PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 196 · pesticide applications to both edible and ornamental crops. This was the eighth survey of pesticide usage on protected crops in England & Wales

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 196

PROTECTED CROPS (EDIBLE & ORNAMENTAL)

IN GREAT BRITAIN

2003

D. G. Garthwaite & M. R. Thomas

Pesticide Usage Survey Central Science Laboratory

Sand Hutton York

YO41 1LZ

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

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Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department

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CONTENTS Page Definitions iv Summary 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and discussion 5 Crops 5 Overall Usage of Pesticides 6 Extent and Quantities of Pesticides Used - Edible Crops 12 Extent and Quantities of Pesticides Used - Ornamental Crops 21 Extent and Quantities of Active Substances Used on Edible Crops 30 Extent and Quantities of Active Substances Used on Ornamental Crops 33 Pesticide Usage on Tomatoes 36 Pesticide Usage on Cucumbers 42 Pesticide Usage on Lettuce 48 Pesticide Usage on Peppers 54 Pesticide Usage on Celery 60 Pesticide Usage on Other Vegetables 61 Pesticide Usage on Edible Plants in Propagation 62 Pesticide Usage on Strawberries and Other Fruit 63 Pesticide Usage on Chrysanthemums for Cutting 64 Pesticide Usage on Pinks & Carnations 65 Pesticide Usage on Alstroemeria 66 Pesticide Usage on Other Flowers and Foliage 67 Pesticide Usage on Pot Chrysanthemums 69 Pesticide Usage on Other Pot Plants 71 Pesticide Usage on Ornamental Plants in Propagation 73 Pesticide Usage on Hardy Ornamental Nursery Stock 75 Comparison with previous surveys 77 Acknowledgements 83 References 83 Appendix I 84 Appendix II 85 Appendix III 86

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ROUNDING

Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals shown. DEFINITIONS

a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances of: insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, fungicides, herbicides, desiccants, disinfectants, growth regulators, soil sterilants, nematicides, repellents and biological control agents.

b) The terms 'registered pesticide' and 'registered biological control agents' refer to those active substances and formulations approved under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR), 1986.

c) The terms 'non-registered pesticide' and 'non-registered biological control agent' do not infer non-approved usage of pesticides. They refer to the usage of pesticides, surface cleaners and biological control agents, which are not covered by COPR (1986).

d) 'Basic area' is the planted/sown area of a crop treated with a given pesticide/pesticides, irrespective of the number of times that area was treated.

e) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeat applications, some of which may have been applied to the glasshouse or soil prior to planting and thus may appear as an inappropriate use on that crop.

f) 'Reasons for application' used in the text are the grower's stated reason for the use of that particular pesticide on that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate.

g) Where individual pesticide formulations or active substances are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of usage by hectares treated.

h) Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides.

i) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or mixtures of active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents, pH modifiers or adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.

QUALITY CONTROL OF DATA

All data are collected by personal interview using fully qualified staff working to standard operating procedures. Paper records are held at Sand Hutton, but individual holdings cannot be identified. Data are entered onto a computer database, which has extensive error checking routines associated with the input program. Each item of data is then checked after entry and subsequently all forms are re-checked by someone other than the original operator. Prior to compilation of the tables, the data are further subjected to a range of computer checks to detect, amongst other things, any values, which, on agronomic grounds, appear suspect. Any thus revealed are further scrutinised, and, if necessary, referred back to the original source. All the tables are prepared by computer once the data set is considered correct, thus eliminating transcription and typographical errors.

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SUMMARY This report presents information on all aspects of pesticide usage on protected crops, both edible and ornamental, grown in Great Britain in 2003. More than 280 distinct crop types, in 17 crop groups, were recorded in the survey and pesticide usage data were obtained from 2,464 examples grown on 410 holdings. The total area surveyed represented 21% of the area of all protected crops grown in Great Britain in 2003, whilst the area visited in each region was proportional to the area of protected crops grown in that region. The data on the area of pesticide treatments and the amounts of active substances applied have been raised to give estimates of national pesticide usage on protected crops. Information is also presented concerning the extent of usage of biological control agents not requiring registration as pesticides. Edible crops, principally lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes and their seedlings in propagation, accounted for 30% of the total area of protected crops grown in 2003. Usage of all biological control agents accounted for 49% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on edible crops, fungicides comprised a further 31% of the total treated area, insecticides 10%, acaricides 3%, with sulphur and herbicides 2% each. Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Aphidius colemani and Amblyseius spp. were the most extensively used biological control agents used on edible crops. The most extensively used fungicides were iprodione, propamocarb hydrochloride, azoxystrobin, fosetyl-aluminium, myclobutanil and thiram. Carbamates were the most extensively used group of insecticides and were used on 35% of the total insecticide-treated area. Pyrethroids were used on 30% of the insecticide-treated area, while organophosphates were used on 11%. The most extensively used individual insecticides were pirimicarb, cypermethrin and nicotine. Abamectin accounted for 35% of the acaricide-treated area, with fenbutatin oxide, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine also being commonly used. Ornamental crops were dominated by bedding and other plants in propagation, including hardy nursery stock, pot plants and a range of flowers and foliage for cutting. Although the area of edible protected crops had declined by 38% compared with 1991, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 44%. In contrast, compared with 1991, the area treated with non-registered biological control agents decreased by 39%, in line with changes in the area grown. Usage of registered biological control agents had declined by 65% compared with 1991. However, the area treated with all registered pesticides increased by 17% compared with 1999. In particular, usage of herbicides had doubled, registered biological control agents increased by 51%, sulphur by 44%, fungicides by 33% and acaricides by 18%. Compared with 1999, the area of edible protected crops treated with insecticides decreased by 23% and 40% less by weight was applied. The weight of registered active substances applied to edible protected crops had decreased by 77% compared with 1991 and by 41% compared with the previous survey in 1999. Fungicides accounted for 43% of the total area of protected ornamental crops treated with registered pesticides, insecticides 31%, growth regulators 11%, herbicides 6%, acaricides 5%, disinfectants, registered biological control agents, molluscicides, surface cleaners one percent each, and soil sterilants, tar oils/acids, physical control agents, algicides, sulphur and fungicide/insecticide co-formulants all less than one percent each. When all biological control agents were included, biological control agents accounted for 33% of the combined total area treated. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, iprodione, prochloraz and fosetyl-aluminium were the principal fungicide active substances used on protected ornamental crops. Pyrethroids were the most extensively used group of insecticides and accounted for 32% of the insecticide-treated area, the neonicotinoids 16%, organophosphates 10% and carbamates 7%. The most extensively used individual insecticides applied to ornamental crops were imidacloprid 12%, cypermethrin 11%, bifenthrin 10%, deltamethrin 9% and nicotine 9%. Usage of daminozide accounted for 49% of the area of ornamentals treated with growth regulators. Although not as extensively used on ornamental crops, the main biological control agents encountered were Encarsia formosa, Aphidius colemani, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius spp., Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Hypoaspis miles. Abamectin and fenbutatin oxide accounted for 80% of the acaricide-treated area of ornamentals. While the area of protected ornamental crops increased by 44% compared with 1999, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 39% over the same period. By contrast, the area treated with non-registered biological control agents increased by 74% compared with 1999 and by four times compared with 1991. With the exception of herbicides, tar oils/acids and disinfectants, all chemical groups of registered pesticides declined in terms of treated area. Despite the large decreases in the areas treated, the weight of pesticides applied increased by 3% compared with 1999. This apparent anomaly is due, in part, to an increase in fungicidal drenches, in particular fosetyl-aluminium, giving rise to an increase in the weight of fungicides applied of 10% between 1999 and 2003. Compared with 1991, however, the weight of all registered pesticides had decreased by 26%.

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INTRODUCTION

The Advisory Committee on Pesticides advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. In order to discharge this function the Committee must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides and needs accurate data on the usage of individual pesticides.

As part of the ongoing process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Teams of the Central Science Laboratory, an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, an agency of the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department, conducted a survey of pesticide usage on protected crops in 2003 by visiting holdings during the winter of 2003/2004. The survey included pesticide applications to both edible and ornamental crops.

This was the eighth survey of pesticide usage on protected crops in England & Wales and the sixth in Scotland. It was the third fully coordinated survey of pesticide usage on protected crops in Great Britain. The previous surveys were reported by Umpelby & Sly (1978); Umpelby, Sly & Cutler (1980); Sly & Williams (1985), Longland, Chapman & Cole (1988), Thomas, Davis & Garthwaite (1993), Thomas & Garthwaite (1997) and Garthwaite & Thomas (2001). Surveys on pesticide usage on protected crops in Scotland have been reported by Umpelby et al. (1980), Brodie & Wood (1984), Shave & Dickson (1992) and Snowden, Thomas & Dickson (1992).

Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in Great Britain plus the Government Office Regions (GOR) of England & Wales can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Central Science Laboratory, York either by telephone on 01904 462410, by post or through their web site at http://liaison.csl.gov.uk. Further data related specifically to Scotland can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, East Craigs, Edinburgh.

A list of the most recently published survey reports is shown in Appendix 2. Copies of reports on pesticide usage may be purchased from Defra Publications, London, SE99 7TP (Tel. 01645 556000).

REPORT FORMAT

In order to improve the presentation of data within this report, summary charts and tables for each crop have been incorporated. These take two forms:

1. A summary of the number of all pesticide spray applications, products and active substances currently used and how these have changed over the last 10 years.

2. For each major pesticide group, detailed data are presented on the five principal active substances used on an individual crop. These data include the area treated with each formulation in 2003, the weight applied in 2003, the proportion of the total area treated within each pesticide group, the proportion of the census area grown treated with each formulation and the average number of applications of each formulation made to an individual crop where treated with that formulation.

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METHODS

The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns, June 2002 for England & Wales (Anon., 2003a) and for Scotland (Anon., 2003b).

The samples were drawn from the census returns to represent the area of all protected crops grown throughout England, Scotland and Wales. For England the sample was selected within each of the eight Government Office Regions, together with Wales, while in Scotland, the country was divided into 11 land-use regions (Fig. 1). The samples were stratified according to the total area of glass and polythene structures in each region and by size group based on the total area of glass and polythene on each holding. The area of protected crops sampled in each size group and each region was proportional to the total area of glass and polythene structures in each size group in each region.

An introductory letter was sent to the occupiers of the selected holdings explaining the purpose of the survey. A total of 410 holdings were visited during the winter of 2003/04. Data were collected during a personal interview with the grower conducted by an experienced pesticide usage surveyor. Where a holding listed in the original sample was not able to provide data it was replaced with another from the same size group and region, held on a reserve list.

Raising factors

The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by two factors to give an estimate of regional usage; the first factor being dependent on holding size group and region and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data were further adjusted by a third factor to give estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in Great Britain (Thomas, 2001).

The raising factors were based on the total areas of glass and polythene on holdings in 2003 as recorded in the June Agricultural Census Returns both for England & Wales (Anon., 2004a) and Scotland (Anon., 2004b). Further adjustments to the area of multiple cropped plants, such as lettuce, and estimates of the areas of minor crops grown were made using the results of the January Glasshouse Crops Survey (Anon., 2004c).

The Questionnaire

The questionnaire for the main part of the survey consisted of two forms, which were completed during an interview with the grower.

Form 1 summarised the cropping on the designated holding during the 2003 growing season. Information was also collected concerning the type of structures on the holding (i.e. glass or plastic) and whether each structure was heated.

Form 2 was used to record all aspects of pesticide usage on each individual crop grown on the holding during the cropping period from autumn 2002 through to autumn 2003. A separate form 2 was used for each structure or where part of a structure received a different pesticide treatment programme. Information was also collected for certain agronomic details which may have influenced pesticide usage, such as the method of propagation, growing medium and type of irrigation.

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Fig. 1 Counties in Government Office Regions of England & Wales and regions covered by SEERAD in Scotland

ScotlandBordersCentral

Dumfries & GallowayFife

GrampianHighlands & Islands

LothianStrathclyde

Tayside

North EastCleveland Durham

Tyne & Wear Northumberland

Yorkshire & the Humber S. Yorkshire N. Yorkshire W. Yorkshire

East Yorkshire

East Midlands Derby

Leicestershire Lincolnshire

Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire

Eastern Bedfordshire

Cambridgeshire Essex

Hertfordshire Norfolk Suffolk

South East Berkshire

Buckinghamshire Hampshire

IOW London

Kent Oxon Surrey

E Sussex W Sussex

North West Cheshire Cumbria

Lancashire Merseyside

Greater Manchester

West Midlands Hereford

Worcester Shropshire

Staffordshire Warwickshire

West Midlands

Wales Clywd Dyfed Gwent

Gwynedd Mid Glamorgan

Powys S Glamorgan W Glamorgan

South WestCornwall Devon Dorset

Gloucestershire Avon

Somerset Wiltshire

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CROPS

More than 280 distinct crop types, in 17 crop groups (see Appendices I & II), were recorded in the survey and pesticide usage data were obtained from 2,464 examples grown on 410 holdings. The census area for the crop groups was derived as outlined in the methods section.

Of the 410 holdings visited, 67% were not part of a crop assurance scheme. However, 22% were part of an edible crop assurance scheme, 10% part of an ornamental crop assurance scheme and 2% registered organic holdings.

Details of the crop groups encountered in the survey were as follows: Tomatoes – early planted heated, late planted heated or unheated; Cucumbers; Sweet and hot peppers; Lettuce including endive; Celery; Other vegetables for human consumption including herbs; Fruit including raspberries and strawberries; Pinks; Alstroemeria; Chrysanthemums - all year round and natural season; Other flowers and foliage; Chrysanthemums as pot plants; Other pot plants; Ornamental plants in propagation; Hardy ornamental nursery stock; Edible plants in propagation. Detailed information on some of the individual crops encountered in the larger crop groups can be found in Appendices I & II.

The area of crops sampled in the survey represented 21% of the total area of protected crops grown in Great Britain in 2003.

Crops grown for human consumption accounted for 30% of the total area of protected crops grown, comprising lettuce 9%; other vegetables (including herbs) 7%; cucumbers 5%; tomatoes 4%; strawberries 3%; peppers one percent; other fruit and celery less than one percent each. Ornamental plants in propagation (including hardy ornamental nursery stock) accounted for 37% of the area of crops grown under protection, with edible plants for propagation accounting for a further 16%, pot plants for 12% and cut flowers for 6% of the total area.

Approximately 21% of the total area of protected crops was grown in Eastern Region, 20% in London & the South Eastern Region, 20% in Yorkshire & Humber, 11% in the North West, 9% in West Midlands, 7% in East Midlands, 7% in the South West, 2% in Scotland and one percent in the North East and Wales (see Fig. 1). However, the distribution of some of the crops varied markedly as outlined below.

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OVERALL USAGE OF PESTICIDES

Pesticide usage on crops

The extent of pesticide usage varied with each crop group. Whilst edible crops accounted for 30% of the total area of protected crops grown, they comprised 36% of the total area treated with registered pesticides (Tables 1 & 2). However, usage varied according to crop group, with “Other vegetables” accounting for 7% of the area grown, but only 2% of the pesticide-treated area., By contrast, strawberries accounted for 3% of the area grown, but 14% of the treated area. Chrysanthemums, both natural season and “all year round”, comprised 6% of the pesticide-treated area, but only accounted for 2% of the area of crops grown.

The usage of insecticides and nematicides was particularly extensive on hardy ornamental nursery stock and ornamental plants in propagation, accounting respectively for 21% and 17% of the total insecticide- and nematicide-treated area. The use of insecticides on “other pot plants” comprised a further 18% of the total insecticide-treated area of ornamental crops. Insecticide usage on lettuce and edible plants in propagation was also high, accounting for 40% and 21% respectively of the total insecticide-treated area of edible crops. Seventy-eight percent of all fungicide usage was on three crop groups: plants in propagation (edible plants, hardy nursery stock and others) (47%), strawberries (19%) and lettuce (12%), which together accounted for 65% of the total area of crops grown. The majority of acaricide usage was on hardy nursery stock (23%), strawberries (19%), tomatoes and cucumbers (15% each) and chrysanthemums for cutting (14%).

The use of growth regulators was confined mainly to ornamental plants with the principal usage being on plants in propagation (49%), all pot plants (27%) and chrysanthemums for cutting (18%). Herbicide usage was mainly recorded on hardy ornamental nursery stock, being used primarily for the control of weeds either on the surface of the pots or on the areas upon which pots were placed. Herbicide usage accounted for 5% of the total registered pesticide-treated area.

Sulphur accounted for 2% of the total area treated with registered pesticides, with most usage being confined to strawberries (55%) and tomatoes (35%). There was limited use of molluscicides or repellents, accounting for one percent of the total, with most usage being on hardy nursery stock and edible plants in propagation. Disinfectants and biological control agents accounted for a further one percent each of the registered pesticide-treated area. There was only limited usage of physical control agents, soil sterilants, tar oil, surface cleaners and algicides.

Usage of pesticide seed treatments is not included in this report as comprehensive information was not available from a large proportion of growers, especially those growing ornamental crops.

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Proportion of crops treated and number of applications made with registered pesticides and biological control agents

The percentage area of each crop treated with individual pesticide groups is shown in Table 3, while the number of applications made to crops (where treated) is given in Table 4. These tables include the areas treated with all registered pesticides and all biological control agents (both registered and non-registered - see definitions, page iv).

On average, pesticides and biological control agents were applied to 89% of the area of all crops, with some exceptions. Almost 40% of other vegetables and 20% of edible plants in propagation received no pesticide treatments or biological control agents at all, as did 15% of ornamental plants in propagation, 9% of flower & foliage crops, 8% of hardy nursery stock and 8% of tomatoes. By contrast, all celery crops and other fruit received a pesticide application. Similarly, more than 99% of the area of cucumbers, strawberries, lettuce and chrysanthemums for cutting received a pesticide application. An average of 18 biological control agents, 5 fungicides and 3 insecticides was applied to protected crops.

Because of the small number of holdings sampled growing carnations, pinks or other fruit, the data should be treated with caution.

Approximately 53% of the area of all crops was treated with a fungicide, although this varied markedly with crop group. Over 95% of the area of celery, strawberries and lettuce received fungicide treatments, whilst fungicide usage was much less extensive on alstroemeria (4%) and other vegetable crops (7%). Whilst all crops received an average of almost 5 applications, usage on hardy nursery stock was most intense with an average of almost 13 applications being made where fungicides were used, with almost 8 applications being made to strawberries.

Approximately 54% of the total crop area was treated with insecticides. Over 90% of the area of alstroemeria, lettuce, celery and potted chrysanthemums was treated with insecticides, whereas a third or less of the area of tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables was so treated because of the intensive use of biological control agents. Usage was most intensive on chrysanthemums and hardy nursery stock, where averages of around 7 applications per crop were made.

Usage of growth regulators was most intense on ornamental crops with 42% of chrysanthemums for cutting receiving 10 applications and 38% of pot chrysanthemums receiving almost 4 applications on average.

Acaricides were applied to 74% of the census area of chrysanthemums for cutting, 58% of cucumbers, 52% of tomatoes and 35% of pot chrysanthemums. No usage of acaricides was recorded on lettuce, celery or carnations & pinks. Where treated, hardy nursery stock was the most frequently treated crop, receiving over four applications on average, though only 14% of the crop received such treatment.

Registered biological control agents were only used extensively on strawberries, with 22% of the crop being treated, though these treated crops received less than two treatments on average. The area of protected crops treated with non-registered biological control agents was most extensive on cucumbers (91% of the area grown), peppers (89%), tomatoes (79%), pot plants (70%) and other fruit (66%). Applications to individual crops varied greatly, with peppers receiving an average of 31, tomatoes 24 and alstroemeria 18 biological control agent introductions. Use of non-registered biological control agents was not recorded on carnations & pinks and there was only minimal usage on lettuce, other flowers & foliage, celery and other vegetables.

