Pest control across the supply chain

7/28/2019 Pest control across the supply chain

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Digital Re-print -May | June 2013

Pest control across the supply chain

www.gfmt.co.uk

Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872
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3/11

Protecting grain and silos from insect

infection is an important factor to

be aware of. Clearly millers want

high quality, consistent grain, says Martin

Savage, trade policy manager, National

Association for British and Irish Millers

(nabim), United Kingdom, but this is not

always acknowledged by farmers.

There are some perceptions amongst

farmers that millers carry out a degree of

physical cleaning of the grain after it leaves the

farm. We do process it, by removing dust and

foreign bodies, but the grain itself is basically

in the same condition as when it arrives,

says Savage. Ken Black, national account man-

ager for rural hygiene, Bayer, United Kingdom,

advocates a pro-active, preventative approach

when protecting grain. This is nothing new

and should be the case every year, however

the need is emphasised this year given the

lateness of the agricultural calendar this spring.

Predictions are that 70-80 percent of

farmers still wont have done their fabric of

the building treatment by June, says Black.

For this reason, we are actively promoting

the benefits of ensuring treatments are made

up to two months prior to harvest, ahead

of what could be another challenging year.

Good grain store practicesWith this in mind, Savage says that pro-

moting good grain store practices amongst

suppliers is very important; a factor that

offers pay back on a number of levels.

Primarily theres the management of the

Pestontrolacross the supply chain

Pest controlin storageFollowing last years poor

harvest experiencein the United

Kingdom, theresa clear recognition

that every graincounts. A planned

approach is

proving key inmaximising outputfrom the supply

chain1

Gri&fd milliG tcholoG32 | may - June 2013


4/11Gri&fd milliG tcholoG may - June 2013 | 33

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5/11

store to keep moisture and temperature

levels down; they themselves can damage

the grain, but they can also lead to otherproblems such as moulds and secondary

insect infestation.

The process for controlling this starts at

a very early stage and begins with thorough

store cleaning and ensuring that any residues

of grain from the previous year are removed

and treatments are applied where necessary.

Black echoes Savages comments, noting

that in a late cereals season when there are

many other farm work pressures, there is a

risk that good store hygiene will slip down

the priority list, yet it must not be forgotten.

An early application of a grain treatment

product to the fabric of the building will

ensure that the store is protected against

any previous insect infestations or re-

infestations later on in the season, says

Black. It offers the peace of mind that

everything is being done to protect their

valuable stored crops.

Savage explains that working closely withfarmers to strongly advocate the cleaning of

the store and the measures carried out to rid

them of any insects, prior to the grain being

introduced at harvest is key. The penalties

at stake are really too high not to prioritise

these measures because our customers are

very sensitive about pesticide residues, so we

really encourage thorough store preparation

in the first instance.

He appreciates that in order to fully

protect the grain, a treatment will need to be

applied to the product once its in store and

hes aware of customer concerns surround-

ing this. That said, Savage acknowledges

that if insecticide treatments are carried

out properly and in accordance with the

labels then its a reasonable and necessary

approach.

Thoroughly moderntreatments

Black explains that the Maximum

Residue Level (MRL) for deltameth-

rin - the active contained in Bayers

grain store treatment, K-Obiol is

2 mg/kg. A significant advantage

of K-Obiol is that when either of

its formulations are applied at their

recommended rate, the residue

level is only 0.25 mg/kg - 8 times

lower than the MRL.

This is something were keen

to communicate to millers, because

we understand the legitimate con-

cerns they and their customers

have regarding pesticide residues,

which is why, K-Obiol has been

formulated to have such a low

MRL, says Black.

K-Obiol is formulated to con-

trol a wide range of stored crop

insects, including grain weevils, flour

beetles, grain borers, saw-toothedgrain beetles, and flying insects too.

Its available in two modern pyre-

throid formulations, both containing

the active ingredient, deltamethrin.

K-Obiol EC25 has been formu-

lated to treat the fabric of grain

silos and storage facilities prior to

the introduction of grain. K-Obiol

EC25 can also be used as an admix-

ture, post-harvest and will offer up

to 12 months protection. The sec-

ond formulation, K-Obiol ULV6,

is also designed to be used as an

admixture, post-harvest.

