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Lesson Plan

SART Training Media

Emergency First Aidfor Cats and Dogs

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Emergency FIrst Aid for Cats and DogsLesson Plan

Prepared by: Dr. Amy Stone, Clinical Assistant Professor -- Small Animal Surgery,

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine

Eric Hallman, Agricultural Safety Specialist,

Charles M. Brown, Information and Publications Specialist,

Carol J. Lehtola, Associate Professor,

Agricultural and Biological Eng. Dept. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Copyright by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Published April 2008

SART Training Media are available for download from the Florida SART Web site <www.sart.org>.

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Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs • Lesson Plan 3

Contents

About Florida SART 4

Introduction 5

Session Outline 5

Learning Objectives 6

Learning Environment/Aids 6

Before the Workshop 7

Part 1 — Beginning the Workshop 7

Part 2 — Learning Objectives and Importance 8

Part 3 — Survey and Evaluate the Emergency 10

Part 4 — Handling and Transportation 13

Part 5 — Vital Signs of Cats and Dogs 17

Part 6 — First Aid for Cats and Dogs 19

Part 7 — Euthanasia 28

Part 8 — Pets in Disaster 30

Part 9 — Highlight Resources 31

Part 10 — Summary and Wrap-Up 33

Participant Evaluation 35

Pre- and Post Tests and Answer Key 36

PowerPoint Slides — Summary Pages 40

PowerPoint Slides — Handout Pages 57

PowerPoint Slides — Full-Size 91

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Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs • Lesson Plan4

About Florida SART

SART is a multiagency coordination group consisting of governmental and private entities dedicated to all-haz-

ard disaster preparedness, planning, response, and recovery for the animal and agriculture sectors in the state

of Florida.

SART operates at the local level through county SART organizations.

SART utilizes the skills and resources of many agencies, organizations and individuals with its multiagency

coordination group structure.

SART supports the county, regional, and state emergency management efforts and incident management

teams.

SART Mission

Empower Floridians through training and resource coordination to enhance all-hazard disaster planning and

response for animals and agriculture.

SART Goals

• Promote the active engagement of each county coordinator who is responsible for animal and

agricultural issues

• Provide assistance in the development and writing of county ESF-17 plans

• Promote the establishment of a county SART to work as a multiagency coordination group to support

emergency management and incident management teams

• Provide training for all SART and animal and agriculture personnel

• Identify county resources available for an emergency or disaster

• Work to comply with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) document

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Introduction

This lesson plan, together with a workbook and PowerPoint presentation, form a unit in the

SART training series entitled Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs. This unit is one of several

in the training module Pets and Disaster . This lesson plan guides the instructor in delivering the

educational portion of the workshop. For information on planning, organizing and publicizing

the entire training event, consult the Creating a County SART Toolkit. The toolkit and other SART

training materials are available on the Florida SART Web site: <www.sart.org>.

The content of the lesson plan is outlined in the learning objectives outlined on the next

page

Throughout the lesson plan, symbols in the margin indicate that a slide in the PowerPoint

presentation is available for that section.

Approximately 120 minutes should be allocated for this program.

Session Outline

Part 1 — Beginning the Workshop 5 minutes

Part 2 — Learning Objectives and Importance 5 minutes

Part 3 — Survey and Evaluate the Emergency 10 minutes

Part 4 — Handling and Transportation 15 minutes

Part 5 — Vital Signs of Dogs and Cats 15 minutes

Part 6 — First Aid for Dogs and Cats 45 minutes

Part 7 — Euthanasia 10minutes

Part 8 — Pets in Disaster 5 minutes

Part 9 — Highlight Resources 5 minutes

Part 10 — Summary and Wrap-Up 5 minutes

____________________________________________________________

Total 120 minutes

Subject: The purpose of this unit is to introduce trainees to basic concepts

of the main components of emergency rst aid for small animals:

animal behavior, treatment practices, and emergency management

procedures. The top priority in the emergency care of animals is

always the safety of human caretakers.

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Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs • Lesson Plan

Learning Objectives

At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:

1. Dene emergency rst aid for cats and dogs.

2. Explain the health and safety priority of personnel.

3 Describe how to survey and evaluate emergency situations.

4. Identify appropriate handling techniques.

5. Explain the vital signs for cats and dogs, and their measurement.

6. Recognize trauma types and the appropriate treatment procedures.

7. Identify key resources available for more information.

Learning Environment/Aids

To complete this lesson plan, you will need:

• The PowerPoint presentation Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs.

• Optional: a companion publication, Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs: Participant Work-

book , is available. It contains copies of the PowerPoint slides and resource information

To conduct this training unit, you will need:

• A means to show the PowerPoint presentation: a computer with a projector. (Note: Master

black and white copies of the slides are included at the end of this manual for use as a

ipbook or, if you prefer, to make transparencies for use with an overhead projector.)

• Sufcient space and seating for all participants

• Optional: Since this unit deals with evidence and chain of custody issues, you may want to

include a police ofcer or attorney as part of your teaching team. This resource person may

be helpful in answering some questions that arise during or after the program. You might ask

them to co-teach part of the unit, depending on their comfort level and content interests.

Each participant will need:

• A pen or pencil

• Participant workbook or paper for notes

6

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Before the Workshop

On the day of the workshop, check that all equipment needed is in place. Double-check that

electronic media works on the equipment you have. Also, make certain that any materials for par-

ticipants, such as paper, workbooks and pens/pencils, are available in sufcient numbers.

Part 1: Beginning the Workshop

Time: 5 minutes

Focus: Introducing participants to the concept of emer-

gency rst aid for cats and dogs

Once all participants have taken their seats and have settled down, welcome

them to the Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs workshop. Thank them for

attending and congratulate them on taking the time to learn about this impor-

tant issue regarding animals during disaster. Remind them that the best way

to respond to an emergency situation is to have a foundation of knowledge on

which to build.

During this introduction, you may choose to distribute the pre-test included in

the manual. Make sure to explain to the participants that the pre-test is only

meant to guide them; they will not be graded. Use of pre- and post-tests can

help to evaluate how much knowledge participants gain during the session.

You may, depending on the size of the group, also choose to have participants

introduce themselves, state their background, and why they are interested in

this topic.

SLIDES

1-3

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Learning Objectives and Importance

Time: 5 minutes

Focus: Identifying the learning objectives relating to

small animal rst aid, the need for safety, and

how to care for injured cats and dogs.

This lesson plan can be used with agricultural and non-agricultural audi-

ences. Review the learning objectives with the participants. At the end of this

training session, participants will be able to dene emergency rst aid for

cats and dogs, explain the health and safety priority of personnel, describe

how to survey and evaluate emergency situations, identify appropriate han-dling techniques, explain the vital signs for cats and dogs, recognize trauma

types and the appropriate treatment procedures, and identify key resources

available for more information.

Remind participants that the reason they are attending the workshop is

because they realize the value of being prepared by having a disaster plan in

place. Part of disaster planning is learning about appropriate issues in order

to be able to successfully address them during emergencies. The information

that they gain in this workshop will enhance their professional performance.

The primary objective during any emergency is to insure the safety of human

responders. This is especially true when working around cats and dogs in

times of stress. When assisting these animals during an emergency situation

keep in mind the following items:

• Your safety is the highest priority. You may be trying to help animals in

need, but you are of no help to them if you yourself become injured or

killed. You will detract others from doing their part as well.

• Don’t endanger yourself or others by attempting a complicated rescue mis-

sion for animals. Trained responders are properly equipped to deal with

many unusual situations.

This unit presentation is intended for a variety of audiences including emer-

gency medical professionals, rst responders, good Samaritans, and those

who may encounter a disaster scene. The advice of a veterinarian is always

recommended when dealing with animal rst aid.

Part 2:

SLIDE

4

SLIDE

6

SLIDE

5

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The highest priority is to avoid injury to yourself. Animals in emergency situ-

ations can pose a serious hazard. During these situations they tend to be-

come:

• Nervous, anxious, and could possibly be injured.• Unpredictable – these are individual beings and do not think like humans.

• Dangerous – they react to their surroundings and events and do not con-

sider your well being in their reaction.

It is important to learn how cats and dogs can physically injure you in order

to successfully avoid injuries from these animals. Some might term this the

mechanism or vector of the injury.

Dogs can:

• Bite causing a puncture or crushing injury• Scratch causing a skin injury

• Cause injuries that lead to bleeding and infection

Cats can:

• Bite causing puncture, bleeding or serious infection

• Scratch leading to bleeding and infection

• Prove to be very difcult to restrain. They are exible and often bite or

scratch when threatened

If bitten or scratched by either a cat or dog, contact a medical professional

immediately. Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animal to

human through saliva.

SLIDE

7

SLIDES

8-9

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Survey and Evaluate the Emergency

Time: 10 minutes

Focus: Evaluating the emergency, including potential

hazards, approaching injured animals, emergency

triage, and warning signs for cats and dogs

This section will cover various factors that are involved with cats and dogs

during emergency including potential hazards, approaching injured animals,

emergency triage, and warning signs. It is important to understand these issues

so that you can better predict animal needs and behavior during emergencies.

Even more critical is that you can safely and accurately work with cats and dogsduring these times.

Survey the emergency situation. Remember your safety is key and you should

always avoid becoming the victim. In an effort to stay safe, always survey the

area for potential hazards that could injure you. These might include:

• Oncoming trafc, especially when dealing with road injured animals.

• Downed power lines that may have resulted from damage. These pose a

serious electrical threat.

• Hazardous materials.

• Dangerous or venomous wildlife. The source of the cat/dog injury may stillbe in the area and pose a hazard to yourself.

Survey the emergency victim. If the situation includes injured animals remember

that your safety is the top priority.

When approaching an injured dog or cat remember:

• Approach very slowly – avoid sudden movements.

• Approach softly in order to avoid upsetting the animal.

• If possible, lower your body level so that you are not towering over the injured

animal. Some animals may interpret height imbalances as threat.• Do not make direct eye contact with the animal or stare directly at it.

• Watch the animals’ posture and expressions including the face, ears, tail,

fur and body. These can alert you to possible hazards.

• Allow the animal to smell the back of your hand. When doing this watch care-

fully for reactions. Avoid quick and/or sudden movements that may startle

the animal.

Part 3:

SLIDE

11

SLIDE

10

SLIDES

12-13

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SLIDE

14

Emergency triage may be required in some scenarios. Triage can be used in

emergencies where multiple animals are injured in order to sort the injured

into those who need critical attention and those with less serious injuries. The

animal that is most critical but with the best chance of living should be attended

to rst.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

As an extra classroom activity you may consider including this discussion if

time permits. In an effort to put the issue of “triage” into perspective, you can

relate the triage of human casualties in scenarios such as earthquake, war

zones, large highway automobile pile-ups, or terrorist attack.

Human denition: In advanced triage, doctors may decide that some seriously

injured people should not receive advanced care because they are unlikelyto survive. Advanced care will be used on patients with less severe injuries.

Because treatment is intentionally withheld from patients with certain injuries,

advanced triage has ethical implications. It is used to divert scarce resources

away from patients with little chance of survival in order to increase the

chances of survival of others who are more likely to survive.

In Western Europe, the criterion used for this category of patient is a trauma

score of consistently at or below 3. This can be determined by using the

Triage Revised Trauma Score (TRTS), a medically validated scoring system

incorporated in some triage cards.

The use of advanced triage may become necessary when medical profession-als decide that the medical resources available are not sufcient to treat all

the people who need help. The treatment being prioritized can include the

time spent on medical care, or drugs or other limited resources. This has

happened in disasters such as volcanic eruptions, thunderstorms, and rail

incidents. In these cases some percentage of patients will die regardless

of medical care because of the severity of their injuries. Others would live if

given immediate medical care, but would die without it.

In these extreme situations, any medical care given to people who will die

anyway can be considered to be care withdrawn from others who might have

survived (or perhaps suffered less severe disability from their injuries) had they

been treated instead. It becomes the task of the disaster medical authorities

to set aside some victims as hopeless, to avoid trying to save one life at the

expense of several others. These same rules may need to be applied with

large dog and cat emergencies in order to be able to save/treat the largest

number possible.

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12 Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs • Lesson Plan

When surveying the situation and the animal, there are varying warning signs

that can be observed. These signs will help to give us a better understanding

of how to proceed.

Warning signs for dogs include:

• Body language

o Growling or barking

o Hair standing up on back or shoulders

o Snarling

o Tail may be wagging or tucked under the body

o Ears straight back

• Submission

o Dog crouches or assumes a submissive posture (laying down with belly

exposed)

o Urination

o Lick profusely

o A dog that is fearful yet submissive may bite if you force the situation

Warning signs for cats include:

• Body language of Aggressive/Fearful behavior

o Ears attened

o Salivating or spitting

o Back may be archedo Hair is standing on end

o Hissing

SLIDES

15-16

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Handling and Transportation

Time: 15 minutes

Focus: Learn about animal handling and transportation

including handling techniques, restraints, and

transport issues for cats and dogs

This section will cover various factors that are involved with cats and dogs dur-

ing emergency including handling techniques, restraints, and transport issues.

Even more critical is that you can safely and accurately work with cats and dogs

during these times.

How we handle ourselves when handling animals can have a giant effect on

cat and dog behavior. We want to be calm, controlled, and exert condence.

Handling techniques are very important to learn and to use with small animals.

When handling small animals remember these items:

• Gloves

o Thick gloves may cause a loss of dexterity with small animals. Thin gloves

will offer better tactile ability for ner work.

o Latex or vinyl gloves should be worn at all times when handling injured

animals

• Leashes

o Should be leather, nylon or canvas. Do not use chain-link.

o Make a large loop by passing the “snap connector” end through the loop

of the handle. While standing behind the animal, drop the loop over the

neck and tighten.

• Blankets – Cats

o Be aware of the cat’s body position.

o Drop the towel while standing well above the cat.

o Grasp the scruff of the neck and wrap the towel around the cat’s body.

• Boxes – Cats or small dogs

o Cats will often crawl into them in order to feel safe.

o Can use the towel technique once in the box.

o This technique will also work for small dogs.

Part 4:

SLIDE

17

SLIDE

18-22

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• Muzzles

o Can be useful for controlling the jaws and decreasing the risk of being

bitten.

o May be dangerous to the animal if the animal is vomiting, coughing, orhaving difculty breathing.

o Use soft nylon or leather as muzzle material.

o Muzzles for cats and dogs with short noses arre commercially available.

• Muzzles – Home-made

If needed you can make a muzzle that can be used for dogs with the excep-

tion of those with short noses. Look at the series of 5 photographs to dem-

onstrate the following 5 steps:

1. Start with 18” of material, such as gauze, stocking, neck-tie, soft rope or

a piece of soft cloth.2. Make the beginnings of a knot into a loop that can be placed over the

animal’s nose. Note: Keep enough space between you and the animal’s

mouth so that the animal can’t turn and bite you.

3. Tighten the loop down on top of the nose, but not so tight that the animal

can’t breathe.

4. Pull the ends of the material down each side of the face, across under the

chin and bring the ends back behind the ears.

5. Tie the loose ends back behind the ears.

Note: For short-nosed dogs and cats, after steps 1-5, take one end of the loop

and pass it under the nose loop and tie to the other end around the neck to

secure onto the nose.

Restraint techniques are an important skill to understand. Working with animals

safely is a prime concern during emergency settings. Remember that your safety

is paramount and that you cannot help others including animals if you yourself

become injured. The next three slides will cover dog and cat techniques.

Dog

• Headlock – Dog standing

o Stand or kneel with your chest at the dog’s side.

o Place forearm under the dog’s neck and bring the arm up the other side

of the neck (around the head).

o Lock your forearm under your head.

o Place the other arm over or under the animal’s belly.

SLIDES

23-25

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• Dog lying on their side

o Stand facing the dog with your body beside the dog.

o Reach over dog and then back under dog; take hold of legs closest to your

body.o Slowly pull the legs up and around the dog, forcing it to lay on its’ side. As

the animal drops toward the ground, take care not to let the head hit the

oor.

o Hold front and hind legs straight out, thus preventing the animal from

standing.

o Use forearm closest to animal to push neck to the ground.

Cat

• Cat lying on their side

o The same technique as for the dog with some variation.o Instead of pushing the neck toward the ground with the forearm, grasp

the loose skin behind the neck (the scruff) and hold rmly. This is a primal

carrying position for felines and can often relax the animal.

• Sitting position – Scruff of neck

o Grasp and hold rmly a large amount of the scruff of neck.

o Using the other hand, hold the cat’s body in a sitting position.

Carrying and transporting small animals will be critical at some point during

their treatment. It is important to learn some of the safe methods in which this

can be done.

Dogs

• Small dogs (25 lbs and under)

o Dog can be carried in a box or pet carrier.

o Alternatively, the dog can be carried in a person’s arms.

1. Cradle the dog with your arms

2. Place your hand around the dog’s front legs, with two or three ngers

between the legs

3. Hold the legs as you walk4. Keep the injured side against your body

• Large dogs (over 25 lbs)

o Place one arm under or around the neck.

o Place the other behind the rear legs or under the belly if you suspect a

hind-limb injury.

SLIDES

26-27

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Cats

• Box or pet carrier is the ideal method to transport a cat since they frighten

easily. Cats often run away from the treatment.

• Arm carry

o Utilize the same small dog carry above.

o Alternatively, grab the scruff and support the cat’s body with your other

hand.

A zoonosis is any infectious disease that is able to be transmitted from other

animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to animals (the

latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis). Examples of more commonly known

small animal zoonosis include Ringworm, Scabies, and Rabies. When tending

to small animals during emergencies, be mindful of the potential for zoonotic

disease transfer. Generally CPR is not likely to cause human infection.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

As an extra classroom activity you may consider including one of these if

time permits. A more detailed understanding of animal behavior would be

benecial to anyone that will be working around small animals. A practical

hands-on activity illustrating Handling or Restraint Techniques will go a long

way in helping participants to understand, remember, and practice the con-

cepts learned above.

One activity would be to bring a cat into the classroom (preferably one thatis well mannered). Proper handling techniques can be demonstrated to the

class. The approach to the animal, body language, and handling can be dem-

onstrated. The towel method of wrapping is an excellent technique to show

the class, including the scruff carry.