Table 1a treated area of edible protected crops in Great Britain 2003 by cropgroup (spray hectares of registered products) Chemical group Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops Insecticides & nematicides 25 101 865 92 29 264 457 310 15 2,159 Fungicides 391 772 1,456 5 40 98 1,491 2,340 45 6,636 Herbicides . . 67 . 1 63 10 203 8 354 Growth regulators . . . . . . 6 . . 6 Molluscicides & repellents 8 1 37 2 5 40 60 5 . 158 Acaricides 209 208 . 12 . . 22 266 4 721 Biological control agents 8 4 . 4 . . 3 60 . 80 Soil sterilants 13 . 18 . 1 4 1 . . 37 Disinfectants 46 32 1 14 4 . 93 . . 190 Surface cleaners . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 Tar oils/acids 1 5 . < 1 . < 1 3 . . 10 Sulphur 180 7 . 25 . 3 . 281 7 503 Physical control agents 4 . 9 < 1 . 9 . 59 . 81 All registered pesticides 885 1,130 2,454 153 80 482 2,147 3,525 80 10,935 Other biological control agents 5,204 2,706 < 1 1,671 < 1 18 127 466 62 10,254 Area grown (hectares) 203 234 446 45 13 317 754 149 19 2,180 Table 1b Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops in Great Britain 2003 by cropgroup (kg of registered active substances) Chemical group Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops Insecticides & nematicides 125 33 175 109 11 98 9,046 294 1 9,892 Fungicides 974 2,673 3,266 2 31 27 24,957 1,683 31 33,644 Herbicides . . 62 < 1 . 65 6 87 7 228 Growth regulators . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 Molluscicides & repellents 4 1 19 2 4 15 29 1 . 72 Acaricides 60 2 . 2 . . 1 58 1 123 Biological control agents 4 2 . < 1 . . < 1 4 . 10 Soil sterilants 7,789 . 10,648 . 737 1,686 764 . . 21,624 Disinfectants 1,628 526 12 2 39 . 336 . . 2,543 Surface cleaners . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 Tar oils/acids 41 76 . 8 . 7 54 . . 186 Sulphur 460 51 . 20 . 2 . 744 9 1,286 Physical control agents 2 . 9 64 . 11 . 592 . 678 All registered pesticides 11,087 3,363 14,190 209 823 1,912 35,192 3,462 49 70,287 Other biological control agents 2,756 . . 31 . . . 2 9 2,798

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Table 2a treated area of ornamental protected crops in Great Britain 2003 by cropgroup (spray hectares of registered products) Chemical group Chrysanthemums Carnations Alstroemeria Other flowers Potted Other pot Plants in Hardy nursery All ornamental & Pinks and foliage chrysanthemums plants propagation stock crops Insecticides & nematicides 566 2 98 256 116 769 1,057 1,329 4,192 Fungicides 358 4 1 459 7 672 1,505 2,823 5,829 Herbicides 2 1 17 10 . 18 44 678 770 Growth regulators 274 . . 5 49 357 741 78 1,504 Molluscicides & repellents 8 . . 1 . 9 32 79 128 Fungicide/insecticide . . . . . 1 2 . 3 Acaricides 205 . 4 7 58 25 85 328 713 Biological control agents . . 13 . 31 36 31 56 167 Soil sterilants 9 2 1 37 . . 1 . 50 Disinfectants 1 . . 1 . 11 35 124 172 Surface cleaners . . . . . 3 8 109 120 Tar oils/acids . . . < 1 . . 14 7 21 Sulphur . . . . . . 1 7 8 Physical control agents 2 . . . . < 1 7 7 16 Algicides . . . < 1 . . 8 2 10 All registered pesticides 1,423 9 134 776 261 1,902 3,571 5,627 13,704 Other biological control agents 11 0 237 210 324 2,797 1,291 1,734 6,604 Area grown (hectares) 97 2 20 161 37 549 1,124 652 2,642 Table 2b Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops in Great Britain 2003 by cropgroup (kg of registered active substances) Chemical group Chrysanthemums Carnations Alstroemeria Other flowers Potted Other pot Plants in Hardy nursery All ornamental & Pinks and foliage chrysanthemums plants propagation stock crops Insecticides & nematicides 229 < 1 6 54 50 1,587 685 2,105 4,716 Fungicides 742 41 1 1,693 27 2,522 5,635 4,238 14,898 Herbicides 4 1 10 14 . 16 80 1,084 1,209 Growth regulators 278 . . 11 105 635 1,281 116 2,426 Molluscicides & repellents 1 . . < 1 . 2 20 49 73 Fungicide/insecticide . . . . . < 1 < 1 . 1 Acaricides 47 . < 1 < 1 21 3 4 44 119 Biological control agents . . . . 13 9 15 3 40 Soil sterilants 6,754 1,215 723 25,857 . . 1,481 . 36,030 Disinfectants 42 . . 26 . 21 129 5,021 5,240 Surface cleaners . . . . . 2 16 291 308 Tar oils/acids . . . 54 . . 202 124 380 Sulphur . . . . . . < 1 58 59 Physical control agents 2 . . . . 6 207 65 281 Algicides . . . 1 . . 4 3 8 All registered pesticides 8,100 1,257 740 27,711 216 4,803 9,759 13,200 65,787 Other biological control agents . . . . . . 179 . 179

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Table 3 Usage of pesticides on protected crops in Great Britain 2003 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides Crop group Insecticides & Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Growth Molluscicides Registered bio- Algicides & Soil Disinfectants Not Non-registered nematicides regulators & repellents control agents surface cleaners sterilants treated bio-contol agents Tomatoes 10.1 52.2 69.4 38.8 0.3 . 1.5 1.2 . 4.7 16.2 7.8 79.4 Cucumbers 22.7 57.9 86.9 1.1 < 0.1 . 0.3 0.2 . . 12.5 0.2 91.2 Lettuce 96.4 . 95.5 . 20.5 . 10.3 . . 5.7 0.4 0.5 < 0.1 Peppers 62.5 13.9 10.8 18.2 < 0.1 . 3.9 0.2 . . 30.6 3.7 89.0 Celery 91.2 . 99.9 . 11.5 . 42.3 . . . 33.6 . 0.1 Other vegetables 33.5 0.1 7.4 1.0 14.3 . 11.6 1.0 . 0.9 . 38.0 3.1 Edible plants in propagation 54.6 2.3 67.8 < 0.1 1.7 1.5 14.9 0.9 < 0.1 0.2 11.9 18.7 3.9 Strawberries 72.5 85.0 99.3 25.6 28.6 . 5.7 22.1 . . . 0.3 50.5 Other fruit 56.9 19.2 55.3 24.1 44.7 . . . . . . . 66.3 Chrysanthemums 89.2 73.8 69.1 . 1.4 41.8 12.1 2.4 . 3.1 . 0.3 5.4 Carnations & Pinks 48.2 . 72.3 . 24.1 . . . . 96.4 . 3.6 . Alstroemeria 97.3 11.3 3.8 . 31.3 . . . . 3.7 . 2.7 55.0 Other flowers and foliage 61.6 3.0 59.6 . 6.3 2.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 22.9 0.4 8.5 16.0 Potted chrysanthemums 93.0 35.3 11.0 . . 38.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 . . 1.9 58.5 Other pot plants 59.0 1.0 45.1 . 0.3 9.2 1.3 1.0 0.6 . 2.2 3.6 70.0 Plants in propagation 46.9 3.7 39.3 < 0.1 1.8 22.7 2.8 1.9 1.9 < 0.1 2.7 14.8 9.8 Hardy nursery stock 51.7 13.9 42.4 0.2 36.7 4.5 9.4 1.5 10.2 . 12.9 8.4 17.4 All crops 53.5 13.4 53.3 2.9 9.3 8.2 6.1 1.6 1.6 2.0 5.8 10.9 28.8

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Table 4 Usage of pesticides on protected crops in Great Britain 2003 - number of spray rounds applied to crops (where treated with that pesticide)

Crop group Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides & Growth Molluscicides Registered bio- Other All registered Non-registered & nematicides desiccants regulators & repellents control agents pesticides pesticides bio-control agents Tomatoes 1.4 2.6 3.5 2.1 1.0 . 1.0 2.0 1.1 5.3 23.8 Cucumbers 1.3 1.5 4.4 1.8 1.0 . 1.0 1.5 1.2 5.5 12.7 Lettuce 2.3 . 3.9 . 1.1 . 1.0 . 1.0 5.3 2.0 Peppers 3.4 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 . 1.0 1.8 1.0 5.2 31.2 Celery 2.7 . 2.9 . 1.0 . 1.0 . 1.0 4.6 2.0 Other vegetables 2.9 1.5 2.1 1.0 1.1 . 1.1 3.0 1.0 3.4 2.1 Edible plants in propagation 1.5 1.6 2.3 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 3.2 6.6 Strawberries 2.6 2.0 7.7 10.8 3.3 . 1.0 1.4 . 11.6 4.6 Other fruit 1.4 1.0 3.6 1.5 1.0 . . . . 4.1 11.2 Chrysanthemums 7.5 3.5 5.1 . 1.0 10.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 14.9 3.5 Carnations & Pinks 1.5 . 3.5 . 1.0 . . . 1.0 5.5 . Alstroemeria 3.7 2.0 1.0 . 2.7 . . 3.0 1.0 5.2 18.4 Other flowers and foliage 4.4 1.8 4.9 . 1.1 1.4 1.0 2.5 1.3 6.3 7.5 Potted chrysanthemums 3.3 2.1 2.8 . . 3.9 1.0 3.0 1.0 9.0 16.4 Other pot plants 2.7 2.0 3.3 . 2.0 5.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 5.7 15.6 Plants in propagation 2.5 2.1 4.0 1.0 1.6 3.6 1.2 1.6 1.3 6.1 13.7 Hardy nursery stock 6.6 4.3 12.8 9.0 3.1 1.9 1.6 9.4 2.0 16.5 16.2 All crops 3.1 2.5 4.8 3.8 1.7 3.9 1.1 2.6 1.4 7.0 15.0

11

12

THE EXTENT AND QUANTITIES OF PESTICIDES USED Usage of registered pesticides on all protected crops Fungicides accounted for 51% of the total pesticide-treated area of all protected crops, insecticides for 26%, growth regulators for 6%, acaricides 6%, herbicides 5%, sulphur 2% and disinfectants, molluscicides & repellents and registered biological control agents one percent each (Tables 1 & 2). All other pesticide groups, including physical control agents, soil sterilants, surface cleaners, tar oils/acids, algicides and fungicides/insecticides but excluding non-registered biological and physical control agents accounted for less than one percent each. Tables 1 & 2 present the usage of registered pesticides. However, this does not represent the complete picture of pest and disease control in protected crops as many agents and chemicals used for this purpose were not registered pesticides, in particular biological control agents and disinfectants. Registered biological control agents accounted for just one percent of the total pesticide-treated area. Other non-registered biological and physical control agents and pollinators were a major part of pest, disease and crop management strategies, accounting for 41% of the combined total, as illustrated in Tables 1 & 2. These are outlined in the following sections and given in more detail in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8. Usage of all pest, disease and weed control agents on protected edible crops The areas of each of the edible crops treated with individual pesticide formulations are given in Table 5, whilst the quantities of active substance(s) applied in those formulations are given in Table 6. Registered biological control agents accounted for one percent of the total treated area of registered pesticides used on edible crops (Table 1). However, usage of all biological control agents accounted for 49% of the total area treated for pest, disease and weed control, although only minimal usage was recorded on lettuce or celery (Table 5). Fungicides accounted for 31% of the total treated area, insecticides 10%, acaricides 3%, sulphur and herbicides 2% each. Encarsia formosa (54%), for the control of whitefly, Phytoseiulus persimilis (12%), for the control of spider mites, Aphidius colemani (7%), for the control of aphids and Amblyseius spp. (6%) for the control of thrips, accounted for 79% of the area of edible crops treated with biological control agents. This was largely a reflection of the number of repeat applications made to maintain control of the pests throughout the growing season. The most extensively used fungicides were iprodione (16% of the fungicide-treated area), used mainly on lettuce, strawberries and edible plants in propagation; propamocarb hydrochloride (11%), principally used on cucumbers, edible plants in propagation and lettuce; azoxystrobin (10%), used mainly on edible plants in propagation, lettuce and strawberries; fosetyl-aluminium (8%), again used mainly on edible plants in propagation; myclobutanil (8%), used almost exclusively on strawberries and thiram (8%), used especially on lettuce and strawberries. Carbamates were the most extensively used group of insecticides accounting for 35% of the total insecticide-treated area. Pyrethroids were used on 30% of the insecticide-treated area and organophosphates on 11%. The most extensively used individual insecticides were pirimicarb (35%), used primarily on lettuce, edible plants in propagation and strawberries; cypermethrin (14%), used mainly on lettuce; and nicotine (11%), used on most crops but primarily on other vegetables and strawberries. Abamectin (also an used as an insecticide to control thrips and leaf miners) accounted for 35% of the acaricide-treated area, with fenbutatin oxide, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine also being commonly used. There was no recorded usage of acaricides on either lettuce or celery. Soil sterilants were used on less than one percent of the treated area, but comprised 30% of the total weight of active substances applied. Dazomet was the most extensively used soil sterilant, accounting for 58% of the area treated with soil sterilants. Methyl bromide was the only other soil sterilant encountered. There was only limited usage of sulphur, herbicides, disinfectants, molluscicides, tar oils/acids and growth regulators. The most extensively used herbicides were paraquat, bromacil (used exclusively on strawberries) and glyphosate. Similarly, methiocarb and metaldehyde were the only molluscicides recorded, being used mainly on lettuce, other vegetables and edible plants in propagation. The use of growth regulators was confined to a rooting hormone on hops for propagation and paclobutrazol usage during strawberry runner production.

Table 5 Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m)

Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops

Fungicides Azoxystrobin 296,855 581,728 1,784,893 . 78,925 7,499 2,450,959 1,418,472 . 6,619,332 Bupirimate . 906,411 . . . . 9,652 2,329,020 . 3,245,084 Carbendazim 576,230 89,549 147,226 . 178,220 . . 182 . 991,408 Chlorothalonil 96,198 143,634 . . 119,345 426,415 1,415,700 380,079 . 2,581,371 Cupric ammonium carbonate . . . . . 34,935 . . . 34,935 Dichlofluanid 235,901 . . . . . 170,360 445,269 91,392 942,922 Etridiazole 195 . . . 166 . 155,761 . . 156,123 Fenarimol . 307,408 . . . . . 55,736 . 363,144 Fenhexamid . . . . . . . 2,255,291 194,194 2,449,485 Fosetyl-aluminium . . 289,680 . . 24,673 4,345,987 870,693 . 5,531,032 Furalaxyl . . . . . . 3,941 . . 3,941 Imazalil . 3,394,324 . . . . 30,129 . . 3,424,453 Iprodione 801,006 4,892 4,189,372 . . 146,840 1,447,510 3,871,486 52,546 10,513,652 Kresoxim-methyl . . . . . . 9,652 1,099,145 . 1,108,797 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . . 1,511,120 . . . 108,251 . . 1,619,370 Mepanipyrim . . . . . . 236 810,377 . 810,613 Metalaxyl/thiram . . 30,137 . . . 2,647 18,732 . 51,516 Myclobutanil . . . . . . 39,781 5,039,489 27,418 5,106,688 Prochloraz . . 373,089 . . 58,384 . . . 431,473 Propamocarb hydrochloride 968,381 2,253,997 1,939,783 48,296 166 191,591 2,050,074 . . 7,452,288 Pyrifenox . . . . . . 9,652 . . 9,652 Pyrimethanil 932,044 . 197,565 . . . 10,124 1,963,190 82,253 3,185,175 Thiram . . 3,022,873 . . . 32,916 2,042,000 . 5,097,789 Tolclofos-methyl . . 872,563 . 9,743 18,083 2,060,976 . . 2,961,366 Tolylfluanid . . . . . . . 648,501 . 648,501 Other1 fungicides2 501 34,451 204,326 . 9,743 68,033 554,661 152,315 . 1,024,032 All fungicides 3,907,312 7,716,395 14,562,626 48,296 396,309 976,454 14,908,971 23,399,976 447,802 66,364,142

Sulphur 1,803,228 69,620 . 245,724 . 29,581 236 2,811,873 73,114 5,033,374

12Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2Other fungicides include captan, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride/metalaxyl, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph/mancozeb, fluazinam, fluazinam/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb, mancozeb/metalaxyl, pyrazophos, tebuconazole, triadimefon, unspecified fungicides, vinclozolin and zineb.

13

Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m) Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops

Disinfectants Dichlorophen 122,033 31,386 . . . . 443,739 . . 597,158 Formaldehyde 213,083 289,401 13,787 17,169 37,327 . 48,416 . . 619,181 Sodium hypochlorite 124,019 3,600 . 120,375 . . 435,080 . . 683,074 All registered disinfectants 459,135 324,387 13,787 137,543 37,327 . 927,235 . . 1,899,413 Growth regulators Paclobutrazol . . . . . . 1,350 . . 1,350 Other growth regulators1 . . . . . . 59,999 . . 59,999 All growth regulators . . . . . . 61,349 . . 61,349 Herbicides Bromacil . . . . . . . 753,594 . 753,594 Glyphosate 3,393 266 36,350 195 . 22,843 28,846 274,130 . 366,023 Isoxaben . . . . . . . 47,700 . 47,700 Paraquat 543 . . . . 327,462 30,660 572,939 . 931,604 Other herbicides2 . . 637,609 . 12,806 281,483 41,503 381,716 84,908 1,440,026 All herbicides 3,936 266 673,959 195 12,806 631,788 101,009 2,030,079 84,908 3,538,946

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde 64,583 5,989 188,441 16,940 37,327 182,576 596,347 . . 1,092,203 Methiocarb . . 135,143 686 9,743 218,823 122 52,315 . 416,832 Other molluscicides & repellents3 12,281 1,731 47,350 . 2,997 . 6,937 . . 71,296 All molluscicides & repellents 76,864 7,720 370,934 17,625 50,067 401,399 603,407 52,315 . 1,580,331

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide 95,610 . 19,233 . 14,897 20,478 6,225 . . 156,442 Other soil sterilants4 29,581 . 159,866 . . 21,920 2,663 . . 214,030 All soil sterilants 125,190 . 179,099 . 14,897 42,397 8,888 . . 370,472 Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . . 236 . . 236 1Other growth regulators were 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid.

2Other herbicides include chlorpropham, chlorpropham/fenuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, diquat/paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, linuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, prometryn, propachlor, propyzamide, simazine, sodium monochloroacetate, trifluralin and unspecified herbicides 3Other molluscicides were unspecified molluscicides.

4Other soil sterilants include dazomet.

14

15

Table 5 (cont.) sage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m)

Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible

vegetables in propagation crops

Insecticides & nematicides

Azomethine

Pymetrozine . 543,984 410,799 134,205 . 58,384 62,007 . . 1,209,380

Carbamate

Pirimicarb 83,833 66,997 4,155,059 28,614 14,897 139,353 1,656,125 1,360,716 62,350 7,567,945

Natural

Spinosad . . . . . 72,980 9,652 367,607 . 450,239

Neonicotinoid

Imidacloprid . . . . . . 59,999 . . 59,999

Thiacloprid . 200,990 . 442,916 . 102,172 . . . 746,078

Organophosphate

Chlorpyrifos . . . . . . 2,084,895 . . 2,084,895

Dichlorvos . 187,952 . 168,251 . . . . . 356,204

Malathion . . . 326 . 53 . . . 379

Pyrethroid

Bifenthrin . . . . . . 19,721 589,225 . 608,946

Cypermethrin . . 2,615,071 . 14,897 468,711 22,783 . . 3,121,462

Deltamethrin . . 888,794 113,942 149,307 957,685 100,179 . 91,392 2,301,299

Lambda-cyhalothrin . . . . . 30,587 403,262 . . 433,849

Thiadiazine

Buprofezin 42,043 . . 8,870 . . . . . 50,914

Other

Fatty acids 118,175 . . 4,684 . . . . . 122,859

Nicotine 2,066 1,633 579,721 . 110,940 812,755 138,921 762,352 . 2,408,388

Other insecticides & nematicides1 7,572 5,327 1,655 17,021 . . 17,271 18,732 . 67,577

All insecticides & nematicides 253,690 1,006,882 8,651,099 918,830 290,041 2,642,680 4,574,815 3,098,631 153,742 21,590,412

1Other insecticides and nematicides include chlorfenvinphos, diflubenzuron, dimethoate, triazamate and unspecified insecticides.

15

Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m) Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops Acaricides Abamectin 209,910 2,068,735 . 67,729 . 3,649 24,355 113,638 . 2,488,015 Clofentezine . . . 16,857 . . . 1,020,765 . 1,037,621 Fenbutatin oxide 1,140,794 11,083 . 34,967 . 952 . 249,674 . 1,437,469 Tebufenpyrad . . . . . . 194,303 1,182,140 . 1,376,443 Tetradifon 738,705 . . . . . . 91,902 36,557 867,163 All acaricides 2,089,409 2,079,817 . 119,552 . 4,601 218,658 2,658,117 36,557 7,206,711 Biological control agents & pollinators Amblyseius spp. 33,133 3,021,227 . . . 174 . . . 3,054,534 Amblyseius californicus . . . 41,383 . . . 61,055 . 102,438 Amblyseius cucumeris 7,357 1,700,109 . 611,983 . . . 787,657 . 3,107,105 Aphelinus abdominalis . 20,502 . 976,840 . . . . . 997,342 Aphidius colemani . 1,465,643 . 5,714,950 . . . 384,851 . 7,565,444 Aphidius ervi 40,118 20,502 . 2,427,827 . . . 253,481 . 2,741,928 Aphidoletes aphidimyza . 52,167 . 2,789,455 . . . 655,981 . 3,497,603 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki . 3,600 . 23,418 . . 34,672 280,039 . 341,730 Bumble bee 945,235 . . 158,461 . 60,808 . 944,160 13,700 2,122,363 Chrysoperla carnea . . . 23,418 . . . . . 23,418 Dacnusa sibirica 332,729 . . . . . 237,479 . . 570,208 Dacnusa sibirica/Diglyphus isaea 1,485,154 . . . . . 343,043 . . 1,828,196 Diglyphus isaea 1,060,235 . . . . . . . . 1,060,235 Encarsia formosa 35,072,694 18,903,406 . 668,999 . 4,125 580,522 131,370 369,891 55,731,007 Episyrphus balteatus . . . 439,070 . . . . . 439,070 Eretmocerus eremicus 1,094,616 8,012 . . . . . . . 1,102,627 Feltiella acarisuga 300,569 200,990 . 481,905 . 30,043 . 324,046 . 1,337,553 Hypoaspis miles . . . . . . . 262,740 . 262,740 Hypoaspis spp. 70,507 397,297 . . . . . . . 467,804 Macrolophus caliginosus 619,668 . . 312,463 . . . . . 932,132 Orius laevigatus . 20,502 . 422,986 . . . . 84,908 528,397 Phytoseiulus persimilis 9,406,815 1,171,406 . 1,369,761 . 31,693 . 634,853 139,725 12,754,254 Steinernema feltiae 39,604 20,662 160 391 80 51,992 76,456 . . 189,344 Verticillium lecanii 80,236 41,004 . . . . . . . 121,240 Other biological control agents1 51,877 33,335 160 189,944 80 1,648 34,262 223,974 . 535,279 All biological control agents and pollinators 50,640,547 27,080,363 319 16,665,313 159 180,484 1,306,434 5,268,252 608,224 101,750,096 Physical control agents Natural plant extracts 38,005 . 88,072 3,613 . 87,576 . 591,706 . 808,972 Vegetable oil extracts/glucose polymer 1,478,269 . . 8,910 . . . . 6,850 1,494,029 All physical control agents 1,516,274 . 88,072 12,523 . 87,576 . 591,706 6,850 2,303,001 Tar oils/acids Tar oils 13,978 49,465 . 1,163 . 952 31,665 . . 97,222 1Other biological control agents include Amblyseius degenerans, Anagrus atomus, Aphidius spp, Bacillus thuringiensis, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Heterorhabditis megidis, Hypoaspis aculeifer or H. miles, Orius spp., Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Steinernema kraussei, Therodiplosis persicae and unspecified nematodes.