Black explains that this treat-

ment offers a number of key ben-

efits. As well as having an incredibly

low MRL, K-Obiol also offers no

with-holding period. Other similar

treatments commonly have a with-

holding period of at least 90 days,

meaning that the grain cant be

processed until three months after

the application. Grain treated by

K-Obiol can be processed straight away.

K-Obiols other key advantage lies

within its active ingredient deltamethrin.Competitor products often contain actives

from the organophospate chemical family,

says Black. This is old chemistry now and

has been heavily used over the past years.

Some strains of beetles and weevils are now

resistant to this and require a further applica-

tion of a pyrethroid insecticide or fumiga-

tion to achieve full control, heightening the

amount of chemical applied to the grain and

therefore increasing the residue risk.

Peter Crowden is a specialist pest con-

troller at Rutland Pest Control and sits

on the NPTA (National Pest Technicians

Association) board. Peter specialises in pest

control on arable farms and explains that

K-Obiol is his product of choice.

Were confident in using both K-Obiol

EC25 as a treatment to the fabric of the

ImagecourtesyofAlpha

FumigationServicesLtd


FEATURE


6/11

building and K-Obiol ULV6 as a grain

ad-mixture, says Crowden. Deltamethrin

does not significantly penetrate the grain,

therefore providing confidence that the MRL

will not be exceeded.

Financial implicationsWhile flour millers do hold some weight

when advising on methods of best practice,

Crowden believes that the biggest incentive

for growers to protect their grain is the

financial implications associated with having

their wheat rejected due to insect infesta-

tions. The mere presence of insects at

mills is unacceptable because they will make

it through the cleaning and sieving proc-

esses and can turn up in the final products.

Generally speaking, the presence of any

insect leads to rejection.

Savage says that in the event of insects

being present, the grain is likely to be

returned to the farmer. Not only will he not

get paid for that delivery, hell also have to

cover the haulage cost. Failing that, it mightget used for animal feed and therefore

attract a far lower price. Savage adds that

understandably, farmers are aware of this,

and mills do make it very clear.

nabim and MAGB represent proces-

sors on the boards of Red Tractor and the

Scottish Quality Crops (SQC) so we can

ensure that the standards focus on good

store management and pest control. On

a practical level, mills receiving grain with

insect infestations would report the rejection

to either of those assurance schemes and

they would either carry out an immediate

audit or it would be flagged up for the next

annual audit.

New infestationsCrowden highlights another financial

implication related to insect infestation. In

the event of new insect infestations occur-

ring in the stored grain, it will be necessary

to consider the use of ad-mixed insecticide

such as, K-Obiol EC25, or K-Obiol

ULV6. Another approach is aluminium phos-

phide fumigation, but use of this method

is reliant on whether or not it is permitted

by the end markets. Fumigation is a very

expensive option, it can often cost anything

up to 5 per tonne. In contrast, treatment

with K-Obiol EC25 is around 62-65 p per

tonne and will provide up to 12 months

protection when used as an ad-mixture,

he says.From a pest controllers point of view,

Crowden is in agreement with Black and

Savage. He warns that growers need to deal

with any pest issues before the 2013 crop

is harvested, or face severe impairment to

grain quality. This will result in the loss of

grain, lost quality premiums and the pos-

sibility of a load being rejected due to insect

infestation.

Supply chain strategyWith this in mind, it would appear that

the key for success in these challenging

times is strategy. It begins with an early,

proactive response to preparing the grain

store, well in advance of the harvest. It

then continues into how farmers treat the

grain once its in the store. The strategy

then extends into how the growers decide

to market their product.

In the United Kingdom, such a strate-

gic marketing approach is advocated by

the cereals and oilseed rape levy board,

the HGCA. They encourage farmers

to market their cereal proactively and

according to a plan, says Savage. This

may involve selling some of the grain early

in the season, a further quantity mid-way

through the year and some at the end of

the season. Essent ially this means produc-

ers will be able to spread their price risk

where they have the confidence that grain

is protected for the full 12-month cycle.

This is a win-win situation as, from a millingpoint of view, it helps to ensure a continu-

ous supply of high-quality, insect free grain

throughout the season.

