Petrophysical Pocket Pal Lecture 6

CCRAIN’S RAIN’S PPETROPHYSICAL ETROPHYSICAL

PPOCKET OCKET PPALALLECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1

Practical, Integrated, QuantitativePractical, Integrated, QuantitativePetrophysical Log AnalysisPetrophysical Log Analysis

Presented By:Presented By:

E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng.E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng.www.Spec2000.netwww.Spec2000.net

c. 1978 – 2009c. 1978 – 2009

c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009 22

CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALOVERALL COURSE OUTLINEOVERALL COURSE OUTLINE

01 Overview01 Overview

02 Resistivity Logs02 Resistivity Logs

03 Porosity Logs03 Porosity Logs

04 Log Response04 Log Response

05 Visual Log Analysis05 Visual Log Analysis

06 Quantitative Models 106 Quantitative Models 1

07 Quantitative Models 207 Quantitative Models 2

08 Lithology Models08 Lithology Models

09 More Porosity Models09 More Porosity Models

10 Gas Reservoirs10 Gas Reservoirs

11 Radioactive Sands

12 Fractured Reservoirs

13 Carbonate Reservoirs13 Carbonate Reservoirs

14 Rock Properties14 Rock Properties

15 Closure Stress15 Closure Stress

16 Ancient Logs

17 Laminated Reservoirs

18 Dipmeter Tools

19 Structure

20 Stratigraphy

21 Seismic Petrophysics

22 Log Editing

23 Syn Seismograms

24 Inversion, VSP, AVO

25 Seismic Exercise

26 Cement Integrity


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis 4.00 Quantitative Analysis

THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES.LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES.

Shale, Porosity, Water SaturationShale, Porosity, Water Saturation

PermeabilityPermeability

Cutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable PropertiesCutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable Properties

Productivity and ReservesProductivity and Reserves

Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis 4.00 Quantitative Analysis

WHAT ANSWERS CAN LOG ANALYSIS WHAT ANSWERS CAN LOG ANALYSIS PROVIDE?PROVIDE?

Shale volume Shale volume (Vsh)(Vsh)Effective porosityEffective porosity (PHIe)(PHIe)Lithology Lithology (V1, V2, ...)(V1, V2, ...)Water resistivity Water resistivity (Rw)(Rw)Water saturationWater saturation (Sw)(Sw)Permeability Permeability (Perm)(Perm)Productivity Productivity (Qo, Qg)(Qo, Qg)Net payNet pay (Hnet)(Hnet)Reservoir VolumeReservoir Volume (OIP, GIP)(OIP, GIP)


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL4.00 Shale Volume4.00 Shale Volume

SHALE VOLUME - SHALE VOLUME - Calibrate to core description, Calibrate to core description, thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL4.00 Shale Volume4.00 Shale Volume

SHALE VOLUME MATHSHALE VOLUME MATH

1: Vshg = (GR - GR0) / (GR100 - GR0)1: Vshg = (GR - GR0) / (GR100 - GR0)

2: Vshs = (SP - SP0) / (SP100 - SP0)2: Vshs = (SP - SP0) / (SP100 - SP0)

3: Vshx = (PHIN - PHID) / (PHINSH - PHIDSH)3: Vshx = (PHIN - PHID) / (PHINSH - PHIDSH)

4: Vsh = Min (Vshg, Vshs, Vshr, Vshx, Vshc)4: Vsh = Min (Vshg, Vshs, Vshr, Vshx, Vshc)


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL5.04 Effective Porosity5.04 Effective Porosity

EFFECTIVE POROSITY - EFFECTIVE POROSITY - Calibrate to core Calibrate to core analysis.analysis.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL5.04 Porosity from Complex Lithology5.04 Porosity from Complex Lithology

COMPLEX LITHOLOGY MATHCOMPLEX LITHOLOGY MATH

1: PHIdc = PHID - (Vsh * PHIDSH)1: PHIdc = PHID - (Vsh * PHIDSH)

2: PHInc = PHIN - (Vsh * PHINSH)2: PHInc = PHIN - (Vsh * PHINSH)

3: PHIxdn = (PHInc + PHIdc) / 23: PHIxdn = (PHInc + PHIdc) / 2

PHIDSH and PHINSH are constants for each zone, and PHIDSH and PHINSH are constants for each zone, and are picked only once.are picked only once.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.00 Water Saturation8.00 Water Saturation

WATER SATURATION - WATER SATURATION - Calibrate with capillary Calibrate with capillary pressure data.pressure data.