A second option for an additional hands-on demonstration would be to arrange

for a dog handling activity. If facilities allow for a safe demonstration, you may

want to consider having a trained dog handler demonstrate the principles of

animal restraint and leash with a live animal. Additionally the Home-Made

Muzzle can be demonstrated so that participants can fully comprehend the

soft cloth technique. The presence of a live animal in a visual and hands-on

activity will further reinforce the educational value of this unit. Participants

will better understand and retain the knowledge that they learned.

SLIDE

28

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Vital Signs of Dogs and Cats

Time: 15 minutes

Focus: Examine the vital signs of dogs and cats during

emergency including normal signs, heart rate,

breathing rate, body temperature, mucous mem-

brane color and hydration

This section will cover the vital signs of dogs and cats during emergency includ-

ing normal vital signs, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, mucous

membrane color and hydration. It is important to understand these issues so

that you can better predict rst aid needs during emergencies.

The next 11 slides will relate to vital signs.

Normal vital signs are used as a basis or base line, to judge when an animal is

deviating from the norm. One of the key indicators is the heart rate. We need to

learn how to assess the heart rate and what techniques work best with small

animals.

Heart Rates and Pulses:

• Heartbeat can be felt on the left side of the chest just behind the bend in the

left elbow.

o If you place your hand over this area, you should be able to feel and count

heartbeats.

• Femoral or inner thigh pulse

o Place two ngers as high as possible on the inside of either back leg (use

light touch).

o Feel for pulse in middle of leg about half way between front and back of

leg (there is a small recess where the blood vessels run).

• Just below the wrist – carpuso Locate the area just above middle pad on underside of either front paw.

o Lightly place middle and index ngers at this point and feel for pulse.

• Just below the ankle – hock

o Locate the area just above middle pad on underside of either rear paw.

o Lightly place middle and index ngers at this point and feel for pulse.

SLIDE

29

Part 5:

SLIDES

30-33

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• Normal Heart Rates – The chart on slide #33 clearly illustrates the different

heart rate ranges for varying sized dogs and cats.

o Dog

1. Small – 100-160 beats/minute

2. Medium – 60-100 beats/minute

3. Puppy – 120-160 beats/minute

o Cat – 160-220 beats/minute

Breathing rates for dogs and cats vary. A normal range for dogs is 10-30 breaths/

minute while cats respire at 20-30 breaths/minute. Under extreme conditions

dogs can breathe at up to 200 breaths/minute, while cats can go up to 300

pants/minute.

Panting should not normally occur with a cat. If this is noticed start to worry!

Body temperatures should remain within a normal range for healthy, non-stressed

animals. Techniques for determining this temperature include the following:

1. Use a pediatric rectal or digital thermometer.

2. Lubricate the thermometer with a water based lubricant or petroleum jelly.

3. Normal body temperatures include:

a. Dogs: 100.0°F – 102.8°F

b. Cats: 100.5°F – 102.5°F

c. Temperatures under 100°F and over 104°F should be considered anemergency.

Mucous membrane color can be used to help assess the current condition of

the dog or cat. The photo in slide #38 illustrates the mucous membrane of the

oral tissue. Looking at the color of the oral tissues is a good way to determine

if the animal is getting enough oxygen. If the dog tissue is pigmented, you can

use the membranes in the lower eyelid by gently pulling it down. The normal

color is pink! Blue, pale, yellow, brick red or brown mucous membranes is an

emergency!

The capillary rell time is the time that it takes for the gums to return to their

normal pink color after you press them. As you press, the membrane should

turn white, then it should only take 1-2 seconds for pink color to return. This

is a good way to assess the circulation. If capillary rell time is more than 3

seconds, it is an emergency!

SLIDES

34-35

SLIDES

38-39

SLIDES

36-37

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Hydration is the process of providing an adequate amount of water to the body

tissues. The following steps can be used to determine if the animal is hydrated

or dehydrated:

• Pull up on the skin at the back of the animal’s neck.• It should go back into place immediately (1-2 seconds).

• If not the animal is likely dehydrated.

SLIDE

40

First Aid for Cats and Dogs

Time: 45 minutes

Focus: Learn the rst aid actions for cats and dogs cover-

ing the entire spectrum of rst aid management

of cats and dogs during emergency. These include

recognition, CPR, breathing, circulation, bleeding,

choking, fractures, wounds, eyes, foreign objects,

heat and toxins

This section will cover many factors that are involved with the rst aid actions

for cats and dogs covering the entire spectrum of rst aid management ofcats and dogs during emergency. It is important to understand these issues

so that you can better react to small animal needs and treatments during

emergencies.

Note: The next 43 slides will relate to rst aid actions. These slides contain

excellent pictures that help to highlight the rst aid issue being demonstrat-

ed. Instructors are encouraged to make use of these photographs during the

presentation. Draw the discussion points to the illustration so that partici-

pants can best see and hear the presentation.

Recognizing the emergency at hand and surveying the emergency victim are

core competencies involved in the response and eventual treatment. Emer-

gencies that you may encounter could include:

• Trauma (falls, hit by vehicle, gunshot, other punctures/cuts)

• Difculty breathing

• Seizures

SLIDE

41

Part 6:

SLIDES

42-45

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• Excessive bleeding (cannot be stopped by applying pressure)

• Snake bites

• Heat stroke or hypothermia

• Poisoning

• Shock

• Burns

• Drowning

• Unconsciousness

• Others

Surveying the emergency victim can follow the “ABC’s of CPR”

ABCs of CPR

Airway Is there an open airway? Breathing Is the animal breathing?

Circulation Is there a heartbeat and a pulse?

Also include the following four in your survey:

1. Mucous Membrane Color?

2. Capillary Rell Time?

3. Any evidence of bleeding?

4. Animal’s level of consciousness?

CPR or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is a method to treat an animal that isnot breathing and/or has no heartbeat. It involves rescue breathing (mouth-

to-nose resuscitation) and chest compressions. The ABC’s or basic principles

(Airway, Breathing and Circulation) must be followed.

Warning: CPR does not always work even when performed by an experienced

veterinarian. If your attempt fails, know that you did everything that you could

to save an animal’s life.

Breathing – It is imperative that the animal be able to breathe. All mammals

need oxygen in order to survive, and when it is blocked or not available, the

animal will not live long.

Establish an Airway by performing the following steps:

1. Check to see if the throat and mouth are clear of foreign objects.

2. To clear the airway, gently tilt the head back and extend the neck.

3. Pull the tongue between the front teeth.

SLIDE

46

SLIDES

47-52

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4. Use your nger to remove any material or liquid from the airway.

Note: Do not put your nger into the mouth of a conscious animal. You

will be bitten!

If the animal is breathing, let them continue on their own. If not, then do the

following:

1. Medium and large dogs (over 30 pounds): seal animal’s mouth and lips

by placing your hands around its lips. See photos in slide #50.

o Gently hold the muzzle closed

2. Cats and small dogs (under 30 pounds): your mouth will seal the mouth

and lips -- no need to seal with hands. See photos in slide #51.

3. Place your mouth over the animal’s nose and forcefully exhale.

o Give 4-5 breaths rapidly, then check if animal is breathing.

o Continue up to 20 minutes. After each breathing session, check if the

animal can breathe without assistance.

Breathing Rates for CPR

Small dog or cat 20 – 30 breaths per minute

Medium or large dog 20 breaths per minute

Note: If you have access to oxygen for a distressed animal then use it

instead.

Circulation is required to distribute the blood supply throughout the body. As

the blood circulates it carries oxygen and vital nutrients throughout the circu-

lation system.

If there is no pulse or no detectable heartbeat in the animal then perform

chest compressions. The following instructions should be used. (See photos

in slide #54 and #56.)

• Lay animal on its right side.

• Kneel next to the animal with chest facing you.• Place palm of one of your hands over animal’s ribs at point where elbow

touches chest.

• Place other hand around back of and underneath animal.

• Compress chest ½ - 1 inch (elbows should be locked).

• Alternate with breaths.

o 5 compressions for each breath and check for a pulse.

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o If more than one person, each take a position and alternate at 3 com-

pressions for each breath, then check for pulse.

Cardiac compressions can be made following the above instructions and

should be altered depending on the size of the animal. The following break-downs can be used with dogs of varying sizes:

• Medium to Large Dogs (30–90 pounds)

o Stand or kneel with the animal’s back towards you.

o Extend arms at the elbows and cup your hands over each other.

o Compress the chest at the point where the left elbow lies when pulled

back to the chest.

o Compress about 1-3 inches with each compression.

• Alternate with breathing

o If alone, do 5 compressions for each breath, then check for pulse.

o If two people, perform 2 – 3 compressions for each breath, then check

for a pulse.

• Giant Dogs (Over 90 pounds)

o Use the same technique for medium to large dogs.

o If alone, do 10 compressions for each breath, then check for a pulse.

o If two people, do 6 compressions for each breath, then check for a

pulse.

Note: Do not assume there is no heart rate or pulse because an animal is

not breathing. Always check for a heartbeat before starting chest compres-

sions.

Shock results from decreased blood and oxygen ow to tissues and organs.

Symptoms can include the following:

• Increased heart rate

• Pulse may be bounding or, in later stages, weak

• Increased respiratory rate

• Delayed capillary rell time

• Decreased body temperature/cool feet

• If in septic shock (infection), temperature may be elevated

• Weakness

• Disorientation

• Rescue workers must focus on stopping bleeding, warming the animal and

the ABC’s

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Terminal Shock or End Stage Shock is when the body can no longer compen-

sate for decreased oxygen and blood to vital organs.

• Cardiac arrest is likely to occur soon – take the following actions:

o Assess ABC’s of CPRo Control the bleeding

o Warm the animal

o Elevate hind-end slightly (unless broken back is suspected)

Bleeding can be a life threatening situation for any animal. When this issue is

discovered, the following ve steps should be initiated:

1. Check ABC’s of CPR

2. Apply direct pressure with gauze or cloth

3. Add more cloth if material gets soaked

4. Do not wipe5. Secure with tape

Bleeding pressure points can be used to prevent further bleeding if conven-

tional techniques have failed. Pressure points are areas from where the blood

vessels travel. Apply rm and even pressure to appropriate pressure points.

The chart on slide #61 illustrates the bleeding site versus the pressure point

that controls it:

Site of Bleeding Pressure Point

Forearm Armpit

Hind Limb Inner thigh

Head Lower Jaw – Place 3 ngers at

base of lower jaw on the same side

as injury and below where bleeding is

occurring

Neck Groove next to windpipe - Place 3 ngers

in groove next to windpipe (round & hard)

on side of neck where bleeding is

occurring

When using pressure points, you must release pressure every 10 minutes

(for a few seconds), as this prevents permanent damage to limb. When using

head and neck pressure points, take care not to obstruct breathing.

Choking can occur quite frequently with small animals. Be prepared to treat

this common occurrence which can many times be easily remedied. The fol-

SLIDES

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lowing steps should be used:

1. Open animal’s mouth and sweep from side to side to see if object can be

dislodged.

2. If animal is small enough, suspend animal by the hips with head hangingdown. (See illustrations on slide #64).

3. If animal is bigger, place your arms around animal’s waist.

4. Close your hands together to make a st just behind rst rib.

5. Compress the abdomen by pushing up 5 times.

a. Alternate with performing 5 breaths (any air around the object is better

than none).

6. As a last resort, administer a sharp blow to the back between the shoulder

blades.

a. Then repeat abdominal compressions.

Fractures can manifest themselves by lameness, swelling, and abnormal limb

position. Occasionally they will illustrate themselves with bruising or protrud-

ing bones. Splinting guidelines can help to insure proper treatment.

• If a piece of bone is sticking out of the wound, wash the area with water

or saline solution. Loosely place a dressing over the wound and wrap with

tape.

• If the animal can’t be kept completely still for transport, a splint may be ap-

plied by the following:

o Place a rigid structure along each side of the fractured limb (rolled pa-per, stick, pen, etc).

o Hold with tape in multiple locations, but do not wrap too tightly.

• Splinting should always include the joints below and above the fracture

site. Otherwise, the splint can cause more harm than good.

• If animal is struggling or you can transport it in a box or carrier, do not at-

tempt to splint. Splinting can worsen a fracture.

Puncture wounds and lacerations are common injuries to dogs and cats. First

aid measures should include the following:

1. Remove foreign object

2. Wash area with saline

a. Add one teaspoon of salt to a quart of warm water

3. Dry foot

4. Bandage

5. Check ABC’s of CPR

6. Check for shock

SLIDES

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7. Apply sterile lube to keep hair out of wound

8. Clip hair around wound area

a. Clippers or razor blade

9. Flush with saline

10. Apply a bandage

Drowning has its own unique rst aid actions.

1. Check ABC’s of CPR.

2. For unconscious animals, hold the animal upside down and allow water to

come out airway (nose or mouth).

3. CPR as needed.

4. Treat for shock (keep quiet and warm).

These two slides illustrate actual eye injuries of a foreign object and an eye

out of the socket.

• Foreign Objects in the Eye:

o Swelling, squinting, pawing or obvious object

o Gently wash the eye with large amounts of tap water or sterile eye wash

o Inspect closely to conrm that all of the object has been removed

• Eye out of Socket:

o Flush with sterile eyewash

o Cover the eye with a moistened gauze

o Blind the opposite eye

o Do not put a leash around the animal’s neck

o Get veterinary attention as quickly as possible

Embedded foreign bodies can make their way into cats and dogs during di-

sasters. It is important to know how these should be treated in rst aid so as

not to make the injury worse.

Do Not Remove Embedded Foreign Bodies!

1. Roll up gauze or other material that can be used to stabilize the object in

place

2. Use tape or an object that ts over the foreign body to make a brace tohold foreign body still

3. If the object is long, make it shorter without removing it

4. Get veterinary assistance as soon as possible

Embedded Fish Hooks

1. Do not pull or cut the line!

SLIDE

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SLIDES

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2. Push the hook through the exit wound

3. Cut the barb off using a wire cutter

4. Pull the hook out from the direction that it entered the skin

5. Treat the resulting puncture like a wound

Heat comes from both internal (metabolic) and external sources. Metabolic

heat is generated all of the time. Approximately 50% of metabolic heat is

generated directly from what is eaten. Additional metabolic heat is generated

when an animal exercises. This metabolic heat is dissipated in most species

through sweating, although dogs use panting as the main avenue for heat

dissipation. Severe heat stress is characterized by body temperatures well

above the normal range.

Heat Stroke symptoms include:

• Collapse

• Vomiting or bloody diarrhea• Excessive salivation


• Fast or difcult breathing

• Red mucous membranes

• Capillary rell time may be prolonged or very quick

• Body temperature 104°F or above

Solutions to heat stroke include:

• Move to cool or shaded area

• Soak in or with cool (not iced) water

• Place towels around neck, head, abdomen and feet

• Discontinue cooling once the temperature reaches 103°F

Snake Bite is common for dogs and cats living in snake infested areas. Even

in relative low snake density areas, disasters (such as hurricanes, oods, etc)

can drive snakes into areas that they normally do not inhabit. During these

times, snake encounters could be more likely to happen to small animals. If a

dog or cat is bitten by a snake follow these guidelines:

1. ABC’s of CPR/Check for shock

2. Keep as still and calm as possible (carry the animal)

3. Do not cut wound or suck venom

4. Do not apply ice or a tourniquet

5. Seek medical attention as soon as possible

Toxin Ingestion may come in various forms. Liquids, chemicals, and items that

are eaten, may all play a role in toxic contamination. Look for these signs and

think about the solutions:

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SLIDE

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• Signs of potential toxin ingestion

o Vomiting or diarrhea.

o Seizures or abnormal mental state (hyper excitable, depressed).

o Excessive salivation.o Ulcers in mouth.

o Bleeding from mouth or any body cavity.

• Seizures

o Animals may have seizures from toxin ingestion or other causes.

o Protect from harm due to surroundings.

o Do not put hand in the mouth or try to pull on the tongue

• Toxin Ingestion

o Check the ABC’s of CPR.

o Check the mucous membrane color, capillary rell time, animal’s mentalstate.

o Check the surroundings for possible poison or toxin.

o If possible, call the National Animal Poison Control Center 1-800-548-

2423 or 1-900-680-0000.

Burns can result from re, chemical, or electrical disasters. Cats and dogs

can be adversely affected by these emergencies and may need specialized

treatment. Look for and do the following:

• Check for shock

• Flush chemical burns profusely with water• Apply cool water or cool compresses to burned area

• Apply sterile nonstick dressing

• Do not immerse in water or ice!

• Do not apply butter or ointment!

Emergency Triage – Just as was covered in Slide #14 in Part 3: Survey and

Evaluate the Emergency, we need to keep in mind that “When presented with

the situation, the animal that is most critical but the best chance of living

should be attended to rst”.

SLIDE

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Euthanasia

Time: 10 minutes

Focus: Learn about the issues surrounding euthanasia

including decision making, humane consider-

ations, procedures, and Florida laws

This section will cover the issues surrounding euthanasia including decision

making, humane considerations, procedures, and Florida laws. It is important

to understand these issues so that you can better serve animals in distress

during emergencies.

The next 6 slides deal with Euthanasia.

All animal owners, farmers, ranchers, and veterinarians would prefer to use

treatment options in order to save/heal an animal. Under certain severe condi-

tions the nature of the injury or disease to the animal will be terminal eventually

and it is more humane to destroy the animal versus having it suffer a long and

protracted death. Euthanasia is dened as the action of killing the animal for

reasons considered to be merciful.

General issues to consider include:

• Pain and stress of the animal

• Likelihood of recovery

• Diagnostic information

• Welfare of the animal, humane considerations

• Sustained injuries may necessitate humane euthanasia

• Best performed by a veterinarian or under veterinary guidance

• Veterinary assistance may not be available during large scale emergency

– therefore very important to understand issues involved

Important considerations include:

• When euthanasia is necessary, always minimize animal distress as much as

possible

• For animals who are accustomed to human contact, the presence of humans

may be reassuring

1. Penetrating captive bolt may be preferred

2. Exsanguination in unconscious animals may be preferred

Part 7:

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• For wildlife, human contact causes fear and greater distress

1. Gunshot may be preferred

2. Gunshot permits the least amount of human contact

Aesthetic concerns of euthanasia:

• Despite being humane, both captive bolt and gunshot are aesthetically dis-

pleasing procedures

• Involuntary movement of the animal will most likely occur after the procedure.