16

Table 6 Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)

Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops

Fungicides Azoxystrobin 7 18 41 . 2 < 1 38 37 . 142 Bupirimate . 112 . . . . < 1 96 . 208 Carbendazim 67 3 37 . 9 . . < 1 . 115 Chlorothalonil 19 28 . . 17 6 180 47 . 296 Cupric ammonium carbonate . . . . . < 1 . . . < 1 Dichlofluanid 18 . . . . . 12 71 9 110 Etridiazole < 1 . . . < 1 . 20 . . 20 Fenarimol . 1 . . . . . < 1 . 2 Fenhexamid . . . . . . . 194 12 206 Fosetyl-aluminium . . 879 . . 6 14,148 266 . 15,299 Furalaxyl . . 0 . . . < 1 0 . < 1 Imazalil . 61 0 . . . < 1 0 . 61 Iprodione 65 < 1 116 . . 6 80 230 3 501 Kresoxim-methyl . . . . . . < 1 18 . 18 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . . 191 . . . 3 0 . 194 Mepanipyrim . . . . . . < 1 32 . 32 Metalaxyl/thiram . . 1 . . . < 1 1 . 3 Myclobutanil . . . . . . < 1 47 < 1 48 Prochloraz . . 4 . . < 1 . . . 4 Propamocarb hydrochloride 751 2,449 480 2 1 4 8,375 . . 12,062 Pyrifenox . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 Pyrimethanil 49 . 10 . . . 1 179 7 245 Thiram . . 685 . . . 13 307 . 1,005 Tolclofos-methyl . . 768 . 2 5 2,064 . . 2,838 Tolylfluanid . . . . . . . 100 . 100 Other fungicides1 . 1 55 . . < 1 22 57 . 136 All fungicides 974 2,673 3,266 2 31 27 24,957 1,683 31 33,644

Sulphur 460 51 . 20 . 2 < 1 744 9 1,286

1Other fungicides include captan, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride/metalaxyl, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph/mancozeb, fluazinam, fluazinam/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb, mancozeb/metalaxyl, pyrazophos, tebuconazole, triadimefon, vinclozolin and zineb.

17

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)) Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Peppers Celery Other Edible plants Strawberries Other fruit All edible vegetables in propagation crops

Disinfectants Dichlorophen 1 61 . . . . 23 . . 86 Formaldehyde 1,625 465 12 1 39 . 308 . . 2,451 Sodium hypochlorite 1 < 1 . 1 . . 4 . . 6 All registered disinfectants 1,628 526 12 2 39 . 336 . . 2,543 Growth regulators Paclobutrazol . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 Other growth regulators1 . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1 All growth regulators . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1

Herbicides Bromacil . . . . . . . 35 . 35 Glyphosate < 1 < 1 2 < 1 . 4 3 14 . 23 Isoxaben . . . . . . . 1 . 1 Paraquat < 1 . . . . 20 1 18 . 39 Other herbicides2 . . 60 . < 1 41 2 18 7 129 All herbicides < 1 < 1 62 < 1 < 1 65 6 87 7 228

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde 4 1 17 2 3 10 29 . . 65 Methiocarb . . 2 < 1 < 1 4 < 1 1 . 7 All molluscicides & repellents 4 1 19 2 4 15 29 1 . 72

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide 6,153 . 1,904 . 737 1,014 616 . . 10,425 Other soil sterilants3 1,636 . 8,744 . . 673 147 . . 11,199 All soil sterilants 7,789 . 10,648 . 737 1,686 764 . . 21,624 Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . . < 1 . . < 1

1Other growth regulators were 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid.

2Other herbicides include chlorpropham, chlorpropham/fenuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, diquat/paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, linuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, prometryn, propachlor, propyzamide, simazine, sodium monochloroacetate and trifluralin. 3Other soil sterilants were dazomet.

18

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)



Insecticides & nematicides

Azomethine

Pymetrozine . 10 8 9 . . 1 < 1 . 29

Carbamate

Pirimicarb 5 3 85 < 1 < 1 3 40 45 1 183

Natural

Spinosad . . . . . < 1 < 1 2 . 2

Neonicotinoid

Imidacloprid . . . . . . 10 . . 10

Thiacloprid . 4 . 79 . < 1 . . . 83

Organophosphate

Chlorpyrifos . . . . . . 8,908 . . 8,908

Dichlorvos . 14 . 15 . . . . . 29

Malathion . . . < 1 . < 1 . . . .

Pyrethroid

Bifenthrin . . . . . . < 1 3 . 3

Cypermethrin . . 7 . < 1 1 < 1 . . 8

Deltamethrin . . 1 . . 1 . . . 3

Lambda-cyhalothrin . . . . . < 1 < 1 . . < 1

Thiadiazine

Buprofezin < 1 . . < 1 . . . . . 1

Other

Fatty acids 119 . . 5 . . . . . 124

Nicotine < 1 1 74 . 11 93 85 243 . 507

Other insecticides & nematicides1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 . . 1 < 1 . 1

All insecticides & nematicides 125 33 175 109 11 98 9,046 294 1 9,892

1Other insecticides and nematicides include chlorfenvinphos, diflubenzuron, dimethoate and triazamate.

19

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on edible protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)



Acaricides

Abamectin < 1 2 . < 1 . < 1 < 1 < 1 . 2

Clofentezine . . . < 1 . . . 22 . 23

Fenbutatin oxide 48 < 1 . 1 . < 1 . 8 . 58

Tebufenpyrad . . . . . . 1 27 . 27

Tetradifon 11 . . . . . . 1 1 14

All acaricides 60 2 . 2 . < 1 1 58 1 123

Biological control agents

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki . < 1 . < 1 . . < 1 4 . 4

Verticillium lecanii 4 2 . . . . . . . 6

All biological control agents 4 2 . < 1 . . < 1 4 . 10

Physical control agents

Natural plant extracts 2 . 9 64 . 11 . 592 . 678

Vegetable oil extracts/glucose polymer 2,756 . . 31 . . . . . 2,796 All physical control agents 2,758 . 9 95 . 11 . 592 . 3,474

Tar oils/acids

Tar oil 41 76 . 8 . 7 54 . . 186

20

21

Usage of all pest, disease and weed control agents on protected ornamental crops

The areas of each of the ornamental crops treated with individual pesticide formulations are given in Table 7 whilst the quantities of active substance(s) applied in those formulations are given in Table 8.

Fungicides accounted for 43% of the total area of protected ornamental crops treated with registered pesticides, insecticides 31%, growth regulators 11%, herbicides 6%, acaricides 5%, disinfectants, registered biological control agents, molluscicides, surface cleaners one percent and soil sterilants, tar oils/acids, physical control agents, algicides, sulphur and fungicide/insecticides all one percent or less each. When all biological control agents are included, the level of biological control increases to 33% of the combined total.

Five active substances accounted for 56% of the total fungicide-treated area of protected ornamental crops: azoxystrobin (15%), used on almost all crops but especially on hardy nursery stock, plants in propagation and potted chrysanthemums; chlorothalonil (13%), used on all crops, but particularly hardy nursery stock and plants in propagation; iprodione (11%), used most extensively on plants in propagation and hardy nursery stock; prochloraz (10%), used mainly on hardy nursery stock and fosetyl-aluminium (9%), again used mainly on hardy nursery stock.

Pyrethroids were the most extensively used group of insecticides and accounted for 32% of the insecticide-treated area, neonicotinoids 16%, organophosphates 10% and carbamates 7%. The most extensively used individual insecticides on all ornamental crops were imidacloprid (13%), cypermethrin (11%), bifenthrin (10%), deltamethrin (9%) and nicotine (9%).

Usage of daminozide accounted for 49% of the growth regulator-treated area of ornamentals. It was used extensively on plants in propagation, all chrysanthemums and other pot plants. The use of chlormequat/choline chloride accounted for a further 32%, paclobutrazol 13% and chlormequat alone 5%. All were used primarily on plants in propagation and other pot plants.

The usage of biological control agents on ornamental crops was not as extensive as on edible crops and was most commonly practised on pot plants, hardy nursery stock and plants in propagation. The total area of ornamental plants treated with biological control agents was approximately 66% of that of edible crops. Six agents accounted for 66% of the treated area: Encarsia formosa (20%), Aphidius colemani (14%), Phytoseiulus persimilis (11%), Amblyseius spp. (8%), Aphidoletes aphidimyza (7%) and Hypoaspis miles (7%).

Two acaricides accounted for 80% of the acaricide-treated area of ornamental crops: abamectin (54%), used extensively on hardy nursery stock and chrysanthemums for cutting and fenbutatin oxide (26%), used predominantly on chrysanthemums for cutting.

There was only limited usage of herbicides, the most extensively used being isoxaben, used on 31% of the herbicide-treated area and oxadiazon on 30%. Dichlorophen was the most extensively used disinfectant. Methiocarb accounted for 58% of the molluscicide-treated area, metaldehyde 38%.

Although the usage of soil sterilants accounted for less than one percent of the total pesticide-treated area of protected ornamental crops, they accounted for 55% of the weight of active substances applied. Methyl bromide, accounting for 89% of the total area treated with soil sterilants, and dazomet, were the only soil sterilants recorded, both being applied at high rates per square metre.

Table 7 Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m)

Chrysanthemums Carnations Alstroemeria Other flowers Potted Other pot Plants in Hardy nursery All ornamental for cutting & Pinks and foliage chrysanthemums plants propagation stock crops Fungicide/insecticides Other fungicide/insecticides1 . . . 4,200 . 10,350 15,966 2,383 32,899

Fungicides Azoxystrobin 667,948 . 4,684 398,814 236 1,583,297 1,956,200 3,886,202 8,497,381 Bupirimate . . . 5,527 . 33,965 406,505 863,389 1,309,385 Bupirimate/triforine . . . . 146 8,893 363,603 2,313,821 2,686,463 Carbendazim 141,672 5,494 . 111,809 . 601,760 1,673,410 1,261,111 3,795,256 Chlorothalonil 1,319,573 16,481 2,936 690,433 59,958 441,205 2,127,058 2,923,949 7,581,593 Cupric ammonium carbonate . . . . . 32,781 62,761 692,481 788,023 Dichlofluanid . . . . . 33,272 295,668 950,580 1,279,521 Etridiazole 1,497 . . 170,165 . 224,036 580,084 14,786 990,568 Fenarimol . . . . . 1,277,231 14,496 533,814 1,825,541 Fenhexamid . . . . . 15,419 . 330,499 345,918 Fosetyl-aluminium . 10,987 . 164,405 . 346,810 1,115,591 3,360,553 4,998,347 Furalaxyl . . . 36,787 . 109,841 241,052 122,844 510,524 Imazalil . . . . . 59,777 94,362 246,953 401,092 Iprodione 163,814 . . 817,424 . 999,340 2,776,603 1,403,761 6,160,941 Kresoxim-methyl . . . . . . 856 5,297 6,153 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . . . 667,130 . 70,913 196,255 137,798 1,072,096 Mepanipyrim . . . . . 31,711 66,197 101,462 199,370 Metalaxyl/thiram . . . 246,804 . 48,375 311,312 74,862 681,353 Myclobutanil . . . 17,859 . 81,168 143,619 1,174,967 1,417,612 Prochloraz 15,979 5,494 . 45,267 471 84,739 604,408 4,816,504 5,572,860 Propamocarb hydrochloride 377 . . 147,857 0 120,737 458,597 154,617 882,185 Propiconazole 576,293 . . 55,940 9,478 6,099 98,269 51,231 797,311 Pyrifenox 143,610 . . 72,977 . 806 34,695 361,260 613,348 Pyrimethanil . . . 8,432 . 114,827 147,961 744,694 1,015,914 Thiram 124,798 . . 177,234 . 170,923 137,662 434,621 1,045,237 Tolclofos-methyl 102,528 . . 143,006 . 68,162 472,669 133,273 919,637 Tolylfluanid . . . . . 6,063 28,262 82,241 116,566 Other fungicides2 318,648 5,494 . 609,573 471 150,748 640,156 1,051,357 2,776,446 All fungicides 3,576,737 43,950 7,620 4,587,442 70,760 6,722,898 15,048,310 28,228,926 58,286,642 Sulphur . . . . . 420 9,244 73,305 82,968 1Other fungicide/insecticides include bifenthrin/myclobutanil, bupirimate/pirimicarb/triforine and permethrin/thiram. 2Other fungicides include benodanil, benomyl, captan, carbendazim/flusilazole, carbendazim/prochloraz, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride/metalaxyl, cymoxanil/mancozeb/oxadixyl, dimethomorph/mancozeb, dodemorph, dodine, fenpropimorph, fluazinam, mancozeb, mancozeb/metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, Oxycarboxin, penconazole, picoxystrobin, pyrazophos, quinoxyfen, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon, triadimenol, tridemorph, triforine, unspecified fungicides, vinclozolin and zineb.

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Table 7 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m)

Chrysanthemums Carnations Alstroemeria Other flowers Potted Other pot Plants in Hardy nursery All ornamental for cutting & Pinks and foliage chrysanthemums plants propagation stock crops

Algicides Benzalkonium chloride . . . 1,034 . . 78,729 23,690 103,453 Disinfectants Dichlorophen . . . . . 107,049 199,575 1,011,170 1,317,795 Formaldehyde 10,541 . . 6,560 . . 77,904 212,266 307,271 Sodium hypochlorite . . . . . . 76,907 17,605 94,513 All disinfectants 10,541 . . 6,560 . 107,049 354,387 1,241,042 1,719,579

Growth regulators Chlormequat . . . . . 134,610 612,580 1,669 748,858 Chlormequat/choline chloride . . . . . 2,834,162 1,865,800 46,680 4,746,642 Daminozide 2,733,026 . . 45,551 488,178 536,829 3,178,232 372,287 7,354,104 Paclobutrazol . . . . 876 59,059 1,687,614 256,786 2,004,336 Other growth regulators1 2,857 . . 3,513 . 9,449 68,963 97,993 182,774 All growth regulators 2,735,883 . . 49,064 489,054 3,574,110 7,413,188 775,415 15,036,714

Herbicides Glyphosate . . . . . 18,598 97,514 246,715 362,827 Isoxaben . . . . . 5,025 13,136 2,354,946 2,373,107 Oxadiazon . 5,494 . . . 11,759 143,285 2,131,860 2,292,398 Paraquat . . 166,849 33,821 . 132,580 118,156 882,830 1,334,236 Other herbicides2 16,403 . 5,871 68,033 . 10,865 67,656 1,166,926 1,335,754 All herbicides 16,403 5,494 172,720 101,855 . 178,827 439,747 6,783,276 7,698,321

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde 1,315 . . . . 14,744 229,099 245,494 490,651 Methiocarb 62,139 . . . 236 63,845 82,283 535,588 744,091 Other molluscicides & repellents3 13,562 . . 9,577 . 6,568 10,608 7,350 47,664 All molluscicides & repellents 77,016 . . 9,577 236 85,156 321,990 788,432 1,282,406

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide 61,314 . 7,298 359,978 . . 14,955 . 443,546 Other soil sterilants4 24,139 21,975 . 6,560 . . . . 52,674 All soil sterilants 85,453 21,975 7,298 366,538 . . 14,955 . 496,219 Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . 236 31,557 80,983 1,090,734 1,203,509

1Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid/1-naphthylacetic acid and gibberellins. 2Other herbicides include atrazine, chlorpropham, chlorthal-dimethyl, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, glufosinate-ammonium, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, metamitron, metazachlor, propachlor, propaquizafop, propyzamide, simazine, terbacil and trifluralin. 3Other molluscicides & repellents include sulphonated cod liver oil and unspecified molluscicides. 4Other soil sterilants include dazomet.

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Table 7 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m)


Insecticides & nematicides Azomethine Pymetrozine . . 134,051 312,202 91,435 373,694 493,152 1,180,371 2,584,905 Benzoylurea Teflubenzuron 7,921 . 91,957 245,288 . 1,290,018 878,480 830,015 3,343,679 Carbamate Pirimicarb 87,180 . 131,364 10,484 65,787 446,535 961,596 1,194,630 2,897,576 Natural Nicotine 30,613 . 10,302 387,848 . 1,726,457 732,234 828,113 3,715,568 Spinosad 1,139,781 . . 34,930 164,005 273,847 327,648 234,300 2,174,511 Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid 570,825 . . 469,440 . 743,626 2,267,526 1,181,758 5,233,175 Thiacloprid 245,648 . . 37,468 11,963 474,587 372,619 307,831 1,450,117 Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos . . . . . 126,918 129,429 1,031,171 1,287,518 Dichlorvos 915,014 . . 46,507 227,941 96,870 53,097 32,582 1,372,011 Malathion 364,360 . . 76,041 50,437 66,969 501,531 48,510 1,107,849 Other Fatty acids . . . . . 31,953 29,956 516,246 578,156 Pyrethroid Bifenthrin 1,257,137 . 4,684 . 494,283 291,302 582,827 1,717,006 4,347,239 Cypermethrin 356,676 . 363,042 456,038 1,122 258,596 960,474 2,025,840 4,421,790 Deltamethrin 593,723 . 79,476 277,000 50,437 633,337 1,459,849 748,766 3,842,588 Lambda-cyhalothrin . 16,481 . 22,633 . 338,904 43,155 47,680 468,853 Thiadiazine Buprofezin . . 118,111 . . 282,682 186,693 66,174 653,660 Unspecified Other insecticides & nematicides1 94,642 . 47,621 181,911 1,122 217,479 428,283 551,586 1,522,646

All insecticides & nematicides 5,663,522 16,481 980,610 2,557,793 1,158,532 7,693,398 10,565,495 13,288,432 41,924,262

1Other insecticides include aldicarb, carbosulfan, deltamethrin/heptenophos, dimethoate, diflubenzuron, fipronil, fonofos, gamma-HCH, heptenophos, hydrocarbon, lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb, petroleum oil, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, pyrazole, rotenone, tau-fluvalinate, thiadiazine, triazamate and trichlorfon..

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Table 7 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (spray sq m) Chrysanthemums Carnations Alstroemeria Other flowers Potted Other pot Plants in Hardy nursery All ornamental for cutting & Pinks and foliage chrysanthemums plants propagation stock crops

Acaricides Abamectin 1,056,713 . 44,781 73,763 130,970 179,203 699,470 1,654,337 3,839,237 Clofentezine . . . . . . 2,756 587,255 590,011 Fenbutatin oxide 980,649 . . . 447,157 24,813 16,427 390,347 1,859,393 Tebufenpyrad . . . . 3,311 . 80,688 366,538 450,537 Tetradifon . . . . . . . 60,404 60,404 Other acaricides1 11,316 . . . . 49,233 51,010 216,504 328,063 All acaricides 2,048,678 . 44,781 73,763 581,438 253,249 850,351 3,275,384 7,127,645

Biological control agents & pollinators Amblyseius . . 95,242 12,469 568,503 1,015,003 2,444,275 1,547,173 5,682,665 Amblyseius californicus . . . . . . . 946,477 946,477 Amblyseius cucumeris 72,258 . . 243,742 63,682 2,137,462 189,790 1,406,565 4,113,497 Aphelinus abdominalis . . . . . . . 131,364 131,364 Aphidius colemani . . . 243,742 695,390 2,471,889 2,691,109 3,070,982 9,173,112 Aphidius ervi . . 190,484 268,681 335,120 2,530,511 635,664 420,251 4,380,710 Aphidoletes aphidimyza . . . 243,742 333,628 2,838,628 940,201 499,658 4,855,856 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki . . 131,364 . 26,906 233,067 180,514 523,476 1,095,327 Bumble bee . . . . . . 33,992 . 33,992 Chrysoperla carnea . . . . . . 426,650 235,603 662,253 Dacnusa sibirica/Diglyphus isaea . . . . 119,631 1,536,063 . 39,610 1,695,304 Diglyphus isaea . . . . . . 1,729 . 1,729 Encarsia formosa 40,176 . 1,985,150 331,027 162,125 5,429,529 2,430,336 2,856,922 13,235,265 Eretmocerus eremicus . . . . . 1,345,507 9,205 . 1,354,712 Feltiella acarisuga . . . . . . . 65,288 65,288 Hypoaspis miles . . 95,242 268,681 . 3,072,528 724,171 353,768 4,514,389 Hypoaspis spp . . . . 852 271,342 689,631 1,487,835 2,449,659 Macrolophus caliginosus . . . . . . . 4,612 4,612 Phytoseiulus persimilis . . . 243,742 694,723 1,910,741 1,144,615 3,544,767 7,538,588 Steinernema feltiae . . . 243,742 267,897 3,223,537 397,952 240,439 4,373,568 Verticillium lecanii . . . . 281,794 130,736 129,789 34,111 576,429 Other biological control agents2 . . . . . 183,311 105,381 487,663 776,356 All biological control agents and pollinators 112,433 . 2,497,482 2,099,567 3,550,250 28,329,852 13,175,004 17,896,562 67,661,151

Physical control agents Natural plant extracts 15,267 . . 3,118 236 2,618 71,522 71,114 163,874 Vegetable oil extracts/glucose polymer . . . . . . 49,864 . 49,864 All physical control agents 15,267 . . 3,118 236 2,618 121,386 71,114 213,738

Tar oils/acids Tar oil . . . 3,461 . . 135,681 68,401 207,543 1Other acaricides include dicofol/tetradifon, dienochlor, fenpropathrin and fenpyroximate. 2Other biological control agents include Adalia bipunctata, Aphelinus abdominalis/Aphidius colemani/Aphidius ervi, Aphidius spp, Atheta coriaria, Bacillus subtilis, Encarsia formosa/Eretmocerus eremicus, Heterorhabditis megidis, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Hypoaspis aculeifer or H. miles, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema kraussei and unspecified nematodes.

