bng Ras Shamra Tablets t th k 15 trong ting Ugaritic)

C. Dn Ca-na-an (nhng l th Amarna Letters t th k 14 trong ting Ca-na-an Akkadian)

D. Dn Ph-ni-xi (ting H-b-r s dng mu t ting Ph-ni-xi)

E. Dn M-p (bng Mesha, nm 840 trc Cha)

F. Ting A-ram (ngn ng chnh thc ca quc Ba-t dng trong Sng th K 31:47 [2 ch]; Gi-r-mi 10:11; a-ni-n 2:4-6; 7:28; -x-ra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 v ngi Do thi trong th k th nht x Palestine s dng)

Ngn ng H-b-r c gi l ci mi ca Ca-na-an trong -sai 19:18. N c gi trc tin l H-b-r trong phn m u ca sch ngy kinh Ecclesiasticus (S khn ngoan ca Ben Sira) khong nm 180 trc Cha (v mt vi ch khc sm hn, xem Anchor Bible Dictionary, quyn 4, trang 205ff). N c lin h gn nht vi ting M-p v ngn ng dng trong x U-ga-rt. Nhng dn chng ca ting H-b-r c tm thy bn ngoi Kinh Thnh l: 1. Lch Gezer, nm 925 trc Cha (mt hc sinh vit) 2. Bia Siloam, nm 705 trc Cha (nhng ghi chp trong ng hm) 3. Nhng ming gm ting Sa-ma-ri (Samaritan Ostrada), nm 770 trc Cha (nhng h s thu ghi

trn nhng mnh v bng gm) 4. Nhng l th Lachish, nm 587 trc Cha (truyn tin chin cuc) 5. Nhng ng xu v nhng con du Maccabean 6. Mt vi bn vn trong cc Cun Bin Cht 7. Nhiu bia khc (xem Cc ngn ng [ting H-b-r], ABD 4:203ff)

Cng ging nh tt c cc ngn ng Semitic, n c c im l ch ca n c to nn do ba ph m (ba ph m gc). N l mt ngn ng linh ng (khng c nh). Ba ph m gc cha ng ngha c bn ca t, trong khi tin t, hu t, hay l nhng chi tit b sung bn trong trnh by v chc nng c php (sau l nhng nguyn m, xem Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew, ca Sue Green, trang 46-49).

T vng ting H-b-r biu l ra s khc bit gia vn xui v th. Nhng ngha ca ch c gn kt vi nhng t nguyn trong dn gian (khng c ngun gc ngn ng hc). Nhng cch chi ch v cch dng m rt thng dng (paronomasia).

II. Nhng kha cnh ca v ng

A. NHNG NG T Th t t ng thng thng l NG T, I T, CH NG (vi nhng ch b ngha), B NG (vi nhng ch b ngha). NG T c bn khng du l Qal, dng HON THNH (PERFECT), GING C (MASCULINE), S T (SINGULAR). l cch sp xp ca nhng t in ting H-b-

iv

r v ting A-ram. Nhng NG T (VERB) bin cch cho thy: 1. Ss t, s nhiu, c hai 2. Gingging c v ging ci (khng c trung tnh) 3. Cchch nh, cu khn, mnh lnh (mi lin h vi hnh ng thc t) 4. Th (aspect)

a. HON THNH (PERFECT), c ngha hon tt, theo ngha c khi u, tip din, v kt thc ca mt hnh ng. Dng ny thng c dng cho hnh ng qu kh, s vic xy ra. J. Wash Watts trong A Survey of Syntax in Hebrew Old Testament ni:

Tng ci ton th c din t bi th hon thnh cng c xem nh chc chn. Th cha hon thnh c th din t mt tnh trng nh l c th hay l c mong hoc l trng ch, cn th hon thnh th xem n nh l thc s, c tht v chc chn (p. 36). S. R. Driver trong quyn A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew m t n nh sau:

Th hon thnh c s dng ch hnh ng hon tt tng lai, nhng v c coi l ph thuc vo quyt nh khng di i ca ch nn n c th c ni n nh th vic c tht ang xy ra: do mt quyt ngh, li ha, chiu ch (sc lnh) c bit l ca thn linh thng c cng b bng th hon thnh (trang 17, v d v th hon thnh ca th loi tin tri). Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. trong quyn From Exegesis to Exposition, nh ngha dng ng t ny nh sau:

nhn xem mt tnh hung t bn ngoi, nh mt ton th. Nh vy n trnh by mt s vic n gin, cho d l mt hnh ng hoc trng thi (bao gm c tnh trng tm tr). Khi c dng ch cc hnh ng, n thng xem hnh ng l hon thnh t quan im thuyt phc ca ngi ni hoc ngi k (cho d trong thc t c hon thnh hay khng th khng phi l iu quan trng). Th hon thnh c th gn lin vi nhng hnh ng, trng thi trong qu kh, hin ti hoc trong tng lai. Nh ni trn, c cu thi gian nh hng n vic mt ngi dch th hon thnh sang nhng ngn ng ch trng vo cc th ging nh Anh ng v c cu cn phi c xc nh da vo bi cnh (trang 86).

b. TH CHA HON THNH, din t mt hnh ng ang din tin (cha chm dt, lp i lp li, tip tc hoc khng chc chn), thng hng ti mt mc tiu. Thng thng hnh thc ny c s dng cho mt hnh ng trong hin ti v tng lai. J. Wash Watts trong quyn A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament ni

Tt c cc th CHA HON THNH din t cc tnh trng khng hon tt. Chng thng lp i lp li, tip tc khai trin hoc c bt ng (khng chc chn). Ni cch khc, c phn tip tc pht trin hoc c phn c xc nh. Trong mi trng hp, theo mt s ngha th chng ch l tng thnh phn, tc l vn cha y (trang 55). Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. trong quyn From Exegesis to Exposition ni

Tht l kh tm gn bn cht ca th cha hon thnh vo mt khi nim n gin, v n gm cha c th (aspect) v cch (mood). i khi th cha hon thnh c s dng theo cch thc ch nh v thc hin mt tuyn b khch quan. Trong nhng trng hp khc, n nhn xem mt hnh ng theo cch ch quan hn, cng nh gi thuyt, bt ng, c th v vn vn... (trang 89).

c. Ch waw c thm vo lin kt NG T vi hnh ng ca NG T trc .

d. MNH LNH, cn c theo mun ca ngi ni v hnh ng c th thc hin ca ngi nghe. e. Trong ting H-b-r c, ch c nhng bi cnh tng qut mi c th xc nh c vic nh hng thi gian theo nh ca tc gi.

B. By hnh thc bin cch chnh v ngha c bn ca chng. Trong thc t nhng hnh thc ny to s kt ni ln nhau trong mch vn v khng th b tch bit.

v

1. Qal (Kal) l ph bin nht v c bn ca tt c cc dng thc. N biu th mt hnh ng n gin hoc mt tnh trng hin c. N khng ni n lin h nhn qu hoc vic xc nh cho r.

2. Niphal, hnh thc ph bin th hai. N thng l TH NG, nhng hnh thc ny cng c chc nng phn thn (reflexive) v h tng vi nhau (reciprocal) . N cng khng ni n lin h nhn qu hoc vic xc nh cho r.

3. Piel, hnh thc ny l ch ng v trnh by v vic to ra mt hnh ng dn ti tnh trng hin c. ngha c bn l ca gc (stem) Qal v c pht trin hoc m rng thnh mt tnh trng hin c.

4. Pual, y l dng TH NG i ng li vi dng Piel. N thng c th hin bng mt NG TNH T.

5. Hithpael l loi (stem, gc) phn thn hoc h tng vi nhau. N din t hnh ng lp li hay ko di thuc gc Piel. Dng TH NG him gp ny c gi l Hothpael.

6. Hiphil, hnh thc ch ng ca loi (stem) gy ra nguyn nhn v i lp vi Piel. N c th c kha cnh cho php, nhng thng cp n nguyn nhn gy ra ca mt s kin. Ernst Jenni, mt nh ng php ting H-b-r, tin rng Piel chng t mt iu g tin n tnh trng hin c, trong khi Hiphil cho thy n xy ra nh th no.

7. Hophal, dng TH NG i ng vi Hiphil. Hai dng t gc cui cng t c s dng nht trong by loi t gc.

Phn ln thng tin ny n t quyn An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax ca Bruce K. Waltke v M. O'Connor, trang 343-452.

Biu tc ng v h qu. Mt im quan trng hiu bit h thng NG T ting H-b-r l xem n nh l mt m hnh ca cc mi lin h theo cc TH (VOICE). Mt s t gc th i lp vi nhng t gc khc (v d, Qal - Niphal; Piel - Hiphil)

Biu di y c gng hnh dung cc chc nng c bn ca cc gc NG T theo h qu. (*** ch thch ngi dch: v khng c ch ting Vit tng ng nn khng th dch mt vi thut ng/khi nim ng php trong bn di y ***)

CCH/TH hay CH NG

No Secondary Agency

An Active Secondary Agency

A Passive Secondary Agency

CH NG Qal Hiphil Piel TH NG TRUNG CP

Niphal Hophal Pual

PHN THN/ H TNG

Niphal Hiphil Hithpael

Biu ny c ly t bi phn tch xut sc h thng NG T da theo kt qu nghin cu mi v

ting Akkadian (xem quyn An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax ca Bruce K. Waltke, M. O'Conner, trang 354-359.

R. H. Kennett, trong quyn A Short Account of the Hebrew Tenses, cung cp mt cnh bo cn thit.

Trong khi dy hc ti thng thy kh khn chnh ca sinh vin vi cc ng t ting H-b-r l nm bt cho c nhng ngha m ng t truyn ti n tm t suy ngh ca chnh ngi Do Thi. iu cho thy l c xu hng xem mi th (tense) ca ting H-b-r tng ng vi mt s no ca cc dng thc (ng php) trong ting Latin hoc ting Anh, bi m loi th c th (particular Tense) li c dch theo cch thng thng. Kt qu l tht bi trong vic thu hiu rt nhiu nhng sc thi tinh t ca ngha m n em li s sng v sinh lc cho ngn ng ca Cu c.

Khi s dng cc ng t ting H-b-r th iu kh khn duy nht l nm trong quan im t ngi H-b-r xem xt mt hnh ng v vy n hon ton khc vi quan im ca chng ta. i vi chng ta thi im l iu xem xt u tin c by t qua ch tense (thi im cng thng) , nhng i vi h (ngi Do Thi) l mt vic th yu. Do iu cn thit l mt sinh vin khng c s dng qu nhiu cc hnh thc trong ting Latin hoc ting Anh dch cc th trong ting H-b-r, nhng tt hn l nn nm bt r rng kha cnh ca mi hnh ng m n t ph by trong tm tr ca ngi Do Thi.

Ch th(tense) p dng cho cc ng t ting H-b-r khin hiu nhm. Ci gi l th trong ting H-b-r khng din t thi gian nhng ch l trng thi ca mt hnh ng. Tht vy khng b

vi

nhm ln nn nu ln s p dng thut ng trng thi cho c danh t v ng t, ch cc trng thi s xc nh r hn nhiu hn so vi ch cc th. Cn phi lun lun ghi nh rng khng th dch mt ng t ting H-b-r sang ting Anh m khng cn s dng mt gii hn (xc nh thi gian) y l iu hon ton khng c trong ting H-b-r. Ngi Do Thi c i khng bao gi ngh v mt hnh ng theo ( ngha) qu kh, hin ti hay tng lai, m ch n gin l HON THNH, tc l chm dt, hoc KHNG HON THNH, ngha l ang cn tip din. Khi chng ta ni rng mt s th trong ting H-b-r tng ng vi th HON THNH, QU KH HON THNH hoc TNG LAI trong ting Anh, chng ta khng c ni rng ngi Do Thi ngh v n nh l HON THNH, QU KH HON THNH hoc TNG LAI, nhng ch n gin l chng phi c dch sang ting Anh nh vy. Thi gian ca mt hnh ng trong ting H-b-r khng din t bng bt k mt dng thc ng t no (trong li m u v trang 1).