Some issues include:

1. “Kill the head, the body dies slowly” – Temple Grandin

2. Exsanguination (the draining of blood) requires several minutes and is

visually uncomfortable to observe.

• These procedures should be conducted away from the public view, especiallysince many will not fully understand the principles of euthanasia.

Death should be conrmed by the evaluation of the following physical parameters

over a period of several minutes:

• Lack of a heartbeat – a pulse is normally not present in these circumstanc-

es

• Lack of respiration – breathing may be erratic in an unconscious animal

• Lack of a corneal reex

• Lack of movement over a period of several hours – rigor mortis should set

in

Unacceptable methods of euthanasia include the following which are forbidden

under Florida law (Florida Statutes 828.12):

• Manually applied blunt trauma to the head, such as a large hammer

• Injection of any chemical substance not labeled for use for euthanasia. (This

is where the services of a licensed veterinarian can be crucial.)

• Injection of air into a vein

• Electrocution, as with 120 or 220 volt electrical power.

In general euthanasia is a difcult decision, and a complicated action that may

be required in severe circumstances. It is one that is difcult for animal owners

to accept and often harder for the general public who only sees the nal out-

come. The proper understanding and mental preparation for this critical issue is

vitally important. It is hoped by all involved that euthanasia of small animals will

never have to be carried out. We must keep in mind that our work is done in the

best interest of the animals, and we must realize that in certain severe cases,

euthanasia is more humane for the suffering animal than all other options.

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Pets in Disaster

Time: 5 minutes

Focus: Identify where to take pets during a disaster, how

to create a rst aid kit, and reliable pet identica-

tion

This section will identify where to take pets during a disaster, how to create a

rst aid kit, and reliable pet identication. It is important to learn these issues

so that you can be better prepared for emergencies, direct pet owners during

emergencies, and locate missing pets after a disaster.

Where can pets go during an emergency? There are many shelters located across

Florida. Florida Pet Friendly.com lists shelters (by county) where people can stay

with their pets if they must evacuate their area. Requirements for each shelter

are also listed. The website can be found at the following URL:

http://oridapetfriendly.com/shelters.htm

First Aid kits for pets should be made up in advance of an emergency. A good

list of supplies can be found at the following URL:

http://www.canismajor.com/dog/fstaidk.html

Pet Identication can be a major factor in reuniting lost pets with their owners.

During emergencies, many pets get displaced/separated from their owners.

Many times they are sadly never reunited. A simple and very effective precaution

is called “microchipping”, where a small electronic microchip is placed under

the skin of the pet. This technology is considered the best way to help reunite

displaced animals with their owners.

Part 8:

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Highlight Resources

Time: 5 minutes

Focus: Identify key resources that participants can easily

access for additional information

The following sources of information, including agencies, may be helpful.

• The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), established in 1863,

is a not-for-prot association representing more than 76,000 veterinarians

working in private and corporate practice, government, industry, academia,

and uniformed services. Information on animal welfare and euthanasia can

be found at: http://www.avma.org/issues/default.asp

• Animal Management in Disasters. Health, Sebastian E. Ph.D., DVM., Mosby,

Inc, 1999.

• Disaster Planning Tips for Pets, Livestock and Wildlife. Federal Emergency

Management Agency publication, June 2002.

• Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN) is a collaborative multi-state

effort by Extension Services across the country to improve the delivery of

services to citizens affected by disasters. This site serves primarily Extension

agents and educators by providing them access to resources on disaster

mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery that will enhance theirshort- and long-term programming efforts.

• Florida Agricultural Law Enforcement. The Ofce of Agricultural Law Enforce-

ment is dedicated to protecting Florida’s agriculture and its consumers

through professional law enforcement. http://www.-aglaw.com/

• Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS). http://www.

doacs.state..us

• Florida Animal Disease Control http://www.doacs.state..us/ai/adc/adc_

main.shtml

• Florida Dept. of Community Affairs, Div. of Emergency Management. http://

www.oridadisaster.org

• Florida Pet Friendly: Florida emergency shelters where you can stay with your

pet if you must evacuate from your home during hurricanes or disasters.

http://www.oridapetfriendly.com/pet-friendly-hurricane-shelters.htm

• Guidelines for the Development of a Local Animal Care Plan in Emergen-

cies, Disasters, and Evacuations. Heath, Sebastian E. Ph.D. D.V.M., Purdue

University, School of Veterinary Medicine.

Part 9:

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• Homeland Security http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

• Humane Society of United States (HSUS), Cat First Aid Kit: http://www.hsus.

org/pets/pet_care/cat_care/keys_to_a_healthy_cat/your_cats_rstaid_kit.

html

• National Agricultural Safety Database (NASD), The information contained in

NASD was contributed by safety professionals and organizations from across

the nation and provides a national resource for the dissemination of informa-

tion. http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/

o Animal Handling Safety

http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001801-d001900/d001823/d001823.html

o Fleas


o Preparing to Evacuate Your Farm, Safety Measures When Flooding is Ex-pected


o Things to Know about Pet Grooming and Pesticides


• Pet First Aid Kit – list of supplies can be found at the dog owners website:

http://www.canismajor.com/dog/fstaidk.html

• State Veterinarian Ofce contact information for each state. http://www.aphis.

usda.gov/vs/sregs/ofcial.html

• United States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA). http://www.usda.gov• University of Florida Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension

publication resource (EDIS) offers many fact sheets for veterinary and animal

health issues. http://edis.ifas.u.edu/Departement_Veterinary_Medicine

• University of Florida IFAS Extension Disaster Handbook. http://disaster.ifas.

u.edu

• USDA–APHIS Veterinary Services publication, “Animal Health Hazards of

Concern During Natural Disasters”(Feb. 2002). This publication aims to “de-

scribe some of the natural disasters that have occurred in the U.S. during

recent years and to review some infectious and noninfectious hazards that

are perceived to be related directly to natural disasters.” http://www.aphis.

usda.gov/vs/ceah/EmergingAnimalHealthIssues_les/hazards.PDF

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). http://oie.int

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Summary and Wrap-Up

Time: 5 minutes

Focus: Review the learning objectives that have been

accomplished and encourage a commitment to

SART

You and your audience have had a busy and educational two hours, but it is

almost over. Prior to answering general questions, provide a summary to the

participants of what they have just learned.

In Summary, let us keep in mind the basic principles that we have learned:

1. In an emergency, your safety is of the utmost importance.

2. Prevention and preparation are the keys.

3. Providing animals with adequate shelter, water, and food is critical in the

immediate aftermath of an emergency.

4. Treating injured animals may not be feasible without help from trained pro-

fessionals.

It is recommended that you summarize the 7 learning objectives that were

covered during the unit. Go over each and make sure that the participants

understand each of the objectives. If not, briey cover the important points for

that objective.

1. Dene emergency rst aid for cats and dogs

2. Explain the health and safety priority of personnel

3. Describe how to survey and evaluate emergency situations

4. Identify appropriate handling techniques

5. Explain the vital signs for cats and dogs, and their measurement

6. Recognize trauma types and the appropriate treatment procedures

7. Identify key resources available for more information

Thank the audience for their attention and participation. Congratulate them for

their commitment to the SART endeavor and on their desire to be part of the

solution.

At this point in the program, you may choose to have the participants take the

Post-Test provided in the resources section of this Lesson Plan. Remember to

review the answers to the test questions after all participants have completed

the test. It may be most benecial to review these as a group in order to maxi-

Part 10:

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mize the educational component.

A content specic Evaluation is provided in the Resources section of this Lesson

Plan. The generic Evaluation available in the Toolkit for Planning a Community

Based SART Training Event can be utilized as well. As the presenter, you shoulddecide which evaluation best meets the needs of your program. Please have

the participants complete an evaluation at the conclusion of this unit. Encour-

age participants to be as honest and forthright as possible as it helps you, the

presenter, make adjustments to future presentations.

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Participant’s Evaluation of Emergency First Aid for Cats and

Dogs

Please circle the number that best expresses your opinions about the following statements.

1. The training unit’s format was appropriate.

2. The information presented was useful to me.

3. The time it took to complete this unit was

acceptable.

4. The PowerPoint slides accurately presented

the information.

5. I can explain the health and safety priority for

personnel.

6. I can describe how to survey and evaluate

emergency situations.

7. I can identify appropriate handling techniques.

8. I can explain the vital signs for cats and dogs

and their measurement.

9. I can recognize trauma types and the

appropriate treatments.

10. I can dene emergency rst aid for cats and dogs.

11. We welcome your comments about this program:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Please use the back of this sheet for any further comments.

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

FULLY FULLY

DISAGREE DISAGREE NEUTRAL AGREE AGREE

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Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs Participant Pre-Test

This pre-test is intended to gauge the level of knowledge that you have before participating

in the Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs. Please answer all of the following questions to

the best of your ability.

1. Whose safety is of the highest importance during an emergency? Circle one.

2. When surveying an emergency situation involving a dog, name two “body language”

warning signs that dogs may exhibit showing that the dog could be dangerous.

_____________________ _____________________

3. ______________________ can be useful for controlling the jaws and decreasing the risk

of being bitten.

4. Breathing rates for cats and dogs vary. A panting cat is a happy cat. True or False.

5. What organization keeps information listings for pet emergency shelters across Florida?

____________________________________________

6. What are the ABCs of CPR? Circle three.

7. _____________________ is the action of killing an animal for reasons considered to

be merciful, and may be the most humane alternative when dealing with seriously ill or

injured animals.

8. Name two unacceptable methods of euthanasia that are prohibited by Florida State law.

___________________________________ _________________________________

9. _____________________ should be consutled before issuing any drugs/medications to

injured or sick animals.

10. _____________________ can manifest themselves by lameness, swelling, and abnormal

limb position. Occasionally, they will illustrate themselves with bruising or protruding

bones.

Airway Beats Breathing Circulation Counting

Dog Cat Human caretaker Reptiles

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37Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs • Lesson Plan

Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs Participant Post-Test

This post-test is intended to gauge the level of knowledge that you have before participating

in the Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs. Please answer all of the following questions to

the best of your ability.

1. Whose safety is of the highest importance during an emergency? Circle one.

2. When surveying an emergency situation involving a dog, name two “body language”

warning signs that dogs may exhibit showing that the dog could be dangerous.

_____________________ _____________________

3. ______________________ can be useful for controlling the jaws and decreasing the risk

of being bitten.

4. Breathing rates for cats and dogs vary. A panting cat is a happy cat. True or False.

5. What organization keeps information listings for pet emergency shelters across Florida?

____________________________________________

6. What are the ABCs of CPR? Circle three.

7. _____________________ is the action of killing an animal for reasons considered to

be merciful, and may be the most humane alternative when dealing with seriously ill or

injured animals.

8. Name two unacceptable methods of euthanasia that are prohibited by Florida State law.

___________________________________ _________________________________

9. _____________________ should be consutled before issuing any drugs/medications to

injured or sick animals.

10. _____________________ can manifest themselves by lameness, swelling, and abnormal

limb position. Occasionally, they will illustrate themselves with bruising or protruding

bones.

Airway Beats Breathing Circulation Counting

Dog Cat Human caretaker Reptiles

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Answer Key to Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs Pre- and

Post-Tests

1. Your safety is the most important. The primary objective during any emergency is to

insure the safety of human responders. This is especially true when working around cats

and dogs in times of stress. You may be trying to help animals in need, but you are of no

help to them if you yourself become injured or killed.

2. When surveying the situation and the animal, there are varying warning signs that can

be observed. These signs will help to give us a better understanding of how to proceed.

Warning signs for dogs include:

• Body language

o Growling or barking

o Hair standing up on back or shoulders

o Snarling

o Tail may be wagging or tucked under the body

o Ears straight back

• Submission

o Dog crouches or assumes a submissive posture (laying down with belly exposed)

o Urination

o Lick profusely

o A dog that is fearful yet submissive may bite if you force the situation

3. Muzzles can be useful for controlling the jaws and decreasing the risk of being bitten.

4. Breathing rates for dogs and cats vary. A normal range for dogs is 10-30 breaths/min-

ute while cats respire at 20-30 breaths/minute. Under extreme conditions dogs can

breathe at up to 200 breaths/minute, while cats can go up to 300 pants/minute. Pant-

ing should not normally occur with a cat. If this is noticed start to worry!

5. Where can pets go during an emergency? There are many shelters located across Flor-

ida. Florida Pet Friendly.com lists shelters (by county) where people can stay with their

pets if they must evacuate their area. Requirements for each shelter are also listed.The Web site can be found at the following URL: http://oridapetfriendly.com/shelters.

htm

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6. Surveying the emergency victim can follow the “ABC’s of CPR”:

ABCs of CPR

Airway Is there an open airway? Breathing Is the animal breathing?


7. Euthanasia is the action of killing the animal for reasons considered to be merciful, and

may be the most humane alternative when dealing with seriously ill or injured animals.

8. Unacceptable methods of euthanasia include the following which are forbidden under

Florida law (Florida Statutes 828.12): Manually applied blunt trauma to the head, such

as a large hammer, Injection of any chemical substance not labeled for use for euthana-

sia, Injection of air into a vein, Electrocution, as with 120 or 220 volt electrical power.

9. A veterinarian should be consulted before issuing any drugs/medications to injured or

sick animals. Most drugs can only be given by prescription, and others are restricted for

administration by veterinarians only.

10. Fractures can manifest themselves by lameness, swelling, and abnormal limb position.

Occasionally they will illustrate themselves with bruising or protruding bones.

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5

Primary Objective

• When assisting dogs and cats during an

emergency situation

– Your safety is ultimately the highest priority!!!

– Do not endanger yourself or fellow first

responders to attempt heroic rescue measures

for animals

State Agricultural Response Team 6

This Presentation is Intended for…

• Good Samaritans

• Emergency Medical

Professionals

• First Responders

• No Matter the level of

experience, remember to

seek veterinary advice

whenever possible!

State Agricultural Response Team

4

Learning Objectives

After completing this training activity, participants should:

• Describe ways to practice Priority #1 – Prevent Injury to

Yourself

• Understand the stages of rendering treatment that

represent best practice, including:

– Describe how to survey and evaluate the emergency situation

– List appropriate handling techniques

– List vital signs of dogs and cats and how they are measured

– List and recognize types of trauma

– Recognize which first aid procedures are appropriate to type of

trauma

State Agricultural Response Team3

Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs


Prepared by

Amy StoneClinical Assistant Professor – Small Animal Surgery

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences

University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine / IFAS

2

Pets and Disaster

Emergency First Aid

for Cats and Dogs

SART logo

PowerPoint Slides

Slides 1-6


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11

Survey the Emergency Situation

• Avoid becoming avictim; always survey forpotential hazards

– Oncoming traffic

– Downed power lines

– Hazardous materials

– Dangerous or venomous

wildlife


Survey the Emergency Victim

• Approaching an Injured Dog orCat

– Approach very slowly

– Approach softly as to avoid

startling the animal

– Lower your body so that you are

not towering over them -- standingat full height could be interpreted

as a threat

– Do not make direct eye contactwith the animal or stare directly


10



Avoiding Injury to Yourself

• Cats

– Can bite causing puncture, bleeding and seriousinfection

– Scratch leading to bleeding and infection

– They are very flexible and can be difficult to

restrain without getting scratched or bitten


– If you are scratched or

bitten by a cat, contacta medical professional

immediately!

8


• Dogs

– Can bite causing

crushing injury

– Can scratch causing

skin injury

– Both bites and

scratches can lead

to bleeding and

infection


Priority #1 -- Avoid Injury to Yourself

• Animals in emergency

situations

– Nervous, anxious,

possibly injured

– Unpredictable

– Dangerous!!!



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 7-12

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17



Handling Techniques

• Gloves

– Thick gloves may cause a loss of dexterity with small

animals

– Latex or vinyl gloves should be worn at all times when

handling injured animals

• Dogs: Leashes (leather, nylon or canvas -- no

chain-link)

– Make a large loop by passing the end you normally

connect to the collar through the hole in the handle

– Standing just behind the animal or to the side, drop the

loop over the neck and tighten


16

Warning Signs -- Cats

• Body Language Signs

(Aggressive/Fearful)

– Ears flattened

– Salivating or spitting

– Back may be arched– Hair is standing on end

– Hissing


Warning Signs -- Dogs


– Growling

– Hair standing up (back, shoulders)

– Snarling

– Tail may be wagging or tucked under the body

– Ears straight back

• Submission

– Dog crouches and assumes submissive posture (lays

down with belly exposed), may urinate or lick profusely

– A fearfully submissive dog can become a biting dog if

you force the situation


14

Emergency Triage

• When presented with the situation, the

animal that is most critical but with the best

chance of living should be attended to first


Critical injury

Poor chance

Injury

Poor chance

Critical injury

Good chance

Injury

Good chance

C h a n c e o f s u r v I v a l

S e

v e

r i t y

o

f

i n j

u

r y

13


• Keep an eye on the animal’s posture and

expressions

– Face, ears, tail, fur and body

• Allow the animal to smell the back of your

hand

– WATCH for reactions carefully

– Never make quick or sudden movements



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 13-18

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23

Restraint Techniques -- Dog

• Headlock -- Dog Standing

– Stand or kneel with your chest at dog’s side

– Place forearm under the dog’s neck and bring the arm up

the other side of the neck (around the head)

– Lock your forearm under your head

– Place the other arm over or under the animal’s belly



•Lying on their side

– Stand with your body beside

dog, facing dog

– Reach over dog and then back

under dog; take hold of legs

closest to your body


– Slowly pull the legs up and around the dog, forcing to lay

on its side. As the animal drops toward the ground, take

care not to let the head hit the floor

– Hold front and hind legs straight out, thus preventing

animal from standing

– Use forearm closest to animal to push neck to the ground

22

Making a Home-Made Muzzle

3. Tighten the loop down on top of the nose, but not so tight that the

animal can’t breath

4. Pull the ends of the material down each side of the face, cross under

the chin and bring the ends back behind the ears

5. Tie the lose ends back behind the ears

Note: For short-nosed dogs and cats, after steps 1-5, take one end of the loop and

pass it under the nose loop and tie to the other end a round the neck to secure

onto the nose



If needed you can make a muzzle that can be

used for dogs with the exception of those

with short noses.