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Table 8 Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)


Fungicide/insecticides Other fungicide/insecticide1 . . . < 1 . < 1 < 1 < 1 1

Fungicides Azoxystrobin 30 . < 1 11 < 1 58 37 90 225 Bupirimate . . . 1 . 4 44 83 131 Bupirimate/triforine . . . . < 1 < 1 11 17 28 Carbendazim 177 7 . 21 . 167 349 140 861 Chlorothalonil 278 1 1 62 26 50 218 458 1,093 Cupric ammonium carbonate . . . . . 1 1 30 32 Dichlofluanid . . . . . 2 16 62 81 Etridiazole 2 . . 226 . 767 505 9 1,509 Fenarimol . . . . . 7 < 1 2 9 Fenhexamid . . . . . 1 . 24 25 Fosetyl-aluminium . 33 . 385 . 716 1,040 1,864 4,039 Furalaxyl . . . 1 . 6 18 7 30 Imazalil . . . . . 2 2 8 12 Iprodione 12 . . 42 . 52 162 84 352 Kresoxim-methyl . . . < 1 . < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . . . 87 . 7 25 19 138 Mepanipyrim . . . . . 1 2 6 9 Metalaxyl/thiram . . . 34 . 3 18 73 128 Myclobutanil . . . < 1 . 1 1 11 13 Prochloraz 2 < 1 . 1 < 1 21 64 225 313 Propamocarb hydrochloride 3 . . 611 . 529 2,572 223 3,939 Propiconazole 10 . . 2 < 1 < 1 2 1 15 Pyrifenox 1 . . < 1 . < 1 < 1 1 3 Pyrimethanil . . . < 1 . 7 8 36 51 Thiram 75 . . 37 . 65 45 662 883 Tolclofos-methyl 103 . . 123 . 44 463 16 749 Tolylfluanid . . . . . 1 2 8 11 Other fungicides2 50 < 1 . 50 < 1 8 29 81 217 All fungicides 742 41 1 1,693 27 2,522 5,635 4,238 14,898 Sulphur . . . . . < 1 < 1 58 59

1Other fungicide/insecticides include bifenthrin/myclobutanil, bupirimate/pirimicarb/triforine and permethrin/thiram. 2Other fungicides include benodanil, benomyl, captan, carbendazim/flusilazole, carbendazim/prochloraz, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride/metalaxyl, cymoxanil/mancozeb/oxadixyl, dimethomorph/mancozeb, dodemorph, dodine, fenpropimorph, fluazinam, mancozeb, mancozeb/metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, oxycarboxin, penconazole, picoxystrobin, pyrazophos, quinoxyfen, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon, triadimenol, tridemorph, triforine, vinclozolin and zineb.

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Table 8 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)


Algicides Benzalkonium chloride . . . 1 . . 4 3 8 Disinfectants Dichlorophen . . . . . 21 43 948 1,011 Formaldehyde 42 . . 26 . . 86 4,073 4,228 Sodium hypochlorite . . . . . . 1 < 1 1 All disinfectants 42 . . 26 . 21 129 5,021 5,240

Growth regulators Chlormequat . . . . . 6 85 < 1 91 Chlormequat/choline chloride . . . . . 505 275 10 790 Daminozide 278 . . 11 105 124 908 80 1,506 Paclobutrazol . . . . < 1 < 1 1 1 1 Other growth regulators1 < 1 . . < 1 . < 1 12 25 38 All growth regulators 278 . . 11 105 635 1,281 116 2,426

Herbicides Glyphosate . . . . . 1 9 28 38 Isoxaben . . . . . < 1 1 51 52 Oxadiazon . 1 . . . 2 41 679 723 Paraquat . . 10 3 . 10 12 65 101 Other herbicides2 4 . < 1 11 . 2 17 260 295 All herbicides 4 1 10 14 . 16 80 1,084 1,209

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde < 1 . . . . 1 18 27 46 Methiocarb < 1 . . . < 1 1 3 16 20 Other molluscicides & repellents3 < 1 . . < 1 . < 1 < 1 6 6 All molluscicides & repellents 1 . . < 1 < 1 2 20 49 73

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide 6,070 . 723 25,495 . . 1,481 . 33,768 Other soil sterilants4 684 1,215 . 363 . . . . 2,262 All soil sterilants 6,754 1,215 723 25,857 . . 1,481 . 36,030 Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . 2 16 291 308

1Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid/1-naphthylacetic acid and gibberellins. 2Other herbicides include atrazine, chlorpropham, chlorthal-dimethyl, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, glufosinate-ammonium, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, metamitron, metazachlor, propachlor, propaquizafop, propyzamide, simazine, terbacil and trifluralin. 3Other molluscicides & repellents were sulphonated cod liver oil. 4Other soil sterilants were dazomet.

27

27

Table 8 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)


Insecticides & nematicides Azomethine Pymetrozine . . 3 4 1 5 15 21 49 Benzoylurea Teflubenzuron . . 1 3 . 25 6 7 43 Carbamate Pirimicarb 5 . 1 . 5 13 29 35 88 Natural Nicotine 15 . . 13 . 1,167 218 61 1,475 Spinosad 17 . . . 3 3 3 2 29 Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid 10 . . 3 . 100 227 144 485 Thiacloprid 6 . . 1 . 7 7 4 26 Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos . . . . . 172 53 1,393 1,618 Dichlorvos 50 . . 3 25 7 4 3 91 Malathion 98 . . 16 11 4 57 6 192 Other Fatty acids . . . . . 17 7 329 353 Pyrethroid Bifenthrin 9 . . . 4 1 2 8 25 Cypermethrin 3 . 1 3 . 2 7 10 25 Deltamethrin 2 . . 1 . 1 3 1 8 Lambda-cyhalothrin . < 1 . < 1 . < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 Thiadiazine . Buprofezin . . . . . 6 2 1 8 Unspecified . Other insecticides & nematicides1 14 . . 6 . 57 36 32 146

All insecticides & nematicides 229 . 6 54 50 1,587 685 2,105 4,716 1Other insecticides include aldicarb, carbosulfan, deltamethrin/heptenophos, dimethoate, diflubenzuron, fipronil, fonofos, gamma-HCH, heptenophos, hydrocarbon, lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb, petroleum oil, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, pyrazole, rotenone, tau-fluvalinate, thiadiazine, triazamate and trichlorfon.

28

Table 8 (cont.) Estimated usage of pesticides on ornamental protected crops grown in Great Britain, 2003 (kg active substance)


Acaricides Abamectin 1 . . . . . 1 1 4 Clofentezine . . . . . . . 17 17 Fenbutatin oxide 46 . . . 21 1 1 14 82 Tebufenpyrad . . . . . . 2 6 9 Tetradifon . . . . . . . 1 1 Other acaricides1 . . . . . 2 . 5 7

All acaricides 47 . . . 21 3 4 44 119

Biological control agents Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki . . . . . 1 . 2 4 Verticillium lecanii . . . . 13 8 14 . 36

All biological control agents . . . . 13 9 15 3 40

Physical control agents Natural plant extracts 2 . . . . 6 207 65 281 Vegetable oil extracts/glucose polymer . . . . . . 179 . 179

All physical control agents 2 . . . . 6 386 65 460

Tar oils/acids Tar oil . . . 54 . . 202 124 380 1Other acaricides include dicofol/tetradifon, dienochlor, fenpropathrin and fenpyroximate.

29

30

EXTENT AND QUANTITIES OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES USED ON EDIBLE CROPS

The 50 most extensively used registered pesticide active substances on edible protected crops in 2003 are listed in descending order of area treated in Table 9, with comparable usage from the previous survey conducted in 1999. A similar list showing the 50 most used active substances in order of amount applied in 2003 is presented in Table 10.

Iprodione was the most extensively used active substance on all edible crops in 2003, and the treated area was 81% greater than in 1999. Six active substances included in the top ten most extensively used in the current survey also appeared in the principal ten in 1999. Whilst the usage of iprodione, pirimicarb, propamocarb hydrochloride and sulphur increased, that of thiram and imazalil declined by 15% and 25% respectively. Usage of myclobutanil, bupirimate and pyrimethanil, also in the top ten, increased by six times, 63% and four times respectively. Azoxystrobin, the seventh most extensively used active substance, was only just available at the time of the previous survey and represents a significant new usage.

The most extensively used fungicide active substances on edible crops in 2003 were: iprodione, used principally on lettuce, strawberries and tomatoes; propamocarb hydrochloride, used on all crops but fruit, and especially on cucumbers, lettuce and tomatoes, increasing in use by 4% compared with 1999; thiram, principally used on lettuce and strawberries but declining in use by 15% compared with the last survey; myclobutanil, used exclusively on fruit and increasing in use by six times compared with the last survey, reflecting the increased area of protected fruit grown; azoxystrobin, encountered in surveys of protected crops for the first time in 2003 and being used primarily on lettuce and strawberries; imazalil, usage being confined to cucumbers and declining by 25% compared with 1999; bupirimate, for mildew control on strawberries and cucumbers and pyrimethanil, used primarily on strawberries, increasing in usage by four times compared with 1999, again reflecting the increased areas of strawberries grown. In terms of weight applied, propamocarb hydrochloride and fosetyl-aluminium drenches were the third and sixth most used pesticides respectively in terms of weight applied, with usage of both increasing compared with 1999.

The most extensively used insecticide active substances on all edible crops in 2003 were pirimicarb, cypermethrin and nicotine. The area treated with pirimicarb was 67% greater than in 1999, cypermethrin usage fell by 50% while that of nicotine increased by almost five times. Usage of pymetrozine, thiacloprid and spinosad was recorded for the first time in 2003.

The use of sulphur, primarily on strawberries and tomatoes, had increased by 44% compared with 1999.

The insecticide/acaricide abamectin was the twelfth most extensively used active substance on edible crops in 2003, and the area treated was 34% more than in 1999. Usage of fenbutatin oxide decreased by 44% compared with 1999, whilst that of tebufenpyrad increased by 9 times, and clofentezine usage more than doubled.

There was extensive usage of non-registered biological control agents. In particular, the use of Encarsia formosa (5,515 treated ha) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (1,275 treated ha) was more extensive on edible crops than any registered pesticide active substance.

The soil sterilant, dazomet, replaced methyl bromide as the most extensively used active substance by weight applied in 2003, its use increasing almost thirteen fold compared with the last survey. Usage of methyl bromide, the active substance used most by weight applied in the last three surveys, declined by 70% compared with 1999, in line with moves to comply with the Montreal Protocol.

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Table 9 Estimated area (ha) of application of the fifty most extensively used active substances on all protected edible crops surveyed in 2003 in Great Britain (excluding edible plants in propagation)

Rank Active substance Area treated in 2003 (ha) Area treated in 1999 (ha) Percentage change on 1999 Movement

1 Iprodione 907 501 81 ↑

2 Pirimicarb 591 355 67 ↑

3 Propamocarb hydrochloride 540 518 4 ↑

4 Thiram 511 599 -15 ↓

5 Myclobutanil 507 79 539 ↑

6 Sulphur 503 350 44 ↑

7 Azoxystrobin 417 . ↑

8 Imazalil 339 450 -25 ↓

9 Bupirimate 324 198 63 ↑

10 Pyrimethanil 318 78 305 ↑

11 Cypermethrin 310 620 -50 ↓

12 Abamectin 246 184 34 ↑

13 Fenhexamid 245 13 1,760 ↑

14 Nicotine 227 49 360 ↑

15 Deltamethrin 220 119 84 ↑

16 Mancozeb 169 2 > 10,000 ↑

17 Metalaxyl-M 151 . ↑

18 Fenbutatin oxide 144 259 -44 ↓

19 Fosetyl-aluminium 119 235 -50 ↓

20 Tebufenpyrad 118 13 799 ↑

21 Chlorothalonil 117 144 -19 ↓

22 Paraquat 116 6 1,736 ↑

23 Pymetrozine 115 . ↑

24 Kresoxim-methyl 110 . ↑

25 Clofentezine 104 41 151 ↑

26 Carbendazim 99 145 -32 ↓

27 Tolclofos-methyl 90 291 -69 ↓

28 Tetradifon 87 66 32 ↑

29 Mepanipyrim 81 . ↑

30 Dichlofluanid 77 77 1 ↑

31 Bromacil 75 . ↑

32 Thiacloprid 75 . ↑

33 Tolylfluanid 65 . ↑

34 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 64 . ↑

35 Bifenthrin 59 15 300 ↑

36 Formaldehyde 57 19 206 ↑

37 Metaldehyde 50 13 294 ↑

38 Spinosad 44 . ↑

39 Prochloraz 43 51 -15 ↓

40 Methiocarb 42 83 -50 ↓

41 Fenarimol 36 79 -54 ↓

42 Dichlorvos 36 193 -82 ↓

43 Chlorpropham 36 24 46 ↑

44 Propyzamide 35 69 -49 ↓

45 Glyphosate 34 1 3,261 ↑

46 Diquat 25 2 1,591 ↑

47 Sodium hypochlorite 25 36 -31 ↓

48 Dazomet 21 2 1,038 ↑

49 Metalaxyl 18 418 -96 ↓

50 Dichlorophen 15 8 88 ↑

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Table 10 Estimated amount (kg) of the fifty active substances, used most by weight, on all protected edible crops surveyed in 2003 in Great Britain (excluding edible plants in propagation)

Rank Active substance Amount used in 2003 (kg) Amount used in 1999 (kg) Percentage change on 1999 Movement

1 Dazomet 11,052 865 1,178 ↑

2 Methyl bromide 9,808 32,727 -70 ↓

3 Propamocarb hydrochloride 3,687 1,418 160 ↑

4 Formaldehyde 2,143 3,234 -34 ↓

5 Sulphur 1,286 1,512 -15 ↓

6 Fosetyl-aluminium 1,151 739 56 ↑

7 Thiram 994 834 19 ↑

8 Tolclofos-methyl 774 1,851 -58 ↓

9 Nicotine 422 56 656 ↑

10 Iprodione 422 230 83 ↑

11 Pyrimethanil 244 51 376 ↑ 12 Mancozeb 233 3 6,769 ↑ 13 Bupirimate 208 297 -30 ↓

14 Fenhexamid 206 19 964 ↑ 15 Pirimicarb 142 104 37 ↑ 16 Tar oil 132 2,125 -94 ↓

17 Fatty acids 124 310 -60 ↓

18 Chlorothalonil 116 221 -48 ↓

19 Carbendazim 115 91 26 ↑ 20 Azoxystrobin 104 . ↑ 21 Tolylfluanid 100 . ↑ 22 Dichlofluanid 98 60 63 ↑ 23 Thiacloprid 83 . ↑ 24 Dichlorophen 62 6 913 ↑ 25 Imazalil 61 116 -47 ↓

26 Fenbutatin oxide 58 114 -49 ↓

27 Myclobutanil 47 3 1,569 ↑ 28 Propyzamide 42 98 -56 ↓

29 Paraquat 42 5 715 ↑ 30 Copper oxychloride 37 67 -45 ↓

31 Metaldehyde 36 12 210 ↑ 32 Bromacil 35 . ↑ 33 Mepanipyrim 32 . ↑ 34 Dichlorvos 29 311 -91 ↓

35 Pymetrozine 28 . ↑ 36 Tebufenpyrad 27 2 1,248 ↑ 37 Chlorpropham 24 18 33 ↑ 38 Clofentezine 23 9 145 ↑ 39 Glyphosate 20 1 2,094 ↑ 40 Kresoxim-methyl 18 . ↑ 41 Metalaxyl 16 68 -76 ↓

42 Tetradifon 14 18 -26 ↓

43 Propachlor 11 . ↑ 44 Metalaxyl-M 11 . ↑ 45 Phenmedipham 8 1 530 ↑ 46 Cypermethrin 8 41 -81 ↓

47 Trifluralin 8 0 3,252 ↑ 48 Methiocarb 7 11 -32 ↓

49 Sodium monochloroacetate 7 381 -98 ↓


33

EXTENT AND QUANTITIES OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES USED ON ORNAMENTAL CROPS

The 50 most extensively used registered pesticide active substances on ornamental protected crops in 2003 are listed in descending order of area treated in Table 11, with comparable usage from the previous survey conducted in 1999. A similar list showing the 50 most used active substances in order of amount applied in 2003 is presented in Table 12.

There were five fungicides, three growth regulators and two insecticides in the 10 most extensively used active substances on ornamental crops in the current survey. Azoxystrobin was the most extensively used active substance, its use increasing from 121 hectares in 1999 to 1,095 hectares in 2003. Usage of daminozide, the principal growth regulator used in 2003, had declined by 83% compared with 1999. Usage of imidacloprid, the principal insecticide used in 2003, had increased by 39% compared with 1999.

The area treated with azoxystrobin, the principal fungicide used in 2003, increased by nine times compared with 1999, being used on virtually all crops, with most usage being applied to hardy nursery stock and edible and ornamental plants for propagation. Fosetyl-aluminium usage increased by 36% between 1999 and 2003, with most applications being made to edible plants in propagation and hardy nursery stock. Chlorothalonil and iprodione usage declined by 37% and 47% respectively. The use of prochloraz, mainly on hardy nursery stock, increased by 65% between 1999 and 2003. Fosetyl-aluminium and propamocarb hydrochloride drenches, primarily to control root and establishment diseases in plants for propagation, were the second and third most important pesticides by weight applied in 2003.

Usage of the two main growth regulators, daminozide and chlormequat, had declined by 83% and 79% respectively, compared with 1999. Most usage of growth regulators was on plants in propagation, particularly bedding plants; pot plants, particularly poinsettias, and chrysanthemums for cutting.

Imidacloprid usage had increased by 39% compared with 1999, with most applications being made to ornamental plants in propagation and hardy nursery stock. Usage of pirimicarb and cypermethrin had declined by 54% and 56% respectively compared with the last survey. The usage of chlorpyrifos, mainly as a granular incorporated insecticide to control vine weevil, or as a drench for cabbage root fly control, increased by 51% in terms of area treated and by 64% by weight applied compared with 1999. Usage of pymetrozine, spinosad, thiacloprid and fipronil were recorded for the first time on ornamental crops in 2003.

Usage of the principal biological control agent used on ornamental crops, Encarsia formosa, increased by 19% compared with 1999 with a combined introduction area of 1,324 hectares in 2003.

The area of ornamental crops treated with the abamectin, the principal acaricide used, decreased by 38% compared with 1999, whilst fenbutatin oxide use increased by almost five times over the same period.

The soil sterilant methyl bromide was the active substance used most by weight applied in all protected crops surveys since 1991. Usage of this active substance decreased by 10% in terms of area treated compared with 1999 and by 14% in terms of weight applied over the same period. By contrast, the use of dazomet increased by 93% in terms of area treated compared with the previous survey and by 64% in terms of weight applied. Under the Montreal Protocol, all methyl bromide usage should cease by 2005, apart from specially-approved uses, which are subject to international negotiation.

34

Table 11 Estimated area (ha) of application of the fifty most extensively used active substances on all protected ornamental crops surveyed in 2003 in Great Britain (excluding edible plants in propagation)

Rank Active substance Area treated in 2003 (ha) Area treated in 1999 (ha) Percentage change on 1999 Movement

1 Azoxystrobin 1,095 121 805 ↑

2 Fosetyl-aluminium 934 689 36 ↑

3 Chlorothalonil 933 1,491 -37 ↓

4 Iprodione 761 1,428 -47 ↓

5 Daminozide 735 4,353 -83 ↓

6 Prochloraz 588 356 65 ↑

7 Chlormequat 550 2,625 -79 ↓

8 Imidacloprid 529 381 39 ↑

9 Pirimicarb 459 997 -54 ↓

10 Cypermethrin 444 1,020 -56 ↓

11 Bifenthrin 439 306 43 ↑

12 Carbendazim 415 380 9 ↑

13 Deltamethrin 410 666 -38 ↓

14 Bupirimate 402 182 121 ↑

15 Abamectin 386 628 -38 ↓

16 Nicotine 385 543 -29 ↓

17 Chlorpyrifos 337 223 51 ↑

18 Teflubenzuron 334 383 -13 ↓

19 Tolclofos-methyl 298 320 -7 ↓

20 Propamocarb hydrochloride 293 429 -32 ↓

21 Triforine 281 125 124 ↑


23 Isoxaben 241 114 112 ↑

24 Oxadiazon 229 79 192 ↑


26 Paclobutrazol 201 1,152 -83 ↓

27 Fenbutatin oxide 186 38 385 ↑

28 Fenarimol 183 192 -5 ↓

29 Thiram 176 755 -77 ↓

30 Dichlorophen 176 42 317 ↑

31 Mancozeb 170 77 120 ↑

32 Metalaxyl-M 154 6 2,554 ↑

33 Paraquat 150 77 95 ↑

34 Myclobutanil 148 75 97 ↑


36 Dichlofluanid 145 188 -23 ↓

37 Dichlorvos 137 630 -78 ↓

38 Etridiazole 115 84 37 ↑

39 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 113 . ↑

40 Malathion 111 241 -54 ↓

41 Metaldehyde 109 128 -15 ↓

42 Metalaxyl 106 552 -81 ↓


44 Fipronil 92 . ↑

45 Lambda-cyhalothrin 89 15 478 ↑

46 Propiconazole 80 224 -64 ↓

47 Cupric ammonium carbonate 79 13 513 ↑

48 Methiocarb 74 213 -65 ↓

49 Buprofezin 65 186 -65 ↓

50 Tebufenpyrad 64 5 1,087 ↑

35

Table 12 Estimated amount (kg) of the fifty active substances, used most by weight, on all protected ornamental crops surveyed in 2003 in Great Britain(including edible plants in propagation)

Rank Active substance Amount used in 2003 (kg) Amount used in 1999 (kg) Percentage change on 1999 Movement

1 Methyl bromide 34,384 39,767 -14 ↓

2 Fosetyl-aluminium 18,187 18,467 -2 ↓

3 Propamocarb hydrochloride 12,314 9,221 34 ↑

4 Chlorpyrifos 10,525 6,430 64 ↑

5 Formaldehyde 4,536 279 1,528 ↑

6 Tolclofos-methyl 2,813 1,960 44 ↑

7 Dazomet 2,409 1,468 64 ↑

8 Nicotine 1,560 2,330 -33 ↓

9 Etridiazole 1,530 1,072 43 ↑

10 Daminozide 1,506 2,585 -42 ↓

11 Chlorothalonil 1,311 1,716 -24 ↓

12 Dichlorophen 1,035 247 320 ↑

13 Thiram 1,002 904 11 ↑

14 Carbendazim 863 215 302 ↑

15 Chlormequat 844 2,076 -59 ↓

16 Oxadiazon 723 185 290 ↑

17 Imidacloprid 495 244 103 ↑

18 Iprodione 431 981 -56 ↓

19 Fatty acids 353 329 7 ↑

20 Tar oil 335 119 182 ↑

21 Prochloraz 318 277 15 ↑

22 Azoxystrobin 263 14 1,795 ↑

23 Mancozeb 206 78 163 ↑

24 Malathion 192 496 -61 ↓

25 Dichlobenil 150 . ↑

26 Bupirimate 146 81 81 ↑

27 Pirimicarb 129 184 -30 ↓

28 Paraquat 117 58 103 ↑

29 Tar acids 99 < 1 > 10,000 ↑

30 Dichlofluanid 93 130 -29 ↓

31 Dichlorvos 91 576 -84 ↓

32 Fenbutatin oxide 82 9 864 ↑

33 Metaldehyde 75 170 -56 ↓

34 Aldicarb 62 257 -76 ↓

35 Sulphur 59 48 23 ↑

36 Fipronil 55 . ↑

37 Isoxaben 54 54 1 ↑

38 Pyrimethanil 52 2 2,465 ↑


40 Teflubenzuron 43 36 17 ↑

41 Glyphosate 41 37 12 ↑

42 Verticillium lecanii 36 39 -9 ↓

43 Simazine 32 8 296 ↑

44 Cupric ammonium carbonate 32 2 1,357 ↑

45 Metalaxyl-M 31 < 1 8,718 ↑

46 Furalaxyl 31 127 -76 ↓


48 Cypermethrin 26 41 -38 ↓


50 Fenhexamid 25 4 588 ↑

36

PESTICIDE USAGE ON TOMATOES (Tables 5 and 6)

Usage of biological control agents accounted for 86% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on tomatoes (Table 1a & 1b). Including registered pesticides only, fungicides accounted for 44% of the treated area, acaricides 24%, sulphur 20%, disinfectants 5% insecticides 3%, soil sterilants nearly 2% and molluscicides, physical control agents and tar oils/acids less than one percent each. In contrast, soil sterilants accounted for 70% of the weight of registered active substances applied, disinfectants 15% (used before or after cropping), fungicides 9%, sulphur 4%, insecticides one percent and acaricides, tar oils/acids, molluscicides and physical control agents less than one percent. This reflects the extensive usage of non-registered biological control agents, for many of which a weight of application is not appropriate, whilst soil sterilants were applied at high rates to a small area. Biological control agents The most extensively used biological control agents were Encarsia formosa (67%) for the control of whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (18%) for the control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Both species were used on over half of the area of tomatoes grown. Other extensively used biological control agents were Dacnusa sibirica/Diglyphus isaea and Diglyphus isaea alone for the control of leaf miners (Liriomyza spp) and Eretmocerus eremicus for the control of whitefly.