Mt cnh bo th hai ca Sue Groom trong quyn Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew nhc chng ta rng: Khng c cch no phn bit c gia (1) Qu trnh thit lp li lnh vc ng ngha v cc lin

h ngha ca mt ngn ng cht c i ca cc hc gi hin i ch l s phn nh trc gic ca chnh ring h hoc ca ngn ng m ca h vi (2) Cc lnh vc hin hu (ng y nh) trong ting H-b-r c (trang 128).

C. CCH (Moods, Modes)

1. N xy ra, ang xy ra (CH NH CCH), thng s dng th HON THNH hoc NG TNH T (PARTICIPLE) (tt c cc NG TNH T u l dng CH NH).

2. N s xy ra, c th xy ra (BNG THI CCH, (subjunctive) GI NH, CU KHN) a. s dng TH CHA HON THNH c nh du

(1) DNG KHCH L (thm h), TH CHA HON THNH ngi th nht, thng by t mt mong mun, yu cu hoc t khuyn khch (hnh ng theo mun ca ngi ni)

(2) DNG MNH LNH (thay i bn trong), TH CHA HON THNH ngi th ba (c th l ngi th hai trong cu ph nh) thng trnh by mt yu cu, s cho php, mt li nhc nh, hoc mt li khuyn

b. s dng TH HON THNH vi lu hoc lule Nhng cu trc ny tng t vi cc cu IU KIN BC HAI trong ting Hy Lp Koine. Mt pht biu sai (protasis) dn n mt kt lun sai (apodosis).

c. s dng TH CHA HON THNH v lu Mch vn v lu, cng nh hng v tng lai, to nn cch dng c bit cch CU KHN, GI NH ny. Mt s v d t quyn A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament ca J. Wash Watts l Sng th K 13:16; Phc truyn Lut l K 1:12; I Cc vua 13:8; Thi thin 24:3; -sai 1:18 (xem trang 76-77).

D. Waw - chuyn i, lin tc, lin kt. c tnh c php c nht ny ca ting H-b-r (ngn ng ca ngi vng Ca-na-an) gy ra s nhm ln ln trong nhng nm qua. N c s dng theo nhiu cch thng l da theo th loi. L do ca s nhm ln l cc hc gi u tin l ngi Chu u v h c gng gii thch theo ngn ng m ca h. Khi phng cch trn gp tr ngi, th h li rng ting H-b-r l mt ngn ng c gi nh. Nhng ngn ng Chu u l nhng NG T c cn c theo TH (tense). Mt s cc hm cha a dng v ng php c xc nh bi ch WAW c thm vo gc NG T TH HON THNH V CHA HON THNH. iu ny lm thay i cch xem xt hnh ng. 1. Trong th loi tng thut truyn tch lch s, nhng NG T c lin kt vi nhau trong mt

chui theo mt khun mu tiu chun. 2. Tin t waw cho thy mt mi quan h c th vi nhng NG T trc . 3. Mch vn rng hn lun lun l cha kha hiu c chui NG T. Cc NG T ca ngn

ng Semitic khng th phn tch cch ring r, c lp. J. Wash Watts trong quyn A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament c nhn xt v s khc bit ca ting H-b-r trong cch dng ch waw trc TH HON THNH V TH CHA HON THNH (trang 52-53). Khi tng c bn ca TH HON THNH l qu kh m thm ch waw vo th n y ngha theo hng thi gian trong tng lai. Cng xy ra y nh th vi TH CHA HON THNH c tng c bn l hin ti hoc tng lai, nhng khi thm ch waw vo th t tng vo qu kh. S thay i thi gian l thng ny gii thch vic thm vo ch waw, ch khng gii thch s thay i theo ngha c bn

vii

ca TH NG T. TH HON THNH km theo ch waw thch hp vi th loi tin tri, trong khi cc TH CHA HON THNH kt hp vi ch waw thch hp vi th loi truyn k, tng thut (trang 54, 68). Watts tip tc nh ngha ca ng

V s khc bit gia ch waw lin t v ch waw tip ni, th c nhng gii thch nh sau: 1. Waw lin t lun lun xut hin ch ra ci tng ng, song song. 2. Waw tip ni lun lun xut hin ch ra mt trnh t. Ch c mt hnh thc duy nht ch waw

c dng vi nhng TH CHA HON THNH tip ni. S quan h gia cc TH CHA HON THNH c lin kt bi ch waw c th l theo trnh t thi gian, kt qu l lun, nguyn nhn thuc l lun hoc s tng phn trong l lun. Trong tt c cc trng hp th u theo mt trnh t (trang 103).

E. NGUYN MU - C hai loi NGUYN MU

1. NGUYN MU TUYT I (INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE), l nhng din t mnh m, c lp, ni bt c s dng t c hiu qu n tng...ging nh mt ch ng, n thng khng c ng t, d nhin ng t 'th,l' c hiu ngm, nhng ch ng ring r mt mnh cch n tng J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament (trang 92) .

2. NGUYN MU DNG T GHP (INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT). V mt ng php n lin kt vi cu pht biu bng nhng gii t, i t s hu v mi lin h t ghp (trang 91). J. Weingreen trong quyn A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew, m t cu trc t ghp l:

Khi hai ch (hoc nhiu hn) kt hp vi nhau rt cht ch, chng to thnh mt tng hn hp th nhng ch ph c gi l trong cu trc t ghp (trang 44).

F. NHNG T NGHI VN (INTERROGATIVES) 1. Chng lun lun xut hin u cu. 2. ngha dnh cho gii thch

a. ha - khng mong i mt s tr li b. halo' - tc gi mong i mt cu tr li "c"

NHNG T PH NH (NEGATIVES) 1. Chng lun lun xut hin trc nhng ch m chng ph nhn. 2. T ph nh thng thng nht l lo'. 3. Ch 'al c mt hm bt ng v c s dng vi DNG KHCH L (COHORTATIVE) v DNG

MNH LNH (JUSSIVE). 4. Ch lebhilit, c ngha l v nn...khng c s dng vi DNG NGUYN MU

(INFINITIVE). 5. Ch 'en c s dng vi cc NG TNH T (PARTICIPLE).

G. CU IU KIN (CONDITIONAL SENTENCE) 1. C bn loi cu iu kin v c bn chng tng t vi ting Hy Lp Koine.

a. Mt ci g c gi nh l sp xy ra hoc c ngh n nh th hon tt (cu iu kin loi mt trong ting Hy lp)

b. Mt iu g tri vi thc t m s hon tt l khng th (cu iu kin loi hai) c. Mt ci g c th, c l ng (cu iu kin loi ba) d. Mt ci g t khi xy ra, do s hon thnh l ng nghi ng (cu iu kin loi bn)

2. NHNG GHI CH V NG PHP a. Cc gi nh tr thnh tnh trng ng vi s tht, c tht th lun lun s dng TH HON

THNH ca CH NH CCH (INDICATIVE PERFECT) hoc NG TNH T (PARTICIPLE) v mnh iu kin (protasis) thng c khi u bng: (1) 'im (2) ki (hoc 'asher) (3) hin hoc hinneh

b. Trng hp tri vi tnh trng c tht th lun lun s dng mt NG T (VERB) theo kha cnh (th) HON THNH (PERFECT) hoc mt NG TNH T vi cc tin t m u (introductory PARTICLES) lu hoc lule

viii

c. Tnh trng c th xy ra nhiu hn th lun lun s dng NG T CHA HON THNH (IMPERFECT VERB) hoc NG TNH T (PARTICIPLE) trong mnh iu kin (protasis), thng l 'im hoc ki c s dng nh l cc TIN T m u (introductory PARTICLES)

d. Tnh trng t c kh nng xy ra th dng GI NH TH KHNG HON THNH (IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES) trong mnh iu kin (protasis) v lun lun s dng 'im nh l mt TIN T m u (introductory PARTICLE)

ix

NHNG CH VIT TT DNG TRONG TP GII KINH NY

AB

ABD

AKOT

ANET

BDB

BHS

IDB

ISBE

JB

JPSOA

KB

LAM

LXX

MOF

MT

NAB

NASB

NEB

NET

NRSV

NIDOTTE

Anchor Bible Commentaries, ed. William Foxwell Albright and David Noel Freedman

Anchor Bible Dictionary (6 vols.), ed. David Noel Freedman

Analytical Key to the Old Testament, John Gi-sp Owens

Ancient Near Eastern Texts, James B. Pritchard

A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, GBS, 1997

The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible (4 vols.), ed. George A. Buttrick

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (5 vols.), ed. James Orr

Jerusalem Bible

The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation (The Jewish Publication Society of America)

The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner

The Holy Bible From Ancient Eastern Manuscripts (the Peshitta), George M. Lamsa

Septuagint (Greek-English) by Zondervan, 1970

A New Translation of the Bible by James Moffatt

Masoretic Hebrew Text

New American Bible Text

New American Standard Bible

New English Bible

NET Bible: New English Translation, Second Beta Edition

New Revised Standard Bible

New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (5 vols.), ed. Willem A. VanGemeren

x

NIV New International Version NJB New Jerusalem Bible OTPG Old Testament Passing Guide, Todd S. Beall, William A. Banks and Colin Smith REB Revised English Bible RSV Revised Standard Version SEPT The Septuagint (Greek-English), Zondervan, 1970 TEV Todays English Version from United Bible Societies YLT Youngs Literal Translation of the Holy Bible, Robert Young ZPBE Zondervan Pictorial Bible Encyclopedia (5 vols.), ed. Merrill C. Tenney

xi

LI CA TC GI: TP TI LIU GII KINH NY C TH GIP CH G CHO BN?

S gii ngha Kinh thnh l mt tin trnh mang tnh thuc linh v l tr nhm hiu c cc trc gi ngy xa c linh cm vi mc ch gip chng ta hiu v p dng c s ip ca c Cha Tri trong thi i ngy nay.

Tin trnh mang tnh thuc linh l quan trng nhng kh c th nh ngha. N gm c s u phc v m

lng ra trc mt Cha. Cn phi c mt s khao kht (1) chnh Cha, (2) c bit Ngi, v (3) khao kht c phc v Ngi. Tin trnh ny cn c s cu nguyn, xng ti v s bng lng thay i li sng ca mnh. Mc d bit rng c Thnh Linh ng vai tr quan trng trong tin trnh gii ngha, nhng tht kh hiu l ti sao cng l cc C c nhn chn tht, yu mn Cha, nhng h li hiu Kinh thnh mt cch khc nhau.

Tin trnh mang tnh l tr th d din t hn. Chng ta phi nht qun v cng bng i vi mi bn vn

v khng c cho nhng thnh kin c nhn hay gio phi chi phi mnh. Chng ta u t nhiu b nh hng bi qu kh ca mnh. Khng ai l ngi gii ngha Kinh thnh hon ton khch quan v trung dung. Tp ti liu gii kinh ny cung cp mt tin trnh theo l tr mt cch cn thn gm ba nguyn tc gii ngha gip chng ta vt qua cc thnh kin ca mnh.

Nguyn tc th nht Nguyn tc th nht l n bi cnh lch s khi sch c vit ra v cc dp tin mang tnh lch s

c bit lin quan n tc gi (hoc khi n c bin tp li). Tc gi nguyn thy c mt mc ch, mt s ip mun truyn t. Bn vn khng th c ngha khi m n cha bao gi c i vi tc gi nguyn thy, t ngy xa c thn cm. nh ca tc gi ch khng phi nhu cu thuc v lch s, cm xc, vn ha, c nhn v gio phi- chnh l cha kha. Vic p dng l ngi bn i chung vi vic gii thch, nhng s gii ngha thch hp phi lun lun i trc vic p dng. Cn phi nhn mnh i nhn mnh li rng mi bn Kinh vn u ch c mt ngha v ch mt m thi. ngha ny l ngha m tc gi nguyn thy c nh truyn t cho thi i ca h di s dn dt ca c Thnh Linh. ngha duy nht ny c th c nhiu p dng khc nhau cho cc vn ha v tnh hung khc nhau. Nhng p dng ny phi c ni kt vi l tht trng tm theo tc gi nguyn thy. V vy, tp ti liu ny c thit k bng cch cung cp phn gii thiu cho mi sch trong Kinh thnh.