1. Start with 18” of material, such as gauze,

stocking, neck-tie, soft rope or a piece of

soft cloth

2. Make the beginnings of a knot into a loop

that can be placed over the animal’s nose

Note: Keep enough space between you and

animal’s mouth so that the animal can’t

turn and bite you.


20

Handling Techniques -- Muzzles

• May be dangerous to

muzzle these situations:

– Vomiting

– Coughing

– Having difficulty breathing


• Muzzles may be necessary to treat injured

animals

– Use soft nylon or leather

– There are pre-made muzzles for cats and dogs with

short noses

19

Handling Techniques

•Cats: Towels or Blankets

– Be aware of cat’s position at

all times

– Drop towel while standing

well over cat

– Grasp scruff of neck and

wrap towel around cat’s body


•Cats or Small Dogs: Boxes -- Cats will often crawl into them for comfort

-- Then you can use the towel technique

-- This may also work for small dogs


PowerPoint Slides

Slides 19-24

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29



Normal Vital Signs

• Heart Rates and Pulses

– Heartbeat can be felt on the left side of the chest just

behind the bend in the left elbow

– If you place your hand over this area, you should be

able to feel and count heartbeats


28

Zoonoses

• Zoonoses are diseases ofanimals transmissible tohumans

– Ringworm

– Scabies

– Rabies• Be mindful of these while

aiding animals in

emergency situations

• In general, CPR is not likely

to cause human illness


Carrying and Transporting -- Cat

•Box or carrier

– Ideal way to transport a cat

They frighten easily and may

jump away from you

•Arms

– Use the small dog technique– Alternatively, grab the scruff

and support the cat’s body

with your other hand


26

Carrying and Transporting -- Dog

• Small (less than 25 pounds)

– Dog can be carried in box or carrier

– Alternatively, the dog can be carried in a person’s arms

• Cradle the dog with your arms

• Place your hand around the dog’s front legs, with two or three

fingers between the legs

• Hold the legs as you walk

• Keep the injured side against your body

• Large (25 pounds or more)

– Place one arm under or around the neck

– Place the other behind the rear legs or under the belly if

you suspect a hind-limb injury


Restraint Techniques -- Cat

• Lying on their side

– The same technique as for the dog with some variation

– Instead of pushing the neck toward the ground with the

forearm, grasp the loose skin behind the neck (the scruff)

and hold firmly

Warning: Some cats are better man aged with minimal restraint. The y canactually become harder to handle i f restrained.


• Scruff in a sitting position

– Grasp and hold firmly a large amount

of the scruff

– Using the other hand, hold the cat’s

body in a sitting position


PowerPoint Slides

Slides 25-30

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 31-36

35

Panting

Wo rry if a cat is panting !!


Body Temperature


• Use a pediatric rectal or

digital thermometer

• Lubricate the

thermometer with a

water-based lubricant or

petroleum jelly

34

Breathing Rate

• Dogs

– 10-30 breaths/minute

– Up to 200 pants per minute

• Cats




Normal Heart Rate


Dog

Cat

Small, miniature, or toy

breed (30 pounds or less)

Medium to large breed(over 30 pounds)

100 - 160 bpm

60 - 100 bpm

120 - 160 bpm

160 - 220 bpm

* bpm – beats per minute

Puppy(until one year old)

32

Normal Vital Signs

•Just below the wrist (carpus)

– Locate the area just above middle

pad on underside of either front paw

– Lightly place middle and index

fingers at this point and feel for pulse

•Just below the ankle (hock)


pad on underside of either rear paw




Normal Vital Signs

• Heart Rates and Pulses:

Femoral or inner thigh

pulse

– Place two fingers as high as

possible on the inside of

either back leg (use light

touch)

– Feel for pulse in middle of leg

about half way between front

and back of leg (there is a

small recess where the bloodvessels run)


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41

First Aid for Dogs and Cats


• Trauma (Falls, hit by vehicle,

gun shot, other punctures/cuts)• Difficulty breathing• Seizures• Excessive bleeding (cannot be

stopped by applying pressure)• Snake bites

• Heat stroke or hypothermia• Poisoning• Shock• Burns• Drowning

• Unconsciousness• Others

Recognizing an Emergency


40

Hydration

Pull up on the skin at

the back of the

animal’s neck

It should go back into

place immediately

(1-2 seconds)

If not the animal is

likely dehydrated.


Capillary Refill Time

• This is the time that it takes forthe gums to return to their

normal pink color after youpress them

• As you press, the membraneshould turn white

• Then it should only take 1-2seconds for pink color to return

• This is a good way to assesscirculation

• If capillary refill time is more

than 3 seconds, it is anemergency


38

Mucous Membrane Color

• Looking at the color of the oral

tissues is a good way to

determine if the animal is

getting oxygen

• If the dog is pigmented, you

can use the membranes in the

lower eyelid by gently pulling it

down

• The normal color is pink!

• Blue, pale, yellow, brick red or

brown mucous membranes is

an emergency


Body Temperature

Normal body temperatures are:

Dogs 100.0 - 102.8 °F

Cats 100.5 - 102.5 °F

Temperatures under 100°F and over 104°F shouldbe considered an emergency



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 37-42

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 43-48

47

Establish an Airway

• Check to see if the throat and

mouth are clear of foreignobjects

• To clear the airway, gently tiltthe head back and extend theneck

• Pull the tongue between thefront teeth

• Use your finger to remove anymaterial or liquid from theairway

Do not put your finger into t he mouth of a conscious animal; you will be bitten


Establish an Airway


46

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

• Method to treat an animal that is not breathingand/or has no heartbeat

• It involves rescue breathing (mouth-to-noseresuscitation)and chest compressions

• The ABC’s or basic principles (airway, breathing

and circulation) must be followed

Warning: CPR does not always work even whenperformed by an experienced veterinarian. Ifyour attempt fails, know that you did everythingthat you could to save an animal’s life.



• Mucous Membrane

Color ?

• Capillary Refill Time ?

• Any evidence ofbleeding ?

• Animal’s level of

consciousness ?


44




ABCs of CPR

Airway Is there an open airway?

Breathing Is the animal breathing?



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53

Circulation – Small Dog or Cat

If no pulse or no detectable heartbeat, perform chest

compressions

•Lay animal on its right side

•Kneel next to animal with chest facing you

•Place palm of one of your hands over animal’s ribs at point

where elbow touches chest

•Place other hand around back of and underneath animal

•Compress chest ½ - 1 inch (elbows should be locked)

•Alternate with breaths

– 5 compressions for each breath and check for a pulse

– If more than one person, each take a position and alternate at 3

compressions for each breath, then check for pulse


Cardiac Compressions


52

Breathing Rates

Use the following breathing rates:

Small dog or cat: 20 – 30 breaths per minute

Medium or large dog: 20 breaths per minute

Note: If you have access to oxygen for a distressed animal,

use it.


Artificial Breathing


Artificial breathing for

small dogs and cats

50




medium or large dogs

49

Breathing

• If the animal is breathing, let them continue on

their own. If not, then do the following:

– Medium and large dogs (over 30 pounds): seal animal’s

mouth and lips by placing your hands around its lips

• Gently hold the muzzle closed

– Cats and small dogs (under 30 pounds): your mouth will

seal the mouth and lips -- no need to seal with hands

– Place your mouth over the animal’s nose and forcefully

exhale

• Give 4-5 breaths rapidly, then check if animal is breathing

• Continue up to 20 minutes. After each breathing session, check

if the animal can breath without assistance



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 49-54

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 55-60

59

End Stage/Terminal Shock

•When the body can no

longer compensate fordecreased oxygen and blood

to vital organs

•Cardiac arrest likely to occursoon

– Assess ABC’s of CPR

– Control bleeding

– Warm animal

– Elevate hind end slightly(unless broken back issuspected)


Bleeding

• Check ABC’s of CPR

• Apply direct pressurewith gauze or cloth

• Add more cloth ifmaterial gets soaked

• Do not wipe

• Secure with tape


58

Shock

Shock results from decreased blood and oxygenflow to tissues and organs. Symptoms include:


– Pulse may be bounding or, in later stages, weak


• Delayed capillary refill time• Decreased body temperature/cool feet

– If in septic shock (infection), temperature may be elevated

• Weakness

• Disorientation

• Rescue workers must focus on stopping bleeding, warmingthe animal and the ABC’s



•Giant Dogs (Over 90 pounds)

– Use the same technique for medium to large dogs

– If alone, do 10 compressions for each breath, then check

for a pulse

– If two people, do 6 compressions for each breath, then

check for a pulse

Note: Do not assume there is no heart rate or pulse because

an animal is not breathing. Always check for a heartbeat

before starting chest compressions.


56




• Medium to Large Dogs (30 – 90 pounds)

– Stand or kneel with the animal’s back towards you

– Extend arms at the elbows and cup your hands over

each other

– Compress the chest at the point where the left elbowlies when pulled back to the chest

– Compress about 1-3 inches with each compression


– If alone, do 5 compressions for each breath, then checkfor pulse

– If two people, perform 2 – 3 compressions for each

breath, then check for a pulse


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65

Fractures

• Lameness

• Swelling

• Abnormal limb

position

• +/- bruising

• +/- protruding bone


Fractures

• If a piece of bone is sticking out, wash thearea with water or saline

– Loosely place a dressing over the wound andwrap with tape

• If the animal can’t be kept completely still fortransport, a splint may be applied

– Place a rigid structure along each side of the

fractured limb (rolled paper, stick, pen, etc)

– Hold with tape in multiple locations, but do notwrap too tightly


64

Choking


Choking

• Open animal’s mouth and sweep from side to side to see ifobject can be dislodged

• If animal is small enough, suspend animal by the hips withhead hanging down

• If animal is bigger, place your arms around animal’s waist

• Close your hands together to make a fist just behind first rib

• Compress the abdomen by pushing up 5 times– Alternate with performing 5 breaths (any air around the object is

better than none)

• As a last resort, administer a sharp blow to the backbetween the shoulder blades

– Then repeat abdominal compressions


62

Bleeding Points

• When using pressurepoints, you must releasepressure every 10 minutes

(for a few seconds)

– Prevents permanentdamage to limb

• When using head and

neck pressure points, takecare not to obstruct

breathing


Bleeding Pressure Points

Place three fingers at the base ofthe lower jaw on the same side a nd

below where bleeding is occurring


Site of bleeding

Forearm

Hind limb

Head

Neck

Pressure point

Armpit

Inner thigh

Lower jaw

Groove next to windpipe

Place three fingers in groove next to

wind pipe (round and hard) on sideof neck where bleeding is occurring

If previous

techniques arenot working,use bleedingpressure pointtechnique

•Pressure points

are areas from

where the bloodvessels travel

•Apply firm and

even pressure to

appropriatepressure points


PowerPoint Slides

Slides 61-66

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 67-72

71

Wound and Lacerations


• Check for shock

• Apply sterile lube

– To keep hair out of wound

• Clip hair around wound

area

– Clippers or razor blade

• Flush with saline

• Apply a bandage


Near Drowning


• For unconscious animals,

hold the animal upsidedown and allow water to

come out airway (nose ormouth)

• CPR as needed

• Treat for shock (keep quietand warm)


70

Puncture Wound and Lacerations

• Remove foreign object

• Wash area with saline

– Add one teaspoon of salt

to a quart of warm water

• Dry foot

• Bandage


Fractures

If animal is struggling or you can transport it in a

box or carrier, do not attempt to splint.

Splinting can worsen a fracture.State Agricultural Response Team

68

Fractures


Fractures

Splinting should always include the joints below

and above the fracture site. Otherwise, the splint

can cause more harm.


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77

Heat Stroke

• Collapse

• Vomiting or bloody diarrhea

• Excessive salivation


• Fast or difficult breathing


• Capillary refill time may be

prolonged or very quick

• Body temperature 104°F or

above


Heat Stroke

• Move to cool or shaded

area

• Soak in or with cool (Not

iced) water

• Place towels around neck,

head, abdomen and feet

• Discontinue cooling once

the temperature reaches

103°F


76

Foreign Bodies — Fish hooks

Do not pull or cut the line!

• Push the hook through theexit wound

• Cut the barb off using awire cutter

• Pull the hook out from thedirection that it entered the

skin

• Treat the resulting puncture

like a wound


Embedded Foreign Bodies

DO NOT REMOVE IMPALED

FOREIGN BODIES

•Roll up gauze or other material

that can be used to stabilize the

object in place

•Use tape or an object that fitsover the foreign body to make a

brace to hold foreign body still

•If the object is long, make it

shorter without removing it

•Get veterinary assistance as

soon as possible


74

Eye Out of Socket

• Flush with sterile eyewash

• Cover the eye with a

moistened gauze

• Blind the opposite eye

• Do not put a leash aroundthe animal’s neck

• Get veterinary attention asquickly as possible


Eye Injury

Foreign Objects in the Eye

• Swelling, squinting, pawing

or obvious object

• Gently wash the eye with

large amounts of tap water

or sterile eye wash

• Inspect closely to confirm

that all of the object has

been removed



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 73-78

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 79-84

83

Toxin Ingestion

If advised to induce

vomiting, give household(3%) hydrogen peroxideorally (animals only!)

•1 teaspoon per 10 pounds ofbody weight

•This can be repeated every 10-20 minutes for 3 – 4 doses

•Ipecac should not be used indogs or cats


Burns

• Check for shock

• Flush chemical burns

profusely with water

• Apply cool water or cool

compresses to burned area


• Do not immerse in water or

ice!

• Do not apply butter or

ointment!


82

Toxin Ingestion

• Check the ABC’s of CPR

• Check the mucous membrane color,

capillary refill time, animal’s mental state

• Check the surroundings for possible poison

or toxin

• If possible, call the National Animal Poison

Control Center 1-800-548-2423 or 1-900-

680-0000


Seizures

• Animals may haveseizures from toxiningestion or other causes

• Protect from harm due to

surroundings

• Do not put hand in the

mouth or try to pull on thetongue


80

Toxin Ingestion

Signs of potential toxin

ingestion

• Vomiting or diarrhea

• Seizures or abnormal mental

state (hyperexcitable,

depressed)


• Ulcers in mouth

• Bleeding from mouth or any

body cavity

C at Fancier s ’A ssocia t ion: C FA H eal th C ommit tee


Snake Bite

• ABC’s of CPR/Check for

shock

• Keep as still and calm as

possible (carry the animal)

• Do not cut wound or suck

venom

• Do not apply ice or a

tourniquet

• Seek medical attention as

soon as possible


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89

Important Considerations

•When euthanasia is necessary, always minimize

animal distress as much as possible

– The presence of humans may be reassuring for animals

accustomed to human contact (penetrating captive bolt

(dogs)/exsanguination in unconscious animals may be

preferred)

– For wildlife, human contact causes fear and greater

distress (gunshot may be preferred -- gunshot permits

the least amount of human contact)


Aesthetic Concerns

Humane Euthanasia by Gunshot or Penetrating

Captive Bolt

• Despite being humane, both are aesthetically displeasing

procedures

– Involuntary movement will occur

– Exsanguination requires several minutes and is visually

uncomfortable to observe

• These procedures should be conducted out of the public

view


88

Euthanasia

• In some cases, sustained injuries may necessitate

humane euthanasia

• Best performed by a veterinarian or under

veterinary guidance

• However, such assistance may not be readily

available -- The person performing a physical

method of euthanasia must be well trained for

each technique that may be used

www.avma.org/issues/animal


Treatment or Euthanasia

• Criteria to be included in the decision

making should include

– Pain and distress of the animal

– Likelihood of recovery

– Diagnostic information– Welfare for the animal, humane considerations


86

Euthanasia


Remember Emergency Triage

When presented with the

situation, the animal that is

most critical but with the best

chance of living should be

attended to first



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 85-90

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PowerPoint Slides

Slides 91-96

95

Pet Disaster First Aid Kit

• Establish a disaster first aid kit before the

need ariseshttp://www.canismajor.com/dog/fstaidk.html


Pet Identification

• Microchipping is the

best way to reunite

animals with their

owners after a disaster

situation

PeachtreeCorners Animal Newsletter


94

Where can pets go?

• Florida Pet Friendly.com

http://floridapetfriendly.com/shelters.htm

– Lists shelters (by county)

where people can stay with

their pets if they must

evacuate

– Requirements for each

shelter are also listed


Pets in Disasters


92

Unacceptable Methods of Euthanasia

• The following are forbidden under Florida Law828.12

– Manually applied blunt trauma to the head such as a

large hammer

– Injection of any chemical substance not labeled for use

as a euthanasia agent

– Injection of air into a vein

– Electrocution


Confirmation of Death

• Death should be confirmed by evaluation of the

following physical parameters over a period of

several minutes

– Lack of heartbeat

• A pulse is normally not present under such circumstances

– Lack of respiration

• These may be erratic in an unconscious animal

– Lack of blink reflex

– Lack of movement over a period of several hours

• The presence of “rigor mortis”


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99

Thank You!

SART Training Media

98

References and Helpful Resources

• HSUS Pet First Aid. Bobbie Mammato, DVM,MPH. 1997

• Small Animal First Aid Presentation, Bay Area Animal

Response Team. May-li Cuypers, DVM, DACVIM. 2007


Closing Thoughts

• In an emergency, your safety is of the utmostimportance

• Prevention and preparation are key

• Providing animals with adequate shelter, water,and food is critical in the immediate aftermath ofan emergency

• Treating injured animals may not be feasiblewithout help from trained professionals



PowerPoint Slides

Slides 97-99

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PowerPoint Slides — Handout Pages

The Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs Power-

Point slides are reproduced on the following pages

at reduced size with space for participant notes.

(Also included in the participant workbook for

Evidence Collection and Chain of Custody Issues,

available on the SART Web site:

<www.sart.org>

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3



Prepared by

Amy StoneClinical Assistant Professor – Small Animal Surgery

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences

University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine / IFAS

2

Pets and Disaster

Emergency First Aid

for Cats and Dogs

SART logo

Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs1

Slides 1-3

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6

This Presentation is Intended for…

• Good Samaritans

• Emergency Medical

Professionals

• First Responders

• No Matter the level of

experience, remember to

seek veterinary advice

whenever possible!