The usage of biological control agents was a major part of pest control strategies on tomato crops and clearly reduced reliance on conventional registered insecticides, whilst the introduction of pollinators, such as the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris has eliminated the need for growth regulators to promote fruit setting. Whilst some agents, for example Encarsia formosa, are used on a regular basis as part of a prophylactic program to control pests before they become established, others, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, are sometimes used more to deal with localized infestations in addition to introduction to the entire crop once two-spotted spider mite is first seen.

Formulation

area treated (ha)

Weight of a.s. applied (kg)

Proportion of biological control-

treated area

Proportion of census area

treated

Average number of applications

Encarsia formosa 3,507 . 0.67 0.68 24 Phytoseiulus persimilis 941 . 0.18 0.53 6 Dacnusa sibirica/Diglyphus isaea 149 . 0.03 0.06 12 Eretmocerus eremicus 109 . 0.02 0.06 12 Diglyphus isaea 106 . 0.02 0.13 4 Fungicides

Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) was the most common disease of tomatoes reported by the growers. The most extensively used fungicides, principally for the control of these infections, were pyrimethanil and chlorothalonil. Propamocarb hydrochloride, the most extensively used fungicide, was used principally for the control of root diseases including Pythium spp. Usage of carbendazim remained inappropriately high, growers’ reasons being to control botrytis, mildew or verticillium.

Formulation area treated (ha)


Proportion of fungicide-treated

area


treated


Propamocarb hydrochloride 97 751 0.25 0.19 2 Pyrimethanil 93 49 0.24 0.31 2 Iprodione 80 65 0.21 0.26 2 Carbendazim 58 67 0.15 0.15 2 Azoxystrobin 30 7 0.08 0.10 1

37

Acaricides In addition to the use of Phytoseiulus persimilis predators for the control of spider mites, there was extensive use of acaricides, especially fenbutatin oxide, which comprised 55% of the acaricide-treated area, tetradifon 35% and abamectin 10%. Some growers cited the use of acaricides as necessary for the control of toxic spider mites where conventional biological control agents were ineffective. Abamectin was also cited as being used to control thrips and leaf hoppers in addition to mites.



Proportion of acaricide-treated

area


treated


Fenbutatin oxide 114 48 0.55 0.38 1 Tetradifon 74 11 0.35 0.19 2 Abamectin 21 < 1 0.10 0.09 1 Insecticides The most extensively used insecticides were fatty acids and pirimicarb accounting for 47% and 33% respectively of the total insecticide-treated area. According to growers, whitefly, aphids, two-spotted spider mite and leaf hoppers (Empoasca vitis and Philaenus spumarius) were the most important pests controlled by registered pesticides. The only other specified insecticides were buprofezin and nicotine. No single insecticide was applied more than once or to more than 4% of the area of tomatoes grown.



Proportion of insecticide-treated area


treated


Fatty acids 12 119 0.47 0.04 1 Pirimicarb 8 5 0.33 0.04 1 Buprofezin 4 < 1 0.17 0.02 1 Unspecified insecticides 1 < 1 0.03 < 0.01 1 Nicotine < 1 < 1 0.01 < 0.01 1

Sulphur Sulphur was used primarily for powdery mildew control.

Soil sterilants The use of the soil sterilants methyl bromide and dazomet accounted for 2% of the area treated with registered pesticides and 56% of the total weight applied.

38

COMPARISON OF PESTICIDE USAGE ON TOMATOES (Tables 13 & 14)

During the past twelve years there has been a substantial reduction in the use of registered pesticides, which exceeded the reduction in the area of tomatoes grown, though the level of usage has changed little compared with the previous survey. The area grown in 2003 was 54% lower than in 1991 and 31% lower than in 1999. The total area treated with registered pesticides had declined by 77% compared with 1991 and by 30% compared with 1999.

Biological control agents Though the area treated with all biological control agents in 2003 was 10% lower than that that recorded in 1999, there was an increase in the proportion of area treated. Combined with the reduction in insecticide usage this reflected a continuing change in pest control techniques, relying much less on conventional pesticides. E. formosa, P. persimilis and D. isaea were the three most extensively used biological control agents in 1995, 1999 and 2003.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five biological control agents in 2003 used on tomatoes over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Biological control agent 2003 1999 1995 1991

Encarsia formosa 3,507 4,039 (1) 5,939 (1) 6,895 (1)

Phytoseiulus persimilis 941 696 (2) 1,769 (2) 2,774 (2)

Dacnusa sibirica/Diglyphus isaea 149 22 (7) 3 (15)

Eretmocerus eremicus 109

Diglyphus isaea 106 502 (3) 1,059 (3) 572 (4)

Fungicides The fungicide-treated area of tomatoes was 79% lower than in 1991 but 6% higher than in 1999, generally reflecting improved disease management through environmental control. Compared with 1991 there were large reductions in chemicals used principally for the control of damping off, foot rot and botrytis, especially propamocarb hydrochloride, dichlofluanid and chlorothalonil. However, azoxystrobin use on tomatoes was recorded for the first time in 2003, and usage of carbendazim, iprodione and pyrimethanil increased over the same period.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on tomatoes over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Propamocarb hydrochloride 97 133 (1) 159 (3) 150 (6)

Pyrimethanil 93 60 (3)

Iprodione 80 24 (5) 234 (1) 314 (2)

Carbendazim 58 11 (7) 52 (6) 70 (8)

Azoxystrobin 30

Acaricides Because of the increase compared with 1991 in the usage of predators to control mites, there was a corresponding decrease of 5% in the usage of registered acaricides compared with 1999, and a 75% decrease compared with 1991. The use of dicofol/tetradifon was not recorded in 2003; usage of abamectin (which also has insecticidal uses) and fenbutatin oxide had decreased while the use of tetradifon alone occurred for the first time in this survey.

39

Insecticides The insecticide-treated area of tomatoes was 91% lower than in 1999, the reduction far exceeding the decline in the area grown. In terms of insecticide usage as a proportion of the area grown, this has fallen from 70% of the area grown being treated in 1991, to 12% in 2003. There were large reductions in the extent of usage of several insecticides especially buprofezin, the principal active substance in 1999, nicotine and fatty acids. The use of heptenophos was not recorded in 2003 having recently lost its approval status. In contrast, the use of pirimicarb more than doubled between 1999 and 2003. The level of insecticide usage in 2003 was 8% of that used in 1991. There was no recorded usage of organophosphate or organochlorine insecticides in 2003.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for all insecticides in 2003 used on tomatoes over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Fatty acids 12 31 (2) 3 (10) 45 (3)

Pirimicarb 8 3 (9) 15 (6) 47 (2)

Buprofezin 4 166 (1) 45 (3)

Nicotine 0 8 (5) 3 (9) 17 (6)

Sulphur The use of sulphur, for the control of powdery mildew, had decreased by 2% compared with 1991 and by 46% compared with 1999.

Soil sterilants The level of soil sterilant usage remained the same between 1999 and 2003, but had declined by 79% compared with 1991, and by 35% compared with 1995, reflecting the move away from growing tomatoes in soil. In 1991, 14% of the area to be grown was treated with a soil sterilant prior to planting; in 2003 this had fallen to 6%.

Growth regulators There was a similar decline in the usage of growth regulators as fruit setting or ripening agents throughout the period 1991 to 2003, with none being recorded in the most recent surveys. In 1991, the majority of the area treated with growth regulator was for fruit setting, but this has largely been replaced by the introduction of bumblebees for pollination.

Herbicides There was no recorded use of herbicides in 2003, again reflecting the move away from growing tomatoes in soil.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for all acaricides in 2003 used on tomatoes over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Acaricide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Fenbutatin oxide 114 156 (1) 336 (1) 599 (1)

Tetradifon 74

Abamectin 21 46 (2)

40

Table 13 Comparison of pesticide usage on tomato crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003

ha kg ha kg ha kg ha kg

Acaricides 823 547 378 200 219 91 209 60

Insecticides

Benzoylureas 1 < 1 . . . . . .

Carbamates 56 49 15 4 9 43 8 5

Organochlorines 25 35 24 6 . . . .

Organophosphates 110 108 109 89 25 15 . .

Pyrethroids 49 23 123 7 16 3 . .

Other insecticides 72 595 119 757 214 517 17 120

Total - all insecticides 312 811 390 864 264 578 25 125

Registered biological control agents 124 152 83 63 . . 8 4

Fungicides 1,871 2,778 932 2,498 370 450 391 974

Sulphur 183 841 300 1,934 336 1,476 180 460

Growth regulators 109 59 26 12 . . . .

Herbicides 1 15 5 15 3 2 . .

Molluscicides 19 5 18 8 3 < 1 8 4

Soil sterilants 63 43,295 20 9,194 13 12,048 13 7,789

Tar oils/acids 2 36 11 1,066 . . 1 41

Disinfectants 275 11,084 119 4,376 54 2,669 46 1,628

Other pesticides . . . . . . 4 2

Total - all registered pesticides 3,783 59,622 2,281 20,229 1,261 17,314 885 11,087

Other biological control agents 11,607 86 10,267 . 5,767 . 5,204 2,756

Area grown 444 347 295 203

41

Table 14 Comparison of pesticide usage on tomato crops 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003

Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average Area treated Average

as % of appln. rate as % of appln. rate as % of appln. rate as % of appln. rate

area grown (kg a.s./ha) area grown (kg a.s./ha) area grown (kg a.s./ha) area grown (kg a.s./ha)

Acaricides 185 0.67 109 0.53 74 0.42 103 0.29

Insecticides

Benzoylureas < 1 0.16 . . . . . .

Carbamates 13 0.87 4 0.29 3 4.92 4 0.65

Organochlorines 6 1.41 7 0.26 . . . .

Organophosphates 25 0.98 31 0.82 8 0.61 . .

Pyrethroids 11 0.47 35 0.05 6 0.19 . .

Other insecticides 16 8.29 34 6.36 73 2.41 8 7.07

Total - all insecticides 70 2.59 112 2.21 90 2.19 12 4.94

Registered biological control agents 28 1.23 24 0.75 < 1 0.36 4 0.48

Fungicides 421 1.48 268 2.68 125 1.22 192 2.49

Sulphur 41 4.59 86 6.45 114 4.39 89 2.55

Growth regulators 25 0.54 7 0.45 . . . .

Herbicides < 1 11.28 1 3.11 1 0.72 < 1 0.94

Molluscicides 4 0.27 5 0.45 1 0.14 4 0.47

Soil sterilants 14 691.31 6 466.70 4 957.18 6 622.16

Tar oils/acids < 1 18.06 3 98.11 . . 1 29.48

Disinfectants 62 40.29 34 36.84 18 49.84 23 35.46

Other pesticides . . . . . . 2 0.49

Total - all registered pesticides 852 15.76 657 8.87 427 13.73 439 12.43

Other biological control agents 2,614 . 2,959 . 1,955 . 2,563 .

42

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CUCUMBERS (Tables 5 and 6)

Usage of biological and physical control agents and pollinators accounted for 71% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on cucumbers (Table 1a & 1b). Including registered pesticides only, fungicides accounted for 68% of the treated area, acaricides 18%, insecticides 9% and disinfectants 3% of the total treated area. There was only limited usage of sulphur, tar oils/acids and molluscicides. Fungicides accounted for 79% of the weight of registered active substances applied, disinfectants 16%, tar oils/acids, primarily applied as an end of season clean up spray, 2%, sulphur 2%, insecticides one percent and biological control agents, acaricides and molluscicides less than one percent.

Biological control agents Three agents accounted for 87% of the area of cucumbers treated with biological and physical control agents. Encarsia formosa (70%) was the most extensively used biological control agent, used for the control of whitefly. The predatory mite Amblyseius spp. (17%), in particular Amblyseius cucumeris, was used extensively for the control of thrips (Thrips spp. & Frankliniella occidentalis) and other pests. Aphidius colemani (5%) was used widely for the control of aphids while Phytoseiulus persimilis (4%) was used for the control of spider mites.

In common with tomatoes, Encarsia formosa was used as part of an integrated pest management approach in cucumbers, with weekly introductions during the life of the crop. However, whilst a single tomato crop would be grown in a glasshouse during the year, up to three cucumber crops could be grown over the same period. As such, the number of introductions of Encarsia formosa during the life of each cucumber crop is approximately one third of that used on the tomato crop.



Proportion of biological

control-treated area


treated


Encarsia formosa 1,890 . 0.70 0.87 8 Amblyseius spp. 302 . 0.11 0.57 2 Amblyseius cucumeris 170 . 0.06 0.27 3 Aphidius colemani 147 . 0.05 0.10 7 Phytoseiulus persimilis 117 . 0.04 0.24 1 Fungicides Three active substances accounted for 85% of the total fungicide-treated area of cucumbers: imazalil (44%) and bupirimate (12%) were used extensively to control powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) while propamocarb hydrochloride, applied as a root drench soon after planting, was used principally to control Pythium spp. and other root diseases, accounted for 29% of the fungicide-treated area and 92% of the weight of all fungicides applied.




area


treated


Imazalil 339 61 0.44 0.60 3 Propamocarb hydrochloride 225 2,449 0.29 0.75 2 Bupirimate 91 112 0.12 0.25 2 Azoxystrobin 58 18 0.08 0.16 1 Fenarimol 31 1 0.04 0.12 1

43

Acaricides There was less extensive use of insecticides and acaricides for pest control. The only acaricides encountered were abamectin, accounting for 99% of the acaricide-treated area and fenbutatin oxide, both being applied principally for the control of two-spotted spider mite.




area


treated


Abamectin 207 2 0.99 0.57 1 Fenbutatin oxide 1 < 1 0.01 < 0.01 1

Insecticides Registered insecticides were used most widely for the control of leafhoppers, thrips, particularly western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), capsids (Lygocoris pabulinus) and whitefly. Three active substances accounted for 93% of the area treated with insecticides: pymetrozine, 54%, thiacloprid, 20% and dichlorvos (normally applied between crops to reduce thrips numbers before the start of the next crop), 19%.





treated


Pymetrozine 54 10 0.54 0.14 1 Thiacloprid 20 4 0.20 0.03 3 Dichlorvos 19 14 0.19 0.08 1 Pirimicarb 7 3 0.07 0.03 1 Nicotine < 1 1 < 0.01 < 0.01 1

Disinfectants Formaldehyde was the principal disinfectant used, accounting for 89% of the disinfectant-treated area.

Soil sterilants There was no recorded use of soil sterilants and herbicides, reflecting the extensive use of inert growing media such as rock wool slabs/foam blocks, placed on polythene sheeting which covers the soil below.

44

COMPARISON OF PESTICIDE USAGE ON CUCUMBERS (Tables 15 & 16)

Although there has been a 2% decrease in the area of cucumbers grown between 1991 and 2003, there had been a 66% decrease in the registered pesticide-treated area. This was principally a result of the decreased usage of fungicides, acaricides and insecticides. Although the area treated with non-registered biological control agents had declined by 33% compared with 1991, it represented 55% of all applications in 1991, but 71% of all applications in 2003, reflecting the continued importance of integrated pest management. In line with the decline in the areas treated, the weight of registered active substances applied decreased by 53% compared with 1991, and by 28% compared with 1999, due mainly to the reduced usage of fungicides, acaricides and insecticides.

Biological control agents Usage of the principal biological control agent, E. formosa, increased by less than one percent compared with 1999. Use of both Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius spp. had declined compared with 1999.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five biological control agents in 2003 used on cucumbers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Biological control agent 2003 1999 1995 1991

Encarsia formosa 1,890 1,882 (1) 1,232 (1) 2,020 (1)

Amblyseius spp. 302 450 (3)

Amblyseius cucumeris 170 234 (4) 8 (9) 691 (3)

Aphidius colemani 147 63 (6) 284 (3)

Phytoseiulus persimilis 117 646 (2) 502 (2) 1,184 (2)

Fungicides The area treated with fungicides in 2003 was 55% lower than in 1991 and 30% lower than in 1995. However, the weight of active substances applied was 26% higher than in 1991, and 82% higher than in 1999. Use of propamocarb hydrochloride drenches after planting is responsible for much of the increase in the weight of fungicides applied compared with 1999. The number of fungicide applications made to the cucumber crop has fallen from 7 applications per crop in 1991 to 3 applications in 2003. There was a decrease in the usage of the principal fungicide, imazalil, but an increase of 15% in the use of propamocarb hydrochloride, the second most important fungicide. Usage of azoxystrobin, following its recent approval, was recorded for the first time in 2003.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on cucumbers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Imazalil 339 450 (1) 274 (1) 254 (3)


Bupirimate 91 166 (3) 145 (3) 232 (4)

Azoxystrobin 58

Fenarimol 31 67 (5) 154 (2) 281 (2)

45

Acaricides Acaricide usage fell by 14% between 1999 and 2003, and by 73% compared with 1991. Between 1991 and 2003 the number of acaricide applications per crop had fallen from 3 to 1. Abamectin usage had increased by 49% compared with 1999, whereas the usage of fenbutatin oxide, the only other acaricide recorded, declined over the same period.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five acaricides in 2003 used on cucumbers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Acaricide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Abamectin 207 139 (1)


Insecticides In line with the last survey the average number of crops grown in a season is now three resulting in an increased usage of insecticides between or after crops. However, the insecticide-treated area in 2003 was 61% lower than in 1999, and 86% lower compared with 1991. The number of insecticide applications per crop has fallen from 3 applications in 1991 to less than one application in 2003. Usage of organophosphate insecticides, the principal insecticide group in 1999, declined by 91% between the two surveys. The principal insecticide active substance in 2003, pymetrozine, was not recorded in 1999. Usage of dichlorvos, the principal insecticide in 1999 declined by 90%, following its changing approval status.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on cucumbers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Pymetrozine 54

Thiacloprid 20

Dichlorvos 19 193 (1) 77 (2) 257 (1)

Pirimicarb 7 3 (9) 13 (5) 23 (5)

Nicotine < 1 15 (2) 26 (3) 148 (2)

Soil sterilants The continued move away from soil-based systems is reflected in the absence of soil sterilants recorded in this survey. In previous years soil sterilants, applied at relatively high rates, would have formed a significant part of the weight of active substances applied. Similarly the lack of herbicides recorded in this survey also reflects the move away from soil-based systems.

Tar oils/acids The use of tar oils/acids, used after cropping or between crops had declined by 89% in terms of area treated, and by 96% by weight applied, compared with the last survey.

Growth regulators There was no recorded use of growth regulators in 1999 or 2003.

46

Table 15 Comparison of pesticide usage on cucumber crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003


Acaricides 761 604 194 132 243 70 208 2

Insecticides

Carbamates 47 29 35 64 6 6 7 3

Organochlorines 6 19 4 2 5 4 . .

Organophosphates 345 483 79 89 203 316 19 14

Pyrethroids 156 13 81 3 17 2 . .


Total - all insecticides 703 1,332 237 289 260 347 101 33

Registered biological control agents 82 43 67 11 21 8 4 2

Fungicides 1,710 2,128 1,130 1,120 1,104 1,468 772 2,673

Sulphur . . 4 22 1 10 7 51

Herbicides 1 1 . . . . . .

Molluscicides . . 1 1 11 2 1 1

Soil sterilants 2 863 1 278 . . . .

Tar oils/acids 12 119 68 2,046 46 2,125 5 76

Disinfectants 72 2,082 23 7,512 8 634 32 526

Total - all registered pesticides 3,342 7,171 1,726 11,412 1,698 4,664 1,130 3,363


Area grown 239 181 244 234

47

Table 16 Comparison of pesticide usage on cucumber crops, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003




Acaricides 319 0.79 107 0.68 100 0.29 89 0.01

Insecticides

Carbamates 20 0.62 20 1.81 2 1.07 3 0.44

Organochlorines 2 3.24 2 0.42 2 0.75 . .

