Center Title:Regional Air Pollution Mixtures:

The past and future impacts of emissions controls and climate change on air quality and health

Institutions:Harvard University

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Day 1 - Monday June, 10thLocation: Meridien Hotel in Cambridge MA

8:30 – 9:00 Check in and Breakfast All9:00 – 9:15 Welcome and Introduction Koutrakis, Russell9:15 – 10:00 Project 1 Koutrakis, Mickley, Requia10:00 – 10:45 Project 2 Coull10:45 – 11:15 Break All11:15 – 12:00 Project 3 Schwartz12:00 – 1:30 Lunch All1:30 – 2:15 Project 4 Zigler2:15 – 3:00 Project 5 Selin3:00 – 4:30 Coffee and Posters All5:30 – 7:30 Dinner at Le Meridien All

Day 2 - Tuesday, June 11thLandmark Center West, 401 Park Drive, Room 414-a

*Note venue change for day 2

8:30 – 9:00 Breakfast SAC Members

9:00 – 11:00 Committee Meets Alone SAC Members

11:00 – 11:30 Break SAC Members

11:30 – 1:30 Discussion and Lunch SAC, PIs, and EPA

Project 1: Regional Air Pollution:

Mixtures Characterization, Emission Inventories, Pollutant Trends, and Climate

Impacts

Petros Koutrakis (lead PI); Brent Coull; Daniel J. Jacob;

Loretta J. Mickley; and Joel Schwartz

Objective 1

• Compile comprehensive air pollution, weather, emissions, and GIS datasets for the entire continental US for the period 2000-2015.

– Estimate gases and PM concentrations at a high spatial resolution by assimilating data from monitoring networks, satellite platforms, air pollution models, and spatiotemporal statistical models

Significant progress, publications with model results, applications to health effects studies, collaborations

(Joel will present this work later)

Objective 2

• Develop and make publically available a national PM2.5 emission inventory database of high spatial resolution (1 km) for 2000-2015

– This will be achieved through the application of a novel methodology we developed that predicts point and area source emissions using AOD measured by satellite remote sensors;

PM2.5 Emission in NE USA 2002-2013

Emission (Tons/km2/yr)

0 - 10

11 - 20

21 - 25

26 - 30

31 - 40

41 - 50

51 - 60

>60

Previously made a lot of progress, recently we faced technical difficulties

After we spent over two years we abandoned this project

Investigation of exposure to non-tailpipe emissions

Originally Funded by HEI

Future publications on non-tailpipe emissions

• Development of a mobile facility to collect high volume samples near roads [Poster by Marco]

• Concentration gradient:• Metals in ambient particles [Poster by Emily]• Metals in road dust [Poster by Pablo]• EC and OC fraction in ambient particles [Shaodan, in progress]• EC and OC fraction in road dust [Tiana, in progress]

• Our results indicate a log(distance) gradient• Support findings of previous epidemiological studies

Objective 3

• Characterize spatial and temporal trends of pollutant mixtures:

– Perform cluster analysis to group areas that exhibit distinct pollutant profiles or mixtures, referred to as “Air Pollution Regions”

– Analyze their spatial patterns and temporal trends toinvestigate the impact of regulations, climate change, andmodifiable factors on regional mixtures

Objective 3

• Development of a mobile facility to collect high volume samples near roads

• Near road concentrations of metals in ambient particles

• Near road concentrations of metals in road dust

Objective 3 Publications

• Climate impact on ambient PM2.5 elemental concentration in the United States: a trend analysis over the last 30 years

Journal: Environment International; Status: in PressWeeberb will present this paper in a few minutes

• Regional air pollution mixtures across the continental USJournal: Atmospheric Environment; Status: in Press [by Weeberb]

• The impact of wildfires on particulate carbon in the western U.S.A. [by Weeberb]

Journal: Atmospheric Environment; Status: Published

• Trends of Ultrafine particles in Boston during 2000-2018 [Poster by Melissa]

Objective 4

• Forecast the impact of regional climate change on air quality for 2016-2040 using an ensemble of climate models

– Project the potential impact of climate change on regional pollutant mixtures and predict future regional air quality assuming no changes in anthropogenicemissions.

Loretta will present her group work in a few minutes

Health Effects of Ambient Particle Radioactivity

Harvard - MIT ACE Center

Exposures to Environmental RadiationAtmosphere: Gaseous and Particulate Radionuclides

Extraterrestrial Radiationα, β, γ, X, Subatomic Species

Cosmic Solar

Terrestrial Radiationα, β, γ

Indoor Outdoor

Lithosphere and Hydrosphere: Radionuclides in Food and Water

DIRECT DIRECT

INHALATION DERMAL

INGESTION DERMAL

Radiation

•Types of ionizing radiation:• α (two protons and two neutrons)• β (electrons)• γ (photons)

•Natural versus artificial: • Natural: Terrestrial, Solar and Cosmic (Galactic)• Artificial: Nuclear weapons, nuclear accidents, medical and scientific

applications

•Direct and PM-attached radiation:• Direct exposure to α, β and γ radiation• PM carries radioactive nuclides

which ENTER OUR BODY; can emit α, βand γ

WHO, 2019

α Particles: Short-lived & Long-lived?