5

Primary Objective

• When assisting dogs and cats during an

emergency situation

– Your safety is ultimately the highest priority!!!

– Do not endanger yourself or fellow first

responders to attempt heroic rescue measuresfor animals


4

Learning Objectives

After completing this training activity, participants should:

• Describe ways to practice Priority #1 – Prevent Injury to

Yourself

• Understand the stages of rendering treatment that

represent best practice, including:

– Describe how to survey and evaluate the emergency situation

– List appropriate handling techniques

– List vital signs of dogs and cats and how they are measured

– List and recognize types of trauma

– Recognize which first aid procedures are appropriate to type of

trauma


Slides 4-6

Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs 2

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9


• Cats

– Can bite causing puncture, bleeding and seriousinfection

– Scratch leading to bleeding and infection

– They are very flexible and can be difficult to

restrain without getting scratched or bitten


– If you are scratched or

bitten by a cat, contacta medical professional

immediately!

8


• Dogs

– Can bite causing

crushing injury

– Can scratch causing

skin injury

– Both bites and

scratches can lead

to bleeding and

infection


7

Priority #1 -- Avoid Injury to Yourself

• Animals in emergency

situations

– Nervous, anxious,

possibly injured

– Unpredictable

– Dangerous!!!


Slides 7-9


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12


• Approaching an Injured Dog or

Cat– Approach very slowly

– Approach softly as to avoid

startling the animal

– Lower your body so that you are

not towering over them -- standingat full height could be interpreted

as a threat

– Do not make direct eye contactwith the animal or stare directly


11

Survey the Emergency Situation

• Avoid becoming avictim; always survey forpotential hazards

– Oncoming traffic

– Downed power lines

– Hazardous materials

– Dangerous or venomous

wildlife


10




Slides 10-12

4

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15

Warning Signs -- Dogs


– Growling

– Hair standing up (back, shoulders)

– Snarling

– Tail may be wagging or tucked under the body

– Ears straight back

• Submission

– Dog crouches and assumes submissive posture (lays

down with belly exposed), may urinate or lick profusely

– A fearfully submissive dog can become a biting dog if

you force the situation


14

Emergency Triage

• When presented with the situation, the

animal that is most critical but with the best

chance of living should be attended to first


Critical injuryPoor chance

Injury

Poor chance

Critical injuryGood chance

Injury

Good chance

C h a n c e o f s u r v I v a l

S e

v

e

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o

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13


• Keep an eye on the animal’s posture and

expressions

– Face, ears, tail, fur and body

• Allow the animal to smell the back of your

hand

– WATCH for reactions carefully

– Never make quick or sudden movements


Slides 13-15


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18

Handling Techniques

• Gloves

– Thick gloves may cause a loss of dexterity with small

animals

– Latex or vinyl gloves should be worn at all times when

handling injured animals

• Dogs: Leashes (leather, nylon or canvas -- no

chain-link)

– Make a large loop by passing the end you normally

connect to the collar through the hole in the handle

– Standing just behind the animal or to the side, drop the

loop over the neck and tighten


17



16

Warning Signs -- Cats


(Aggressive/Fearful)

– Ears flattened

– Salivating or spitting

– Back may be arched

– Hair is standing on end

– Hissing


Slides 16-18


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21


If needed you can make a muzzle that can be

used for dogs with the exception of thosewith short noses.

1. Start with 18” of material, such as gauze,

stocking, neck-tie, soft rope or a piece of

soft cloth

2. Make the beginnings of a knot into a loop

that can be placed over the animal’s nose

Note: Keep enough space between you and

animal’s mouth so that the animal can’t

turn and bite you.


20

Handling Techniques -- Muzzles

• May be dangerous to

muzzle these situations:

– Vomiting

– Coughing

– Having difficulty breathing


• Muzzles may be necessary to treat injured

animals

– Use soft nylon or leather

– There are pre-made muzzles for cats and dogs with

short noses

19

Handling Techniques

• Cats: Towels or Blankets

– Be aware of cat’s position at

all times

– Drop towel while standing

well over cat

– Grasp scruff of neck and

wrap towel around cat’s body


•Cats or Small Dogs: Boxes -- Cats will often crawl into them for comfort

-- Then you can use the towel technique

-- This may also work for small dogs

Slides 19-21


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24


•Lying on their side

– Stand with your body beside

dog, facing dog

– Reach over dog and then back

under dog; take hold of legs

closest to your body


– Slowly pull the legs up and around the dog, forcing to lay

on its side. As the animal drops toward the ground, take

care not to let the head hit the floor

– Hold front and hind legs straight out, thus preventing

animal from standing

– Use forearm closest to animal to push neck to the ground

23


• Headlock -- Dog Standing

– Stand or kneel with your chest at dog’s side

– Place forearm under the dog’s neck and bring the arm up

the other side of the neck (around the head)

– Lock your forearm under your head

– Place the other arm over or under the animal’s belly


22


3. Tighten the loop down on top of the nose, but not so tight that the

animal can’t breath

4. Pull the ends of the material down each side of the face, cross under

the chin and bring the ends back behind the ears

5. Tie the lose ends back behind the ears

Note: For short-nosed dogs and cats, after steps 1-5, take one end of the loop and

pass it under the nose lo op and tie to the other end around the neck to secure

onto the nose


Slides 22-24


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27

Carrying and Transporting -- Cat

•Box or carrier

– Ideal way to transport a cat

They frighten easily and may

jump away from you

•Arms

– Use the small dog technique

– Alternatively, grab the scruff

and support the cat’s body

with your other hand


26

Carrying and Transporting -- Dog

• Small (less than 25 pounds)

– Dog can be carried in box or carrier

– Alternatively, the dog can be carried in a person’s arms

• Cradle the dog with your arms

• Place your hand around the dog’s front legs, with two or three

fingers between the legs

• Hold the legs as you walk• Keep the injured side against your body

• Large (25 pounds or more)

– Place one arm under or around the neck

– Place the other behind the rear legs or under the belly if

you suspect a hind-limb injury


25

Restraint Techniques -- Cat

• Lying on their side

– The same technique as for the dog with some variation

– Instead of pushing the neck toward the ground with the

forearm, grasp the loose skin behind the neck (the scruff)

and hold firmly

Warning: Some cats are better mana ged with minimal restraint. The y canactually become harder to handle i f restrained.


• Scruff in a sitting position

– Grasp and hold firmly a large amount

of the scruff

– Using the other hand, hold the cat’s

body in a sitting position

Slides 25-27


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30

Normal Vital Signs

• Heart Rates and Pulses

– Heartbeat can be felt on the left side of the chest just

behind the bend in the left elbow

– If you place your hand over this area, you should be

able to feel and count heartbeats


29



28

Zoonoses

• Zoonoses are diseases ofanimals transmissible tohumans

– Ringworm

– Scabies

– Rabies

• Be mindful of these whileaiding animals in

emergency situations

• In general, CPR is not likely

to cause human illnessState Agricultural Response Team

Slides 28-30


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33

Normal Heart Rate


Dog

Cat

Small, miniature, or toybreed (30 pounds or less)

Medium to large breed(over 30 pounds)

100 - 160 bpm

60 - 100 bpm

120 - 160 bpm

160 - 220 bpm

* bpm – beats per minute

Puppy(until one year old)

32

Normal Vital Signs

•Just below the wrist (carpus)


pad on underside of either front paw



•Just below the ankle (hock)– Locate the area just above middle

pad on underside of either rear paw




31

Normal Vital Signs

•Heart Rates and Pulses:

Femoral or inner thigh

pulse

– Place two fingers as high as

possible on the inside of

either back leg (use light

touch)

– Feel for pulse in middle of leg

about half way between front

and back of leg (there is a

small recess where the blood

vessels run)State Agricultural Response Team

Slides 31-33


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36

Body Temperature


• Use a pediatric rectal or

digital thermometer

• Lubricate the

thermometer with a

water-based lubricant or

petroleum jelly

35

Panting

Wo rry if a cat is panting !!


34

Breathing Rate

• Dogs



• Cats




Slides 34-36


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39

Capillary Refill Time

• This is the time that it takes for

the gums to return to theirnormal pink color after you

press them

• As you press, the membraneshould turn white

• Then it should only take 1-2seconds for pink color to return

• This is a good way to assesscirculation

• If capillary refill time is morethan 3 seconds, it is an

emergency


38

Mucous Membrane Color

• Looking at the color of the oral

tissues is a good way to

determine if the animal is

getting oxygen

• If the dog is pigmented, you

can use the membranes in the

lower eyelid by gently pulling it

down

• The normal color is pink!

• Blue, pale, yellow, brick red or

brown mucous membranes is

an emergency


37

Body Temperature

Normal body temperatures are:

Dogs 100.0 - 102.8 °F

Cats 100.5 - 102.5 °F

Temperatures under 100°F and over 104°F shouldbe considered an emergency


Slides 37-39


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42

• Trauma (Falls, hit by vehicle,

gun shot, other punctures/cuts)• Difficulty breathing• Seizures• Excessive bleeding (cannot be

stopped by applying pressure)• Snake bites

• Heat stroke or hypothermia• Poisoning• Shock• Burns• Drowning• Unconsciousness• Others

Recognizing an Emergency


41

First Aid for Dogs and Cats


40

Hydration

Pull up on the skin at

the back of the

animal’s neck

It should go back into

place immediately

(1-2 seconds)

If not the animal is

likely dehydrated.


Slides 40-42


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45


• Mucous Membrane

Color ?

• Capillary Refill Time ?

• Any evidence of

bleeding ?

• Animal’s level of

consciousness ?


44



43


ABCs of CPR

Airway Is there an open airway?

Breathing Is the animal breathing?



Slides 43-45


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48

Establish an Airway


47

Establish an Airway

• Check to see if the throat andmouth are clear of foreignobjects

• To clear the airway, gently tiltthe head back and extend theneck

• Pull the tongue between thefront teeth

• Use your finger to remove anymaterial or liquid from theairway

Do not put your finger into t he mouth of a conscious animal; you will be bitten


46

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

• Method to treat an animal that is not breathingand/or has no heartbeat

• It involves rescue breathing (mouth-to-noseresuscitation)and chest compressions

• The ABC’s or basic principles (airway, breathingand circulation) must be followed

Warning: CPR does not always work even whenperformed by an experienced veterinarian. Ifyour attempt fails, know that you did everything

that you could to save an animal’s life.State Agricultural Response Team

Slides 46-48


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51




small dogs and cats

50




medium or large dogs

49

Breathing

• If the animal is breathing, let them continue on

their own. If not, then do the following:

– Medium and large dogs (over 30 pounds): seal animal’s

mouth and lips by placing your hands around its lips

• Gently hold the muzzle closed

– Cats and small dogs (under 30 pounds): your mouth will

seal the mouth and lips -- no need to seal with hands

– Place your mouth over the animal’s nose and forcefully

exhale

• Give 4-5 breaths rapidly, then check if animal is breathing

• Continue up to 20 minutes. After each breathing session, check

if the animal can breath without assistance


Slides 49-51


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54



53

Circulation – Small Dog or Cat

If no pulse or no detectable heartbeat, perform chest

compressions

•Lay animal on its right side

•Kneel next to animal with chest facing you

•Place palm of one of your hands over animal’s ribs at point

where elbow touches chest•Place other hand around back of and underneath animal

•Compress chest ½ - 1 inch (elbows should be locked)

•Alternate with breaths

– 5 compressions for each breath and check for a pulse

– If more than one person, each take a position and alternate at 3

compressions for each breath, then check for pulse


52

Breathing Rates

Use the following breathing rates:

Small dog or cat: 20 – 30 breaths per minute

Medium or large dog: 20 breaths per minute

Note: If you have access to oxygen for a distressed animal,

use it.


Slides 52-54


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57


•Giant Dogs (Over 90 pounds)

– Use the same technique for medium to large dogs

– If alone, do 10 compressions for each breath, then check

for a pulse

– If two people, do 6 compressions for each breath, then

check for a pulse

Note: Do not assume there is no heart rate or pulse because

an animal is not breathing. Always check for a heartbeat

before starting chest compressions.


56



55


• Medium to Large Dogs (30 – 90 pounds)

– Stand or kneel with the animal’s back towards you

– Extend arms at the elbows and cup your hands overeach other

– Compress the chest at the point where the left elbow

lies when pulled back to the chest

– Compress about 1-3 inches with each compression


– If alone, do 5 compressions for each breath, then checkfor pulse

– If two people, perform 2 – 3 compressions for each

breath, then check for a pulse


Slides 55-57


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60

Bleeding


• Apply direct pressurewith gauze or cloth

• Add more cloth ifmaterial gets soaked

• Do not wipe

• Secure with tape


59

End Stage/Terminal Shock

•When the body can nolonger compensate fordecreased oxygen and blood

to vital organs

•Cardiac arrest likely to occursoon

– Assess ABC’s of CPR

– Control bleeding

– Warm animal

– Elevate hind end slightly(unless broken back issuspected)


58

Shock

Shock results from decreased blood and oxygenflow to tissues and organs. Symptoms include:


– Pulse may be bounding or, in later stages, weak


• Delayed capillary refill time

• Decreased body temperature/cool feet

– If in septic shock (infection), temperature may be elevated

• Weakness

• Disorientation

• Rescue workers must focus on stopping bleeding, warmingthe animal and the ABC’s


Slides 58-60


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63

Choking

• Open animal’s mouth and sweep from side to side to see if

object can be dislodged• If animal is small enough, suspend animal by the hips with

head hanging down

• If animal is bigger, place your arms around animal’s waist

• Close your hands together to make a fist just behind first rib

• Compress the abdomen by pushing up 5 times

– Alternate with performing 5 breaths (any air around the object isbetter than none)

• As a last resort, administer a sharp blow to the backbetween the shoulder blades

– Then repeat abdominal compressions


62

Bleeding Points

• When using pressurepoints, you must releasepressure every 10 minutes

(for a few seconds)

– Prevents permanentdamage to limb

• When using head and

neck pressure points, takecare not to obstruct

breathing


61

Bleeding Pressure Points

Place three fingers at the base ofthe lower jaw on the same side a nd

below where bleeding is occurring


Site of bleeding

Forearm

Hind limb

Head

Neck

Pressure point

Armpit

Inner thigh

Lower jaw

Groove next to windpipe

Place three fingers in groove next to

wind pipe (round and hard) on sideof neck where bleeding is occurring

If previous

techniques arenot working,use bleedingpressure pointtechnique

•Pressure points

are areas from

where the bloodvessels travel

•Apply firm and

even pressure to

appropriatepressure points

Slides 61-63


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66

Fractures

• If a piece of bone is sticking out, wash thearea with water or saline

– Loosely place a dressing over the wound andwrap with tape

• If the animal can’t be kept completely still fortransport, a splint may be applied

– Place a rigid structure along each side of the

fractured limb (rolled paper, stick, pen, etc)

– Hold with tape in multiple locations, but do notwrap too tightly


65

Fractures

• Lameness

• Swelling

• Abnormal limb

position

• +/- bruising

• +/- protruding bone


64

Choking


Slides 64-66


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69

Fractures

If animal is struggling or you can transport it in a

box or carrier, do not attempt to splint.

Splinting can worsen a fracture.State Agricultural Response Team

68

Fractures


67

Fractures

Splinting should always include the joints below

and above the fracture site. Otherwise, the splint

can cause more harm.State Agricultural Response Team

Slides 67-69


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72

Near Drowning


• For unconscious animals,

hold the animal upsidedown and allow water to

come out airway (nose ormouth)

• CPR as needed

• Treat for shock (keep quietand warm)


71

Wound and Lacerations


• Check for shock

• Apply sterile lube

– To keep hair out of wound

• Clip hair around wound

area– Clippers or razor blade

• Flush with saline

• Apply a bandage


70

Puncture Wound and Lacerations

• Remove foreign object

• Wash area with saline

– Add one teaspoon of salt

to a quart of warm water

• Dry foot

• Bandage


Slides 70-72


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75

Embedded Foreign Bodies

DO NOT REMOVE IMPALED

FOREIGN BODIES

•Roll up gauze or other material

that can be used to stabilize the

object in place

•Use tape or an object that fits

over the foreign body to make a

brace to hold foreign body still

•If the object is long, make it

shorter without removing it

•Get veterinary assistance as

soon as possible


74

Eye Out of Socket

• Flush with sterile eyewash

• Cover the eye with a

moistened gauze

• Blind the opposite eye

• Do not put a leash aroundthe animal’s neck

• Get veterinary attention asquickly as possible


73

Eye Injury

Foreign Objects in the Eye

• Swelling, squinting, pawing

or obvious object

• Gently wash the eye with

large amounts of tap water

or sterile eye wash

• Inspect closely to confirm

that all of the object has

been removed


Slides 73-75


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78

Heat Stroke

• Move to cool or shaded

area

• Soak in or with cool (Not

iced) water

• Place towels around neck,

head, abdomen and feet

• Discontinue cooling once

the temperature reaches

103°F


77

Heat Stroke

• Collapse

• Vomiting or bloody diarrhea



• Fast or difficult breathing


• Capillary refill time may be

prolonged or very quick

• Body temperature 104°F or

above


76

Foreign Bodies — Fish hooks

Do not pull or cut the line!

• Push the hook through theexit wound

• Cut the barb off using awire cutter

• Pull the hook out from thedirection that it entered the

skin

• Treat the resulting puncture

like a wound


Slides 76-78


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81

Seizures

• Animals may have

seizures from toxiningestion or other causes

• Protect from harm due to

surroundings

• Do not put hand in the

mouth or try to pull on thetongue


80

Toxin Ingestion

Signs of potential toxin

ingestion

• Vomiting or diarrhea

• Seizures or abnormal mental

state (hyperexcitable,

depressed)


• Ulcers in mouth

• Bleeding from mouth or any

body cavity

C at Fancier s ’A ssocia t ion: C FA H eal th C ommit tee


79

Snake Bite

• ABC’s of CPR/Check for

shock

• Keep as still and calm as

possible (carry the animal)

• Do not cut wound or suck

venom

• Do not apply ice or a

tourniquet

• Seek medical attention as

soon as possibleState Agricultural Response Team

Slides 79-81


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84

Burns

• Check for shock

• Flush chemical burns

profusely with water

• Apply cool water or cool

compresses to burned area


• Do not immerse in water or

ice!