Organophosphates 144 1.40 44 1.12 83 1.56 8 0.75

Pyrethroids 65 0.08 45 0.04 7 0.09 . .



Registered biological control agents 34 0.53 37 0.17 9 0.4 2 0.45

Fungicides 715 1.24 624 0.99 452 1.33 330 3.46

Sulphur . . 2 4.97 1 7.12 3 7.39

Herbicides < 1 0.62 . . < 1 1.23 < 1 1.02

Molluscicides . . 1 0.75 5 0.22 < 1 0.68

Soil sterilants 1 488 < 1 488 . . . .

Tar oils/acids 5 9.84 38 29.93 19 46.2 2 15.27

Disinfectants 30 28.83 13 325.88 3 82.58 14 16.22

Total - all registered pesticides 1,399 2.15 954 6.61 696 2.75 484 2.97


48

PESTICIDE USAGE ON LETTUCE (Tables 5 and 6)

Usage of fungicides accounted for 59% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on lettuce (Table 1a & 1b), insecticides 35%, herbicides 3%, molluscicides 2%, soil sterilants one percent and physical control agents, disinfectants and biological control agents less than one percent. In contrast, the soil sterilants used prior to cropping accounted for 75% of the total weight of pesticide active substances used in the production of lettuce crops. Fungicides accounted for 23% of the weight applied and insecticides just one percent. Herbicides, molluscicides, disinfectants, physical and biological control agents comprised less than one percent of the weight applied.

Fungicides The major disease problems reported by lettuce growers were botrytis 56%, downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) 23%, and rhizoctonia rot (Rhizoctonia solani) 13%. Five active substances accounted for 85% of the fungicide-treated area: iprodione, 29%, was the most extensively used fungicide, being used on three-quarters of the area grown; thiram, 21%, was used on almost half of the area grown; propamocarb hydrochloride, 13%, being used against botrytis and downy mildew on a third of the area grown while use of azoxystrobin and mancozeb/metalaxyl-M comprised a further 12% and 10% respectively.




area


treated


Iprodione 419 116 0.29 0.76 1 Thiram 302 685 0.21 0.47 1 Propamocarb hydrochloride 194 480 0.13 0.34 1 Azoxystrobin 178 41 0.12 0.39 1 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 151 191 0.10 0.29 1

Insecticides The major pests reported by lettuce growers were aphids and caterpillars. Three active substances accounted for 88% of the total insecticide-treated area of lettuce: pirimicarb, 48%, used for the control of aphids on two thirds of the area of the crop grown; cypermethrin, 30%, for aphid and caterpillar control and used on almost half of the area grown; and deltamethrin, 10%, used principally to control caterpillars. Nicotine and pymetrozine were the only other extensively used insecticides, comprising a further 7% and 5% of the insecticide-treated area respectively.





treated


Pirimicarb 416 85 0.48 0.68 1 Cypermethrin 262 7 0.30 0.47 1 Deltamethrin 89 1 0.10 0.17 1 Nicotine 58 74 0.07 0.11 1 Pymetrozine 41 8 0.05 0.09 1

49

Herbicides The great majority of lettuce was grown directly in the soil; consequently herbicide usage was more extensive than for tomatoes and cucumbers. Chlorpropham and propyzamide together accounted for 94% of the area treated with herbicides.



Proportion of herbicide-

treated area


treated


Chlorpropham 33 23 0.49 0.07 1 Propyzamide 31 36 0.45 0.07 1 Glyphosate 4 2 0.05 0.01 1

Molluscicides Metaldehyde accounted for approximately 51% of the total molluscicide-treated area of lettuce, with methiocarb comprising a further 36%.

Soil sterilants Soil sterilants were applied prior to planting of 4% of the total area of lettuce grown. Dazomet accounted for 89% of the soil sterilant-treated area, methyl bromide the remaining 11%, while together they comprised 75% of the total weight of all active substances used on lettuce.

50

COMPARISON OF PESTICIDE USAGE ON LETTUCE (Tables 17 & 18)

In 2003, the pesticide-treated area of lettuce was 65% lower than in 1991, while the area of lettuce grown in 2003 was 57% less than that grown in 1991. Furthermore, there was an 80% reduction in the weight of pesticide active substances applied compared with 1991. The area of lettuce grown had fallen by 7% compared with the previous survey in 1999, whilst the pesticide-treated area had declined by 26% and the weight applied by 58%.

Fungicides The fungicide-treated area of lettuce in 2003 was 66% less than in 1991 and 21% less than in 1999. The weight of all fungicide active substances applied declined by 66% compared with 1991 and by 59% compared with 1999. This was principally a reflection of improved environmental controls employed in modern glasshouses. However, the number of fungicide applications made to the lettuce crop changed from four applications in 1991 to three in 2003. There were large reductions in the usage of several fungicides, in particular metalaxyl/thiram, fosetyl-aluminium, zineb and tolclofos-methyl. In contrast, there was a doubling in the area treated with thiram, and a 25% increase in the use of iprodione. Use of azoxystrobin and mancozeb/metalaxyl-M was recorded for the first time in 2003.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five fungicides in 2003 used on lettuce over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Fungicide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Iprodione 419 334 (2) 730 (2) 1,223 (1)

Thiram 302 146 (7) 351 (4) 510 (4)


Azoxystrobin 178

Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 151

Insecticides The insecticide-treated area in 2003 was 57% lower than in 1991, whilst there was a 63% reduction in the weight of active substances applied. Compared with the previous survey in 1999, the area treated with insecticides had declined by 33%, due mainly to the withdrawal of heptenophos, and the reduced usage of cypermethrin. Whilst deltamethrin use remained the same in 1999 and 2003, pirimicarb usage increased by 73% over the same period.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on lettuce over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Pirimicarb 416 241 (3) 211 (3) 433 (2)

Cypermethrin 262 573 (1) 571 (1) 572 (1)

Deltamethrin 89 88 (4) 69 (5) 111 (6)

Nicotine 58 7 (8) 8 (10)

Pymetrozine 41

51

Herbicides Herbicide usage, in terms of area treated, had decreased by 31% compared with 1999 and by 77% compared with 1991.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for all herbicides in 2003 used in the production of lettuce crops over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Herbicide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Chlorpropham 33 24 (2) 10 (5)

Propyzamide 31 69 (1) 51 (2) 135 (1)

Glyphosate 4 2 (4)

Molluscicides The area treated with molluscicides in 2003 had decreased by 20% compared with 1999, and by 81% compared with 1991.

Soil sterilants Usage of soil sterilants in 2003, methyl bromide and dazomet, accounted for one percent of the registered pesticide-treated area but 75% of the weight of all active substances applied to lettuce. In 2003, the weight of soil sterilants applied decreased by 58% compared with the last survey and by 82% compared with 1991. Between 1991 and 2003 the area of soil sterilants used prior to planting the lettuce crop declined from 11% of the area grown in 1991 to 4% in 2003. The decline in methyl bromide use reflects its impending control under the Montreal Protocol.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for soil sterilants in 2003 used in the production of lettuce crops over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Soil sterilant 2003 1999 1995 1991

Dazomet 16 < 1 (2) 4 (2) 44 (2)

Methyl bromide 2 23 (1) 34 (1) 66 (1)

52

Table 17 Comparison of pesticide usage on lettuce crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003


Insecticides

Carbamates 433 107 211 49 241 84 416 85

Organochlorines 59 11 16 4 < 1 < 1 . .

Organophosphates 783 316 496 219 390 202 < 1 < 1

Pyrethroids 706 35 644 37 661 40 350 8


Total - all insecticides 1,989 473 1,374 312 1,297 326 865 175

Fungicides 4,310 9,663 3,115 17,279 1,854 7,983 1,456 3,266

Herbicides 290 360 130 187 97 120 67 62

Molluscicides 194 64 196 67 46 12 37 19

Soil sterilants 113 58,030 38 13,993 34 25,152 18 10,648

Tar oils/acids 8 8 . . . . . .

Other pesticides 2 159 . . . . 9 9

Disinfectants 39 2,039 17 499 . . 1 12


Area grown 1,042 700 481 446

53

Table 18 Comparison of pesticide usage on lettuce crops 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003




Insecticides

Carbamates 42 0.25 30 0.23 50 0.35 93 0.20

Organochlorines 6 0.18 2 0.23 < 1 0.22 . .

Organophosphates 75 0.40 71 0.44 81 0.52 < 1 0.42

Pyrethroids 68 0.05 92 0.06 137 0.06 79 0.02



Fungicides 414 2.24 445 5.55 385 4.31 327 2.24

Herbicides 28 1.24 19 1.44 20 1.23 15 0.92

Molluscicides 19 0.33 28 0.34 10 0.26 8 0.50

Soil sterilants 11 515.56 5 365.02 7 732.14 4 594.52

Tar oils/acids 1 1.00 . . . . . .

Physical control agents . . . . . . 2 1.00

Other pesticides < 1 74.13 . . . . . .

Disinfectants 4 52.85 2 29.40 . . < 1 8.69


54

PESTICIDE USAGE ON PEPPERS (Tables 5 and 6)

Usage of biological control agents accounted for 92% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on peppers (Table 1a & 1b). Including registered pesticides only, insecticides accounted for 60% of all pesticide use by area treated, sulphur 16%, disinfectants 9%, acaricides 8%, fungicides and registered biological control agents 3% each, molluscicides one percent and physical control agents less than one percent. In contrast, insecticides accounted for 52% of the weight of registered active substances applied, physical control agents 31%, sulphur 10%, tar oils/acids 4% and disinfectants, fungicides, acaricides and molluscicides one percent each. This again reflects the extensive usage of biological control agents for which a weight of application is not appropriate.

Biological control agents The major pests of peppers against which biological control agents were the preferred method of control were aphids, two-spotted spider mite, thrips and whitefly. The most extensively used biological control agents, principally to control aphids, were Aphidius colemani, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Aphidius ervi and Aphelinus abdominalis. Phytoseiulus persimilis was used primarily for the control of mites, Encarsia formosa against whitefly and Amblyseius cucumeris against thrips.






treated


Aphidius colemani 571 . 0.34 0.80 11 Aphidoletes aphidimyza 279 . 0.17 0.55 12 Aphidius ervi 243 . 0.15 0.62 7 Phytoseiulus persimilis 137 . 0.08 0.77 4 Aphelinus abdominalis 98 . 0.06 0.21 5

Insecticides Thiacloprid accounted for 48% of the insecticide-treated area of peppers, being used on a quarter of the area grown; dichlorvos comprised a further 18% and pymetrozine 15%. The main reasons for insecticide usage were leafhopper control, 49% of the insecticide-treated area, aphids/caterpillars 13%, western flower thrips 12% and aphids alone 10%. Where used, insecticides were often applied more than once in order to maintain pest control during the life of the crop, which could often be present in the glasshouse for up to 10 –12 months.





treated


Thiacloprid 44 79 0.48 0.27 4 Dichlorvos 17 15 0.18 0.12 3 Pymetrozine 13 9 0.15 0.19 1 Deltamethrin 11 < 1 0.12 0.04 7 Pirimicarb 3 < 1 0.03 0.06 1

55

Acaricides Compared with the usage of biological control agents, also used for the control of mites, acaricide usage was limited, at 12 treated ha total, with abamectin accounting for 57% of the acaricide-treated area, fenbutatin oxide 29% and clofentezine 14%.

Formulation

area treated (ha)Weight of a.s. applied (kg)


area


treated


Abamectin 7 < 1 0.57 0.08 1 Fenbutatin oxide 3 1 0.29 0.04 1 Clofentezine 2 < 1 0.14 0.02 1

Fungicides There was limited usage of fungicides, with propamocarb hydrochloride, for the control of Pythium spp. and other root diseases, being the only active substance recorded.

56

COMPARISON OF PESTICIDE USAGE ON PEPPERS (Tables 19 & 20)

The area of peppers grown in Great Britain in 2003 was 32% less than in 1991 but 36% higher than in 1999. The total area treated with registered pesticides had decreased by 44% compared with 1991, but increased six fold compared with 1999. Similarly, the weight of active substances used in 2003 was 91% less than in 1991, but seven times higher than in 1999. The very large decrease in weight applied between 1991 and 2003 is in line with other edible crops, including tomatoes, cucumbers and strawberries, where the decrease in the use of soil sterilants demonstrates a continuing move to soil-less systems of growing.

Biological control agents The usage of biological control agents, in terms of area treated, had more than doubled compared with 1991 and had increased thirteen fold compared with 1999. Aphidius colemani and Aphidoletes aphidimyza, for the control of aphids, were the most important biological control agents in both 1999 and 2003, however usage of both had increased by 17 and 11 times respectively. The use of Aphidius ervi, again for aphid control, Phytoseiulus persimilis for the control of two-spotted spider mite were also important, as was usage of Encarsia formosa, a parasite of whitefly.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five biological control agents in 2003 used on peppers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Biological control agents 2003 1999 1995 1991

Aphidius colemani 571 33 (1) 219 (2)

Aphidoletes aphidimyza 279 25 (4) 139 (3) 176 (2)

Aphidius ervi 243

Phytoseiulus persimilis 137 31 (2) 66 (4) 157 (4)

Aphelinus abdominalis 98

Insecticides The area of peppers treated with insecticides in 2003 was 19% lower than in 1991, but seven times higher than in 1999. In 1999, there were only four insecticides recorded, in 2003 the main insecticides were thiacloprid, dichlorvos and pymetrozine, none of which was encountered in 1999. In both 1991 and 2003, two insecticide applications were made, this contrasts with 1999 where less than one application was made.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for the top five insecticides in 2003 used on peppers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Insecticide 2003 1999 1995 1991

Thiacloprid 44

Dichlorvos 17 7 (4) 12 (4)

Pymetrozine 13

Deltamethrin 11 2 (6)

Pirimicarb 3 7 (1) 19 (1) 55 (1)

57

Acaricides The use of acaricides had fallen from 73% of the area grown being treated in 1991 to 27% of the area grown being treated in 2003. However the area treated with acaricides had increased by 6 times compared with 1999.

Changes in the area treated (ha) for all acaricides in 2003 used on peppers over the period 1991 – 2003 (figures in parentheses refer to position in previous years)

Acaricides 2003 1999 1995 1991

Abamectin 7


Clofentezine 2

Fungicides In 1991, the entire pepper crop was treated with at least one fungicide, in 2003 only 11% of the crop was so treated, propamocarb hydrochloride being the only fungicide encountered. Furthermore, there was no fungicide usage recorded in 1999.

Soil sterilants The use of soil sterilants prior to the planting of the pepper crop has not been recorded compared with 1991 where 6% of the area grown was treated.

Herbicides Similarly the use of herbicides has not been recorded since 1991.

58

Table 19 Comparison of pesticide usage on pepper crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (t)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003


Acaricides 48 27 15 7 2 3 12 2

Insecticides

Benzoylureas . . . . 3 1 < 1 < 1

Carbamates 55 28 19 9 7 3 3 < 1

Organophosphates 32 31 17 30 . . 17 15

Pyrethroids 23 1 10 1 . . 11 < 1


Total - all insecticides 113 85 58 116 13 15 92 109

Registered biological control agents 15 12 11 10 9 11 4 < 1

Fungicides 69 111 18 34 . . 12 2

Sulphur . . . . . . 25 20

Herbicides 3 9 . . . . . .

Molluscicides 15 4 18 5 . . 2 2

Soil sterilants 4 1,991 . . . . . .

Tar oils/acids < 1 5 . . . . < 1 8

Disinfectants 7 19 3 104 . . 14 2

Other pesticides . . . . . . < 1 64

Total - all registered pesticides 275 2,263 123 276 24 29 160 209

Other biological control agents 810 . 847 . 124 . 1,664 .

Area grown 66 53 33 45

59

Table 20 Comparison of pesticide usage on pepper crops 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003




Acaricides 73 0.56 29 0.47 5 1.65 27 0.16

Insecticides

Benzoylureas 1 0.28 . . 10 0.20 < 1 0.03

Carbamates 84 0.50 36 0.49 21 0.43 6 0.03

Organophosphates 48 0.97 32 1.75 . . 37 0.92

Pyrethroids 34 0.04 19 0.06 . . 25 0.03




Fungicides 104 1.61 33 1.94 . . 26 0.17

Sulphur . . . . . . 55 0.80

Herbicides 5 2.85 . . . . < 1 1.02

Molluscicides 23 0.25 34 0.25 . . 4 0.86

Soil sterilants 6 496.88 . . . . . .

Tar oils/acids < 1 16.55 . . . . < 1 70.66

Physical control agents . . . . . . 1 178.43

Disinfectants 10 2.91 5 35.99 . . 31 0.16


Other biological control agents 1,228 . 1,598 . 377 . 3,697 .

60

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CELERY (Tables 5 and 6)

Usage of fungicides accounted for 50% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on celery (Table 1a & 1b), insecticides 36%, molluscicides 6%, disinfectants 5%, soil sterilants and herbicides one percent and biological control agents less than one percent. In contrast, soil sterilants accounted for 90% of the weight of pesticides applied, disinfectants 5%, fungicides 4%, insecticides one percent and molluscicides, herbicides and biological control agents less than one percent. There was no recorded usage of acaricides or growth regulators on celery.

Fungicides Rhizoctonia, botrytis and celery leaf spot (Septoria apiicola) were cited as the most troublesome diseases of celery. Three active substances accounted for approximately 95% of the fungicide-treated area: carbendazim, (45%), which was used on all celery crops, chlorothalonil, (30%) and azoxystrobin, (20%). Other fungicides encountered included copper oxychloride and tolclofos-methyl.

Formulation



area


treated


Carbendazim 18 9 0.45 1.00 2 Chlorothalonil 12 17 0.30 0.41 2 Azoxystrobin 8 2 0.20 0.63 1 Copper oxychloride 1 <1 0.02 0.08 1 Tolclofos-methyl 1 2 0.02 0.08 1

Insecticides Two active substances accounted for over 89% of the total insecticide-treated area of celery: deltamethrin (51%) and nicotine (38%), both primarily for the control of caterpillars and aphids. Deltamethrin was used on almost one third of the celery crop, with an average of four applications being made. The only other insecticides recorded included cypermethrin and pirimicarb.

Formulation

area treated (ha)Weight of a.s.

applied (kg)Proportion of

insecticide-treated area


treated


Deltamethrin 15 <1 0.51 0.30 4 Nicotine 11 11 0.38 0.63 1 Cypermethrin 1 <1 0.05 0.12 1 Pirimicarb 1 <1 0.05 0.12 1

Molluscicides Metaldehyde, accounting for 75% of the molluscicide-treated area, and methiocarb 19%, were the only specified molluscicides recorded.

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide was the only soil sterilant active substance recorded for the pre-planting sterilisation of soil.

Herbicides The herbicide prometryn accounted for all of the area treated for weed control.

61

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OTHER VEGETABLES (Tables 5 and 6)

In addition to those already covered, a very wide range of vegetable crops for human consumption was grown in glasshouses or polythene tunnels, the details of which are outlined in Appendix I. Usage of non-registered biological control agents was limited, accounting for only 4% of the total treated area. Including registered pesticides only, insecticides accounted for 55% of the total treated area (Table 1a & 1b), fungicides 20%, herbicides 13%, molluscicides 8%, physical control agents 2%, soil sterilants, sulphur and tar oils/acids less than one percent each. In contrast, the soil sterilants methyl bromide and dazomet accounted for 88% of the weight of the registered active substances applied. Insecticides accounted for 5% of the weight of active substances applied, herbicides 3% and fungicides 1%, with all other pesticide groups less than one percent each.

Insecticides The most extensively used insecticides were deltamethrin, nicotine and cypermethrin, with aphid and caterpillar control being the most important reasons for use.





treated


Deltamethrin 96 1 0.36 0.26 1 Nicotine 81 93 0.31 0.23 1 Cypermethrin 47 1 0.18 0.05 2 Pirimicarb 14 3 0.05 0.04 1 Thiacloprid 10 < 1 0.04 0.02 1

Fungicides The most extensively used fungicides were chlorothalonil, used on 44% of the fungicide-treated area, propamocarb hydrochloride (20%) and iprodione (15%). Control of botrytis and damping off were the main reasons cited for fungicide applications.




area


treated


Chlorothalonil 43 6 0.44 0.04 1 Propamocarb hydrochloride 19 4 0.20 0.02 1 Iprodione 15 6 0.15 0.05 1 Prochloraz 6 < 1 0.06 0.02 1 Tebuconazole 6 < 1 0.06 0.02 1 Herbicides Paraquat and phenmedipham were the two most important herbicides used during the production of other vegetable crops, accounting for 52% and 16% of the herbicide-treated area respectively. Molluscicides Methiocarb accounted for 55% of the molluscicide-treated area and metaldehyde 45%.

62

PESTICIDE USAGE ON EDIBLE PLANTS IN PROPAGATION (Tables 5 and 6)

This category covers a diverse range of crops including tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, celery, peppers and a range of brassicas (see Appendix I for a detailed list of crops encountered). Information was collected regarding pre-sowing drenches and soil incorporation, post-germination drenches and applications made throughout the short life of the crop prior to selling on as small plants. Most crops were grown on either in pots, modular trays or peat/inert blocks.

Use of non-registered biological control agents was again limited on these crops, accounting for only 6% of the total treated area. Of the registered pesticides used, fungicides accounted for 69% of the area treated with such pesticides, insecticides 21%, disinfectants 4%, molluscicides 3% and acaricides one percent. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than one percent of the area treated each (Table 1a & 1b). In terms of weight, fungicides accounted for 71% of the total weight applied, insecticides 26% and soil sterilants 2%. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than one percent each.

