Pharmacognostic evaluation of Leucas cephalotes spreng leaves

Phcog J | Nov–Dec 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 32 15

O R I G I N A L A R T I C L EP H C O G J

ABSTRACT

Background:drugs ready to use as therapeutic agents for safety reason of the consumers. Objective: Keeping this background in mind this study was carried out on the leaf of Leucas cephalotes, basically a folklore drug also used in Unani Medicine and

Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic parameters such as morphology, anatomy, macrometry, micrometry, and quantitative microscopy, observation of isolated elements, physicochemical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical evaluation and

pharmacopoeia, Jenkins et al. and Kokoshi et al. HPLC and Spectrophotometery of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf were also made. Results: Conclusion: The study provided useful information which can effectively be used to ascertain the authenticity of the available sample of the drug.

Keywords: anatomy, HPLC, micrometry, physicochemical studies, spectrophotometery.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of Leucas cephalotes spreng leaves

Mohammad Yusuf Ansari,1 Abdul Wadud,2* Uzma Jabeen3 and Shamim Irshad4

1Hakim Abdul Hameed Unani Medical College, Dewas (MP)- India2Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road,

Bangalore-560091 (India)3PG Scholar (Microbiology), Bangalore University, Bangalore (India)

4Jamia Tibbia, Deoband, (UP)-India

Submission Date: 14-5-2012; Accepted Date: 19-7-2012

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants and traditional systems of medicine have been indissolubly linked as medicinal plants are back bone of these systems. Since the credibility and reliability of these systems of medicine depend on appropriately

Reproducibility of the effectiveness of herbal formula--

-tional systems of medicine. In view of the continuously

[1] The

with methodical and appropriate methods of standard-ization.[2]

-

physical and chemical operations on the samples of

*Corresponding author.

National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore-560091 (India) Phone: 08023584260, 09916608881

E-mail: [email protected]

DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.32.3

Mohammad Yusuf Ansari, et al.: Pharmacognostic evaluation of Leucas cephalotes spreng leaves

16 Phcog J | Nov–Dec 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 32

Leucas cephalotes (LC) commonly known as Gumma in [3] primarily

[4]

part of India.[5] The entire plant as well as its different

[6] [7] antisep-[8] [9] [10] [11] -

[12] [13] [14]

[15–19] -

data for referential information.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material

Collection and authentication of the plant

Fresh plant was collected from the forest of Satpura

material was dried well in shade and powdered in electric

Preparation of extract

-

Macroscopic studies

Microscopic studies

[20] The sections were

Micrometry of various cells was done with the help of

also carried out.[21]

Physico-chemical studies

standard methods described in British pharmacopoeia[22] were applied. Moisture content was determined by the

[23] Florescence analysis of pow-

Kokoshi et al.[24]

Preliminary phytochemical studies

various phytochemical was done by the method of [25]

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

18 (2) column (250×4.6 mm id) 5 micron was maintained at 40o -

used to control all the parameters.

Spectrophotometry

-



RESULTS

-

portion the palisade cells absent and epithelial cells fol-lowed by the double layer of the collenchyma cells present

-

DISCUSSION

Table 1. Macrometry of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.

Leaf (l x b) (cm)

Petiole (mm)

Whorls (diameter

(cm))

Whole plant

Seed

Mean 5.38 x 2.2 8.4 9.6/3.05 72 0.28 x 0.1SD 1.31 x 0.5 72.07 1.19/0.38 5.74 0.04 x 0.0SEM 0.58 x 0.25 0.92 0.53/0.17 2.56 0.02 x 0.0

Table 2. Micrometry of trichomes of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.Large Small

Length (μ) Width (μ) Length (μ) Width (μ)

Range 611.09–1291.36

34.59–57.65

34.59–219.07

–

Mean 882.42 43.04 112.23 11.53SD 201.09 8.11 57.56 0.00SEM 52.07 2.09 14.86 0.00

Table 3. Quantitative microscopy of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.Pallisade ratio Stomatal index Stomatal number Vein islet. number Vein termination number Stomata size (μ)

Range – – 92–115 4–6.5 12–15 –Mean 1:10.95 30.82% 101 5.45 13.35 23.06 x 11.53SD 0.41 0.97 7.39 1.00 1.24 0.00SEM 0.18 0.43 2.33 0.45 0.07 0.00


18 Phcog J | Nov–Dec 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 32

of herbs and their preparations. The approach includes a

and analytical studies.

Microscopic characters of a plant material such as types -

those parts of the plants which are avilable in pieces.

with other analytical methods.[25]

of chemical constituents are widely accepted parameters. Ash value is an important parameter for detection of

[26] Another valuable para-

-

[26]

-ture content is important for the material which deterio-

-[27]

used in powder form which is more susceptible for adul-

parameter for standardization. These phytochemicals not only vary from species to species but also differ in different

[28]

--

-

-

-

Table 4. Fluorescence analysis of powder of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.S. No. Tests Observations

Day light U/V light1. Powder as such Dark olive Light green2. Powder+1NHCL Dark yellowish brown Light yellow3. Powder+1NNaOH Dark saddle brown Lawn green4. Powder+1NNaOH+Methanol Dark olive Green5. Powder+50%KOH Saddle brown Lime6. Powder+50%H2SO4 Saddle brown Lawn green7. Powder+Conc.H2SO4 Dark red Dark slate grey8. Powder+50%HNO3 Saddle brown Lime green9. Powder+ Conc.HNO3 Dark red Yellowish green

10. Powder+ Acetic Acid Olive Spring green11. Powder+ Iodine solution Dark olive green Spring green12. Powder+ Distilled water Olive Lawn green13. Powder+ Chloroform Olive Medium spring green14. Powder+ Acetone Olive Lime green15. Powder+ Picric Acid Olive Lime



CONCLUSION

to ascertain the authenticity and standardization of the

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

None

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are thankful to the authorities of National

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(Roxb.ex Roth) Spreng. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010; 46(3): 525–9.

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Phcog J | Nov–Dec 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 32

Fig. 1. Leucas cephalotes Spreng

(1a) A twig with stem, fruit and flower (1b) Leaf

Figure 2: Transverse sections of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng

(2a)T.S. (10 X 10) (2b)T.S. (Pallisade cells)(10 x 45)

(2c) Stomata of leaf (10 x 45) (2d) Trichome of leaf (10 x 10)

Figure 3: Isolated elements of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng

(3a) A,Trichome,B, epithilial cells(10 x 10) ,(3b) A, Scalariform vessel, B, Parenchymatous cells (10 x 45),(3c) A, Vessel, B, Stomata (Diacytic), C,Epithilial cells (10 x45),(3d) A, Compound vessels

(10 x 45),(3e,f) A-Trichome (Base), B, Elongated epithilial cells (10 x 10),(3g) A,Trichome (Base), B, Elongated epithilial cells (10 x10),(3h) Stomatal cell (10 x 45)

Page 19-A


Phcog J | Nov–Dec 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 32

Figure 4: HPLC of aqueous extract of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng

Figure 5: Spectrophotometry of extracts of leaf of Leucas cephalotes Spreng

(5a)Aqueous extract (5b) Methanol extract

Page 19-B

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Pharmacognostic evaluation of Leucas cephalotes spreng leaves