Nguyn tc th hai

Nguyn tc th hai l xc nh cc n v ng vn. Mi sch trong Kinh thnh l mt vn bn hp nht. Ngi gii ngha khng c quyn ly ring ra ch mt kha cnh ca l tht bng cch b qua cc kha cnh khc. V vy, chng ta phi c gng tm hiu mc ch ca ton sch trc khi phn tch cc n v ng vn ring l. Cc n v ring l- on, phn on, hay cu- khng th mang ngha m tng th ca sch khng c. Vic gii ngha phi i t phng php suy din t tng th n phng php quy np ca tng phn. Do , tp ti liu hng dn ny c thit k bng cch gip ngi hc phn tch cu trc ca mi n v ng vn theo tng phn on. Mc d cc phn on v chia on khng c thn cm nhng n gip chng ta xc nh c cc tng theo tng n v.

Gii ngha theo cp tng phn on- khng phi tng cu, tng v, tng cm t, hay tng ch- l cha kha ln theo ngha m tc gi Kinh thnh nh. Cc phn on da vo mt ch hp nht, thng gi l ch hay cu ch . Tng ch, v, cm t, v cu trong cc phn on ny bng cch no lin h vi ch hp nht ny. Chng gii hn ch bn n, m rng n, gii thch thm hoc cht vn n. Cha kha tht s i n cch gii ngha ng n l theo st tng ca tc gi nguyn thy trn c s tng phn on mt thng qua cc n v ng vn cu thnh nn ton b sch. Tp ti liu hng dn ny c thit k nhm gip ngi hc c th lm c iu ny qua vic i chiu cc bn dch Anh ng hin i. Cc bn dch ny c chn ra bi v chng c nhng l thuyt khc nhau v cch dch.

1. Bn Hy lp ca Hi Kinh thnh Lin hip (United Bible Society) l bn hiu nh ln th t (UBS4). Bn dch ny c chia on bi cc hc gi ph bnh bn vn hin i.

xii

2. Bn King James mi (NKJV) l bn dch st ngha theo tng ch da trn bn tho truyn thng gi l bn Tiu chun (the Textus Receptus). Cc phn on ca n di hn so vi cc bn dch khc. Cc n v di hn ny gip ngi hc thy c cc ch mang tnh hp nht.

3. Bn Hiu nh Tiu chun (the New Revised Standard Version) l bn dch theo tng ch c b sung. N nm im gia so vi hai bn hin i s trnh by sau y. Cch phn chia on ca n gip gp phn xc nh c cc ch .

4. Bn Ting Anh Ngy nay (the Todays English Version) l mt bn dch tng ng v uyn chuyn c xut bn bi Hi Kinh thnh Lin Hip (the United Bible Society). N c gng dch sao cho ngi c v ni ting Anh ngy nay c th hiu c bn vn ting Hy lp. c bit trong cc sch Phc m, thng thng n chia on theo ngi ni ch khng phi theo ch , cng ging nh bn NIV. Nu dng gii ngha, n khng c li. thy tht th v khi c hai bn dch UBS4 v TEV u c xut bn bi mt c quan nhng cch chia on ca n li khc nhau.

5. Bn Jerusalem Bible (JB) l mt bn dch tng ng v uyn chuyn da trn bn dch ting Php ca Cng gio. N gip ch rt nhiu cho vic i chiu cc cch phn on t quan im ca u chu.

6. Bn in s dng trong tp sch ny l bn NASB c cp nht nm 1995, l mt bn dch st theo tng ch. Cc ch gii tng cu u theo cch chia on ca bn dch ny.

Nguyn tc th ba Nguyn tc th ba l c Kinh thnh qua nhiu bn dch khc nhau nm c tm ngha rng nht

(thuc lnh vc ng ngha) m tng ch hoc tng cm t c th c. Thng thng mt ch hay mt cm t ting Hy lp c th c hiu theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc bn dch ny cho thy c nhng chn la ny v gip xc nh v gii thch mt s khc bit trong cc bn tho ting Hy lp. Nhng iu ny khng nh hng n tn l nhng n gip chng ta tr v vi nguyn bn vit bi cc tc gi t xa c thn cm.

Nguyn tc th t

Nguyn tc th t l cn ch v th loi vn hc. Tc gi nguyn thy c thn cm chn la ghi chp s ip ca h trong cc th loi khc nhau (v d., tng thut lch s, kch ngh lch s, th, tin tri, phc m [d ngn], th tn, khi th). Nhng th loi khc nhau ny c nhng cha kha c bit gii ngha (xem Gordon Fee v Doug Stuart, Lm th no c Kinh Thnh vi tt c Gi tr ca Li Cha (How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth), D. Brent Sandy v Ronald L. Giese, Jr., Ph v nhng MtM trong Cu c (Cracking Old Testament Codes), hoc Robert Stein, Chi vi nhng nguyn tc(Playing by the Rules)).

Tp ti liu ny cung cp cho ngi hc mt cch tin li kim tra cc gii ngha ca h. N khng

nhm a ra cch gii ngha cui cng, nhng ch nhm cung cp thng tin v gi suy ngh. Thng thng, cc cch gii ngha khc gip chng ta khng qu a phng cc b, qu gio iu, hay theo tinh thn h phi qu mc. Ngi gii ngha cn c mt phm vi gii ngha rng nhn nhn s khng r rng m cc bn c c th c. Tht l mt c sc khi thy trong vng cc C c nhn khng c s ng vi nhau trong khi h u cho rng Kinh thnh l ngun ca L tht.

Cc nguyn tc ny gip ti vt qua c kh nhiu iu kin lch s qu kh ca c nhn ti v n

buc ti phi trn tr vi bn vn c. Ti hy vng n cng s l mt iu phc hnh cho qu v.

Bob Utley Trng i hc East Texas Baptist University Ngy 27 thng 6 nm 1996

xiii

HNG DN THI QUEN C KINH THNH HIU QU: CUC TM KIM L THT KIM CHNG C CA C NHN

Chng ta c th bit l tht c khng? N u? Lm th no xc minh n mt cch hp l? C mt thm quyn ti hu hay khng? C nhng gi tr tuyt i hng dn i sng chng ta, th gii chng ta ang sng hay khng? C ngha cho cuc i ny khng? Ti sao chng ta li trn th gii ny? Ri chng ta i u? Nhng cu hi ny- nhng cu hi m mi ngi c l tr u phi suy ngh n- m nh cc nh tr thc ca nhn loi ngay t bui ban u (Truyn o 1:13-18; 3:9-11). Ti nh li cuc tm kim ca c nhn ti v mt trung tm kt ni tt c mi s cho cuc i ti. Ti tin Cha khi cn rt nh, nh vo s lm chng ca nhng ngi c vai v trong gia nh ti. Khi ti ln ln, nhng cu hi v chnh ti v th gii xung quanh ti cng ln dn. Nhng cu so ng xa c trong vn ha v tn gio khng em li ngha g i vi nhng kinh nghim cuc sng ti bit n hoc tng i din. C lc ti cm thy ri bi, tm kim, ngng trng, v cm thy v vng trc mt th gii qu khc kh, lnh nht m ti ang sng.

Nhiu ngi tuyn b c cu tr li cho nhng cu hi trn, nhng sau khi t nghin cu v suy ngh li, ti thy nhng cu tr li ca h da vo (1) cc trit l sng c nhn, (2) cc huyn thoi xa xa, (3) nhng kinh nghim c nhn, hay l (4) cc ngh nh hng bi tm l. Ti cn mt mc c th kim chng c, ti cn bng chng, cn l lun c th t ln n ton b th gii quan ca ti, mt trung tm kt ni tt c, mt l sng cho cuc i.

Ti tm thy nhng iu ny qua vic hc Kinh thnh. Ti bt u tm kim nhng bng chng v s ng tin cy ca n, v ti tm thy n trong (1) s ng tin cy v lch s ca Kinh thnh xc nhn bi kho c hc, (2) s chnh xc ca nhng li tin tri trong Cu c, (3) s thng nht ca ton b s ip Thnh Kinh qua hn 1.600 nm hnh thnh, v (4) nhng li lm chng c nhn ca nhng con ngi m cuc i c thay i vnh vin bi tip xc vi Kinh thnh. C c gio, mt h thng hp nht trong c tin v nim tin, c kh nng i din vi cc cu hi hc ba nht v cuc sng ca con ngi. iu ny khng nhng em li cho ti mt b khung l tr, nhng phng din thc nghim ca c tin theo Kinh thnh cng em li cho ti nim vui v s vng vng khng lay ng trong cm xc.

Ti ngh ti tm thy c ci trung tm kt ni mi s ca i ti- ng Christ, nh trnh by trong Kinh thnh. l mt kinh nghim nng ny, mt s gin x cm xc. Tuy vy, ti vn cn nh b sc v au khi ti bt u thy ra c qu nhiu s gii thch cho ch mt cun Kinh thnh ny, c khi ngay c trong cng mt Hi thnh hay cng mt trng phi. Vic xc minh s thn cm v ng tin cy ca Kinh thnh khng phi l ht, ch l s bt u. Lm th no ti xc minh hay bc b nhng s gii ngha khc nhau v knh chng nhau v nhng phn on kh trong Kinh thnh bi nhng ngi tuyn b tin vo thm quyn v tnh ng tin cy ca n?

Nhim v ny tr thnh mc tiu ca i ti v cng l hnh trnh c tin ca ti. Ti bit rng c tin ni ng Christ em li cho ti nim vui v s bnh an khng k xit. Tm tr ti mong tm thy c cc gi tr tuyt i gia mt th gii theo ch thuyt tng i v ch ngha gio iu trong cc h thng tn gio knh chng nhau cng nh nhng s kiu cng v h phi ca mnh. Khi ti i tm mt phng php thch hp gii ngha cc th loi vn chng xa xa, ti ngc nhin pht hin ra nhng thnh kin ca ring ti xut pht t qu kh ca mnh, t vn ha, h phi v kinh nghim ring ca ti. Ti tng c Kinh thnh cng c quan im ring ca ti. Ti tng ly n lm c s cho nhng gio iu tn cng ngi khc trong khi t trn an mnh v nhng s bt an v thiu ht ca chnh mnh. Rt au n khi ti nhn ra nhng iu ny!

Mc d ti khng bao gi c th hon ton khch quan, nhng ti c th tr nn mt ngi c Kinh thnh ng ngha hn. Ti c th hn ch nhng thnh kin ca mnh bng vic xc nh c chng v cng nhn s hin din ca chng. Ti cha th hon ton dt khi nhng iu ny, nhng ti i din vi nhng khim khuyt ca mnh. Ngi gii ngha thng l k th s mt trong n lc c Kinh thnh hiu qu! Ti s lit k ra mt s gi nh khi ti tip cn vic hc Kinh thnh, bn, ngi c, c th cng kim im vi ti:

I. Cc gi nh

xiv

A. Ti tin Kinh thnh l s t mc khi duy nht t mt c Cha Tri chn tht. V vy, n phi c gii ngha trong nh sng ca nh t tc gi nguyn thy thng qua cc trc gi loi ngi trong bi cnh lch s c th.

B. Ti tin Kinh thnh c vit ra cho ngi bnh dn- cho tt c mi ngi! c Cha Tri t h xung c th tr chuyn vi chng ta mt cch r rng qua mt bi cnh lch s v vn ha nht nh. Cha khng giu gim l tht- Ngi mun chng ta hiu bit l tht! V vy, Kinh thnh phi c gii ngha trong s soi sng ca thi k Kinh thnh, ch khng phi ca chng ta. Kinh thnh khng nn c nhng ngha m n cha tng bao gi c i vi nhng ngi ngy xa c hoc nghe n ln u tin. N c th d hiu i vi mt tr c con ngi trung bnh v n s dng cc loi truyn thng hoc k thut bnh thng ca con ngi.

