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Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training. Step 1: Pest Categorization. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training. Stages. Stage 1: Initiation Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Step 1: Pest Categorization - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment2: Pest Risk Assessment
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) TrainingPest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training
Step 1: Step 1: Pest CategorizationPest Categorization
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) TrainingPest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training
Stages
• Stage 1: Initiation• Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment
– Step 1: Pest Categorization– Step 2: Assessment of the Probability of
Introduction and Spread– Step 3: Impacts– Step 4: Overall Assessment of Risk– Step 5: Uncertainty
• Stage 3: Pest Risk Management
• The process for determining whether a pest has or has not the characteristics of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non-quarantine pest [ISPM No. 11, 2001]
Pest Categorization
• Quick assessment (elements of a full assessment but done in less detail)
• Determines whether a PRA for a given pest should continue
• Provides an opportunity to eliminate organisms from the process before a full PRA is undertaken
• Requires relatively little information
Pest Categorization
• Does the pest meet the criteria for a quarantine pest?
• What is the potential for the pest to be associated with the commodity or pathway?
• What is the potential impact of the pest? • How likely is introduction and
establishment of the pest if no mitigation measures are applied to the pathway(s)?
Pest Categorization
• A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Quarantine Pest
Elements of Categorization
• Identity• Presence/absence in PRA area• Regulatory status• Potential for establishment and
spread• Potential for economic
consequences
Identity
• Taxonomic identification– Most common unit is species (use of
higher or lower levels should be justified)
– Must be clearly defined• Note relationships with other quarantine
and non-quarantine pests• Note any controversy or confusion• Note synonyms
– Vectors may also be considered pests
European Water Chestnut (Trapa natans)
• The genus Trapa is reported to include 1, 3, or up to 30 species depending on the source– Some authors treat taxa such as T. japonica, T.
bispinosa, andT. bicornis as separate species on the basis of variation in fruit (nut) size and morphology
– Others consider all taxa to be varieties of one highly variable and widespread species, T. natans
Photo credit: Karlheinz Knoch 2005
Ramorum Blight and Dieback (Phytophthora ramorum)
• First detected in USA in the 1990s causing disease in oaks (“sudden oak death”)
• Unknown species• First North American PRA
conducted on “Phytopthora sp.” using known symptoms and information from similar pests
Elements of Categorization
• Identity• Presence/absence in PRA area• Regulatory status• Potential for establishment and
spread• Potential for economic
consequences
Presence or Absence in PRA Area
• Quarantine pest: “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Presence or Absence in PRA Area
• Critical in determination of status as quarantine pest
• Necessary to determine if pest is either:– Absent; or– Present and not widely distributed; or– Present and widely distributed
Presence or Absence in PRA Area
• Sources of information include: – Scientific publications or databases– Pest records– Pest reports– Data from surveys– Specimens
• Additional relevant guidelines include: – ISPM No. 6:(Guidelines for surveillance)– ISPM No. 8:(Determination of pest status
in an area)
Elements of Categorization
• Identity• Presence/absence in PRA area• Regulatory status• Potential for establishment and
spread• Potential for economic
consequences
Regulatory Status
• Quarantine pest: “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Regulatory Status
• Official control: “The active enforcement of mandatory phytosanitary regulations and the application of mandatory phytosanitary procedures with the objective of eradication or containment of quarantine pests or for the management of regulated non-quarantine pests” [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Regulatory Status
• Official control includes: – eradication and/or containment in the
infested area(s)– surveillance in the endangered area(s)– measures related to controls on
movement into and within the protected area(s), including measures applied at import [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)(Agrilus planipennis)
Photo credit: CFIA
Regulatory Status
• Official control should be: – Non-discriminatory, transparent and
technically justified– Mandatory (all persons involved are legally
bound to perform the actions required)– established or recognized by the NPPO
under appropriate legislative authority– performed, managed, supervised or, at a
minimum, audited or reviewed by the NPPO [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Pests that are present in the PRA area, unless they are limited in distribution and under official control, do not meet the criteria for quarantine pests and need not be considered further.
Elements of Categorization
• Identity• Presence/absence in PRA area• Regulatory status• Potential for establishment
and spread• Potential for economic
consequences
Potential for Establishment and Spread
• Quarantine pest: “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
• Does the PRA area have ecological and/or climatic conditions suitable for the pest?
• Does the PRA area have host species (or near relatives), alternate hosts, and/or suitable habitats for the pest?
• Does the PRA area have vectors if vectors are required for spread of the pest?
Potential for Establishment and Spread
Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus)
Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
Elements of Categorization
• Identity• Presence/absence in PRA area• Regulatory status• Potential for establishment and
spread• Potential for economic
consequences
Potential for Economic Consequences
• Quarantine pest: “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” [ISPM No. 5, 2006]
Potential for Economic Consequences
• Are there clear indications that the pest is likely to have an unacceptable economic or environmental impact in the PRA area? – Is it a known pest in its current area of
distribution? – Does it have characteristics that suggest it
could be harmful to plants?– Are susceptible hosts present in the PRA
area and likely to suffer damage?
• Proposed import to Canada (new cold-tolerant variety)– Presence of host(s)?– Industry at risk?– Possible weed?
Rice(Oryza sativa)
Photo credit: Nigel Cattlin/Holt Studios International
• Often found on pineapples imported to North America for consumption– Presence of host(s)?– Industry at risk?– Possible weed?
Itch grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis)
Photo credit: Chris Parker
Photo credit: Ruth Ibbotson
Pests that have no potential impacts in the PRA area do not meet the criteria for quarantine pests and need not be considered further.
Conclusion
If the pest meets the definition of a quarantine pest
PRA process should continue
If the pest does not meet the definition of
a quarantine pestPRA process may stop
If there is insufficient information
Uncertainties should be identified and PRA
process should continue
Pest identity
Geographic distribution
Plant part affected
Follows the pathway (YES/NO)
Regulatory Status
References
Scientific nameTaxonomic position
Presence / absence and distribution in the exporting and importing countries
Leaves, stems, shoots, fruits, roots, etc.
Probability of the pest being associated with the pathway under assessment
Note any existing regulations in the exporting and importing countries
Record all references
Organizing pest categorization data
Organizing pest categorization data
Pest Identity Present in Pathway (Yes/No)
Present in PRA area (Yes/No)
Regulated in PRA area (Yes/No)
Potential for establish-ment and spread(Yes/No)
Potential for consequences (Yes/No)
Quarantine Pest (Yes/No)
Erwinia herbicola
(Löhnis) Dye
Black rot of grain
Yes Yes No N/A N/A No
Pseudomonas
syringae pv.
panici (Elliot)
Young et al .
Bacterial brown
stripe
Yes No No Yes Possible Yes