Fungicides The major fungicides by area treated included; fosetyl-aluminium, 29%, tolclofos-methyl, 14% and propamocarb hydrochloride, 14%, primarily applied as drenches; azoxystrobin, 16% and iprodione, 10%, applied as sprays. Fosetyl-aluminium accounted for 57% of the total weight of fungicide active substances used, propamocarb hydrochloride, 34%. In line with the short life of the crop, most crops received a single fungicide application mainly applied to control Pythium spp, though control of downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) on brassica seedlings with dichlofluanid or fosetyl-aluminium was also cited.




area


treated


Fosetyl-aluminium 435 14,148 0.29 0.55 1 Azoxystrobin 245 38 0.16 0.32 1 Tolclofos-methyl 206 2,064 0.14 0.27 1 Propamocarb hydrochloride 205 8,375 0.14 0.27 1 Iprodione 145 80 0.10 0.19 1

Insecticides By area treated, the major insecticides applied were chlorpyrifos, accounting for 46% of the insecticide-treated area, and pirimicarb, 36%. Much of the weight of insecticide applications, 99%, is attributable to the use of chlorpyrifos applied as drenches for the prophylactic control of cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) damage following transplanting.





treated


Chlorpyrifos 208 8,908 0.46 0.27 1 Pirimicarb 166 40 0.36 0.22 1 Lambda-cyhalothrin 40 < 1 0.09 0.05 1 Nicotine 14 85 0.03 0.02 1 Deltamethrin 10 < 1 0.02 0.01 1

63

PESTICIDE USAGE ON STRAWBERRIES AND OTHER FRUIT (Tables 5 and 6)

A small range of fruit crops for human consumption was also grown in glasshouses or polythene tunnels, including strawberries and raspberries.

Strawberries accounted for 89% of the area grown and as such, much of the usage is influenced by the inputs to this crop. Usage of biological control agents accounted for 12% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on strawberries (Table 1a & 1b). When considering only registered pesticides, fungicides accounted for 66% of the total treated area of registered pesticides, insecticides 9%, sulphur and acaricides 8% each, herbicides 6%, physical control agents 2% and molluscicides less than one percent. There was no recorded usage of soil sterilants. Usage on raspberries was similar, with biological control agents accounting for 44% of the total treated area, fungicides 56%, insecticides 19%, herbicides 10%, sulphur 9% and acaricides 5% of the registered pesticide-treated area.

Fungicides Four active substances accounted for almost 60% of the fungicide-treated area of strawberries: myclobutanil, 22%, iprodione, 17%, and fenhexamid, 10%, for botrytis control and bupirimate, 10%, for the control of powdery mildew. On raspberries, fenhexamid and dichlofluanid, both for botrytis control, were the principal fungicide active substances used, accounting for 43% and 20% of the fungicide-treated area respectively.

Biological control agents Amblyseius cucumeris for thrips control, Aphidoletes aphidimyza for aphid control and Phytoseiulus persimilis for two-spotted spider mite control, were the most commonly encountered biological control agents used on strawberries. On raspberries, Encarsia formosa for whitefly control, Phytoseiulus persimilis for two-spotted spider mite control and Orius laevigatus for control of capsids, were the most frequently used biological control agents.

Bumblebees were used extensively on both strawberries and raspberries for pollination, thereby avoiding the requirement for chemical fruit-setting sprays.

Insecticides Aphids were quoted as the most troublesome insect pest and the most extensively used insecticide on strawberries was pirimicarb, where it accounted for 44% of all insecticide usage, with nicotine comprising a further 25%. On raspberries, capsids were the most important pest and deltamethrin and pirimicarb were the only insecticides recorded.

Acaricides Tebufenpyrad and clofentezine were used on 45% and 40% of the strawberry area grown, accounting for 44% and 38% of the acaricide-treated area respectively. Tetradifon was the only acaricide recorded on raspberries.

Herbicides Herbicides were more extensively used on strawberries than in the production of any other protected edible crop, accounting for 57% of all herbicide use on edible crops. The main herbicides used were bromacil, paraquat and glyphosate accounting for 37%, 28% and 14% respectively of all herbicide use on strawberries.

64

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR CUTTING (Tables 7 and 8)

Usage of non-registered biological control agents was limited on this crop, accounting for less than one percent of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on chrysanthemums (Table 2a & 2b). This is due mainly to the fact that predators, in particular Amblyseius spp. used to control thrips, are unable to efficiently search such a large and dense crop. Coupled with this, the cut flower market has a very low tolerance of damage, with even limited thrips damage causing rejection of the crop. When considering only registered pesticides, insecticides accounted for 40% of the total area treated with such pesticides, fungicides 25%, growth regulators 19% and acaricides 14%. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than one percent of the total treated area each. In contrast, the soil sterilants methyl bromide and dazomet, used prior to cropping, which were used on less than one percent of the pesticide-treated area, accounted for 83% of the total weight of pesticide active substances used on chrysanthemums. Fungicides accounted for 9% of the weight applied, growth regulators 3%, insecticides 3%, and acaricides and disinfectants less than one percent each. Insecticides A wide range of insect pests was encountered on chrysanthemums, including thrips, accounting for 51% of the insecticide-treated area, aphids, 21%, gall midge, 8% and two-spotted spider mite, 4%. The most extensively used insecticides were bifenthrin, 22%, spinosad, 20%, dichlorvos, 16%, deltamethrin, 10% and imidacloprid, 10%. All of the principal five insecticides were used on at least 30% of the area grown, though with differing frequencies, with spinosad being used twice on average on over half of the area of chrysanthemums grown, while bifenthrin was used three times on average but only on one third of the crop.





treated


Bifenthrin 126 9 0.22 0.36 3 Spinosad 114 17 0.20 0.54 2 Dichlorvos 92 50 0.16 0.31 2 Deltamethrin 59 2 0.10 0.31 1 Imidacloprid 57 10 0.10 0.34 2

Fungicides Chlorothalonil was the most important fungicide active substance used on chrysanthemums accounting for 37% of the fungicide-treated area; other extensively used fungicides included azoxystrobin 19% and propiconazole 16%. White rust, (Puccinia horiana), was cited as the reason for use for 54% of all fungicide applications.




area


treated


Chlorothalonil 132 278 0.37 0.56 2 Azoxystrobin 67 30 0.19 0.38 3 Propiconazole 58 10 0.16 0.31 2 Mancozeb 19 42 0.05 0.19 1 Iprodione 16 12 0.05 0.07 1

Growth regulators

Daminozide, used for internode shortening, accounted for almost all growth regulator use recorded on chrysanthemums.

Acaricides

Abamectin accounted for approximately 52% of the acaricide-treated area of chrysanthemums, whilst fenbutatin oxide accounted for much of the remainder. Non-approved use of fenpyroximate was the only other acaricide encountered.

65

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CARNATIONS & PINKS (Tables 7 and 8)

Usage of fungicides comprised 44% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on pinks and carnations (Table 2a & 2b), soil sterilants 22%, insecticides 22% and herbicides 11%. The soil sterilant dazomet accounted for 97% of the total weight of pesticides applied. There was no recorded usage of biological control agents or acaricides.

Fungicides Chlorothalonil accounted for 38% of the fungicide-treated area, fosetyl-aluminium 25%, benomyl 13%, carbendazim 13% and prochloraz 13%, though no reasons for use were given.




area


treated


Chlorothalonil 2 1 0.38 0.48 1 Fosetyl-aluminium 1 33 0.25 0.48 1 Benomyl 1 < 1 0.13 0.24 1 Carbendazim 1 7 0.13 0.24 1 Prochloraz 1 < 1 0.13 0.24 1

Other pesticides Lambda-cyhalothrin was the only insecticide recorded, oxadiazon the only herbicide.

66

PESTICIDE USAGE ON ALSTROEMERIA (Tables 7 and 8)

Non-registered biological control agents formed an important part of the culture of this crop, accounting for 64% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on alstroemeria (Table 2a & 2b), with registered products comprising an additional 4%. When considering the area treated with registered pesticides only, insecticides accounted for 73%, herbicides 13%, registered biological control agents 10%, acaricides 3% and fungicides and soil sterilants less than one percent each. In contrast, the soil sterilant methyl bromide, used prior to cropping, accounted for 98% of the total weight of pesticide active substances used on alstroemeria, herbicides and insecticides around one percent each and fungicides, registered biological control agents and acaricides less than one percent each. There was no recorded usage of growth regulators.

Biological control agents

The use of Encarsia formosa for whitefly control and Aphidius ervi for aphid control, accounted for 79% and 8% of the biological control-treated area respectively. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis for caterpillar control accounted for a further 5%. Alstroemeria is grown as a perennial crop and the large number of introductions, normally weekly, of Encarsia formosa indicates the length of the period during which the crop is susceptible to attack by whitefly.






treated


Encarsia formosa 199 . 0.79 0.55 18 Aphidius ervi 19 . 0.08 0.24 4 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 13 . 0.05 0.22 3 Amblyseius spp. 10 . 0.04 0.24 2 Hypoaspis miles 10 . 0.04 0.24 2

Insecticides

The major pests of alstroemeria, as reported by the growers, were caterpillar, aphids, whitefly, leafhopper and thrips. Cypermethrin, used on 79% of the area of alstroemeria grown, accounted for 37% of the insecticide-treated area.





treated


Cypermethrin 36 1 0.37 0.79 2 Pymetrozine 13 3 0.14 0.34 2 Pirimicarb 13 1 0.13 0.22 3 Buprofezin 12 < 1 0.12 0.30 2 Teflubenzuron 9 1 0.09 0.26 1

Herbicides

Paraquat accounted for 97% of the herbicide-treated area, metazachlor was the only other active substance recorded.

Acaricides

Abamectin was the only acaricide recorded, being used on 11% of the area of alstroemeria grown.

67

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OTHER FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE (Tables 7 and 8)

A list of the “Other flowers and foliage” encountered in the survey can be found in Appendix II. As with alstroemeria, non-registered biological control agents formed an important part of the culture of this diverse range of crops, accounting for 21% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control (Table 2a & 2b). When considering only the area treated with registered pesticides, usage of fungicides accounted for 59% of the total area treated with such pesticides, insecticides 33%, soil sterilants 5%, herbicides and acaricides around one percent each and all other pesticide groups less than one percent each. In contrast, soil sterilants used prior to cropping accounted for 93% of the total weight of pesticide active substances used, fungicides accounted for 6% and all other chemical groups less than one percent.

Fungicides The range of diseases reported by growers reflected the wide range of plants in this crop group, with downy mildew accounting for 23% of the fungicide-treated area, Botrytis control 22% and unspecified mildews 20%. Nevertheless, three active substances accounted for approximately 48% of the entire fungicide-treated area: iprodione, 18%; chlorothalonil, 15% and mancozeb/metalaxyl-M, 15%. Most of the principal fungicides were applied two or three times during the life of the crop. The use of propamocarb hydrochloride and fosetyl-aluminium drenches at planting accounted for 36% and 23% of the weight of fungicides applied.




area


treated


Iprodione 82 42 0.18 0.19 3 Chlorothalonil 69 62 0.15 0.19 3 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M 67 87 0.15 0.18 2 Azoxystrobin 40 11 0.09 0.06 3 Metalaxyl/thiram 25 34 0.05 0.08 2

Insecticides The range of pests reported by growers was again a reflection of the diversity of plants encountered. In particular, aphids, sciarids and thrips were regularly cited as reasons for the use of insecticides. Four active substances accounted for over 60% of the total insecticide-treated area: imidacloprid (18%), cypermethrin (18%), nicotine (15%) and pymetrozine (12%).





treated


Imidacloprid 47 3 0.18 0.15 3 Cypermethrin 46 3 0.18 0.17 2 Nicotine 39 13 0.15 0.11 1 Pymetrozine 31 4 0.12 0.03 3 Deltamethrin 28 1 0.11 0.07 2

68

Biological control agents The use of the whitefly biological control agent, Encarsia formosa, accounted for 16% of the total biological control-treated area. The use of Aphidius ervi, for aphid control, and Hypoaspis miles, for sciarid control, accounted for a further 13% each. Control of thrips was achieved with the use of Amblyseius cucumeris.

Formulationarea treated (ha)





treated


Encarsia formosa 33 . 0.16 0.16 4 Aphidius ervi 27 . 0.13 0.16 2 Hypoaspis miles 27 . 0.13 0.16 2 Amblyseius cucumeris 24 . 0.12 0.15 1 Aphidius colemani 24 . 0.12 0.15 1

Soil sterilants Methyl bromide accounted for 98% of the soil sterilant-treated area, dazomet the remaining 2%.

Herbicides Paraquat and lenacil comprised 33% and 28% of the herbicide-treated area respectively.

Acaricides Abamectin was the only acaricide encountered.

69

PESTICIDE USAGE ON POT CHRYSANTHEMUMS (Tables 7 and 8)

Non-registered biological control agents formed an important part of the culture of this crop, accounting for 55% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on potted chrysanthemums (Table 2a & 2b), with registered products comprising an additional 5%. When considering the area treated with registered pesticides only, insecticides comprised 44% of the treated area, acaricides 22%, growth regulators 19% and fungicides 3%. In terms of weight applied, growth regulators accounted for 49%, insecticides for 23%, fungicides for 13%, acaricides 10% and registered biological control agents 6%. There was no recorded use of herbicides or soil sterilants.

Biological control agents In contrast to chrysanthemums grown for cut flowers, pot chrysanthemums are generally around 20cm high and relatively easy for a predator to search. Additionally, standards are not as high as for cut flowers and slight feeding damage from thrips would not necessarily down-grade the product. Biological control is therefore a far more important part of crop production than in the cut flower crop. Aphids and thrips were considered to be the most important pests of pot chrysanthemums. Aphidius colemani, for aphid control, accounted for 20% of the biological control-treated area, Phytoseiulus persimilis, for two-spotted spider mite control, was used on 20% of the area, Amblyseius spp., for thrips control, was used on 16% of the area and Aphidius ervi and Aphidoletes aphidimyza, for aphid control, on 9% of the area each. The relatively high number of applications reflects the length of time the crop spends within the glasshouse and the severity of the problem.






treated


Aphidius colemani 70 . 0.20 0.52 8 Phytoseiulus persimilis 69 . 0.20 0.53 7 Amblyseius spp. 57 . 0.16 0.06 8 Aphidius ervi 34 . 0.09 0.46 4 Aphidoletes aphidimyza 33 . 0.09 0.35 14

Insecticides Three active substances accounted for 77% of the total insecticide-treated area: bifenthrin 43%, dichlorvos 20% and spinosad 14%. Dichlorvos, used primarily for thrips control, was applied to almost half of the area of pot chrysanthemums grown. Bifenthrin, although used on a smaller proportion of the area grown, 27%, was used on average five times during the life of the crop.





treated


Bifenthrin 49 4 0.43 0.27 5 Dichlorvos 23 25 0.20 0.48 1 Spinosad 16 3 0.14 0.27 1 Pymetrozine 9 1 0.08 0.25 1 Pirimicarb 7 5 0.06 0.14 1

70

Acaricides Fenbutatin oxide was the preferred acaricide used on pot chrysanthemums and accounted for approximately 77% of the acaricide-treated area, being used on 28% of the area grown. The only other acaricides recorded were abamectin, 23% of the acaricide-treated area and tebufenpyrad comprising less than one percent.




area


treated


Fenbutatin oxide 45 21 0.77 0.28 2 Abamectin 13 < 1 0.23 0.20 1 Tebufenpyrad < 1 < 1 < 1 0.01 < 1

Growth regulators Daminozide accounted for nearly all growth regulator usage, with paclobutrazol being the only other active substance recorded.

Fungicides Two active substances accounted for almost all the total fungicide-treated area of pot chrysanthemums: chlorothalonil 85% and propiconazole 13%. Chlorothalonil was used on 8% of the area of pot chrysanthemums grown, probably to control botrytis, though no reasons were cited for its use, while propiconazole was used to control white rust.

71

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OTHER POT PLANTS (Tables 7 and 8)

A wide range of ornamental crops were grown in pots in glasshouses or polythene tunnels, details of which are outlined in Appendix II. This particular crop grouping is complicated as many pot plants can have dual use, for example primroses, begonias and dahlias can be used as both outdoor bedding plants and indoor houseplants. For the purposes of this survey, these crops have been included as pot plants where they are grown in pots, and as plants in propagation where grown in packs.

Non-registered biological control agents formed an important part of the culture of this crop, accounting for 60% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on other pot plants (Table 2a & 2b), with registered products comprising an less than one percent. When considering the area treated with registered pesticides only, insecticides comprised 40% of the treated area, fungicides 35%, growth regulators 19%, registered biological control agents 2%, and acaricides and herbicides around one percent each. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than one percent. In contrast, fungicides, applied mainly as drenches, accounted for 53% of the total weight of pesticide active substances used on pot plants, insecticides 33%, growth regulators 13% and all other chemical groups less than one percent.

Biological control agents Five species accounted for over half of the area of pot plants treated with biological control agents: Encarsia formosa, 19%, principally for the control of whitefly; Steinernema feltiae, 11%, for the control of sciarids; Hypoaspis miles, 11%, for the control of sciarids; Aphidoletes aphidimyza, 10% and Aphidius ervi, 9%, both for the control of aphids. Again the relatively high number of applications indicates the length of time the crop spends in the glasshouse, together with a customer-led demand for pest-free produce.






treated


Encarsia formosa 543 . 0.19 0.55 10 Steinernema feltiae 322 . 0.11 0.57 1 Hypoaspis miles 307 . 0.11 0.54 2 Aphidoletes aphidimyza 284 . 0.10 0.31 6 Aphidius ervi 253 . 0.09 0.30 3

Insecticides The most important reasons cited for insecticide usage included whitefly, 24% of the insecticide-treated area, aphids, 20% of the area, caterpillars, 5%, and thrips, 4%. The most extensively used insecticides for pest control included nicotine, teflubenzuron and imidacloprid. In particular, nicotine was used on 30% of the area of all “other pot plants” grown.





treated


Nicotine 173 1,167 0.22 0.30 1 Teflubenzuron 129 25 0.17 0.05 2 Imidacloprid 74 100 0.10 0.13 1 Deltamethrin 63 1 0.08 0.07 2 Thiacloprid 47 7 0.06 0.08 1

72

Fungicides Control of powdery mildew accounted for 67% of the total fungicide-treated area, with Botrytis control accounting for a further 19%. Other diseases specified included Fusarium, Pythium and Ramularia. Azoxystrobin accounted for approximately 24% of the area of other pot plants treated with fungicides, fenarimol 19%, iprodione 15%, carbendazim 9% and chlorothalonil 7%. Azoxystrobin and fenarimol were used on approximately a quarter of the area of crop grown.




area


treated


Azoxystrobin 158 58 0.24 0.27 1 Fenarimol 128 7 0.19 0.23 1 Iprodione 100 52 0.15 0.11 2 Carbendazim 60 167 0.09 0.06 2 Chlorothalonil 44 50 0.07 0.04 1

Growth regulators Chlormequat/choline chloride accounted for 79% of the growth regulator-treated area, daminozide for a further 15%.

Acaricides The most extensively used acaricides, for the control of two-spotted spider mite, were abamectin, (71% of the acaricide-treated area), dienochlor (non-approved use), 19%, and fenbutatin oxide, 10%.

73

PESTICIDE USAGE ON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN PROPAGATION (Tables 7 and 8)

The wide range of crops in propagation includes both edible plants grown for seed and ornamental plants for sale to growers and gardeners, as outlined in Appendix II. Non-registered biological control agents again formed an important part of the culture of this crop, accounting for 27% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on plants in propagation (Table 2a & 2b), with registered products comprising an additional 1%. When considering the area treated with registered pesticides only, fungicides comprised 42% of the treated area, insecticides 30%, growth regulators 21%, acaricides 2% and herbicides and registered biological control agents around one percent each. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than one percent each. By weight, fungicides accounted for 58% of the total weight of registered pesticides applied, soil sterilants 15%, growth regulators 13%, insecticides 7%, physical control agents, registered biological control agents and tar oils/acids 2% each.

Fungicides Although a large range of plants were encountered and the range of diseases was diverse, control of Botrytis accounted for 29% of the fungicide-treated area, unspecified mildews 23%, downy mildew 6%, Pythium spp. 3% and powdery mildew 3%. Iprodione was the principal fungicide encountered, used on 13% of area grown and accounting for 18% of the treated area. By weight applied, propamocarb hydrochloride and fosetyl-aluminium drenches accounted for 46% and 18% of the total respectively.




area


treated


Iprodione 278 162 0.18 0.13 1 Chlorothalonil 213 218 0.14 0.10 1 Azoxystrobin 196 37 0.13 0.09 1 Carbendazim 167 349 0.11 0.06 1 Fosetyl-aluminium 112 1,040 0.07 0.06 1

Biological control agents Three genera accounted for approximately 56% of the total area treated with biological control agents: Aphidius colemani, 20%, for the control of aphids; Amblyseius spp., 18%, for the control of thrips and Encarsia formosa, 18%, for the control of whitefly. Despite only being used on relatively small percentages of the total area grown, most species were introduced five or more times during the life of the crop.






treated


Aphidius colemani 269 . 0.20 0.05 5 Amblyseius spp. 244 . 0.18 0.03 9 Encarsia formosa 243 . 0.18 0.04 6 Phytoseiulus persimilis 114 . 0.09 0.03 8 Aphidoletes aphidimyza 94 . 0.07 0.02 8

74

Insecticides Imidacloprid, used prophylactically for vine weevil and sciarid control, was the single most important insecticide, used on 17% of the total area grown and accounting for 21% of the total insecticide-treated area. Aphid control accounted for 34% of the insecticide-treated area, whitefly 8% and caterpillars 7%. Other important insecticides included deltamethrin, pirimicarb, cypermethrin and teflubenzuron. Most crops appeared to be treated only once with any particular insecticide, a sensible policy to assist in the delay of insecticide resistance.





treated


Imidacloprid 227 227 0.21 0.17 1 Deltamethrin 146 3 0.14 0.05 1 Pirimicarb 96 29 0.09 0.05 1 Cypermethrin 96 7 0.09 0.06 1 Teflubenzuron 88 6 0.08 0.03 1 Growth regulators Daminozide accounted for 43%, of the growth regulator-treated area, chlormequat/choline chloride for 25% and paclobutrazol for 23%. Daminozide was used on 15% of the total area of plants in propagation.

Formulation


Proportion of herbicide-

treated area


treated


Daminozide 318 908 0.43 0.15 1 Chlormequat/choline chloride 187 275 0.25 0.09 1 Paclobutrazol 169 1 0.23 0.07 1 Chlormequat 61 85 0.08 0.02 1 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid 3 < 1 < 0.01 < 0.01 1 Acaricides Abamectin accounted for approximately 82% of the area treated by acaricides, tebufenpyrad for a further 9%.