222Rn

3.8d

218Po

3.1m

214Pb

26.8m

214Bi

19.7m

214Po

0.2ms

210Pb

22.3y

210Bi

5.0d

210Po

138.4d

206PbStable

α α α αβ β β β

Ø Short-lived α particles: 218Po, 214Po ≈ Short-lived α activity (SLA)Ø Long-lived α particles: 210Po ≈ Long-lived α activity (LLA)Ø 210Pb can be also used as a reservoir of alpha radiation due to a long life time

Short-lived Progeny Long-lived Progeny

Poster by Choong Min

Our Hypothesis/Thesis

• PM carry radionuclides that that emit α, β and γ Particle Radioactivity (PR)

• Treat PR as an another property like mass or sulfate (e.g., PR-β)

• PM - attached radioactive nuclides can deposit onto the lungs or translocate

• α is the most toxic but it can not cross the epidermis (inhalation/ingestion)

• In our studies we use β and γ activities or individual radionuclides as surrogates of α exposure

Po210

Most of PM gross α activity is in PM2.5

PM2.5 versus PM10 gross alpha activities (Bq/m3)

Over 90%

Exposure Data and Metrics for our Health Studies

EPA RadNet (over 120 sites across US)• TSP gross β radiation for long-lived radionuclides• TSP gross ɣ in 8 wavelength ranges for short-lived radionuclides• Individual radionuclides such as Pb210, Bi212, Be7 etc. from

composite samples

Indoor Radon • SRRS EPA measures provide data for the entire US by County• Berkley model estimates based on

EPA measures by County• Privately collected indoor samples

provide information by Zipcode

Source: USGS

Exposure Data and Metrics for our Health Studies

Harvard measures:• PM gross α for long-lived radionuclides using previously

collected Teflon filters (decades ago)

• PM gross α and β measures for long-lived radionuclides using Teflon filter samples from future studies

• PM gross α for short-lived radionuclides using Electret integrated prospective samples

Future plan our laboratory:• ɣ and α spectrometers to identify and quantify individual

radionuclides and to apportion PM gross α and β radiation levels

Analyze the distribution of radon progeny 210 Polonium (210Po) in olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, frontal

lobe, and lungs tissues in cadavers from Mortem Verification Service of the City of

São Paulo (SVOC), Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Biomarker Study: In collaboration withUniversity of Sao Paulo, Brazil

24

Plans: Measures of Po210 and Pb210 in biologic specimensPlacenta and umbilical for live births

210Po by Tissue sample (Bq/Kg)

SampleOlfactory

BulbOlfactroy

Epithelium LungFrontal Lobe

N 25 30 30 30Mean 6.41 2.42 2.53 1.04

Median 4.85 2.19 1.32 0.72Min 1.23 0.56 0.37 0.27Max 19.50 7.02 12.61 6.42SD 4.45 1.23 2.80 1.28

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Effect Modification of Ambient Particle Mortality by Radon: A Time Series Analysis in 108 U.S. Cities

Blomberg, Annelise J., Brent A. Coull, Iny Jhun, Carolina L.Z. Vieira, Antonella Zanobetti, Eric Garshick, Joel Schwartz, and Petros Koutrakis

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2019)

Residential radon exposure and all-cause mortality risk among Medicare beneficiaries

Maayan Yitshak Sade, Annelise J. Blomberg, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel D. Schwartz, Brent A. Coull, Itai Kloog and Petros Koutrakis

Environment International, In Press(Poster by Maayan)

Normative Aging Study

•Effects of PM beta gross activity is associated with:• An increase SBP and DBP [Nyhan et al (2018); J. Am. Heart Assoc.]• A decrease in FEV1 and FVC [Nyhan et al; Env. International in Press]• An increase in inflammatory and endothelia dysfunction markers [Poster

by Annelise]• A decrease in hemoglobin levels [Poster by Carol]• An adverse effect on renal function [Xue et al; Manuscript under Review

in Env. International]

COPD Cohort

•Effects of PM ɣ gross activity is associated with:• An increase in inflammatory markers in blood [Poster by Shaodan]• A decrease in FEV1 and FVC [Vieira et al, in Env. Pollution, in press]• An increase of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in urine

[Huang et al; manuscript ready to submit]

Massachusetts Birth Registry Approximately 1,000,000 births 2000-2016

• Effects of PM β gross activity on gestational diabetes; [Manuscript in preparation - Poster Stefania]

• Effects of indoor Rn on gestational hypertension; Yao et al; [Manuscript in preparation - Poster Weiyu]

• Using the same data preliminary analysis has shown:• Effects of indoor Rn on gestational diabetes• Effects of PM gross β activity on gestational hypertension

Normative Aging Study

•Effects of PM beta gross activity is associated with:• An increase SBP and DBP [Nyhan et al (2018); J. Am. Heart Assoc.]• A decrease in FEV1 and FVC [Nyhan et al; Env. International in Press]• An increase in inflammatory and endothelia dysfunction markers

[Poster by Annelise]• A decrease in hemoglobin levels [Poster by Carol]• An adverse effect on renal function [Xue et al; Manuscript under Review

in Env. International]

COPD Cohort

•Effects of PM ɣ gross activity is associated with:• An increase in inflammatory markers in blood [Poster by Shaodan]• A decrease in FEV1 and FVC [Vieira et al, in Env. Pollution, in press]• An increase of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in urine

[Huang et al; manuscript ready to submit]

Massachusetts Birth Registry Approximately 1,000,000 births 2000-2016

• Effects of PM gross β activity on gestational diabetes; [Manuscript in preparation - Poster by Stefania]

• Effects of indoor Rn on gestational hypertension; Yao et al; [Manuscript in preparation - Poster by Weiyu]

• Using the same data preliminary analysis has shown:• Effects of indoor Rn on gestational diabetes• Effects of PM gross β activity on gestational hypertension

Exposure to PM gross β activity and the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias

• Ventricular arrhythmic events identified among 176 patients with dual-chamber implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in Boston [Manuscript in preparation – Poster by Adjani]

Thanks