C. Ti tin Kinh thnh c mt s ip v mc ch thng nht. N khng t mu thun, mc d n c nhng on kh hiu hoc nghch l. V vy, ngi gii ngha s mt ca Kinh thnh l chnh Kinh thnh.

D. Ti tin mi phn on (ngoi tr cc li tin tri) c mt v ch mt ngha m thi da vo nh ca tc gi nguyn thy c thn cm. Mc d chng ta khng bao gi chc chn rng chng ta bit c ch xc nh ca tc gi, nhng c nhiu du hiu ch v hng : 1. Th loi vn chng c chn din t s ip 2. Bi cnh lch s hoc/v trng hp c th khin vit ln mt cun sch no 3. Bi cnh ng vn ca ton sch cng nh tng n v ng vn mt 4. Cch sp xp bn vn ca nhng n v ng vn khi n cng lin h n mt s ip tng th 5. Cc c im vn phm c th dng chuyn ti s ip 6. Nhng t ng dng trnh by s ip 7. Nhng on tng t nhau

Vic nghin cu tng kha cnh nh th ny tr thnh i tng ca vic nghin cu tng phn on ca

chng ta. Trc khi ti gii thch phng php c Kinh thnh hiu qu, ti xin phc ha mt vi phng php khng thch hp ang c s dng ngy nay dn n tnh mun mu mun v trong cch gii ngha, l iu rt li cn phi trnh:

II. Cc phng php khng thch hp A. L i bi cnh ng vn ca cc sch trong Kinh thnh v s dng cc cu, cm t, hoc ngay c tng t

ng ring l, v k n l cc li tuyn b ca l tht nhng khng lin h n nh hoc bi cnh rng hn ca tc gi. Cch ny thng c gi l d bn vn (proof-texting).

B. Lm ng bi cnh lch s ca cc sch ny bng cch thay th n bng mt bi cnh lch s khc khng c hoc ch c rt t hu thun t bn vn.

C. Lm ng bi cnh lch s ca cc sch ny v c n nh mt t bo a phng bui sng vit cho cc C c nhn ngy nay.

D. Lm ng bi cnh lch s ca sch ny bng cch ng ngn ha bn vn thnh mt s ip thuc v trit l hay thn hc hon ton khng lin h n nhng thnh gi ban u cng nh nh nguyn thy ca tc gi.

E. Lm ng s ip nguyn thy bng cch thay th n bng mt h thng thn hc ring ca mnh, mt gio l c a chung, hay mt vn ng thi khng lin h n mc ch v s ip ca tc gi nguyn thy. Hin tng ny thng theo sau vic ly vic c Kinh thnh thit lp thm quyn cho mnh. Ngi ta thng gi n l theo phn ng ca c gi (li gii ngha bn vn c ngha g i vi ti).

t nht c ba yu t lin h vi nhau trong bt c mt thng tin vit tay no ca con ngi:

Trong qu kh c nhiu phng php c khc nhau tp trung vo ch mt trong cc yu t ny. Nhng tht s cng nhn tnh thn cm c bit ca Kinh thnh, biu c b sung sau y c th thch hp hn:

nh Nguyn Thy ca Tc gi

Cc c Gi Nguyn Thy Bn Vn

xv

Tht s ba yu t ny cn phi c trong qu trnh gii ngha. kim chng li tin trnh gii ngha ny, ti tp trung vo hai yu t u: nh nguyn thy ca tc gi v bn vn. Ti tht s c phn ng vi nhng cch gii ngha kiu lm dng m ti thng bt gp: (1) ng ngn ha hay thuc linh ha cc bn vn v (2) kiu gii ngha theo phn ng c gi (bn vn ny c ngha g i vi ti). S lm dng c th xy ra c hai chng. Chng ta phi kim tra ng c, thnh kin, phng php v cch p dng ca mnh. Nhng lm th no kim tra nu khng c mt gii hn no, mt tiu chun no, mt ng ranh no cho vic gii ngha? nh ca tc gi v cu trc bn vn cung cp cho ti mt s tiu chun gii hn phm vi gii ngha hp l ca bn vn.

III. Cc Phng Php Tip Cn n Vic c Kinh Thnh Hiu Qu

Ti y ti khng bn n cc phng php khc nhau gii ngha tng th loi vn chng nhng ch a ra cc nguyn tc gii kinh tng qut thch hp cho tt c cc th loi vn bn. Mt cun sch rt tt gip ch cho vic tip cn cc th loi vn chng khc nhau l cun How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, ca Gordon Fee v Douglas Stuart, xut bn bi Nh Xut bn Zondervan v cun Cracking Old Testament Codes ca D. Brent Sandy and Ronald L. Giese, Jr., Xut bn bi Broadman and Holman.

Phng php ca ti tp trung u tin vo ngi c, l ngi cho c Thnh Linh soi sng l tht Kinh

thnh qua bn chu k c c nhn. iu ny lm cho c Thnh Linh, bn vn v ngi c tr nn yu t chnh, khng phi l yu t ph. iu ny cng bo v ngi c khi nhng nh hng thi qu t cc nh gii kinh. Ti tng nghe nhiu ngi ni: Kinh thnh lm cho ti hiu cc sch gii kinh nhiu hn. y khng phi l cu ni h thp gi tr ca cc phng tin tr gip cho vic nghin cu, nhng ng hn l li khn ni s dng n mt cch ng thi im.

Chng ta phi c kh nng h tr nhng gii ngha ca mnh t chnh bn vn. Nm phng din sau y

cung cp t nht mt s kim chng c gii hn: 1. Cc yu t v tc gi nguyn thy a. Bi cnh lch s b. Bi cnh vn chng 2. S la chn ca tc gi nguyn thy

a. Cu trc ng php (c php) b. Cch s dng t ng thi c. th loi

3. Cch hiu ph hp ca chng ta a. Cc phn on song song c lin quan

Chng ta cn c kh nng a ra l l v lp lun ng h cho cch gii thch ca mnh. Kinh thnh l ngun duy nht ca chng ta trn phng din c tin v thc hnh. ng bun thay, nhiu C c nhn thng bt ng nhng iu Kinh thnh dy hay xc nhn. Bn chu k c Kinh thnh c thit k nhm cung cp mt s cho vic gii ngha nh sau : A. Chu k c Kinh thnh th nht

1. c qua ht sch trong mt ln c. c li ln na t mt bn dch khc, hy vng y l mt bn dch theo mt trit l khc

a. Dch st tng ch (bn NKJV, NASB, NRSV) b. Dch tng ng, uyn chuyn (TEV, JB) c. Dch theo li din (Living Bible, Amplified Bible, Bn Din )

2. Tm mc ch trng tm ca ton b sch. Xc nh ch chnh.

Cc Tn Hu Sau Ny

Cc D Bn c Thnh Linh

Cc c Gi Nguyn

Thy Bn Vn nh

Nguyn Thy ca Tc Gi

xvi

3. Tch (nu c th) cc n v ng vn ra, tng chng, tng on, hay tng cu l nhng n v phn nh r rng trng tm hay ch chnh ny.

4. Xc nh th loi vn chng ch yu a. Cc sch Cu c

(1) Vn tng thut Hy b lai (2) Vn th Hy b lai (cc vn chng khn ngoan, thi thin) (3) Li tin tri Hy b lai (vn xui, vn vn) (4) Cc lut l

b. Cc sch Tn c (1) Vn tng thut (Cc sch Phc m, Cng V) (2) Cc v d (Cc sch Phc m) (3) Th tn (4) Khi th

B. Chu k c Kinh thnh th hai 1. c ton b sch mt ln na, c gng xc nh cc ch hay vn chnh 2. Lp dn cc ch chnh v ghi li mt s ni dung chnh trong mt cu ngn gn 3. Kim tra li cu ch v dn tng qut trong cc sch nghin cu khc

C. Chu k c Kinh thnh th ba 1. c ton b sch mt ln na, c gng xc nh bi cnh lch s v cc dp tin c bit lm l do vit

sch ny 2. Lit k ra cc mc thuc v lch s trong sch ang c

a. Tc gi b. Thi im c. Ngi nhn d. L do c th vit sch ny e. Cc bi cnh vn ha lin h n mc ch ca vic vit sch ny f. Cc i chiu trong lch s lin quan n con ngi v cc s kin

3. M rng dn bng cch vit li thnh on vn hon chnh cho phn on Kinh thnh m bn s gii ngha. Lun lun xc nh v lp dn cho cc n v ng vn. N c th l vi chng hay vi phn on. Cch ny gip bn theo di c lp lun v cch trnh by vn bn ca tc gi nguyn thy.

4. Kim tra li bi cnh lch s t cc sch nghin cu khc D. Chu k c Kinh thnh th t

1. c li n v ng vn ang nghin cu t nhiu bn dch khc a. Dch st tng ch (bn NKJV, NASB, NRSV) b. Dch tng ng, uyn chuyn (TEV, JB) c. Dch theo li din (Living Bible, Amplified Bible, Bn Din )

2. Tm kim cc cu trc ng php v vn chng a. Cc cm t lp i lp li, phs 1:6, 12, 13 b. Cc cu trc ng php lp i lp li, Rma 8:31 c. Cc khi nim tng phn

3. Lit k nhng mc sau y a. Cc t ng quan trng b. Cc t ng bt thng c. Cc cu trc ng php quan trng d. Cc t ng, v cu, hay cu vn kh hiu

4. Tm cc phn on song song tng ng a. Tra xem phn on Kinh thnh dy r rng nht v ch bn ang nghin cu

(1) Cc sch thn hc h thng (2) Cc Kinh thnh i chiu (3) Kinh thnh ph dn

b. Tm mt cp nghch l (paradoxical pair) trong ch bn nghin cu. Nhiu l tht Kinh thnh c trnh by theo cc cp bin chng (dialectical pairs); cc mu thun trong cc h phi thng n t cch d bn vn (proof-texting) ch phn na vn c trnh by trong Kinh thnh. V ton b

xvii

Kinh thnh u c linh cm, chng ta phi tm kim s ip trn vn ca n cung cp mt s cn bng v Kinh thnh trong cch gii ngha ca mnh.

c. Tm xem cc phn on tng ng trong cng mt sch, cng mt tc gi, hay cng mt th loi vn chng; Kinh thnh t n l ngi gii ngha s mt bi v n c mt Tc gi duy nht l chnh c Thnh Linh.

5. Dng sch nghin cu kim tra li quan st ca bn v bi cnh lch s v cc dp tin a. Cc Kinh thnh c phn nghin cu b. Cc t in bch khoa Kinh thnh, cm nang Kinh thnh hay t in Kinh thnh c. Cc sch nhp mn Kinh thnh d. Cc sch gii kinh (trong tin trnh nghin cu ca bn n thi im ny, bn nn cho php cng

ng c tin thi qu kh v hin ti, tham gia vo vic tr gip v chnh sa cng trnh nghin cu c nhn ca bn).

IV. Phn p Dng Sau Khi Gii Ngha

Ti y chng ta xoay qua phn p dng. Bn dnh th gi tm hiu bn vn trong bi cnh nguyn thy ca n; by gi bn phi p dng n trong cuc sng ca bn, vn ha ca bn. Ti nh ngha thm quyn ca Kinh thnh l nhn bit iu m tc gi nguyn thy mun ni cho thi ca ng v p dng l tht cho thi chng ta.

Phn p dng phi theo sau phn gii ngha nh nguyn thy ca tc gi c xt v thi im ln cch lp lun. Chng ta khng th p dng mt phn on Kinh thnh cho thi ca chng ta ngy nay khi chng ta cha hiu n ni g cho thi i ca n! Mt phn on Kinh thnh khng th c ngha khi m n cha bao gi c t trc!