• Do not apply butter or

ointment!


83

Toxin Ingestion

If advised to inducevomiting, give household(3%) hydrogen peroxideorally (animals only!)

•1 teaspoon per 10 pounds of

body weight•This can be repeated every 10-

20 minutes for 3 – 4 doses

•Ipecac should not be used indogs or cats


82

Toxin Ingestion

• Check the ABC’s of CPR

• Check the mucous membrane color,

capillary refill time, animal’s mental state

• Check the surroundings for possible poison

or toxin

• If possible, call the National Animal Poison

Control Center 1-800-548-2423 or 1-900-

680-0000


Slides 82-84


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87

Treatment or Euthanasia

• Criteria to be included in the decision

making should include

– Pain and distress of the animal

– Likelihood of recovery

– Diagnostic information

– Welfare for the animal, humane considerations


86

Euthanasia


85

Remember Emergency Triage

When presented with the

situation, the animal that is

most critical but with the best

chance of living should be

attended to first


Slides 85-87


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90

Aesthetic Concerns

Humane Euthanasia by Gunshot or Penetrating

Captive Bolt

• Despite being humane, both are aesthetically displeasing

procedures

– Involuntary movement will occur

– Exsanguination requires several minutes and is visually

uncomfortable to observe

• These procedures should be conducted out of the public

view


89

Important Considerations

•When euthanasia is necessary, always minimize

animal distress as much as possible

– The presence of humans may be reassuring for animals

accustomed to human contact (penetrating captive bolt

(dogs)/exsanguination in unconscious animals may be

preferred)

– For wildlife, human contact causes fear and greater

distress (gunshot may be preferred -- gunshot permits

the least amount of human contact)


88

Euthanasia

• In some cases, sustained injuries may necessitate

humane euthanasia

• Best performed by a veterinarian or under

veterinary guidance

• However, such assistance may not be readily

available -- The person performing a physical

method of euthanasia must be well trained for

each technique that may be used

www.avma.org/issues/animal


Slides 88-90


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93

Pets in Disasters


92

Unacceptable Methods of Euthanasia

• The following are forbidden under Florida Law828.12

– Manually applied blunt trauma to the head such as a

large hammer

– Injection of any chemical substance not labeled for use

as a euthanasia agent

– Injection of air into a vein

– Electrocution


91

Confirmation of Death

• Death should be confirmed by evaluation of the

following physical parameters over a period of

several minutes

– Lack of heartbeat

• A pulse is normally not present under such circumstances

– Lack of respiration

• These may be erratic in an unconscious animal

– Lack of blink reflex

– Lack of movement over a period of several hours

• The presence of “rigor mortis”


Slides 91-93


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96

Pet Identification

• Microchipping is the

best way to reunite

animals with their

owners after a disaster

situation

PeachtreeCorners Animal Newsletter


95

Pet Disaster First Aid Kit

• Establish a disaster first aid kit before the

need ariseshttp://www.canismajor.com/dog/fstaidk.html


94

Where can pets go?

• Florida Pet Friendly.com

http://floridapetfriendly.com/shelters.htm

– Lists shelters (by county)

where people can stay with

their pets if they must

evacuate

– Requirements for each

shelter are also listed


Slides 94-96


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33 Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs

99

Thank You!

SART Training Media

98

References and Helpful Resources

• HSUS Pet First Aid. Bobbie Mammato, DVM,MPH. 1997

• Small Animal First Aid Presentation, Bay Area Animal

Response Team. May-li Cuypers, DVM, DACVIM. 2007


97

Closing Thoughts

• In an emergency, your safety is of the utmostimportance

• Prevention and preparation are key

• Providing animals with adequate shelter, water,and food is critical in the immediate aftermath ofan emergency

• Treating injured animals may not be feasiblewithout help from trained professionals


Slides 97-99

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PowerPoint Slides

The Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs

PowerPoint slides are reproduced full-size on

the following pages. You can use these pages

as a display or photocopy them onto plastic

overhead sheets for use with an overhead pro-

jector.

Color versions of these slides can be download-

ed at the SART Web site:

<www.sart.org>.

91Emergency First Aid for Cats and Dogs

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1

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2

P e t s a n d D i s a s t e r

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U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a , C o l l e g e o f V e t e r i n a r

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P r i m a r y O b j e c t i v e

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6

T h i s P

r e s e n t a t

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e x p e r i e n c e , r e m e m b e r t o

s e e k v

e t e r i n a r y a d v i c e

w h e n e

v e r p o s s i b l e !


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7

P r i o r i t y

# 1

- -

A v o i d I n j u r y t o Y o u r s e l f

• A n i m a

l s i n e m e r g

e n c y

s i t u a t i o n s

– N e r v

o u s , a n x i o u s ,

p o s s

i b l y i n j u r e d

– U n p r e d i c t a b l e

– D a n g e r o u s ! ! !


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8

A v

o i d i n g I n

j u r y t o Y

o u r s e l f

• D o g s

– C a n

b i t e c a u s i n g

c r u s h i n g i n j u r y

– C a n

s c r a t c h c a u s i n g

s k i n

i n j u r y

– B o t h

b i t e s a n d

s c r a t c h e s c a n l e a

d

t o b l e e d i n g a n d

i n f e c t i o n


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9

A v

o i d i n g I n

j u r y t o Y

o u r s e l f

• C a t s

– C a n

b i t e c a u s i n g

p u n c t u r e , b l e

e d i n g a n d s e

r i o u s

i n f e c t i o n

– S c r a

t c h l e a d i n g t o b l e e d i n g a n

d i n f e c t i o n

– T h e y

a r e v e r y f l e x

i b l e a n d c a n

b e d i f f i c u l t t o

r e s t r a i n w i t h o u t g

e t t i n g s c r a t c

h e d o r b i t t e n


– I f y o

u a r e s c r a t c h

e d o r

b i t t e n b y a c a t , c o n t a c t

a m

e d i c a l p r o f e s

s i o n a l

i m m

e d i a t e l y !

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 0

S u r v e y a n d E v a

l u a t e t h e

E m e r g e n

c y


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 1

S u r v e

y t h e E m

e r g e n c y S i t u a t i o n

• A v o i d b e c o m i n g a

v i c t i m ; a l w a y s s u r v e y f o r

p o t e n t i a l h a z a r d s

– O n c o m i n g t r a f f i c

– D o w

n e d p o w e r l i n e s

– H a z a

r d o u s m a t e r

i a l s

– D a n g e r o u s o r v e n

o m o u s

w i l d l i f e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 2

S u r v e y t h e E

m e r g e n c y V i c t i m

• A p p r o a c h i n g a n I n j u r e d D o g o r

C a t

– A p p r o a c h v e r y s l o

w l y

– A p p r o a c h s o f t l y a

s t o a v o i d

s t a r t l i n g t h e a n i m

a l

– L o w e r y o u r b o d y s o t h a t y o u a r e

n o t t o w e r i n g o v e r t h e m - - s t a n

d i n g

a t f u

l l h e i g h t c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e

t e d

a s a

t h r e a t

– D o n

o t m a k e d i r e

c t e y e c o n t a c t

w i t h

t h e a n i m a l o

r s t a r e d i r e c t l y


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 3

S u r v e y t h e E

m e r g e n c y V i c t i m

• K e e p a n e y e o n t h

e a n i m a l ’ s

p o s t u r e a n

d

e x p r e s

s i o n s

– F a c e

, e a r s , t a i l , f u

r a n d b o d y

• A l l o w t h e a n i m a l

t o s m e l l t h e b a c k o f y o

u r

h a n d

– W A T

C H f o r r e a c t i o n s c a r e f u l l y

– N e v e r m a k e q u i c k o r s u d d e n m

o v e m e n t s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 4

E m e r g

e n c y T r i a g e

• W h e n

p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e

a n i m a

l t h a t i s m o

s t c r i t i c a l b

u t w i t h t h e

b e s t

c h a n c e o f l i v i n g s h o u l d b e a t

t e n d e d t o f i r s t


C r i t i c a l i n j

u r y

P o o r c h a n c e

I n j u r y

P o o r c h a n

c e

C r i t i c a

l i n j u r y

G o o d c

h a n c e

I n j u r y

G o o d c h a n c e

C h a n c e

o f

s u r v I v a l

S e v e r i t y o f i n j u r y

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 5

W a r n i n g

S i g n s

- -

D o g s

• B o d y L a n g u a g e S i g n

s

– G r o w

l i n g

– H a i r s t a n d i n g u p ( b a

c k , s h o u l d e r s )

– S n a r l i n g

– T a i l m

a y b e w a g g i n g o r t u c k e d u n d

e r t h e b o d y

– E a r s

s t r a i g h t b a c k

• S u b m i s s i o n

– D o g c r o u c h e s a n d a s s u m e s s u b m i s s i v e p o s t u r e ( l a y s

d o w n

w i t h b e l l y e x p o s e d ) , m a y u r i n

a t e o r l i c k p r o f u s e l y

– A f e a

r f u l l y s u b m i s s i v e d o g c a n b e c o m e a b i t i n g d o

g i f

y o u f o r c e t h e s i t u a t i o n


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 6

W a r n i n g

S i g n s

- -

C a t s

• B o d y L

a n g u a g e S

i g n s

( A g g r e

s s i v e / F e a r f u l )

– E a r s

f l a t t e n e d

– S a l i v

a t i n g o r s p i t t i n g

– B a c k m a y b e a r c h e d

– H a i r

i s s t a n d i n g o

n e n d

– H i s s i n g


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 7

H a n

d l i n g a n

d T r a n s p

o r t a t i o n


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 8

H a n d l i n g T e c h n i

q u e s

• G l o v e s

– T h i c k

g l o v e s m a y c a

u s e a l o s s o f d e x t e r i t y w i t h s m

a l l

a n i m

a l s

– L a t e x o r v i n y l g l o v e s

s h o u l d b e w o r n a t a l l t i m e s w

h e n

h a n d

l i n g i n j u r e d a n i m a l s

• D o g s : L

e a s h e s ( l e a t h e r , n y l o n o r

c a n v a s - - n o

c h a i n - l i n k )

– M a k e a l a r g e l o o p b

y p a s s i n g t h e e

n d y o u n o r m a l l y

c o n n e c t t o t h e c o l l a r t h r o u g h t h e h o l e i n t h e h a n d l e

– S t a n d i n g j u s t b e h i n d t h e a n i m a l o r

t o t h e s i d e , d r o

p t h e

l o o p

o v e r t h e n e c k a

n d t i g h t e n


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


1 9

H a n d l i n g T e c h n i

q u e s

• C a t s : T o

w e l s o r B l a n

k e t s

– B e a w

a r e o f c a t ’ s p o s i t i o n a t

a l l t i m

e s

– D r o p t o w e l w h i l e s t a n d i n g

w e l l o

v e r c a t

– G r a s p

s c r u f f o f n e c k

a n d

w r a p t o w e l a r o u n d c a t ’ s b o d y


• C a t s o r

S m a l l D o g s : B o x e s

- - C

a t s w i l l o f t e n c r a w l i n t o t h e m f

o r c o m f o r t

- - T

h e n y o u c a n u s

e t h e t o w e l t e c

h n i q u e

- - T

h i s m a y a l s o w o r k f o r s m a l l d o g s

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 0

H a n d

l i n g T e c h n i q u e s

- -

M u z z l e s

• M a y b e

d a n g e r o u s t

o

m u z z l e

t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s :

– V o m i t i n g

– C o u g

h i n g

– H a v i n g d i f f i c u l t y b r e

a t h i n g


• M u z z l e s m a y b e n e c

e s s a r y t o t r e a t i n j u r e d

a n i m a l

s

– U s e s

o f t n y l o n o r l e a

t h e r

– T h e r e a r e p r e - m a d e

m u z z l e s f o r c a

t s a n d d o g s w i t h

s h o r t n o s e s

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 1

M a k

i n g a H o

m e - M a d

e M u z z l e

I f n e e d e d y

o u c a n m a k e a

m u z z l e t h a t c a n b e

u s e d f o r

d o g s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h o s e

w i t h s h o

r t n o s e s .

1 . S t a r t w i t h 1 8 ” o f m a t e r i a l , s u c h a s g a u z e ,

s t o c k i n g

, n e c k - t i e , s o f t

r o p e o r a p i e c e

o f

s o f t c l o t

h

2 . M a k e t h

e b e g i n n i n g s o f a k n o t i n t o a l o o p

t h a t c a n

b e p l a c e d o v e r t h e a n i m a l ’ s n

o s e

N o t e : K e e p

e n o u g h s p a c e

b e t w e e n y o u a

n d

a n i m a l ’ s m o u t h s o t h a t t h e a n i m a l c a n ’ t

t u r n a n d

b i t e y o u .


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 2

M a k

i n g a H o

m e - M a d

e M u z z l e

3 . T i g h t e n t h

e l o o p d o w n o n t o

p o f t h e n o s e , b u t

n o t s o t i g h t t h a t t h e

a n i m a l c a

n ’ t b r e a t h

4 . P u l l t h e e

n d s o f t h e m a t e r i a

l d o w n e a c h s i d e

o f t h e f a c e , c r o s s u n d e r

t h e c h i n a

n d b r i n g t h e e n d s b a c k b e h i n d t h e

e a r s

5 . T i e t h e l o s e e n d s b a c k b e h i n d t h e e a r s

N o t e : F o r s h o r

t - n o s e d d o g s a n d c a

t s , a f t e r s t e p s 1 - 5 , t a k e o n e e n d o f t h e l o o p a n d

p a s s i t u n d

e r t h e n o s e l o o p a n d t i e t o t h e o t h e r e n d a r o u n d t h e n e c k t o s e c u r e

o n t o t h e n o s e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 3

R e s t r a i n t T e c h n i q u e s

- -

D o g

• H e a d l o

c k - - D o g S t a n d i n g

– S t a n d o r k n e e l w i t h

y o u r c h e s t a t d

o g ’ s s i d e

– P l a c e f o r e a r m u n d e

r t h e d o g ’ s n e c k a n d b r i n g t h e

a r m u

p

t h e o

t h e r s i d e o f t h e

n e c k ( a r o u n d t h e h e a d )

– L o c k

y o u r f o r e a r m u

n d e r y o u r h e a d

– P l a c e t h e o t h e r a r m

o v e r o r u n d e r t h e a n i m a l ’ s b e

l l y


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 4

R e s t r a i n t T e c h n i q u e s

- -

D o g

• L y i n g o n t h e i r s i d e

– S t a n d

w i t h y o u r b o d y

b e s i d e

d o g , f a c i n g d o g

– R e a c h

o v e r d o g a n d t h e n b a c k

u n d e r

d o g ; t a k e h o l d

o f l e g s

c l o s e s t t o y o u r b o d y


– S l o w l y p u l l t h e l e g s u

p a n d a r o u n d t

h e d o g , f o r c i n g

t o l a y

o n i t s

s i d e . A s t h e a n

i m a l d r o p s t o w

a r d t h e g r o u n d , t a k e

c a r e n

o t t o l e t t h e h e

a d h i t t h e f l o o r

– H o l d f r o n t a n d h i n d l e g s s t r a i g h t o u t , t h u s p r e v e n t i n g

a n i m a

l f r o m s

t a n d i n g

– U s e f o

r e a r m c l o s e s t t o a n i m a l t o p u

s h n e c k t o t h e

g r o u n d

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 5

R e

s t r a i n t T

e c h n i q u

e s

- -

C a t

• L y i n g o

n t h e i r s i d e

– T h e s

a m e t e c h n i q u e

a s f o r t h e d o g

w i t h s o m e v a r i a t i o n

– I n s t e

a d o f p u s h i n g t

h e n e c k t o w a r d

t h e g r o u n d w i t h t h e

f o r e a

r m , g r a s p t h e l o o s e s k i n b e h i n d t h e n e c k ( t h e s c r u f f )

a n d h o l d f i r m l y

W a r n i n g : S o m e

c a t s a r e

b e t t e r m

a n a g e d

w i t h

m i n

i m

a l r e s t r a i n t .

T h e y c a n

a c t u a l l y b e c

o m

e

h a r d e r t o

h a n d

l e

i f r e s t r a i n e d .