75

PESTICIDE USAGE ON HARDY ORNAMENTAL NURSERY STOCK (Tables 7 and 8)

The diversity of species included in this category is illustrated in Appendix II, but essentially covered those plants, deciduous and evergreen, propagated and raised under glass before being sold on to growers or gardeners for planting outside. Because of the range of species, the reasons for use of pesticides were many and varied.

Non-registered biological control agents again formed an important part of the culture of this crop, accounting for 24% of the total treated area for pest, disease and weed control on plants in propagation (Table 2a & 2b), with registered biological control products comprising an additional 1%. When considering the area treated with registered pesticides only, fungicides comprised half of the total treated area, insecticides 24%, herbicides 12%, acaricides 6% and disinfectants and surface cleaners 2% each. All other pesticide groups accounted for less than two percent each. In terms of weight applied, disinfectants, including formaldehyde and dichlorophen, accounted for 38% of the total, fungicides 32%, insecticides 16%, herbicides 8%, surface cleaners 2% and all other chemical groups one percent or less.

Fungicides The most important fungicide active substances were prochloraz, accounting for 17% of the fungicide-treated area, azoxystrobin, 14%, fosetyl-aluminium drenches, 12%, chlorothalonil, 10% and bupirimate/triforine, 8%. By weight applied, fosetyl-aluminium accounted for 44% of the total. Control of Botrytis and unspecified mildews combined accounted for 49% of the fungicide-treated area.




area


treated


Prochloraz 482 225 0.17 0.17 2 Azoxystrobin 389 90 0.14 0.15 1 Fosetyl-aluminium 336 1,864 0.12 0.12 1 Chlorothalonil 292 458 0.10 0.15 3 Bupirimate/triforine 231 17 0.08 0.08 1

Biological control agents Three genera comprised 53% of the area treated with biological control agents; Phytoseiulus persimilis, 20%, Aphidius colemani, 17% and Encarsia formosa, 16%.






treated


Phytoseiulus persimilis 354 . 0.20 0.09 3 Aphidius colemani 307 . 0.17 0.05 4 Encarsia formosa 286 . 0.16 0.04 5 Amblyseius spp. 155 . 0.09 0.02 6 Hypoaspis spp. 149 . 0.08 0.02 8

76

Insecticides Aphid control was the reason cited for the use of insecticides on 26% of the insecticide-treated area, whitefly comprised a further 19% and vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) 16%. The principal insecticide active substances applied were cypermethrin, 15% of the total insecticide-treated area, and bifenthrin, 13%. In contrast, the use of chlorpyrifos, as a granular-incorporated insecticide to prevent vine weevil damage, accounted for 66% of the total weight of insecticides applied. Imidacloprid was similarly used in granular formulation.





treated


Cypermethrin 203 10 0.15 0.07 4 Bifenthrin 172 8 0.13 0.11 1 Pirimicarb 119 35 0.09 0.07 1 Imidacloprid 118 144 0.09 0.13 1 Pymetrozine 118 21 0.09 0.07 1

Herbicides Isoxaben and oxadiazon were the two most important herbicides used on hardy nursery stock, accounting for 35% and 31% of the herbicide-treated area respectively. Although general weed control was the single most important reason for use, specific weeds included bittercress, pearlwort and groundsel.

Acaricides The acaricides abamectin and clofentezine accounted for 52% and 19% of the acaricide-treated area respectively.




area


treated


Abamectin 165 1 0.52 0.10 1 Clofentezine 59 17 0.19 0.07 1 Fenbutatin oxide 39 14 0.12 0.03 1 Tebufenpyrad 37 6 0.12 0.02 1 Dicofol/tetradifon 18 5 0.06 0.01 1

Growth regulators Daminozide and paclobutrazol were the most important growth regulators encountered, accounting for 48% and 33% of the growth regulator-treated area.

77

COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SURVEYS

Areas of protected crops grown in Great Britain

The area of all crops grown in glasshouses and polythene tunnels in 2003 had increased by 28% compared with 1999 (Table 21 & Fig. 2), and by 19% compared with 1991, due mainly to increases in the propagation of edible and ornamental plants, hardy nursery stock and “other pot plants”.

The continuing reduction in area of many edible crops and some others is significant and highlights the economic problems faced by growers. The areas of most edible crops had declined over the 12 years since 1991, with the exception of other vegetables and protected fruit, in particular, strawberries. The total area of protected edible crops grown in 2003 was 38% lower than in 1991, but less than one percent lower than in 1999. The area of celery was 87% lower in 2003 than in 1991, lettuce 57% lower, tomatoes 54% lower and cucumbers 2% lower. In contrast, the area of fruit was seven times greater than in 1991 and double that grown in 1999, presumably in response to increased “out of season” demand and the development of soil-less growing systems. The area of other vegetables grown in 2003 had decreased by 16% compared with 1991, but increased by 30% compared with 1999. Similarly, the area of peppers had declined by 32% compared with 1991, but increased by 36% compared with 1999.

Although the area of edible protected crops had declined by 38% compared with 1991, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 44% (Table 22), while the area treated with non-registered biological control agents decreased by 39%, in line with the reduction in area grown. Usage of registered biological control agents declined by 66% compared with 1991. However, the area treated with all registered pesticides showed an 18% increase in comparison to 1999. In particular, compared with the last survey, usage of herbicides doubled, registered biological control agents increased by 49%, sulphur by 44%, fungicides by 33% and acaricides by 18%. The area of insecticides applied to edible protected crops decreased by 23% and by 40% by weight applied compared with 1999. Overall, the weight of registered active substances applied to edible protected crops decreased by 77% compared with 1991 and by 41% compared with the last survey.

The total area of protected ornamental crops grown in 2003 was 44% greater than in 1999 and 93% greater than in 1991 (Table 24). With the exception of other flowers and foliage, where the area grown increased by 87% compared with 1999, the areas of all other flowers for cutting had declined markedly, reflecting the increased pressure from imports. The area of carnations & pinks had declined by 75%, chrysanthemums by 45% and alstroemeria by 20%. Compared with the last survey, the area of potted chrysanthemums decreased by 57%. However, the area of other pot plants increased three fold. The area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown under protection increased by almost three times compared with 1999. The area of edible and ornamental plants grown for propagation and sold on to other growers and gardeners showed an increase of 21% compared with 1999 and 88% compared with 1991.

While the area of protected ornamental crops increased by 44% compared with 1999, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 39% over the same period (Table 24). By contrast the area treated with non-registered biological control agents increased by 74% compared with 1999 and by four times compared with 1991. With the exception of herbicides, tar oils/acids and disinfectants, all chemical groups of registered pesticides declined in terms of treated area. Despite the large decreases in the areas treated, the weight of pesticides applied increased by 3% compared to the previous survey. This apparent anomaly is due, in part, to an increase in fungicidal drenches, in particular fosetyl-aluminium, giving rise to an increase in the weight of fungicides applied of 10% between 1999 and 2003. Compared with 1991, however, the weight of all registered pesticides had decreased by 26%.

78

Table 21 Comparison of the area of protected crops grown in Great Britain, 1991 - 2003

Area grown (hectares)

Crop 1991 1995 1999 2003

Tomato 444 347 295 203

Cucumber 239 181 244 234

Lettuce 1,042 700 481 446

Pepper 66 53 33 45

Celery 101 103 50 13

Other vegetables 376 164 244 317

Fruit 24 35 75 168

Chrysanthemums 315 224 176 97

Carnations & pinks 30 16 8 2

Alstroemeria 25 26 25 20

Other flowers, foliage 138 71 86 161

Chrysanthemums (potted) 76 51 86 37

Other pot plants 176 164 169 549

Hardy nursery stock1 - 242 254 652

Plants in propagation2 998 483 1,550 1,878

Total - all protected crops 4,050 2,860 3,777 4,822

1Not surveyed separately before 1995

2Includes both edible and ornamental plants in propagation

Figure 2. Changes in the area grown of major crop groups 1991-2003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

1991 1995 1999 2003

Survey year

Are

a gr

own

(ha0

Other flowers, foliageHardy nursery stockChrysanthemumsPlants in propagationFruitOther vegetablesCucumberTomatoLettuce

79

Table 22 Comparison of pesticide usage on all protected edible crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (kg) (excluding edible plants in propagation)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003


Acaricides 1,729 1,252 620 361 593 202 699 123

Insecticides

Benzoylureas 6 1 . . 5 1 < 1 < 1

Carbamates 621 220 338 137 356 149 591 142

Organochlorines 119 111 49 19 5 4 . .

Organophosphates 1,465 1,029 816 479 775 634 36 30

Pyrethroids 1,028 76 976 54 761 47 592 14

Other insecticides 242 1,459 178 970 312 574 483 660

Total - all insecticides 3,482 2,896 2,358 1,659 2,215 1,408 1,702 845

Registered biological control agents 222 208 164 86 51 26 76 10

Fungicides 8,452 15,796 5,693 21,601 3,875 10,554 5,155 8,687

Sulphur 183 841 314 1,967 350 1,512 503 1,286

Growth regulators 130 59 26 12 . . . .

Herbicides 376 467 242 310 143 527 344 223

Molluscicides 333 105 323 99 95 23 98 43

Soil sterilants 197 113,350 77 29,061 52 40,297 36 20,860

Tar oils/acids 22 168 81 3,392 46 2,125 7 132

Disinfectants 567 15,552 163 12,539 63 3,308 97 2,208

Other pesticides 3 207 . . . . 81 678



Area grown 2,293 1,583 1,422 1,426

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Table 23 Comparison of pesticide usage on all protected edible crops, 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha) (excluding edible plants in propagation)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003




Acaricides 74 0.73 37 0.59 41 0.34 43 0.17

Insecticides

Benzoylureas < 1 0.10 . . < 1 0.20 < 1 0.03

Carbamates 27 0.35 21 0.41 25 0.42 38 0.23

Organochlorines 5 0.94 3 0.39 < 1 0.73 . .


Pyrethroids 45 0.07 62 0.05 54 0.06 39 0.02




Fungicides 366 1.87 356 3.81 271 2.73 312 1.83

Sulphur 8 4.59 20 6.26 25 4.33 35 2.55

Growth regulators 6 0.45 2 0.45 . . . .

Herbicides 16 1.24 15 1.28 10 3.69 10 0.94

Molluscicides 14 0.31 20 0.31 7 0.24 7 0.44

Soil sterilants 8 577.48 5 378.40 4 769.64 3 577.03

Tar oils/acids 1 6.98 5 40.57 3 46.20 < 1 20.09

Disinfectants 25 27.33 10 77.36 4 52.74 7 22.71

Other pesticides < 1 74.33 . . . . 6 8.38


Other biological control agents 718 . 867 . 731 . 709 .

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Table 24 Comparison of pesticide usage on all protected ornamental crops, 1991 - 2003, area treated (ha) and amount used (kg) (including edible plants in propagation)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003


Acaricides 1,743 1,097 1,047 331 794 91 735 119 Insecticides Benzoylureas 273 32 501 45 425 48 369 46Carbamates 1,524 4,417 653 534 1,147 1,653 469 199Organochlorines 267 167 136 64 269 59 3 5Organophosphates 3,498 6,942 2,691 8,840 1,909 8,740 649 10,860Pyrethroids 3,012 204 2,250 83 2,026 85 1,377 63Other insecticides 626 1,983 627 2,167 1,214 2,931 1,783 2,589Total – all insecticides 9,200 13,745 6,858 11,732 6,991 13,516 4,650 13,762 Registered biological control agents 39 14 160 86 178 47 171 40 Fungicide/insecticides 61 42 35 21 8 3 3 1 Fungicides 8,386 37,087 4,867 22,699 8,086 36,238 7,320 39,855 Sulphur 68 302 64 94 442 48 8 59 Growth regulators 997 1,322 810 2,274 8,156 4,748 1,510 2,426 Herbicides 419 1,319 777 449 439 852 780 1,215 Molluscicides 298 144 736 235 341 275 188 95 Repellents 4 23 5 20 23 104 < 1 6 Soil sterilants 94 55,315 36 17,126 53 41,235 51 36,793 Tar oils/acids 31 20,207 8 266 7 119 24 435 Disinfectants 74 6,076 78 2,058 86 911 265 5,576 Algicides . . . . 47 6 10 8 Other pesticides 12 80 6 249 127 130 137 589 Total – all registered pesticides 21,426 136,771 15,488 57,641 25,779 98,323 15,851 100,978 Other biological control agents 1,615 . 6,915 . 3,873 . 6,731 .

Area grown 1,757 1,277 2,354 3,396

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Table 25 Comparison of pesticide usage on all protected ornamental crops 1991 - 2003, treated area as a percentage of area grown and average rate applied (kg a.s./ha) (including edible plants in propagation)

Chemical 1991 1995 1999 2003




Acaricides 99 0.62 82 0.32 34 0.11 22 0.16

Insecticides

Benzoylureas 15 0.12 39 0.09 18 0.11 11 0.12

Carbamates 85 2.93 50 0.83 48 1.45 14 0.42

Organochlorines 15 0.61 11 0.47 11 0.21 < 1 1.48


Pyrethroids 169 0.07 171 0.04 85 0.04 39 0.05




Fungicide/insecticides 3 0.68 3 0.59 < 1 0.37 < 1 0.27

Fungicides 474 4.43 374 4.66 337 4.48 212 5.43

Sulphur 4 4.41 5 1.48 19 0.11 < 1 7.08

Growth regulators 56 1.30 63 2.82 346 0.58 43 1.63

Herbicides 23 3.19 60 0.53 18 1.96 22 1.59

Molluscicides 16 0.47 58 0.32 13 0.84 5 0.49

Repellents < 1 5.12 < 1 3.91 1 4.50 < 1 72.00

Soil sterilants 5 597.94 3 476.54 2 782.54 1 728.42

Tar oils/acids 2 663.50 1 28.23 < 1 12.96 1 18.13

Disinfectants 4 82.65 6 26.48 3 8.77 8 21.07

Algicides . . . . 2 0.13 < 1 0.78

Other pesticides 1 6.68 < 1 40.45 5 1.03 4 4.31

Total - all registered pesticides 1,207 6.35 1,198 3.73 1,082 3.78 458 6.42

Other biological control agents 92 . 541 . 164 . 198 .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to all of the growers who kindly participated in this survey, providing the information upon which this report is based. Many thanks to Helen Anderson, Aimee Dawson, Jeremy Snowdon, Harley Stoddart and Louis Thomas for their invaluable role in collecting the data for what was a particularly complex survey. Grateful thanks also to Gillian Parrish and Lynda Smith for their valued assistance in the collation of the complex data set and to Emma Maidment for her continued maintenance of the product database.

REFERENCES

Anon. (2003a) Agricultural Statistics in England and Wales 2002. London: HMSO

Anon. (2003b) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2002. Edinburgh: HMSO

Anon. (2004a) Agricultural Statistics in England and Wales 2003. London: HMSO

Anon. (2004b) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2003. Edinburgh: HMSO

Anon. (2004c) Glasshouse Crops Survey, Area and Production in 2003, England & Wales. London: HMSO

Brodie, J.A. & Wood, J. (1984) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 42 - Glasshouse crops 1981, Scotland. Edinburgh: SOAFD

Garthwaite & Thomas, M. R. (2001) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 164 - Protected crops(Edible and Ornamental) in great Britain 1999. London: MAFF

Longland, S., Chapman, P.J. & Cole, D.B. (1988) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 62 - Protected edible crops 1985. London: MAFF

Shave, P.R. & Dickson, J.M. (1992) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 75 - Edible protected crops 1987, Scotland. Edinburgh: SOAFD

Snowden, J.P., Thomas, L.A. & Dickson, J.M. (1992) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 96 - Protected crops (edible and non-edible) 1991, Scotland. Edinburgh: SOAFD

Sly, J.M.A. & Williams, S.H. (1985) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 25 - Protected crops 1981/82. London: MAFF

Thomas, M. R., Davis, R.P. & Garthwaite D.G. (1993) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 102 - Protected edible crops 1991. London: MAFF

Thomas, M. R. & Garthwaite D.G. (1997) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 136 - Protected edible crops 1995. London: MAFF

Thomas, M.R. (2001) Pesticide usage monitoring in the United Kingdom. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45 (supplement 1): S87-S93.

Umpelby, R.A. & Sly, J.M.A. (1978) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 12 - Glasshouse crops 1968, 1972. London: MAFF

Umpelby, R.A., Sly, J.M.A. & Cutler, J.R. (1980) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 13 - Glasshouse crops 1976. London: MAFF

Wood, H.J. (1931) An agricultural atlas of Scotland. London: George Gill & Sons.

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APPENDIX I: Additional edible crops encountered during the 2003 Protected Crops survey Other vegetables Baby Leaf vegetables Edible plants in propagation amaranth chard - baby leaf beans asparagus dandelion - baby leaf beetroot aubergines mizuna - baby leaf broccoli baby leaf vegetables mustard - baby leaf Brussels sprouts beans - broad red mustard - baby leaf cabbage beans - French rocket - baby leaf Chinese cabbage beans - runner ruby chard - baby leaf calabrese beetroot sorrel - baby leaf cauliflowers cabbages spinach - baby leaf celery calabrese courgette carrots cucumber chard endive chicory herbs Chinese celery hops for propagation Chinese vegetables kale choi sum leeks courgette lettuce herbs (13 species) marrows kai choi onions land cress peppers leeks potatoes - micro propagation mange tout pumpkins marrow squashes melon sweetcorn pak choi Swiss chard peas - edible podded tomatoes physalis potatoes pumpkins purslane radish red orache rhubarb salad onions spinach spinach beet squash sweetcorn turnip yen choi

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APPENDIX II: Additional ornamental crops encountered during the 2003 Protected Crops survey Flowers, foliage HNS Plants in propagation ageratum acer aloe vera anemone agapanthus alstroemeria antirrhinum alpines aquatic plants arum lily astilbe asters asparagus fern azalea bedding plants (16 species) asters bamboo bougainvillea brodea calluna chrysanthemums - cuttings calla lily camelia hanging baskets carthemus ceanothus ornamental hops dahlia cistus patio plants (5 species) delphinium clematis pittosporum eustoma climbers plants for seed production (18 species) freesias conifers poinsettias in propagation gypsophila - cutting convolvulus larkspur cordyline lilies coreopsis michaelmas daisy erica narcissus ericaceous plants phlox eucalyptus - hns ranunculus ferns roses fruit trees - (4 species) sea lavender halimium solidaster heathers statice hebe stocks herbaceous plants sunflower hostas sweet peas laurel sweet williams lavender trachelium leucothoe tulips leylandii zinnia lupin lysimachia magnolia ornamental grasses palm trees phormium pieris pinks - hns rhododendron roses - hns shrubs trees wild flowers for prop wisteria

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APPENDIX III: PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORTS Surveys which include data relating to Scotland are marked with * Surveys which include data relating to Northern Ireland are marked with # PUBLISHED REPORTS 1

160 Soft fruit in Great Britain 1998* PB 5412 £3.50 161 Potato stores in Great Britain 1998* PB 5413 £2.50 162 Rodenticide usage on farms in Great Britain growing arable crops 1998* PB 5946 £2.50 163 Outdoor vegetable crops in Great Britain 1999* PB 5947 £3.50 164 Protected crops (edible and ornamental) in Great Britain 1999* PB 6166 £3.50 165 Mushroom crops in Great Britain 1999* PB 6167 £1.00 166 Aerial applications, Great Britain 1999* PB 8151 £1.50 167 Soft fruit crops, Northern Ireland 1998# ISBN 1 85527 540 6 168 Arable crops, Northern Ireland 1998# ISBN 1 85527 536 8 169 Vegetable crops, Northern Ireland 1999# ISBN 1 85527 561 9 170 Mushroom crops, Northern Ireland 1999# ISBN 1 85527 549 X 171 Arable farm crops in Great Britain 2000* PB 8014 £2.00 172 Orchards and fruit stores in Great Britain 2000* PB 6168 £1.50 173 Hops in Great Britain 2000 PB 6169 £1.00 174 Potato stores in Great Britain 2000* PB 8015 £1.50 175 Rodenticide usage on farms in Great Britain growing arable crops 2000* PB 8016 £1.50 176 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2000* PB 8152 £1.50 177 Arable crops, Northern Ireland 2000# ISBN 1 85527 670 4 178 Top fruit crops, Northern Ireland 2002# ISBN 1 85527 618 6 179 Farm grain stores in Great Britain 1998/99* PB 6170 £1.00 180 Commercial grain stores in Great Britain 1998/99* PB 6171 £1.00 181 Soft fruit crops in Great Britain 2001* PB 8017 £1.50 182 Hardy nursery stock in Great Britain 2001* PB 8177 £1.50 183 Outdoor bulbs and flowers in Great Britain 2001* PB 8153 £2.00 184 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2001* PB 8154 £1.50 185 Rodenticide usage by Local Authorities in Great Britain 2001* PB 10194 £2.50 186 Aerial applications, Great Britain 2002* PB 8176 £1.50 187 Arable crops in Great Britain 2002* PB 9148 £4.00 188 Grassland & fodder crops in Great Britain 2002* PB 10195 £3.00 189 Potato stores in Great Britain 2002* PB 10196 £1.50 192 Farm grain stores in Great Britain 2002/03* PB 10342 £5.00 193 Commercial grain stores in Great Britain 2002/03* PB 10343 £5.00 194 Arable crops, Northern Ireland 2002# ISBN 1 85527 674 7 195 Outdoor vegetable crops in Great Britain 2003* PB 10344 £6.50 197 Mushroom crops in Great Britain 2003* PB 10345 £5.00

Copies of reports categorised PB may be purchased from Defra Publications, Admail 6000, London SW1A 2XX Tel: 08459 556000 Copies of reports categorised ISBN may be obtained through Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. 1For information on reports prior to number 160 consult our website at: www.csl.gov.uk/prodserv/cons/pesticide/intell/reports.cfm

Documents

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 196 · pesticide applications to both edible and ornamental crops. This was the eighth survey of pesticide usage on protected crops in England & Wales