Dn chi tit ca bn, v phn dn vit thnh on (chu k c th ba) s l ngi dn ng cho bn. Phn p dng phi c rt ra t cp phn on ch khng phi t tng ch ring l. T ng ch c ngha trong bi cnh ring ca n m thi. Ngi c linh cm duy nht trong tin trnh gii ngha l chnh tc gi nguyn thy. Chng ta ch theo s dn ng ca ngi ny di s soi sng ca c Thnh Linh. Nhng s soi sng khng phi l linh cm. c th ni, c Cha Tri c phn nh vy, chng ta phi buc mnh theo nh ca tc gi nguyn thy. Phn p dng phi lin h c th n tng chung ca ton b sch, ca tng n v ng vn v tng tng pht trin cp phn on. ng cc vn ca thi i chng ta xen vo gii ngha Kinh thnh; hy t Kinh thnh ni! iu ny i hi chng ta phi rt ra cc nguyn tc t bn vn. Nu bn vn h tr cho nguyn tc , th iu l hp l. Tht khng hay cht no v nhiu khi cc nguyn tc ca chng ta ch l ca chng ta, m khng phi l ca Kinh thnh.

Khi p dng Kinh thnh, cn phi nh rng mt v ch mt ngha duy nht tng ng vi mt phn on Kinh thnh c th (tr cc li tin tri). ngha n lin h n nh ca tc gi nguyn thy khi ngi ny cp n mt vn nn hay mt nhu cu ca thi i ng ta. Nhiu p dng c th c rt ra t mt ngha ny. Phn p dng s da vo nhu cu ca ngi nhn nhng phi lin h n ngha ca tc gi nguyn thy. V. Yu T Thuc Linh Ca Vic Gii Ngha

Nhng phn trc cho n gi, ti bn n tin trnh l-gch trong vic gii ngha v p dng Kinh thnh. By gi ti s cp ngn gn n phng din thuc linh ca vic gii ngha Kinh thnh. Nhng mc kim tra sau y gip ch cho ti:

A. Cu xin s gip ca c Thnh Linh (xem I C-rinh-t 1:26-2:16). B. Cu xin Cha tha ti v ty ra nhng ti li bit c (I Ging 1:9). C. Cu xin s khao kht bit Cha cng hn (Thi thin 19:7-14; 42:1 v tip theo; 119: 1 v tip theo). D. p dng nhng tng su sc vo cuc sng ca bn ngay lp tc E. Lun khim nhng v chu hc hi

Kh m gi c s qun bnh gia tin trnh l-gch v s hng dn thuc linh ca c Thnh Linh.

Nhng cu ni sau y gip ti gi c s qun bnh ny: A. Trch t sch Scripture Twisting, ca James Sire, trang 17-18:

xviii

B. S soi sng n vi tr c ca dn s c Cha Tri- n khng ch n vi nhng ngi c tuyn la thuc linh. Khng c thnh phn bc thy trong C c gio theo Kinh thnh, khng c nhng ngi c bit c soi sng, khng c nhng ngi m tt c cc s gii thch hp l phi thng qua h. V v vy, mc d c Thnh Linh ban cc n t c bit v s khn ngoan, tri thc v phn bit thuc linh cho mt s ngi, Ngi khng giao cho cc C c nhn ti nng ny quyn lm nhng ngi duy nht c thm quyn gii ngha Li ca Ngi. iu ny hon ton ty thuc vo dn s ca Ngi mun hc, mun xem xt v phn bit cc vn chiu theo Kinh thnh l quyn sch ng lm thm quyn ngay c i vi nhng ngi Cha cho c nhng kh nng c bit. Tm li, gi nh m ti mun nu ra trong ton b tp sch ny l Kinh thnh l mc khi tht ca c Cha Tri cho ton th nhn loi, Kinh thnh l thm quyn tuyt i ca chng ta trn tt c cc vn m n ni n, v n khng phi l mt iu g hon ton huyn b nhng nhng ngi bnh dn mi vn ha u c th hiu c.

C. Trch t Protestant Biblical Interpretation, ca Bernard Ramm, khi ni v Kierkegaard, trang 75: Theo Kierkegaard vic nghin cu Kinh thnh trn phng din ng php, t vng, v lch s l iu cn

thit nhng ch l m u cho vic tht s c Kinh thnh. c Kinh thnh nh l Li c Cha Tri mt ngi phi c n vi tm lng ni ca ming, vi s hn h trng mong, trong cuc i thoi vi c Cha Tri. c Kinh thnh mt cch v , cu th, theo kiu hc gi hay nh ngh th khng phi l c Li c Cha Tri. Khi mt ngi c Li Cha nh c bc th tnh, ngi ang c Li c Cha Tri.

D. Trch t The Relevance of the Bible, ca H.H. Rowley, trang 19: Khng c mt s hiu bit Kinh thnh n thun theo tr thc no, cho d c y n u, c th s

hu c tt c cc chu bu ca n. N khng khinh thng nhng s hiu bit ny, v y l iu cn c th hiu mt cch hon chnh. Nhng n phi dn n s hiu bit thuc linh ca cc chu bu thuc linh trong sch nu n mun tr nn hon chnh.V c th hiu cc vn thuc linh nh vy, th iu g cao hn s nhy bn v tri thc l cn thit. Cc vn thuc linh c nhn bit theo cch thuc linh, v mi ngi hc Kinh thnh u cn c thi n nhn thuc linh, mt s ham thch tm thy Cha dn n vic ngi t u phc Ngi, nu ngi mun vt qua tm nghin cu theo tnh cht khoa hc ca mnh i n mt s tha hng giu c hn v iu cao qu nht trong tt c cc sch ny.

VI. Phng Php S Dng Trong Tp Sch Ny

Tp Hng Dn Nghin Cu Gii Kinh c thit k nhm gip bn trong qu trnh gii ngha Kinh thnh qua cc cch sau:

A. Mt dn lch s ngn c gii thiu mi sch. Sau khi bn thc hin chu k c th ba bn nn kim tra li thng tin ny.

B. Cc nhn xt su sc v bi cnh c trnh by u mi chng. iu ny gip bn thy cc n v ng vn ni kt nhau nh th no.

C. u mi chng hay cc n v ng vn chnh, cc phn chia on v tiu c trnh by t nhiu bn dch khc nhau: 1. Bn United Bible Society, bn Hy lp, hiu nh ln th t (UBS4 ) 2. Bn New American Standard Bible, cp nht nm 1995 (NASB) 3. Bn New King James Version (NKJV) 4. Bn New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) 5. Bn Todays English Version (TEV) 6. Bn the New Jerusalem Bible (NJB)

Cc cch chia on khng c linh cm. Chng phi c xc nhn t bi cnh ca n. Bng cch i chiu cc bn dch hin i t cc l thuyt dch v quan im thn hc khc nhau, chng ta c th phn tch c cu trc tng gi nh l ng t tc gi nguyn thy. Mi phn on c mt l tht chnh. iu ny cn c gi l cu ch hay tng trng tm ca bn vn. tng hp nht ny l cha kha dn n s gii ngha hp l v mt lch s v vn phm. Khng mt ngi no nn gii ngha, ging hay dy da trn mt n v t hn l mt phn on! Cng nn nh rng mi phn on u lin h n cc phn on xung quanh n. iu ny gii thch ti sao vic lp dn cp phn on cho ton b sch l quan trng. Chng ta phi c kh nng theo di c s pht trin tng mt cch lgch v mt ch do tc gi nguyn thy c s linh cm trnh by.

xix

D. Cc ch thch ca Bob i theo phng php gii ngha theo tng cu. iu ny buc chng ta phi i theo tng ca tc gi nguyn thy. Cc ch thch ny cung cp thng tin thuc v cc lnh vc sau: 1. Bi cnh ng vn 2. Cc nhn xt su sc v lch s v vn ha 3. Cc thng tin ng php 4. Cc nghin cu theo t 5. Cc on Kinh thnh tng ng

E. mt s ch trong tp gii ngha ny, phn bn vn in theo bn New American Standard Version (cp nht nm 1995) s c b sung bng cc bn dch hin i khc: 1. Bn King James mi (NKJV) l bn dch da trn bn tho Truyn thng gi l bn Tiu chun (the

Textus Receptus). 2. Bn Hiu nh Tiu chun (the New Revised Standard Version) l bn dch theo tng ch c xut

bn bi National Council of Churches of the Revised Standard Version. 3. Bn Ting Anh Ngy nay (the Todays English Version) l mt bn dch tng ng v uyn

chuyn xut bn bi American Bible Society. 4. Bn Jerusalem Bible (JB) l mt bn dch ting Anh da trn bn dch ting Php ca Cng gio.

F. i vi nhng ngi khng bit ting Hy lp, vic i chiu cc bn dch Anh ng gip xc nh c mt s vn trong bn vn: 1. Cc d bn 2. Cch s dng t 3. Cc bn vn v cu trc ng php kh 4. Cc bn vn khng r

G. cui mi chng u c cc cu hi tho lun lin quan n vn , c cung cp hng n mt s vn gii thch chnh trong on .

1

GII THIU SCH PHC TRUYN LUT L K

I. IM CH

A. N l mt trong bn sch Cu c c trch dn thng xuyn nht trong c Tn c (bao gm: Sng Th K, Phc Truyn, Thi Thin v sai). Phc Truyn c trch dn 83 ln.

B. Mt trch dn t b sch Gii kinh Cu c Tyndale, Phc truyn lut l k, c vit bi J. A. Thompson: Phc truyn lut l k l mt trong nhng sch tuyt vi nht ca Cu c. N nh hng trn kha cnh tn gio v gc vng min v c nhn trong mi thi i v khng th b vt qua bi bt k sch no trong Kinh Thnh (trang 11).

C. y chc chn l mt trong nhng sch yu thch ca Cha Gi xu trong Cu c:

1. Ngi trch dn n bt u t khi Ngi chu cm d bi Satan trong ng vng. a Ma-thi- 4:4; Lu-ca 4:4 - Phc. 8:3

b. Ma-thi- 4:7; Lu-ca 4:12 - Phc. 6:26 c. Ma-thi- 4:10; Lu-ca 4:8 - Phc. 6:13

2. y c l l phn dn n sau ca Bi Ging Trn Ni (trch. Ma-thi- 5-7).

3. Cha Gi xu trch dn Phc Truyn. 6:5 l iu rn v i nht (trch. Ma-thi- 22:34-40; Mc 12:28-34; Lu-ca 10:25-28).

4. Cha Gi xu trch dn phn ny ca Cu c (T Sng Th K-Phc Truyn) thng xuyn nht bi v Ngi Do Thi cng thi vi Ngi xem phn ny l phn c thm quyn cao nht trong Kinh in.

D. y l mt v d ln nht ca Kinh Thnh chnh l mt s ti gii ngha ca mt s Mc khi trc ca c Cha Tri trong mt tnh hung mi. Mt v d v iu ny c th l s khc bit nh gia Mi iu Rn trong Xut. 20:11 v Phc. 5:15. Xut 20 c a ra Ni Sinai v n lin quan n Thi k lang thang trong ng vng trong khi Phc 5 c ban ra ti ng bng x M p chun b cho dn s nh c trong x Ca-na-an.

E. Phc Truyn Lut l k l mt lot s ip c ban ra bi Mi-se trong ng bng x M-p (pha ng Gi-anh). Ba bi ging tt c u c son vi a im a l ca bi ging. Tt c u c th ch n cng mt a im. 1. bn kia sng Gi-anh, ti ng vng, trong ng bng, i ngang Su-ph, gia khong Pha-ran v

T-phn, La-ban, Ht-s-rt, v i-xa-hp, 1:1 2. Ti bn kia sng Gi-anh, trong x M-p, 1:5

3. bn kia sng Gi-anh, trong trng i ngang Bt-Ph -o, ti x Si-hn, 4:46 4. trong x M-p, 29:1

F. Phc truyn l tm im ca s ip ngy hm nay gia nhng s quan tm ca nhng hc gi Cu c v th loi vn hc ca n. Nhng Hc gi Kinh Thnh hin i chia ra theo hai hc thuyt khc nhau gn vi s tng hp ca c Phc Truyn v phn cn li ca Ng Kinh.