• S c r u f f i n a s i t t i n g p o

s i t i o n

– G r a s p a n d h o l d f i r m

l y a l a r g e a m o u

n t

o f t h e s c r u f f

– U s i n g

t h e o t h e r h a n d , h o l d t h e c a t ’ s

b o d y

i n a s i t t i n g p o s

i t i o n

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 6

C a r r y

i n g a n d T r a n s p o r t i n g

- - D o g

• S m a l l (

l e s s t h a n 2 5

p o u n d s )

– D o g c a n b e c a r r i e d i n b o x o r c a r r i e r

– A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e d o

g c a n b e c a r r i e

d i n a p e r s o n ’ s

a r m s

• C r

a d l e t h e d o g w i t h

y o u r a r m s

• P l a c e y o u r h a n d a r o

u n d t h e d o g ’ s f r o n

t l e g s , w i t h t w o o r

t h r e e

f i n

g e r s b e t w e e n t h e

l e g s

• H o l d t h e l e g s a s y o u

w a l k

• K e

e p t h e i n j u r e d s i d

e a g a i n s t y o u r b o d

y

• L a r g e (

2 5 p o u n d s o r m o r e )

– P l a c e o n e a r m u

n d e

r o r a r o u n d t h e

n e c k

– P l a c e t h e o t h e r b e h i n d t h e r e a r l e g

s o r u n d e r t h e b e l l y i f

y o u s

u s p e c t a h i n d - l i m b i n j u r y


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 7

C a r r y

i n g a n d

T r a n s p o

r t i n g

- - C

a t

• B o x o r c

a r r i e r

– I d e a l w

a y t o t r a n s p o r t a c a t

T h e y f r i g h t e n e a s i l y a

n d m a y

j u m p a w a y f r o m y

o u

• A r m s

– U s e t h

e s m a l l d o g t e c

h n i q u e

– A l t e r n a t i v e l y , g r a b t h e s c r u f f

a n d s u

p p o r t t h e c a t ’ s

b o d y

w i t h y o u r o t h e r h a n d


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 8

Z o

o n o s e s

• Z o o n o s

e s a r e d i s e a s e s o f

a n i m a l

s t r a n s m i s s i b

l e t o

h u m a n

s

– R i n g w o r m

– S c a b

i e s

– R a b i e s

• B e m i n

d f u l o f t h e s e

w h i l e

a i d i n g a n i m a l s i n

e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s

• I n g e n e

r a l , C P R i s n o t l i k e l y

t o c a u s

e h u m a n i l l n

e s s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


2 9

V i t a

l S i g n s o f D o g s a n d C a t s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 0

N o r m a

l V i t a l S i g n s

• H e a r t R

a t e s a n d P u l s e s

– H e a r t b e a t c a n b e f e

l t o n t h e l e f t s i d e o f t h e c h e s t

j u s t

b e h i n d t h e b e n d i n t h e l e f t e l b o w

– I f y o u

p l a c e y o u r h a n d o v e r t h i s a r e

a , y o u s h o u l d b

e

a b l e

t o f e e l a n d c o u

n t h e a r t b e a t s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 1

N o r m a


• H e a r t R

a t e s a n d P u l s e s :

F e m o r a

l o r i n n e r t h i g h

p u l s e

– P l a c e

t w o f i n g e r s a s

h i g h a s

p o s s i b l e o n t h e i n s i d e o f

e i t h e r

b a c k l e g ( u s e l i g h t

t o u c h )

– F e e l f o r p u l s e i n m i d d l e o f l e g

a b o u t

h a l f w a y b e t w e e n f r o n t

a n d b a c k o f l e g ( t h e r

e i s a

s m a l l

r e c e s s w h e r e t h e b l o o d

v e s s e l s r u n )


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 2

N o r m a


• J u s t b e l o w t h e w r i s t ( c a r p u s )

– L o c a t e

t h e a r e a j u s t a b o v e m i d d l e

p a d o n u n d e r s i d e o f e i t h e r f r o n t p a w

– L i g h t l y

p l a c e m i d d l e a n d i n d e x

f i n g e r s a t t h i s p o i n t a

n d f e e l f o r p u l s

e

• J u s t b e l o w t h e a n k l e

( h o c k )

– L o c a t e

t h e a r e a j u s t a b o v e m i d d l e

p a d o n u n d e r s i d e o f e i t h e r r e a r p a w

– L i g h t l y

p l a c e m i d d l e a n d i n d e x

f i n g e r s a t t h i s p o i n t a

n d f e e l f o r p u l s

e

S t a t e A g r i c u l t u

r a l R e s p o n s e T e a m

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 3

N o r m a

l H e a r t R

a t e


D o g

C a t

S m a l l , m i n i a t u r e , o r t o y

b r e e d ( 3 0 p o u n

d s o r l e s s )

M e d i u m t

o l a r g

e b r e e d

( o v e r 3 0 p o u n d

s )

1 0 0 - 1 6 0 b

p m

6 0 - 1 0 0 b p

m

1 2 0 - 1 6 0 b

p m

1 6 0 - 2 2 0 b

p m

* b p m – b e

a t s p e r m i n u t e

P u p p y

( u n t i l o n e y e a r o l d )

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 4

B r e a t h i n g R a

t e

• D o g s

– 1 0 - 3

0 b r e a t h s / m

i n u t e

– U p t o 2 0 0 p a n t s p e r m i n u t e

• C a t s

– 2 0 - 3

0 b r e a t h s / m

i n u t e

– U p t o 3 0 0 p a n t s p e r m i n u t e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 5

P

a n t i n g

W o r r y i

f a c a t i s p a n t

i n g ! !



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 6

B o d y T

e m p e r a t u r e



• U s e a p

e d i a t r i c r e c t a l o r

d i g i t a l t h e r m o m e t e r

• L u b r i c a

t e t h e

t h e r m o

m e t e r w i t h a

w a t e r - b

a s e d l u b r i c a

n t o r

p e t r o l e

u m j

e l l y

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 7

B o d y T

e m p e r a t u r e

N o r m a l b

o d y t e m p e r a

t u r e s a r e :

D o g s

1 0 0 . 0 - 1 0

2 . 8 ° F

C a t s

1 0 0 . 5 - 1 0

2 . 5 ° F

T e m p e r a t u r e s u n d e r 1

0 0 ° F a n d o v e r 1 0 4 ° F s h o u l d

b e c o n s i d e r e d a n e m

e r g e n c y



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 8

M

u c o u s M

e m b r a n e C o l o r

• L o o k i n g a t t h e c o l o r o f t h e o r a l

t i s s u e s i s a g o o d w a y t o

d e t e r m i n

e i f t h e a n i m a l i s

g e t t i n g o

x y g e n

• I f t h e d o g i s p i g m e n t e d , y o u

c a n u s e t h e m e m b r a n e s i n t h e

l o w e r e y e l i d b y g e n t l y p u l l i n g i t

d o w n

• T h e n o r m

a l c o l o r i s p i n k

!

• B l u e , p a l e , y e l l o w , b r i c k

r e d o r

b r o w n m

u c o u s m e m b r a

n e s i s

a n e m e r g e n c y



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


3 9

C a p i l l a r y R e f i l l T i m e

• T h i s i s t h e t i m e t h a t i t t a k e s f o r

t h e g u m

s t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r

n o r m a l p i n k c o l o r a f t e r

y o u

p r e s s t h

e m

• A s y o u p

r e s s , t h e m e m

b r a n e

s h o u l d t

u r n w h i t e

• T h e n i t s h o u l d o n l y t a k e 1 - 2

s e c o n d s

f o r p i n k c o l o r t o r e t u r n

• T h i s i s a

g o o d w a y t o a s s e s s

c i r c u l a t i o n

• I f c a p i l l a

r y r e f i l l t i m e i s

m o r e

t h a n 3 s

e c o n d s , i t i s a n

e m e r g e

n c y



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 0

H y

d r a t i o n

P u l l u p o n t h e s k i n a t

t h e b a c k o f t h e

a n i m a l ’ s n e c k

I t s h o u l d g o b a c k i n t o

p l a c e i m m

e d i a t e l y

( 1 - 2 s e c o n d s )

I f n o t t h e a

n i m a l i s

l i k e l y d e h y d r a t e d .


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 1

F i r

s t A i d f o

r D o g s a

n d C a t s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 2

• T r a u m a

( F a l l s , h i t b y v e

h i c l e ,

g u n s h o t , o t h e r p u n c t u r e s / c u t s )

• D i f f i c u l t y b r e a t h i n g

• S e i z u r e s

• E x c e s s i v

e b l e e d i n g ( c a n n o t b e

s t o p p e d

b y a p p l y i n g p r e s s u r e )

• S n a k e b

i t e s

• H e a t s t r o k e o r h y p o t h e r m i a

• P o i s o n i n

g

• S h o c k

• B u r n s

• D r o w n i n

g

• U n c o n s c

i o u s n e s s

• O t h e r s R e

c o g n i z i n

g a n E m

e r g e n c y


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 3

S u r v e y t h e E

m e r g e n

c y V i c t i m

A B C s o f C P R

A i r w a y

I s t h e

r e a n o p e n

a i r w a y ?

B r e a t h i n g

I s t h e

a n i m a l b r e

a t h i n g ?

C i r c u l a

t i o n I s t h e

r e a h e a r t b

e a t a n d a p

u l s e ?


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 4

S u r v e y t h e E

m e r g e n

c y V i c t i m



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 5

S u r v e y t h e E

m e r g e n

c y V i c t i m

• M u c o u

s M e m b r a n e

C o l o r ?

• C a p i l l a

r y R e f i l l T i m e ?

• A n y e v

i d e n c e o f

b l e e d i n g ?

• A n i m a

l ’ s l e v e l o f

c o n s c i o u s n e s s ?



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 6

C a r d i o p u l m o

n a r y R e s u s c i t a t i o n

• M e t h o

d t o t r e a t a n

a n i m a l t h a t

i s n o t b r e a t h i n g

a n d / o

r h a s n o h e a r t b e a t

• I t i n v o

l v e s r e s c u e b

r e a t h i n g ( m o

u t h - t o - n o s e

r e s u s c i t a t i o n ) a n d

c h e s t c o m p r e

s s i o n s

• T h e A B C ’ s o r b a s i c

p r i n c i p l e s ( a i r w a y , b r e a t h

i n g

a n d c i r c u l a t i o n ) m u s t b e f o l l o w e

d

W a r n i n g

: C P R d o e s n

o t a l w a y s w o

r k e v e n w h e n

p e r f o r

m e d b y a n e x p e r i e n c e d v e t e r i n a r i a n . I

f

y o u r a

t t e m p t f a i l s ,

k n o w t h a t y o

u d i d e v e r y t h

i n g

t h a t y o u c o u l d t o s a v e a n a n i m a

l ’ s l i f e .



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 7

E s t a b l i s h a n A i r w a y

• C h e c k t o s e e i f t h e t h r o a t a n d

m o u t h a r e c l e a r o f f o r e i g

n

o b j e c t s

• T o c l e a r t h e a i r w a y , g e n t l y t i l t

t h e h e a d b a c k a n d e x t e n

d t h e

n e c k

• P u l l t h e t o

n g u e b e t w e e n

t h e

f r o n t t e e t h

• U s e y o u r f i n g e r t o r e m o v e a n y

m a t e r i a l o

r l i q u i d f r o m t h

e

a i r w a y

D o n o t p u t y o u r f i n g e r i n t o t h e m o u t h o f a c o n s c i o u s

a n i m a l ; y o u w i l l b

e b i t t e n



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 8

E s t a b l i s h a n A i r w a y



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


4 9

B r e a t h i n g

• I f t h e a

n i m a l i s b r e a

t h i n g , l e t t h e

m c o n t i n u e o

n

t h e i r o w n . I f n o t , t h e

n d o t h e f o l l o

w i n g :

– M e d i

u m a

n d l a r g e d

o g s ( o v e r 3 0 p o u n d s ) : s e a l a n i m a l ’ s

m o u t h a n d l i p s b y p l a c i n g y o u r h a n

d s a r o u n d i t s l i

p s

• G e n t l y h o l d t h e m u z

z l e c l o s e d

– C a t s

a n d s m a l l d o g s

( u n d e r 3 0 p o u

n d s ) : y o u r m o u

t h w i l l

s e a l t h e m o u t h a n d

l i p s - - n o n e e d t o s e a l w i t h h a n d s

– P l a c e

y o u r m o u t h o v e r t h e a n i m a l ’ s n o s e a n d f o r c

e f u l l y

e x h a l e

• G i v e 4 - 5 b r e a t h s r a p

i d l y , t h e n c h e c k i f

a n i m a l i s b r e a t h i n g

• C o

n t i n u e u p t o 2 0 m

i n u t e s . A f t e r e a c h

b r e a t h i n g s e s s i o n , c h e c k

i f t h e a n i m a l c a n b r e a t h w i t h o u t a s s i s t a n c e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 0

A r t i f i c i

a l B r e a t h i n g



A r t i f i c i a l b

r e a t h i n g f o r

m e d i u m o

r l a r g e d o g s

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 1

A r t i f i c i

a l B r e a t h i n g



A r t i f i c i a l b

r e a t h i n g f o r

s m a l l d o g

s a n d c a t s

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 2

B r e a t

h i n g R a t e s

U s e t h e f o l l o w i n g b r e a

t h i n g r a t e s :

S m a l l d o g o r c a t :

2 0 – 3 0 b r e a t h s p e r m i n

u t e

M e d i u m

o r l a r g e d o g :

2 0 b r e a t h s p e r m i n u t e

N o t e :

I f y o u h a v e a c c e s

s t o o x y g e n f o r

a d i s t r e s s e d a n

i m a l ,

u s

e i t .



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 3

C i r c u l a t i o n –

S m a l l D

o g o r C a

t

I f n o p u l s

e o r n o d e t e c t a b l e h e a r t b

e a t , p e r f o r m c

h e s t

c o m p r e

s s i o n s

• L a y a n i m

a l o n i t s r i g h t s

i d e

• K n e e l n e

x t t o a n i m a l w i t h c h e s t f a c i n g

y o u

• P l a c e p a l m o

f o n e o f y o u r h a n d s o v e r a

n i m a l ’ s r i b s a t

p o i n t

w h e r e e l b o w t o u c h e s c h

e s t

• P l a c e o t h

e r h a n d a r o u n d b a c k o f a n d u

n d e r n e a t h a n i m a l

• C o m p r e s

s c h e s t ½ - 1 i n

c h ( e l b o w s s h o

u l d b e l o c k e d )

• A l t e r n a t e

w i t h b r e a t h s

– 5 c o m p

r e s s i o n s f o r e a c h

b r e a t h a n d c h e c k

f o r a p u l s e

– I f m o r e

t h a n o n e p e r s o n ,

e a c h t a k e a p o s i t i o n a n d a l t e r n a t e a t 3

c o m p r e

s s i o n s f o r e a c h b r e a t h , t h e n c h e c k f o r p u l s e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 4

C a r d i a c C o m p r e s

s i o n s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 5


s i o n s

• M e d i u m

t o L a r g e D o g s ( 3 0 – 9 0

p o u n d s )

– S t a n d o r k n e e l w i t h

t h e a n i m a l ’ s b a c k t o w a r d s y o u

– E x t e n d a r m s a t t h e e l b o w s a n d c u p

y o u r h a n d s o v

e r

e a c h

o t h e r

– C o m p r e s s t h e c h e s t

a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e l e f t e l b

o w

l i e s w

h e n p u l l e d b a c k t o t h e c h e s t

– C o m p r e s s a b o u t 1 - 3

i n c h e s w i t h e a

c h c o m p r e s s i o

n

• A l t e r n a

t e w i t h b r e a t h i n g

– I f a l o

n e , d o 5 c o m p r e s s i o n s f o r e a c

h b r e a t h , t h e n

c h e c k

f o r p u l s e

– I f t w o p e o p l e , p e r f o r m 2 – 3 c o m p r e s s i o n s f o r e a c h

b r e a t h , t h e n c h e c k f o r a p u l s e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 6


s i o n s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 7


s i o n s

• G i a n t D

o g s ( O v e r 9 0

p o u n d s )

– U s e t h

e s a m e t e c h n i q u e f o r m e d i u m

t o l a r g e d o g s

– I f a l o n

e , d o 1 0 c o m p

r e s s i o n s f o r e a c h b r e a t h , t h e n

c h e c k

f o r a p u l s e

– I f t w o

p e o p l e , d o 6 c o m p r e s s i o n s f o

r e a c h b r e a t h , t h e n

c h e c k

f o r a p u l s e

N o t e : D o

n o t a s s u m e t h

e r e i s n o h e a r t

r a t e o r p u l s e b

e c a u s e

a n a n i m a l i s n o t b r e a t h i n g . A l w a y s c h e c k f o r a h e a r t b e a t

b e f o r e s t a r t i n g c h e s t c o

m p r e s s i o n s .


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 8

S h o c k

S h o c k r e

s u l t s f r o m

d e c r e a s e d b l o o d a n d o

x y g e n

f l o w t o

t i s s u e s a n

d o r g a n s . S

y m p t o m s i n c l u d e :

• I n c r e a s e

d h e a r t r a t e

– P u l s e

m a y b e b o u n d i n g

o r , i n l a t e r s t a g e s , w e a k

• I n c r e a s e

d r e s p i r a t o r y r a t e

• D e l a y e d

c a p i l l a r y r e f i l l t i m e

• D e c r e a s

e d b o d y t e m p e

r a t u r e / c o o l f e e

t

– I f i n s e p t i c s h o c k ( i n f e c t

i o n ) , t e m p e r a t u r e

m a y b e e l e v a t e d

• W e a k n e

s s

• D i s o r i e n

t a t i o n

• R e s c u e w o r k e r s m u s t f

o c u s o n s t o p p i n g b l e e d i n g , w a

r m i n g

t h e a n i m

a l a n d t h e A B C ’ s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


5 9

E n

d S t a g e / T e r m i n a

l S h o c k

• W h e n t h e b o d y c a n n o

l o n g e r c o m p e n s a t e f o r

d e c r e a s e d o x y g e n a n d b l o o d

t o v i t a l

o r g a n s

• C a r d i a c

a r r e s t l i k e l y

t o o c c u r

s o o n

– A s s e s

s A B C ’ s o f C P R

– C o n t r o l b l e e d i n g

– W a r m

a n i m a l

– E l e v a t e h i n d e n d s l i g h t l y

( u n l e s

s b r o k e n b a c k

i s

s u s p e

c t e d )


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 0

B l e e d i n g

• C h e c k A B C ’ s o f C P R

• A p p l y d

i r e c t p r e s s u r

e

w i t h g a

u z e o r c l o t h

• A d d m o r e c l o t h i f

m a t e r i a l g e t s s o a k e

d

• D o n o t

w i p e

• S e c u r e

w i t h t a p e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 1

B l e e d i n g P

r e s s u r e

P o i n t s

P l a c e

t h r e e f i n g e r s a t t h e

b a s e o f

t h e l o w e r j a w o n t h e s a m e

s i d e a n d

b e l o w

w h e r e b l e e d i n g i s o

c c u r r i n g


r a l R e s p o n s e T e a m S

i t e o f b l e e d i n g

F o r e a

r m

H i n d l i m b

H e a d

N e c k

P r e s

s u r e p o i n t

A r m

p i t

I n n e

r t h i g h

L o w

e r j a w

G r o o v e n e x t t o w i n d p i p e

P l a c e

t h r e e f i n g e r s i n g r o o

v e n e x t t o

w i n d p i p e ( r o u n d a n d h a r d

) o n s i d e

o f n e c

k w h e r e b l e e d i n g i s

o c c u r r i n g

I f p r e v i o u

s

t e c h n i q u e s a r e

n o t w o r k i n g ,

u s e b l e e d i n g

p r e s s u r e

p o i n t

t e c h n i q u e

• P r e s s u r e

p o i n t s

a r e a r e a s f r o m

w h e r e t h e

b l o o d

v e s s e l s t r a

v e l

• A p p l y f i r m

a n d

e v e n p r e s s

u r e t o

a p p r o p r i a t

e

p r e s s u r e p

o i n t s

7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 2

B l e e d

i n g P o i n

t s

• W h e n u s i n g p r e s s u r

e

p o i n t s ,

y o u m u s t r e l e a s e

p r e s s u r e e v e r y 1 0 m

i n u t e s

( f o r a f e w s e c o n d s )

