PF0102 Presentation Ver2 (2)

8/8/2019 PF0102 Presentation Ver2 (2)

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PF0102Learning & Development 1Lecturer: Siti Norhedayah Abdul Latif

Presenter:

Hairul Azmi (10D0004)

Hj Roslan Ghafar (10D0005)


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Topic:

Examine how biological theory (ArnoldGesell) and developmental task theory(Robert J. Havighurst) differ in theirperspective development of an individual.

Analyse a development task of youngAdulthood

Discuss how you as teacher would helpthem to achieve their development task.


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SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

Brief Introduction to Gesell Theory

Havighurst Theory

Difference between the two Theory

Discussion onAnalyse a development task of young Adulthood

Discuss how you as teacher would help them toachieve their development task.

Conclusion & Recommendation Brief conclusion and recommendation

Questions and answer


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Biological Theory

Introduced byArnold Gesell (1880-1961)

a psychologist, pediatrician.

A student of G. Stanley Hall ("father" ofdevelopmental psychology).

established Norms and Milestones.

Development is determined primarily bybiological forces.

formulated a theory known asMaturation.


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Developmental Tasks Theory

Introduced by Robert J. Havighurst (1948 1953).

He defined as a midway of an individual needs

and societal demand. As a mechanism for understanding the changes

that occur during the lifespan.


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Havighurst (1952) defined:

"A development task is a task which

arises at or about a certain period inthe life of the individual, successfulachievement of which leads to hishappiness and to success with later

tasks, while failure leads tounhappiness in the individual,disapproval by society, and difficultywith later tasks."


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Biological Theory

Nature vs. Nurture

Pattern of development.

Focus of studies.

Norms and milestones.

DevelopmentalTasks Theory

Vs.


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Nature is considered to be our biologicalinheritance.

Identified the role of nature or heredity in

childrens development. Arnold Gesell wrote:

Patterns of behaviour in all species tend tofollow an orderly genetic sequence in their

emergence. This genetic sequence is itself anexpression of elaborate pattern a patternwhose basic outline is the product of evolutionand is under influence of maturational factors(Gesell,1993. p217)

Arnold Gesell (Nature)


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This theory stated that developmentalchanges in a child's body or behavior area result of the aging process ratherthan from learning, injury, illness, orsome other life experience.

He believed that many aspects of humanbehavior such as handedness andtemperament were heritable.


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Havighurst wrote: Nature lays down wide possibilities in thedeveloping of the human body, and whichpossibilities shall be realized depends onwhat the individual learns. This is true evenof such crude biological realities as feedinghabits and sexual relations, while the more

highly social realities of language, economicbehavior, and religion are almost completelythe product of learning at the hands of

society. (1953, p. 1).

Robert J. Havighurst (Nurture)


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Havighurst added that biology andsociety have a lot influence, butpersonal values of the people whoprepare them have as much influenceson identifying the task.

Havighurst stated that the number of

tasks in different age levels depends onthe person and the society he lives in.


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Pattern of development. Arnold Gesell:

Documented sequential developmentalmilestones for infant and early childhood

rudimentary behaviors. There is a universal sequence of infant

movement skill acquisition.

Robert J. Havighurst:

Successful development requires themastery of a series of tasks arising fromphysical maturation and culturalexpectations.


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Towards

Internal-External,

Problematic,Neurotic

Energetic&

Developing

Smooth,

Stable

Round-

Balance

Towards

Internal-Self

Broken,

Fragmented

2 Yrs

2.5Yrs

3 Yrs3.5 Yrs

4 Yrs

4.5 Yrs

6 Yrs

5 Yrs

6.5 Yrs

7 Yrs

8 Yrs

9 Yrs

Cycle Pattern

in

Development

of Behavior.


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Development Stages

Havighurst identified six major stagesin human life.

Infancy & early childhood (

Birth till 6yrs)

Middle childhood (6-12yrs)

Adolescence (13-18yrs)

Early Adulthood (19-30yrs)

Middle Age (30-60yrs)

Later maturity (60yrs and over)


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Focus of Studies

Arnold Gesell: he focus his studied in movement abilities of child

development.

Physical development

Robert J. Havighurst: his studied focus to individual tasks

accomplishment.


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Development Milestones

Arnold Gesell:

Only stated until the individual reach their

adolescence (0-18 years old)

Robert J. Havighurst:

New tasks assigned in each of

developmental stages (lifetime learning)

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PF0102 Presentation Ver2 (2)