II. TN CA SCH

A. Trong ting H b r nhng ta ca nhng sch Tanakh (Ng kinh) l mt trong mi ch u ca chng, thng s dng t u tin: 1. Sng-th-K, S khi u

2. Xut--dp-t-k, V nhng ci Tn 3. L-vi-k, V Ngi gi 4. Dn-s-k, Trong ng vng

5. Phc-truyn-lut-l-k, V nhng li phn

2

B. Trong b Talmud Phc truyn c gi l s nhc li ca lut php (Mishnah Hattorah Phc.17:18).

C. Trong bn dch ting Hy Lp ca Cu c, c gi l Bn By mi (LXX) c son tho vo khong nm 250 T.C., Phc Truyn c gi l nh Lut bi v dch nhm 17:18 (chp mt bn cho mnh).

D. Chng ta c ta sch ting Anh t bn ting La-tinh Jeromes Latin Vulgate gi n l nh Lut (Deuteronomium).

E. N l mt quyn sch v s hng dn lm th no gi Giao c ca c Cha Tri . 1. trong sch lut php ny, 28:61

2. lut php ny, 1:5; 4:8; 17:18,19; 27:3,8,26 3. nhng phn ging gii khc, 4:1,45; 6:17, 20; 12:1

III. TNH KINH IN Phn ny bao gm Ng Kinh hnh thnh nn phn u trong ba phn chnh trong Kinh in H-b-r

A. Ng Kinh hoc Lut Php Sng-Th-K-Phc-Truyn

B. Cc sch Tin Tri

1. Cc sch Tin Tri sm Gi-su-Cc-Vua (ngoi tr Ru-t)

2. Cc sch Tin Tri mun -sai-Ma-la-chi (Ngoi tr a-ni-n v Ca Thng)

C. Nhng tc phm:

1. B Megilloth (5 Cun sch): a. Nh Ca

b. Truyn o c. Ru-t d. Ca Thng e. -x-t

2. a-ni-n

3. Vn hc khn ngoan: a. Gip

b. Thi Thin c. Chm Ngn

4. I & II S K

IV. TH LOI

A. Phc Truyn l s pha trn ca mt vi th loi vn hc khc 1. Tng thut lch s

a. on 1-4 b. on 34

2. S qu trch, on 6-11 3. S hng dn, on 12-28 4. thi thin/ thnh ca/ bi ht, on 32 5. S chc phc on 33

B. Phc Truyn m t chnh n l mt quyn sch hng dn bi c Cha Tri cho cuc sng (Ng Kinh) trong 29:21; 30:10; 31:26. N l mt quyn sch dy d v c tin v cuc sng truyn tip cho nhng th h tng lai.

3

C. Vai tr lnh o c bit ca c Cha Tri c thay bi s ip mc khi c vit xung ca c Cha Tri. S lnh o ca con ngi s tn ti, nhng S ip mc khi c vit xung ny c nhn mnh vi thm quyn tc gi.

V. TC QUYN

A. Truyn thng Do Thi:

1. Theo truyn thng khuyt danh c xa cho rng Mi-se chnh l tc gi ca sch. 2. iu ny c vit trong:

a. Talmud - Baba Bathra 14b b. Mishnah c. Hun ca ca Ben Sirach 24:23 (c vit vo khong 185 T.C.) d. Philo ngi Alexandria e. Flavius Josephus

3. Chnh t Kinh Thnh: a. Cc quan xt 3:4 v Gi-su 8:31 b. Li ni ca Mi-se:

(1) Phc Truyn 1:1, 3 (2) Phc Truyn 5:1 (3) Phc Truyn 27:1 (4) Phc Truyn 29:2 (5) Phc Truyn 31:1, 30 (6) Phc Truyn 32:44 (7) Phc Truyn 33:1

c. c Gi-h-va phn vi Mi-se: (1) Phc Truyn 5:4-5, 22 (2) Phc Truyn 6:1 (3) Phc Truyn 10:1

d. Mi-se vit: (1) Phc Truyn 31:9, 22, 24 (2) Xut -dp-t K 17:14

(3) Xut -dp-t K 24:4, 12 (4) Xut -dp-t K 34:27-28 (5) Dn-s K 33:2

e. Cha Gi-xu trch dn t hoc n t Phc Truyn hoc cp rng Mi-se ni/Mi-se vit:

(1) Ma-thi- 19:7-9; Mc 10:4-5 Phc. 24:1-4 (2) Mc 7:10 Phc. 5:16 (3) Lu-ca 16:31; 24:27, 44; Ging 5:46-47; 7:19, 23

f. Phao-l xc nhn Mi-se l tc gi: (1) R-ma. 10:19 Phc. 32:21 (2) I C-rinh-t. 9:9 Phc. 25:4 (3) Ga-la-ti. 3:10 - Phc. 27:26 (4) Cng v 26:22; 28:23

g. Phi-e-r xc nhn Mi-se l tc gi trong bi ging L Ng Tun ca mnh Cng v 3:22

h. Tc gi sch H-b-r xc nhn Mi-se l tc gi - Heb. 10:28; Phc. 17:2-6

B. Hc gi Kinh Thnh Hin i 1. Nhiu nh Thn hc trong th k 18 v 19, ng theo kin ca Graf-Wellhausen v thuyt v quyn

4

tc gi ca nhiu ngi (JEDP), xc nhn rng Phc Truyn c vit bi mt thy t l/ tin tri trong thi tr v trn vng quc Giu-a ca Vua Gi-si-a ng h cho cuc ci cch thuc linh ca ng. iu ny s dn n quyn sch c vit di tn ca Mi-se vo khong nm 621 T.C.

2. Thuyt ny da trn:

a. II Cc vua. 22:8; II S k. 34:14-15, Ta c tm c cun sch lut php trong n ca c Gi-h-va

b. on 12 ni v mt a im duy nht cho n tm v n th sau ny c. on 17 ni v mt v vua sau ny d. s tht v vic vit mt quyn sch mn tn ca mt tc gi ni ting trong qu kh l rt ph

bin ti khu vc Cn ng c i v trong cc nhm Do Thi e. s tng t v phong cch, t ng v vn phm gia Phc Truyn v Gi-su, Cc-vua, v Gi r

mi f. Phc Truyn ghi chp li v ci cht ca Mi-se (on 34) g. Nhng phn bin tp thm vo r rng trong Phc Truyn:

(1) Phc. 3:14 (2) Phc. 34:6 h. i khi c s khc bit khng th gii thch c v tn ca ng Thnh: El, El Shaddai, Elohim,

Gi-h-va (YHWH), trong nhiu bi cnh v giai on lch s c v nh c tp hp li.

C. C nhng s bin tp thm vo cch r rng. Nhng thy thng gio Do Thi c hun luyn ti Ai Cp khi h thng xuyn cp nht nhng vn bn c i. Nhng thy thng gio ngi M-s-b-ta-mi him khi thm vo vn bn. Mt vi v d trong Phc Truyn l: 1. 27:3,8 2. 28:58

3. 29:21,29 4. 30:10,19 5. 31:24

VI. THI IM VIT SCH

A. Nu sch c vit bi Mi-se, vn c hai kh nng lin quan n thi im v qu trnh ca cuc Xut hnh khi Ai Cp: 1. Nu I Cc vua. 6:1 c nhn theo ngha en th sch c vit vo khong nm 1445 T.C. (Triu

i th 18 vua Thutmose III v Amenhotep II): a. Bn By Mi (LXX) l 440 nm thay v 480 nm

b. Con s ny c th phn nh qua s th h thay v s nm (ngha bng) 2. Cc bng chng kho c hc cho con s 1290 T.C. cho cuc Xut hnh (Triu i th 19):

a. Seti I (1390-1290) di chuyn kinh Ai Cp t Thebes n khu vc tam gic - Zoan/Tanis. b. Rameses II (1290-1224):

(1) Tn ca ng xut hin trong mt thnh ph c xy dng bi cc n l ngi Do Thi ( Sng. 47:11; Xut.1:11) (2) ng c 47 con gi (3) ng khng c ni ngi bi con trai trng

c. Nhng thnh chnh c bao bc bi tng thnh khu vc Palestine b hy dit v nhanh chng xy dng li vo khong nm 1250 T.C.

B. Thuyt ca nhng Hc gi Thn hc Hin i v quyn tc gi ca nhiu ngi: 1. J (YHWH(GI-H-VA)) 950 T.C.

2. E (Elohim) 850 T.C.

3. JE (Kt hp) 750 T.C. 4. D (Phc Truyn) 621 T.C. 5. P (Thy t l) 400 T.C.

5

VII. NGUN TI LIU LM VNG THM V BI CNH LCH S

A. Nhng giao c ca ngi H-tt vo khong thin nin k th 2 T.C. ch ra cho chng ta mt s tng ng mang tnh lch s ng thi vi cu trc ca Phc Truyn (cng nh Xut -dp-t K v L-vi Kv Gi-su 24). Cu trc nhng giao c ny thay i vo khong thin nin k th nht T.C. iu ny cho chng ta bng chng v tnh lch s ca sch Phc Truyn. c su thm v lnh vc ny, hy xem quyn Lut php v Giao c khu vc Y-s-ra-n v Cn ng C i (Law and Covenants in Israel and the Ancient Near East) c vit bi G. E. Mendenhall v quyn Giao c ca V Vua V i (Treaty of the Great King) c vit bi M. G. Kline.

B. Nhng tng ng v cu trc giao c ca ngi H-tt v sch Phc Truyn:

1. Li M u (Phc. 1:1-5, li gii thiu ca ngi ni, Gi-h-va(YHWH))

2. Nhc li v nhng hnh ng trong lch s ca V Vua (Phc. 1:6-4:49, Nhng hnh ng ca c Cha Tri trong qu kh cho Y-s-ra-n) 3. Nhng iu khon ca Giao c (Phc Truyn 5-26):

a. iu khon chung (Phc Truyn 5-11) b. iu khon chi tit (Phc Truyn 12-26)

4. Kt qu ca Giao c (Phc Truyn 27-29): a. Nhng ch li (Phc Truyn 28)

b. Nhng hu qu (Phc Truyn 27)

5. S chng kin ca ng Thnh (Phc Truyn. 30:19; 31:19, trong on 32, bi ca ca Mi-se cng c vai tr nh l mt s lm chng):

a. mt bn chp ca Giao c c gi trong n th ca ng Thnh b. mt bn chp ca Giao c c gi trong n th ca s l thuc c c li hng nm c. s c nht ca giao c H-tt so vi nhng giao c sau ny ca ngi A-sy-ri v Sy-ri l:

(1) s nhc li lch s v nhng hnh ng ca v vua (2) phn ra s t c nhc n hn

C. Cu trc giao c H tt b thay i nh (mt thnh phn b ct b) trong thin nin k th nht T.C. Cu trc ca Phc Truyn ph hp nht vi thi k Mi-se v Gi-su!

D. xem phn tho lun tt nht v nhng Giao c H-tt hy xem quyn ng Phng C i v Cu c( Ancient Orient and Old Testament) c vit bi K. A. Kitchen, trang. 99-102.

VIII. NHNG N V VN HC (vn mch)

A. Phn gii thiu vo sch, 1:1-5

B. Bi ging th Nht, 1:6-4:43 (Nhng hnh ng trong qu kh ca c Gi-h-va cho ngy nay)

C. Bi ging th Hai, 4:44-26:19 (Lut php ca c Gi-h-va cho ngy nay v sau ny) 1. Phn Chung Mi iu Rn (5-11)

2. Nhng v d c th v thi hnh (12-26)

D. Bi ging th Ba, 27-30 (Lut php ca c Gi-h-va cho tng lai 27-29) 1. Nhng s ra s (27)

2. Nhng phc hnh (28)

3. Giao c c nhc li (29-30)

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E. Nhng li cui cng ca Mi-se, 31-33

1. Bi ging Tm bit, 31:1-29

2. Bi ca ca Mi-se, 31:30-32:52 3. Nhng li chc phc ca Mi-se 33:1-29

F. Ci cht ca Mi-se, 34

IX. NHNG L THT CHNH

A. S chun b cui cng trc khi bc vo t Ha. Giao c ca c Cha Tri vi p-ra-ham (Sng 15) c ng nghim!

B. Sng 12:1-3 ha v mt vng t v mt dng di. Cu c tp ch vo vng t; Tn c s tp ch vo dng di ( Ga-la-ti 3).

C. Mi se chun b cho dn s mt i sng nng nghip nh c thay v mt i sng du mc. ng lm cho Giao c Sinai ph hp vi t Ha. Trong mt kha cnh, Phc Truyn chnh l hin php ca Y-s-ra-n

D. Sch nhn mnh vo s thnh tn ca c Cha Tri trong qu kh, hin ti, v trong tng li. Giao c, tuy nhin, l c iu kin! Y-s-ra-n cn phi p ng trong c tin, s n nn v s vng li. Nu n khng thc hin, nhng s ra s trong on 27-29 s tr thnh hin thc. Mi se l mt v d tiu biu v tnh yu v s cng chnh ca c Cha Tri! Ngay c ngi lnh o c bit ca c Cha Tri cng c ngha v vng li. S bt tun lun mang n hu qu.