– P r e v e n t s p e r m a n e n t

d a m a g e t o l i m b

• W h e n u s i n g h e a d a n d

n e c k p r e s s u r e p o i n t

s , t a k e

c a r e n o

t t o o b s t r u c t

b r e a t h i n g



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 3

C h o k i n g

• O p e n a n

i m a l ’ s m o u t h a

n d s w e e p f r o m

s i d e t o s i d e t o

s e e i f

o b j e c t c a n b e d i s l o d g e d

• I f a n i m a

l i s s m a l l e n o u

g h , s u s p e n d a n

i m a l b y t h e h i p

s w i t h

h e a d h a

n g i n g d o w n

• I f a n i m a

l i s b i g g e r , p l a c

e y o u r a r m s a r

o u n d a n i m a l ’ s

w a i s t

• C l o s e y o

u r h a n d s t o g e t

h e r t o m a k e a f i s t j u s t b e h i n d

f i r s t r i b

• C o m p r e

s s t h e a b d o m e n b y p u s h i n g u p 5 t i m e s

– A l t e r n

a t e w i t h p e r f o r m i n g 5 b r e a t h s ( a n y a i r a r o u n d t h e o b j e c t i s

b e t t e r t h a n n o n e )

• A s a l a s t r e s o r t , a d m i n i s t e r a s h a r p b l o w t o t h e b a c k

b e t w e e n

t h e s h o u l d e r b

l a d e s

– T h e n r e p e a t a b d o m i n a l

c o m p r e s s i o n s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 4

C h o k i n g



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 5

F r a c t u r e s

• L a m e n e s s

• S w e l l i n g

• A b n o r m a l l i m b

p o s i t i o n

• + / - b r u i s i n g

• + / - p r o t r u d i n g b o n e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 6

F r a c t u r e s

• I f a p i e c e o f b o n e

i s s t i c k i n g

o u t , w a s h t h e

a r e a w

i t h w a t e r o

r s a l i n e

– L o o s

e l y p l a c e a d

r e s s i n g o v e r

t h e w o u n d a n d

w r a p

w i t h t a p e

• I f t h e a n i m a l c a n ’ t b e k e p t c o m p l e t e l y s

t i l l f o r

t r a n s p

o r t , a s p l i n t m a y b e a p

p l i e d

– P l a c

e a r i g i d s t r u c t u r e a l o n g e

a c h s i d e o f t h e

f r a c t u r e d l i m b ( r o

l l e d p a p e r , s t i c k , p e n , e t c )

– H o l d

w i t h t a p e i n

m u l t i p l e l o c a t i o n s , b u t d o

n o t

w r a p

t o o t i g h t l y



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 7

F r a c t u r e s

S p l i n t i n

g s h o u l d a l w

a y s i n c l u d e t h e j o i n t s b e l o

w

a n d a b o v e t h e f r a c t u r e s i t e . O t h e r w i s e , t h e s p

l i n t

c a n c a u

s e m o r e h a r m .



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 8

F r a c t u r e s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


6 9

F r a c t u r e s

I f a n i m a l i s s t r u g g l i n

g o r y o u c a n

t r a n s p o r t i t i n a

b o x o r c a r r i e r , d o n o

t a t t e m p t t o s p l i n t .

S p l i n t i n

g c a n w o r s e n a f r a c t u r e .



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 0

P u n c t

u r e W o u

n d a n d L

a c e r a t i o

n s

• R e m o v e f o r e i g n o b j e

c t

• W a s h a

r e a w i t h s a l i n e

– A d d o

n e t e a s p o o n o f s a l t

t o a q

u a r t o f w a r m w

a t e r

• D r y f o o t

• B a n d a g

e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 1

W

o u n d a n d L a c e r

a t i o n s

• C h e c k A B C ’ s o f C P R

• C h e c k f o r s h o c k

• A p p l y s

t e r i l e l u b e

– T o k e

e p h a i r o u t o f w o u n d

• C l i p h a

i r a r o u n d w o u n d

a r e a

– C l i p p

e r s o r r a z o r b l a

d e

• F l u s h w

i t h s a l i n e

• A p p l y a

b a n d a g e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 2

N e a r

D r o w n i n g

• C h e c k A

B C ’ s o f C P R

• F o r u n c o n s c i o u s a n i m

a l s ,

h o l d t h e

a n i m a l u p s i d e

d o w n a n

d a l l o w w a t e

r t o

c o m e o u t a i r w a y ( n o s e o r

m o u t h )

• C P R a s n e e d e d

• T r e a t f o r s h o c k ( k e e p

q u i e t

a n d w a r

m )



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 3

E y

e I n j u r y

F o r e i g n O b j e c t s i n t h

e E y e

• S w e l l i n g , s q u i n t i n g , p

a w i n g

o r o b v i o

u s o b j e c t

• G e n t l y w a s h t h e e y e w i t h

l a r g e a m o u n t s o f t a p

w a t e r

o r s t e r i l e e y e w a s h

• I n s p e c t

c l o s e l y t o c o n

f i r m

t h a t a l l

o f t h e o b j e c t h a s

b e e n r e

m o v e d



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 4

E y e O u

t o f S o c

k e t

• F l u s h w i t h s t e r i l e e y e w

a s h

• C o v e r t h e

e y e w i t h a

m o i s t e n e

d g a u z e

• B l i n d t h e

o p p o s i t e e y e

• D o n o t p u t a l e a s h a r o

u n d

t h e a n i m

a l ’ s n e c k

• G e t v e t e r

i n a r y a t t e n t i o n a s

q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 5

E m

b e d d e d

F o r e i g n

B o d i e s

D O N O T R E M O V E I M

P A L E D

F O R E I G

N B O D I E S

• R o l l u p g a u z e o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l

t h a t c a n

b e u s e d t o s t a b i l i z e t h e

o b j e c t i n

p l a c e

• U s e t a p e o r a n o b j e c t t h a t f i t s

o v e r t h e

f o r e i g n b o d y t o m a k e a

b r a c e t o

h o l d f o r e i g n b o d y s t i l l

• I f t h e o b

j e c t i s l o n g , m a

k e i t

s h o r t e r w i t h o u t r e m o v i n g i t

• G e t v e t e

r i n a r y a s s i s t a n c e a s

s o o n a s

p o s s i b l e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 6

F o r e i g n B o d

i e s — F i s h h o o k s

D o n o t p u

l l o r c u t t h e

l i n e !

• P u s h t h e h o o k t h r o u g h t h e

e x i t w o u

n d

• C u t t h e b a r b o f f u s i n g

a

w i r e c u t t e r

• P u l l t h e

h o o k o u t f r o m

t h e

d i r e c t i o n t h a t i t e n t e r e d t h e

s k i n

• T r e a t t h e r e s u l t i n g p u n c t u r e

l i k e a w o u n d


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 7

H e a

t S t r o k e

• C o l l a p s e

• V o m i t i n g o r b l o o d y d i a r r h e a

• E x c e s s i v

e s a l i v a t i o n

• I n c r e a s e

d h e a r t r a t e

• F a s t o r d i f f i c u l t b r e a t h i n g

• R e d m u c o u s m e m b r a n

e s

• C a p i l l a r y r e f i l l t i m e m a y b e

p r o l o n g e d o r v e r y q u i c k

• B o d y t e m p e r a t u r e 1 0 4

° F o r

a b o v e


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 8

H e a

t S t r o k e

• M o v e t o c o o l o r s h a d e d

a r e a

• S o a k i n

o r w i t h c o o l

( N o t

i c e d ) w

a t e r

• P l a c e t o w e l s a r o u n d

n e c k ,

h e a d , a

b d o m e n a n d

f e e t

• D i s c o n t i n u e c o o l i n g

o n c e

t h e t e m

p e r a t u r e r e a

c h e s

1 0 3 ° F



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


7 9

S n a k e B i t e

• A B C ’ s o f

C P R / C h e c k f o r

s h o c k

• K e e p a s

s t i l l a n d c a l m

a s

p o s s i b l e

( c a r r y t h e a n

i m a l )

• D o n o t c u t w o u n d o r s u c k

v e n o m

• D o n o t a

p p l y i c e o r a

t o u r n i q u

e t

• S e e k m e

d i c a l a t t e n t i o n a s

s o o n a s p o s s i b l e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 0

T o x i n

I n g e s t i o n

S i g n s o f

p o t e n t i a l t o x i n

i n g e s t i o n

• V o m i t i n

g o r d i a r r h e a

• S e i z u r e s o r a b n o r m a l m e n t a l

s t a t e ( h

y p e r e x c i t a b l e ,

d e p r e s s

e d )

• E x c e s s i v e s a l i v a t i o n

• U l c e r s i n m o u t h

• B l e e d i n

g f r o m m o u t h

o r a n y

b o d y c a

v i t y

C a t F a n c i e r s ’ A s s o c i a t i o n : C F A H e

a l t h

C o m

m

i t t e e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 1

S e i z u r e s

• A n i m a l s

m a y h a v e

s e i z u r e s

f r o m t o x i n

i n g e s t i o n o r o t h e r c a u

s e s

• P r o t e c t f r o m h

a r m d u

e t o

s u r r o u n d

i n g s

• D o n o t p

u t h a n d i n t h e

m o u t h o

r t r y t o p u l l o n t h e

t o n g u e



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 2

T o x i n

I n g e s t i o n

• C h e c k

t h e A B C ’ s o f C P R

• C h e c k

t h e m u c o u

s m e m b r a n

e c o l o r ,

c a p i l l a

r y r e f i l l t i m

e , a n i m a l ’ s

m e n t a l s t a

t e

• C h e c k

t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s f o r p

o s s i b l e p o i s o n

o r t o x i n

• I f p o s s

i b l e , c a l l t h

e N a t i o n a l A n i m a l P o i s o n

C o n t r o

l C e n t e r 1 - 8 0 0 - 5 4 8 - 2 4

2 3 o r 1 - 9 0 0 -

6 8 0 - 0 0 0 0



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 3

T o x i n

I n g e s t i o n

I f a d v i s e d t o i n d u c e

v o m i t i n

g , g i v e h o u s

e h o l d

( 3 % ) h y

d r o g e n p e r o

x i d e

o r a l l y ( a n i m a l s o n l y

! )

• 1 t e a s p o

o n p e r 1 0 p o u n d s o f

b o d y w e

i g h t

• T h i s c a n

b e r e p e a t e d e v e r y 1 0 -

2 0 m i n u

t e s f o r 3 – 4 d

o s e s

• I p e c a c s

h o u l d n o t b e u

s e d i n

d o g s o r c a t s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 4

B u r n s

• C h e c k f o r

s h o c k

• F l u s h c h e

m i c a l b u r n s

p r o f u s e l y

w i t h w a t e r

• A p p l y c o o

l w a t e r o r c o o

l

c o m p r e s s

e s t o b u r n e d a r e a

• A p p l y s t e r i l e n o n s t i c k d

r e s s i n g

• D o n o t i m

m e r s e i n w a t e r o r

i c e !

• D o n o t a p

p l y b u t t e r o r

o i n t m e n t !



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 5

R e m

e m b e r E m e r g e n

c y T r i a g e

W h e n p r e s e

n t e d w i t h t

h e

s i t u a t i o n , t h

e a n i m a l t h a t i s

m o s t c r i t i c a

l b u t w i t h t h e b e s t

c h a n c e o f l i v i n g s h o u l d

b e

a t t e n d e d t o

f i r s t



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 6

E u t h a n a s i a



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 7

T r e a t m e n t o r E u t h

a n a s i a

• C r i t e r i a t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e

d e c i s i o n

m a k i n

g s h o u l d i n

c l u d e

– P a i n

a n d d i s t r e s s o f t h e a n i m a l

– L i k e

l i h o o d o f r e c o v e r y

– D i a g n o s t i c i n f o r m

a t i o n

– W e l

f a r e f o r t h e a

n i m a l , h u m a

n e c o n s i d e r a

t i o n s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 8

E u t h a n a s i a

• I n s o m e c a s e s , s u s t

a i n e d i n j u r i e s m a y n e c e s s

i t a t e

h u m a n

e e u t h a n a s i a

• B e s t p e

r f o r m e d b y a

v e t e r i n a r i a n

o r u n d e r

v e t e r i n

a r y g u i d a n c e

• H o w e v e r , s u c h a s s i s

t a n c e m a y n

o t b e r e a d i l y

a v a i l a b

l e - - T h e p e r s

o n p e r f o r m i n

g a p h y s i c a l

m e t h o d o f e u t h a n a s i a m u s t b e w

e l l t r a i n e d f o

r

e a c h t e

c h n i q u e t h a t m a y b e u s e d

w w w . a v m a . o r g / i s s u

e s / a n i m a l



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


8 9

I m

p o r t a n t

C o n s i d e

r a t i o n s

• W h e n e

u t h a n a s i a i s

n e c e s s a r y , a l w a y s m i n i m i z e

a n i m a l

d i s t r e s s a s m

u c h a s p o s s i b l e

– T h e p r e s e n c e o f h u m

a n s m a y b e r e a s s u r i n g f o r a n i m a l s

a c c u s

t o m e d t o h u m a n c o n t a c t ( p e n

e t r a t i n g c a p t i v e b o l t

( d o g s ) / e x s a n g u i n a t i o

n i n u n c o n s c i o

u s a n i m a l s m a

y b e

p r e f e r r e d )

– F o r w i l d l i f e , h u m a n c

o n t a c t c a u s e s f e a r a n d g r e a t e

r

d i s t r e s s ( g u n s h o t m a

y b e p r e f e r r e d

- - g u n s h o t p e r m

i t s

t h e l e a s t a m o u n t o f h u m a n c o n t a c t

)



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 0

A e s t h e t i c C o n c e r n s

H u m a n e

E u t h a n a s i a b y G u n s h o t o r P e n e t r a t i n g

C a p t i v e B o l t

• D e s p i t e

b e i n g h u m a n e

, b o t h a r e a e s t h e t i c a l l y d i s p l e a s i n g

p r o c e d u

r e s

– I n v o l u

n t a r y m o v e m e n t w

i l l o c c u r

– E x s a n g u i n a t i o n r e q u i r e s

s e v e r a l m i n u t e s a n d i s v i s u a l l y

u n c o m

f o r t a b l e t o o b s e r v e

• T h e s e p

r o c e d u r e s s h o u

l d b e c o n d u c t e

d o u t o f t h e p u b l i c

v i e w



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 1

C o n f i r m a t i o n o f D e a t h

• D e a t h s h o u l d b e c o n f i r m e d b y e v

a l u a t i o n o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g p h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o v

e r a p e r i o d o

f

s e v e r a l m i n u t e s

– L a c k

o f h e a r t b e a t

• A p u l s e i s n o r m a l l y n o t p r e s e n t u n d e r

s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s

– L a c k

o f r e s p i r a t i o n

• T h

e s e m a y b e e r r a t i c i n a n u n c o n s c i o u

s a n i m a l

– L a c k

o f b l i n k r e f l e x

– L a c k

o f m o v e m e n t o v e r a p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l h o u r s

• T h

e p r e s e n c e o f “ r i g

o r m o r t i s ”


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 2

U n a c c e

p t a b l e M

e t h o d s o

f E u t h a n a

s i a

• T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e f o r b i d d e n u n d e

r F l o r i d a L a w

8 2 8 . 1 2

– M a n u a l l y a p p l i e d b l u n t t r a u m a t o t

h e h e a d s u c h a

s a

l a r g e

h a m m e r

– I n j e c t i o n o f a n y c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e n o t l a b e l e d f o r u s e

a s a e u t h a n a s i a a g e

n t

– I n j e c t i o n o f a i r i n t o a v e i n

– E l e c t r o c u t i o n


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 3

P e t s i n D i s a s t e r s


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 4

W h e r e c a n p e t s

g o ?

• F l o r i d a

P e t F r i e n d l y . c o m

h t t p : / / f l o r i d a p e t f r i e n d l y . c o m / s h e l t e r s . h t m

– L i s t s

s h e l t e r s ( b y c o u n t y )

w h e r

e p e o p l e c a n s t a y w i t h

t h e i r

p e t s i f t h e y m u

s t

e v a c u a t e

– R e q u

i r e m e n t s f o r e a c h

s h e l t e r a r e a l s o l i s t e

d


7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 5

P e t D i s a s t e r F i r s t

A i d K i t

• E s t a b l i s h a d i s a s t e r f i r s t a i d k i t b e f o r e t h e

n e e d a

r i s e s

h t t p : / / w

w w . c a n i s m a j o r . c o m / d o g / f s t a

i d k . h t m l



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 6

P e t I d e n t i f i c a t

i o n

• M i c r o c

h i p p i n g i s t h e

b e s t w

a y t o r e u n i t e

a n i m a

l s w i t h t h e i r

o w n e r

s a f t e r a d i s a s t e r

s i t u a t i o n

P e a c h t r e e C o r n e r s A n i m

a l N e w s l e t t e r



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 7

C l o s i n

g T h o u g h t s

• I n a n e m e r g e n c y , y o

u r s a f e t y i s o

f t h e u t m o s t

i m p o r t a n c e

• P r e v e n

t i o n a n d p r e p

a r a t i o n a r e k

e y

• P r o v i d i n g a n i m a l s w

i t h a d e q u a t e

s h e l t e r , w a t e r ,

a n d f o o d i s c r i t i c a l i n t h e i m m e d i a t e a f t e r m a t h o f

a n e m e r g e n c y

• T r e a t i n

g i n j u r e d a n i m a l s m a y n o t b e f e a s i b l e

w i t h o u t h e l p f r o m t r

a i n e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 8

R e f e r e

n c e s a n d H e l p f u

l R e s o u r c e s

• H S U S P e

t F i r s t A i d . B o b

b i e M a m m a t o ,

D V M , M P H . 1 9 9 7

• S m a l l A n

i m a l F i r s t A i d P r e s e n t a t i o n , B

a y A r e a A n i m a l

R e s p o n s

e T e a m . M a y - l i

C u y p e r s , D V M ,

D A C V I M . 2 0 0 7



7/17/2019 PET-EFA-LP-2008-04


9 9

ou !

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PET-EFA-LP-2008-04