Typical Oil/Gas Zone:Typical Oil/Gas Zone: Actual Saturation = Irreducible Actual Saturation = Irreducible

Transition or Depleted Zone:Transition or Depleted Zone: Actual Saturation > Irreducible Actual Saturation > Irreducible


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N

ARCHIE’S LAWSARCHIE’S LAWS

F = R0 / RwF = R0 / Rw F = A / (PHIt ^ M)F = A / (PHIt ^ M)

F vs PHIcore F vs PHIcore

Slope = MSlope = M

Intercept = AIntercept = A


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N

ARCHIE’S LAWSARCHIE’S LAWS

II = Rt / R0 = Rt / R0

Sw = ( 1 / Sw = ( 1 / II ) ^ (1 / N)) ^ (1 / N)= (F * Rw / Rt) ^ (-N)= (F * Rw / Rt) ^ (-N)

II vs SWcore vs SWcore

Slope = NSlope = N

Intercept = 1.0Intercept = 1.0


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.02 Saturation from Archie8.02 Saturation from Archie

ARCHIE SATURATION MATHARCHIE SATURATION MATH

1: PHIt = (PHID + PHIN) / 2 1: PHIt = (PHID + PHIN) / 2 2: Rwa = (PHIt ^ M) * RESD / A2: Rwa = (PHIt ^ M) * RESD / A3: SWa = (RW@FT / Rwa) ^ (1 / N)3: SWa = (RW@FT / Rwa) ^ (1 / N)

PARAMETERS:PARAMETERS: for sandstone for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7M = 1.2 to 1.7

NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from special core analysis if possible.special core analysis if possible.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.03 Saturation from Simandoux8.03 Saturation from Simandoux

SIMANDOUX SATURATION MATHSIMANDOUX SATURATION MATH

1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M)1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M)2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH)2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH)3: E = C / RESD3: E = C / RESD4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N)4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N)



CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.04 Saturation from Dual Water8.04 Saturation from Dual Water

DUAL WATER SATURATION MATHDUAL WATER SATURATION MATH

0: BVWSH = (PHINSH + PHIDSH) / 20: BVWSH = (PHINSH + PHIDSH) / 21: RWSH = (BVWSH ^ M) * RSH / A 1: RWSH = (BVWSH ^ M) * RSH / A 2: C = 1+(BVWSH * Vsh / PHIt*(RW@FT - RWSH)/RWSH)2: C = 1+(BVWSH * Vsh / PHIt*(RW@FT - RWSH)/RWSH)3: Ro = A * RW@FT / (PHIt ^ M) * C3: Ro = A * RW@FT / (PHIt ^ M) * C4: SWt = (Ro / RESD) ^ (1 / N)4: SWt = (Ro / RESD) ^ (1 / N)5: SWd = (PHIt * SWt - Vsh * BVWSH) / PHIe5: SWd = (PHIt * SWt - Vsh * BVWSH) / PHIe



CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Log Analysis Exercise #1 – Quantitative Log Analysis


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL

8.068.06 Irreducible Water Saturation Irreducible Water Saturation

IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) - IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) - the fraction of the effective porosity that contains the fraction of the effective porosity that contains water that will not flow out of the rock.water that will not flow out of the rock.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.06 Buckle’s Number8.06 Buckle’s Number

BUCKLES’ NUMBER – BUCKLES’ NUMBER – the product of porosity the product of porosity and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry does not change.does not change.