7

PHC TRUYN 1

CC CH CHIA ON TRONG NHNG BN DCH HIN I *

NKJV

NRSV TEV

NJB

Nhng mng lnh trc khi bc vo Nhc li lch s Phn m u Bi ging th nht ca Mi-se Ca-na-an (1:1-3:29) (1:1-4:43)

a im v ni chn

1:1-8 1:1-5 1:1-5 1:1-3

1:4-5

Nhng hng dn cui cng ti H-rp

1:6-8 1:6-8 1:6-8

Nhng lnh o chi phi c b nhim Mi se b nhim cc quan xt

1:9-18 1:9-18 1:9-15 1:9-18

1:16-18

Dn Y-s-ra-n t chi bc vo t ha Cc thm t c sai i t Ca-e: Y-s-ra-n mt c tin

Ca-e Ba-n-a

1:19-25 1:19-21 1:19-21 1:19-28

1:22-25 1:22

1:23-25

1:26-33 1:26-33 1:26-28

1:29-33 1:29-33

Hnh pht cho s phn nghch ca CHA hnh pht Y-s-ra-n S hng dn ca c Gi-h-va tiY-s ra n Ca-e-Ba-n-a 1:34-40 1:34-40 1:34-38 1:34-40

1:39-40

1:41-46 1:41-45 1:41 1:41-46

CHU K C LN TH BA (hy xem trang vii phn gii thiu)

THEO DI NH CA TC GI NGUYN THY MC PHN ON

y l ti liu gii kinh hng dn t nghin cu, iu c ngha l bn cn c trch nhim a ra phn gii kinh ring ca chnh mnh cho Li Kinh Thnh. Mi mt ngi trong chng ta cn phi bc i trong nh sng chng ta c. Bn, Kinh Thnh, v c Thnh Linh l nhng u tin hng u trong vic gii kinh. Bn khng c ph mc iu ny cho cc nh gii kinh.

*Mc d khng c thn cm, nhng ch chia phn chia on chnh l cha kha hiu c v di theo nh ca tc gi nguyn thy. Mi bn dch hin i c chia v tng hp li nhng ch chia phn on theo cch hiu ca h. Mi phn on c mt chnh, l tht v tng trung tm. Mi bn dch bao bc tng theo cch ca chnh n. Khi bn c phn Kinh Thnh, bn dch no ph hp vi cch hiu ca bn v ch v nhng ch chia cu?

Trong mi on, bn phi c Kinh Thnh trc v c gng xc nh cc ch (cc phn on). Sau , hy so snh cch hiu ca bn vi cc bn dch hin i. Ch khi chng ta hiu c nh ca tc gi nguyn thy bng cch di theo lp lun v cch trnh by ca h mc phn on, chng ta mi c th hiu c Kinh Thnh. Ch c mt mnh tc gi nguyn thy c thn cm-nhng ngi c khng c bt c thm quyn no thay i hoc b sung cho s ip. Nhng ngi c Kinh Thnh c trch nhim phi p dng nhng l tht c thn cm mi mt ngy v c cuc i ca h.

Ch rng tt c nhng thut ng v ch vit tt u c gii thch y trong phn Ph Lc Mt, Hai v Ba

8

c c on trong mt ln c. Xc nh cc ch (hy c chu k c th 3, trang viii). Hy so snh

cch chia nhng ch ca bn vi bn bn dch hin i pha trn. Cch chia on khng c thn cm, nhng cha kha di theo nh ca tc gi, chnh l tri tim ca vic gii kinh. Mi on u c mt v ch mt ch m thi.

1. on th nht

2. on th hai

3. on th ba

4. v.v

NGHIN CU T NG V CM T

OAN TRCH KINH THNH BN TRUYN THNG : 1:1-5

1Ny l li Mi-se ni cho c Y-s-ra-n, bn kia sng Gi-anh, ti ng vng, trong ng bng, i ngang Su-ph, gia khong Pha-ran v T-phn, La-ban, Ht-s-rt, v i-xa-hp. 2T H-rp ti Ca-e-Ba-n-a, bi ng ni S -i-r, i mi mt ngy ng. 3Nhm nm bn mi, ngy mng mt thng mi mt. Mi-se ni cng dn Y-s-ra-n mi iu m c Gi-h-va biu ngi phi ni cng h. 4y l sau khi ngi nh git Si-hn, vua dn A-m-rt ti Ht-bn, v c, vua Ba-san, ti ch-ta-rt v t-r-i. 5Ti bn kia sng Gi-anh, trong x M-p, Mi-se khi ging gii lut php ny m rng

1:1 Ny l li y chnh l ta ting H-b-r cho sch. NG T ting H-b-r ni (BDB 180, KB 210, Piel TH HON THNH) l mt T CNG GC vi DANH T nhng li (BDB 182). Bi v chnh trong sch ni rng y l nhng li ca Mi-se, ti tin rng iu loi tr kh nng y l ton b cng trnh ca mt ngi bin son, bin tp hoc tng hp li sau ny. Chng ta thc cht c nhng li ca Mi-se, m thc cht chnh l nhng li ca c Gi-h-va (YHWH) (v d: 7:4; 11:13-14; 17:3; 29:6). iu ny khng phi ph nhn nhng s hiu nh thm vo hoc ni rng Mi-se ghi ch li v chnh ci cht ca ng. Nhng phn quan trng ca t liu v nn tng thn hc ca sch l ca Mi-se.

Nhng cm t tng t nhau chia Phc Truyn Lut L K ra thnh hai phn:

1. Ny l li, 1:1 (1:1-5, phn gii thiu vo bi ging th nht) 2. Ny l lut php, 4:44 (4:44-49, phn gii thiu vo bi ging th hai) 3. Ny l iu rn, 6:1 4. Ny l cc li ca s giao c, 29:1 (bt u ca bi ging th ba) 5. ny l li chc phc, 33:1 Khi ti bnh lun v ch gy tranh lun v tc quyn/thi im vit sch, cho php ti trnh by mt

cch r rng rng ti tin rng c Kinh Thnh u c thn cm (II Tim. 3:15-17). Vn v tc gi v ngy vit l vn v gii kinh hc, khng phi l vn v s thn cm! c Thnh Linh chnh l tc gi thin thng ca tt c nhng ghi chp trong Kinh in. iu ny c phi ch l gi nh? Tt nhin! Nhng n l mt s gi nh then cht, cn phi c xem xt li v nghin cu trc bt k nhng s ph bnh Kinh Thnh no c hiu lc. Nhng gio l v s Thn Cm v Kinh in l hai ct tr ca tc quyn ca bt k nhng phn cn li ca Kinh Thnh.

} Mi-se ni C mt s lng ln nhng ngi ri Ai Cp vi Mi-se v iu ny c th nh hng khin ng khng th ni vi h ton th mt ln. C l, ng ni vi cc trng lo v h lp li vi mt nhm nh hn hoc s dng vn bn bng cch trnh by li mt ti liu c chp xung. } cho c Y-s-ra-n Hy xem ch c bit pha di y.

9

Ch c Bit: Y-S-RA-N (tn ring) I. ngha ca tn khng c sng t, (BDB 975, KB 442), c th l:

A. c Cha Tri kin nh(El Persists) B. Hy c Cha Tri kin nh (Let El Persist (mnh lnh) C. c Cha Tri gn gi (El Preserves) D. Hy c Cha Tri tranh chin (Let El Contend) E. c Cha Tri u tranh ( El Strives) F. Ngi u tranh vi c Cha Tri (cch chi ch t Sng 32:28) G. ng tin cy (IDB, vol. 2, p. 765) H. thnh cng I. hnh phc

II. Cch dng trong Cu c A. Tn mi ca Gia-cp (c ngha l ngi ht cng, BDB 784, KB 872, Sng 25:26), c thay i sau cn vt ln vi mt ng thn linh ti sui Gia-bc. ( Sng 32:22-32; Exod. 32:13). Nhiu khi tn theo ting H-b-r mang tnh cht chi ch pht m nhiu hn l t ngha ( Sng32:28). "Y-s-ra-n" tr nn tn gi ca Gia-cp ( Sng 35:10). B. Y-s-ra-n l tn gi chung cho c 12 b tc con ci Gia-cp. ( Sng 32:32; 49:16; Xut. 1:7; 4:22; 28:11; Phc 3:18; 10:6). C. L danh hiu ca dn tc c hnh thnh trc cuc Xut Hnh. ( Sng 47:27; Xut 4:22; 5:2) v sau (Phc 1:1; 18:6; 33:10). D. L tn gi cc b tc theo R-h-b-am sau thi Sau-l, a-vt v S-l-mn. ( 1 Cc Vua 12).

1. S phn bit xy ra t trc thi im chnh thc chia ly. ( II Sam. 3:10; 5:5; 20:1; 24:9; 1 Cc Vua. 1:35; 4:20) 2.Cc b tc pha bc cho n khi th ca h l Sa-ma-ri ri vo tay A-si-ri-a 722 T.C. ( 2 Cc Vua 17).

E. c s dng ni v Giu-a mt vi ni ( -sai 1; Mi ch 1:15-16). F. Ni v tt c cc b tc con chu ca Gia-cp sau khi b i y A-si-ri-a v Ba-by-ln ( -sai 17:7,9; Gi-r-mi 2:4; 50:17,19).

G. Ni v thng dn so vi nhm cc thy t l, ( 1 S K 9:2; -x-ra 10:25; N-h-mi 11:3).

} bn kia sng Gi-anh Ch ny c l c ngha l trong khu vc ca (BDB 719). Hai cu tip theo rt c bit i vi khu vc a l ca ni Y-s-ra-n ng tri m Mi-se a ra cho h trong s mc khi ny. N tr thnh mt thnh ng cho (1) khu vc pha ng sng Gi-anh (Dn s k 35:14; Phc 1:1,5; 4:41,46,47,49) v (2) khu vc pha ty (Phc 3:20,25; 11:30; 9:1). N yu cu thm nhng cm t ch r pha no ca b sng c nhc n (theo quyn Dn nhp vo Cu c (Introduction to the Old Testament) c vit bi R. K Harrison, trang 636-638).

} ti ng vng y khng phi l sa mc nhng l khu vc ng c khng c ngi (BDB 184), ni b kh cn v khng c s sng hu ht thi gian trong nm ngoi tr ma ng v khong thi gian u ma xun.

} trong ng bng (the Arabah) cm t ny c ngha en l ng bng kh cn (BDB 787). iu ny ch v thung lng Gi anh (v d the Thung lng Vt nt Ln (Great Rift Valley) i t Bin Ga-li-l n Vnh Aqaba (thc cht l t Th Nh K n Mozambique). Do vy, n ch n khu vc c pha nam (cch s dng hin i) v n pha bc ca Bin Cht v chng ta khng bit chc chnh xc khu vc no c ni n. N ch n khu vc b ng sng Gi-anh (3:17; 4:49) hoc b ty (11:30). Cu 1 l phn tm tt li cuc hnh trnh ca dn Y-s-ra-n t Ai Cp n Si-nai. } Su-ph y (t mn t Ai Cp) l t c ngha en l nhng cy sy (BDB 693). iu ny ch v hoc l nhng loi cy nc mn (Gi-na 2:5) hoc cy nc ngt (Xut 2:5). y c th dch ra l khu

10

vc ca nhng cy sy hoc thnh ph Su-ph v c th lin h n cu 40 (v d, Bin c tn nguyn gc l, bin ca nhng cy sy).

} Pha-ran Thut ng Pha-ran (BDB 803) ch n khu vc ng vng ch n pha bc khu vc ng vng Si-nai, nhng pha nam ca ng vng x Giu- (Dn S K 13:3,26). c o Ca-e-Ba-n-a nm khu vc ng vng. Hy xem ch c bit 2:1. Tuy nhin, trong cu ny, Pha-ran c v nh l mt khu vc cha xc nh c (c l l mt thnh ph) b ng sng Gi-anh.

} T-phn Thut ng ny c ngha l t trng (BDB 1074). y l a im cha bit, c v nh pha ng sng Gi-anh trn a phn ca ngi M-p.

} La-ban Thut ng ny c ngha l trng (BDB 526 III). y l mt a im cha bit. Mt vi hc gi cho rng n nm trn con ng t ni Si-nai n M-p (Lp-na, Dn S K 33:20-21), trong khi nhng ngi khc cho rng n l mt thnh ph hay mt khu lng b ng sng Gi-anh trn a phn M p.

} Ht-s-rt Ti a danh ny (BDB 348) gip nhng hc gi kinh thnh khng nh rng a danh c cp n sau Arabah (trong ng bng) chnh l a im m dn Y-s-ra-n ng tri khong gia ni Si-nai v ng bng M-p (1:2). Nu iu l chnh xc, La-ban s chnh l Lp-na(Num. 33:20-21) v Ht-s-rt s lin h vi Dn s k 33:17-18. chnh l a im ni m A-rn v Mi-ri-am lm bm chng li s lnh o ca Mi-se hoc chng li hn nhn ca ng v ngi v -thi--bi ca ng(Dn S K 12).

} i-xa-hp Tn a im ny (mt s kt hp gia t ting A-ram ni chn v ting H-b-r vng) c ngha l ni chn ca vng (BDB 191). Nhng ra-bi lin h ni ny vi ni m ngi Ai Cp cho ngi Do Thi vng khi m h ri khi Ai Cp (Xut -dp-t K 3:22; 11:2; 12:35), nhng trong vn mch, y l mt a im khc. a im ny cha c bit. N hoc l (1) nm trn b ng sng Gi-anh ti M-p v qua gn vi nhng a im khc c nhc n hoc (2) nm trn con ng t Si-nai n M-p.

1:2 T H-rp ti Ca-e-Ba-n-a i mi mt ngy ng Cu ny c th l mt cu tm tt ca hnh trnh di chuyn ca Y-s-ra-n t ngn ni H-rp/Si-nai n c o ti Ca-e, nhng, nu nh vy, li khng ph hp tt gia cu 1 v cu 3. iu ny c th bao gm c vic ch ra hnh trnh c th l ra ch chim mi mt ngy ng, nhng bi v s v tn ca c th h ny (hn 38 nm). Hnh trnh mi-mt-ngy dng nh gip xc nhn a im ca ngn ni H-rp/ Si-nai nm pha nam ca bn o Si-nai.

Cn ch rng a im ni lut php c ban ra c gi l H-rp. H-rp l mt t H-b-r c ngha l hoang tn hoc nt (BDB 352, KB 349). Si-nai (BDB 696) l mt t gc khng-phi-H-b-r, v c hai u ch v ni m Mi-se em dn Y-s-ra-n ra mt c Gi-h-va (v d: H-rp, Xut 3:1; Phc 1:6,19; 4:10,15; 5:12 v Si-nai: Xut 19; L Vi K. 7:38; 25:1; 26:46; 27:34; Dn S K 1:1,9; 3:1,4,14; 9:1,5).

Ti sao tn H-rp li c s dng thng xuyn trong Phc Truyn v Si-nai li c s dng thng xuyn hn trong Xut -dp-t K vn cha c bit. S khc nhau v vic dng t trong cc tc phm ca Mi-se. iu ny c th lin h n:

1. nhng truyn thng truyn ming c ghi chp bi nhng ngi chp khc nhau 2. Mi-se s dng nhng ngi chp khc khc nhau 3. b thay i bi nhng ngi chp sau ny bi mt l do khng bit 4. S a dng vn hc

CH C BIT: A IM CA NGN NI SI-NAI

A. Nu Mi-se ni mt cch thc s ch khng phi ngha bng v ba ngy ng m ng yu cu Pha-ra-n (Xut 3:18; 5:3; 8:27), th s khng thi gian n a im truyn thng ti pha nam bn o Si-nai. V vy, mt vi hc gi cho rng ngn ni nm gn c o Ca-e-Ba-n-a.

11

B. a im truyn thng c gi l Jebel Musa trong ng vng Sin, c mt vi thng tin nh

sau: 1. l mt bnh nguyn ln pha trc mt ngn ni. 2. Phc 1:2 ni rng l mt hnh trnh mi-mt-ngy t ngn ni Si-nai n Ca-e-Ba-n-a. 3. Thut ng Si-nai khng phi l mt t H-b-r. N c th c lin h vi Hoang mc Sin, vn

lin h vi mt cy bi sa mc. Tn H-b-r ca ngn ni l H-rp (hoang mc). 4. Ngn ni Si-nai l mt i im theo truyn thuyt t th k th t trc Cng nguyn. N nm ti

t ca ngi Mi-i-an bao gm mt khu vc rng ln ti bn o Si-nai v A-ra-bi. 5. Dng nh cc nh kho c hc xc nhn c nhng a im ca nhng thnh ph c nhc

n trong cuc Xut Hnh (Elim, Dophkah, Rephidim) l nhng thnh ph pha ty ca Bn oSi-nai.

C. a im truyn thng ca ngn ni Si-nai khng c bit n cho n Cuc hnh hng ca Silvia(Pilgrimage of Silvia), c vit trong khong 385-388 T.C (theo cun Gii ngha sch Cng v cc S (Commentary on the Book of the Acts) c vit bi F. F. Bruce, trang 151).

} ni S-i-r BDB 973 ni rng thut ng S-i-r c th c ngha l (1) d; (2) rm lng; (3)rm lng nhiu nh nhng rng cy rm rp; trong khi KB 1989 xc nhn n c ngha l rm lng

Trong Cu c t ny thng i cng vi -m (Sng 14:6; 36:20-21,30; Phc 1:2,44; 2:1,4-5; 33:2). N thng c m t l mt ngn ni (Sng 14:6; 36:8-9; Phc 2:1). V vy, nguyn gc ca n l mt khu vc nhiu ni non H-rt sau c sp nhp vo -m.

} Ca-e-Ba-n-a y l mt c o ln nm bin gii ca -m (Dn S K 20:16), khong 50 dm v pha nam ca B -e-S-ba, Vi bn ngn sui t nhin. Tn ca a im ny c hai yu t. Yu t th nht t ting H-b-r c ngha l thnh khit (BDB 873). Yu t th hai vn cha c bit. N tr thnh ni kt ni ca nhng ngi di chuyn trong ng vng (Dn S K 13-14).

1:3 nhm nm bn mi y l mc thi gian duy nht trong Phc Truyn. Bn mi (BDB 917) c s dng thng xuyn trong Kinh Thnh n mc n c v lin h n mt khong thi gian rt di, khng th xc nh c. Nin i thc cht vo khong 38 nm (t ni Si-nai n bnh nguyn M-p).

} ngy mng mt thng mi mt Tc gi s dng mi c hi xc nh cc a im v thi im trong nhng li chia s vi dn Y-s-ra-n . Hy xem ch c bit pha di.

CH C BIT : LCH CA KHU VC CN NG C I

Ca-na-an

(I Kgs. 6:1,37-38; 8:2)

Abib (ngn xanh ca la mch)

Zin (S rc r ca ma xun)

Ngi Sumer-Ba-by-ln (Lch Nippur)

Nisanu

Ayaru

Simanu

Du-uzu

Abu

Ululu

H-b-r (Lch Geezer)

Nisan

Iyyar

Sivan

Tammuz

Ab

Elul

Tng ng thi hin i

Thng 3-thng 4

Thng 4-thng 5

Thng 5 thng 6

Thng 6 thng 7

Thng 7 thng 8

Thng 8 thng 9

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Ethanim (ngun sui vnh cu )

Bul (nhng cn ma trn sn vt)

Teshritu Arah-samna

Kislimu

Tebitu

Shabatu

Adaru

Tishri Marcheshvan

Chislev

Tebeth

Shebat

Adar

Thng 9 thng 10 Thng 10 thng 11

Thng11 - thng 12

Thng 12- thng 1

Thng 1- thng 2

Thng 2- thng 3

} Mi-se ni cng dn Y-s-ra-n mi iu m c Gi-h-va biu ngi phi ni cng c Cha Tri chnh l tc gi; Mi-se chnh l cng c, nhng tt c nhng mng lnh ny u xut pht t giao c c thit lp bi c Gi-h-va.

C rt nhiu danh xng khc nhau ca ng Thnh trong cc tc phm vit ca Mi-se. Theo sau y l nhng v d trong Phc Truyn 1-4.

1. C GI-H-VA (YHWH), 1:3,8,27,34,37,41,42,43,45; 2:12,14,15,17,21,31; 3:2,20,21,26 (hai ln); 4:12,14,15,21,27

2. GI-H-VA (YHWH) c Cha Tri chng ta (Elohim), 1:1,19,20,25,41; 2:29,36,37; 3:3; 4:7

3. GI-H-VA (YHWH) c Cha Tri ngi (Elohim), 1:10,21,26,30,31,32; 2:7(hai ln),30; 3:18,20,21,22; 4:2,3,4,10,19,21,23(hai ln),24,25,29,30,31,34,40

4. GI-H-VA (YHWH), c Cha Tri (Elohim) ca t ph cc ngi, 1:11,21; 4:1

5. c Cha Tri (Elohim), 1:17; 2:33; 4:24 (c Cha Tri hay k t), 31(c Cha Tri hay thng xt), 32,33 6. Cha (Adon) GI-H-VA (YHWH), 3:24 7. GI-H-VA (YHWH), c Cha Tri ta (Elohim), 4:5

8. GI-H-VA (YHWH), y l c Cha Tri (Elohim), 4:35,39 C mt vi cch gii thch v s a dng ny: 1. C nhiu tc gi khc nhau 2. nhiu ngi ghi chp khc nhau

3. c im thn hc khc nhau 4. S a dng v vn hc

Cc hc gi phi tha nhn v tc quyn, s tng hp, bin tp v cc hot ng ghi chp lin quan n cc sch Kinh in ca Kinh Cu c vn cn l mt mn b n. Chng ta cn rt cn thn khng cho nhng l thuyt hin i v phm tr vn hc hoc mt yu t nhn nh mt cch suy din v thn hc i hi mt v ch mt cch gii kinh m thi. B n ngha l b n m thi. CH C BIT: CC DANH XNG CA NG THNH

A. El 1. ngha nguyn gc ca thut ng c mang tnh chng loi v ng Thnh th cha c

xc nh r rng, mc d c nhiu hc gi tin rng n n mt t gc ngn ng Akkadian, tr nn mnh m hoc tr nn quyn lc (Sng 17:1; Dn S 23:19; Phc 7:21; Thi 50:1).

2. Trong h thng a thn ca ngi Ca-na-an v thn ti cao ca h l El (cc vn bn Ras Shamra) 3. Trong Kinh Thnh El khng thng c ghp vi cc thut ng khc. C nhng s kt hp

tr thnh mt cch by t v c tnh c Cha Tri. a. El-Elyon (c Cha Tri ti cao), Sng 14:18-22; Phc 32:8; -sai 14:14 b. El-Roi (c Cha Tri hay oi xem hoc c Cha Tri by t v Ngi), Sng 16:13 c. El-Shaddai (c Cha Tri ton nng hoc c Cha Tri y s thng xt hoc c Cha Tri ca ngn ni cao), Sng 17:1; 35:11; 43:14; 49:25; Xut 6:3

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d. El-Olam (c Cha Tri Hng-hu), Sng 21:33. y l thut ng li