From core data:From core data:KBUCKL =KBUCKL =PHIcore * SWminPHIcore * SWmin

From log data:From log data:KBUCKL =KBUCKL =PHIe * SWaPHIe * SWain good oil zonein good oil zone


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation

IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATHIRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATH

1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that 1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that produced initially with no water, or from core data)produced initially with no water, or from core data)

2: SWbuckle = KBUCKL / PHIe / (1 – Vsh)2: SWbuckle = KBUCKL / PHIe / (1 – Vsh)3: SWir = Min (SWactual, SWbuckle)3: SWir = Min (SWactual, SWbuckle)

4: IF SWactual >> SWir4: IF SWactual >> SWir5: THEN Zone will make some water5: THEN Zone will make some water


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose

PERMEABILITY MATH – PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rosefrom Wyllie-Rose

1: PERMw = CPERM * (PHIe^DPERM) / (SWir^EPERM)1: PERMw = CPERM * (PHIe^DPERM) / (SWir^EPERM)

PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS:

RESEARCHER CPERM RESEARCHER CPERM DPERM DPERM EPERMEPERM

** OIL or WATER GAS OIL or WATER GAS

Morris-BiggsMorris-Biggs 65000 650065000 6500 6.0 6.0 2.02.0

Timur Timur 6500 650 6500 650 4.5 4.5 2.02.0


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose

PERMEABILITY MATH – PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rosefrom Wyllie-Rose

PHIe – SWirPHIe – SWirCrossplotCrossplot


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL9.02 Permeability from Porosity9.02 Permeability from Porosity

PERMEABILITY MATH – PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosityfrom Porosity

1: PERMp = 10 ^ (HPERM * PHIe + JPERM)1: PERMp = 10 ^ (HPERM * PHIe + JPERM)

PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS: SandstonesSandstones Carbonates Carbonates JPERM JPERM HPERMHPERMVery fine grain Chalky Very fine grain Chalky -3.00 -3.00 1616Fine grain Fine grain Cryptocrystalline- Cryptocrystalline- -2.50 -2.50 1818Medium grain Medium grain Intercrystalline Intercrystalline -2.20 -2.20 2020Coarse grain Coarse grain Sucrosic- Sucrosic- -2.00 -2.00 2222Conglomerate Conglomerate Fine vuggy Fine vuggy -1.80-1.80 2424Unconsolidated Coarse vuggy Unconsolidated Coarse vuggy -1.50 -1.50 2626Fractured Fractured Fractured Fractured -1.00 -1.00 3030


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL9.02 Permeability from Porosity9.02 Permeability from Porosity

PERMEABILITY MATH – PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosityfrom Porosity

PHIe – KmaxPHIe – KmaxCrossplotCrossplot

0.11

10100

100010000

Core Permeability - mD

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

Co

re P

oro

sity

- f

ract

ion

al

R-square = 0.966 # pts = 156 Perm = 10^(18.3*PHIe -3.00)

META/LOG ANALYSISHangingstone - 2 Wells


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Analysis SpreadsheetExercise #1 – Quantitative Analysis Spreadsheet


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALQUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1

1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, 1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing:assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing:

a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________

b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________

c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________

d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________

e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________

2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. 2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. Show all steps and calculate water resistivity, [email protected] all steps and calculate water resistivity, RW@FT.

3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface 3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps. temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps.

4.4. Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the Archie equation.Archie equation.

5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for 5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in Question #2.Question #2.


CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALCRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PALQUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1

6. Formation Factor (F) is:6. Formation Factor (F) is:

a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)

b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)

c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)

d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water (Rt/R0)(Rt/R0)

7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is:7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is:

a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw)

b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0)

c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M)

d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water (Rt/R0)(Rt/R0)

8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation.8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation.

9. Define Absolute Permeability.9. Define Absolute Permeability.

10. Define Productivity.10. Define Productivity.

CCRAIN’S RAIN’S PPETROPHYSICAL ETROPHYSICAL

PPOCKET OCKET PPALALLECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1

Practical, Integrated, QuantitativePractical, Integrated, QuantitativePetrophysical Log AnalysisPetrophysical Log Analysis

Presented By:Presented By:

E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng.E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng.www.Spec2000.netwww.Spec2000.net

c. 1978 – 2009c. 1978 – 2009

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Petrophysical Pocket Pal Lecture 6