More inforMation:

Website: www.pestcontrol-expert.com

Gri&fd milliG tcholoG may - June 2013 | 35

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7/11

We have around 100 years of

experience in fumigating

to disinfest ships and their

cargoes. These days the use of phosphine

gas in bulk grain shipments, or consign-

ments, is not unusual, and is often seen

as an efficient use of the ship and time,

arranging the fumigation to take place

during a cargos voyage, using the vessel

itself as a mobile, floating fumigation

chamber. However, as with on-land bulk

grain fumigations, certain safety precautions

must be observed to maintain a satisfacto-

ry level of safety for all involved - the pest

control contractor (fumigator), the ships

crew during the voyage, and the staff

involved in discharging the fumigated cargo

at the final destination port. The legal and

safety requirements are detailed in several

official documents, which are available to

everyone involved in this process:

FumigationHealth and safety guidance for employ-

ers and technicians carrying out fumigation

operations, HSEs document ISBN 978 0

7176 2999 2 - HSG251

Recommendations on the safeuse of pesticides in ships

The United Nations International

Maritime Organisation (IMO) Safety of Life

at Sea (SOLAS) Convention places an obli-

gation on all governments to ensure all ship-

ping activities are carried out safely. The use

of pesticides includes the fumigation of cargo

spaces and of cargo, in port, or in-transit, and

any part of the ship so affected by their use, as

contained in the IMOs Recommendations on

the Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships, Applicable

to the Fumigation of Cargo Holds

What are the risks withphosphine fumigation?

These two documents together are

extensive and comprehensive. Everyone

involved in the fumigation of bulk grain and

other cargoes, from the loading of the vessel

to be fumigated, to the handling of the grain/

commodity being discharged from the vessel

after in-transit fumigation, should be aware

of their responsibilities to ensure it is as safe

an activity as possible. Responsibilities vary

with the activity during the fumigation pro-

cedure, but everyone must take the subject

and their part in it seriously. Perhaps because

phosphine has been in use for several

decades, and in general is a less equipment-

heavy application method, many peopleinvolved tend to take it for granted and

assume that safety is built-in to the activity.

It is worth reminding everyone involved in

phosphine fumigation, of the lethal potential

of these easy-to-use little tablets and the

other formulations:

Phosphine gas (PH3) is never kept under

pressure in cylinders, as methyl bromide

used to be, because it will explode. It is gen-

erated on-site by water vapour reacting with

the solid metal phosphides. So you will see

tablets similar in size to Alka Selzer. This is

the only similarity to the effervescent antacid,

which we all know because PH3 is a deadly

poisonous gas.

This is a major problem. When methyl

bromide was in use, everyone knew it

was a deadly gas, with lots of stories of

workers being off work with foot or chest

problems when the gas seeped into boots

and wellingtons, or it was breathed in,

undetected, damaging and sometimes lethal

lung problems.

With methyl bromide, we were never

allowed to sail a vessel under gas. The

fumigation was completed at the quayside,

with all but a few vital crew, on-shore in

local hotels. But times have changed (not

necessarily for the better). I suspect it is due

to considerable pressure from all ends of

the grain trade, but we now regularly see

grain cargoes travelling the oceans under

phosphine fumigation. This situation would

be OK if everyone involved understood

and followed all the safety rules. But this is

clearly not the case, as several mistakes and

accidents have shown in recent months.

Government safey servicesOver recent years the Health & Safety

Executive (HSE) has greatly reduced its

interest in and involvement with inland fumi-

gations. During the annual BPCA Fumigation

Diploma Course, HSE always explained the

standards and expectations in fumigation.

This has gradually ceased coinciding with the

phasing out of methyl bromide. The normal

grain trade has not seen any problems

in fumigating grain stocks in silos and flat

storages across the land, but we no longer

see an HSE overview, or any HSE presence

at all, realising finally last year that HSE no

longer has a single specialist to advise on

fumigations issues. They have, in association

with the BPCA, produced and revised their

Guidance Notes, and this is now available as

a downloadable free publication (ISBN 978 0

by Mike Kelly, Acheta,United Kingdom

Image 2: Hatch cover resting where it landed

Pest controlin transitGrains on the move are

not immune frompest problems.

Transportation timecan be effectivelyused to solve this

issue, but doescome with its own

set of challenges


FEATURE


8/11

7176 2999 2 - HSG251), very useful, but the

physical staff are no longer there retired

and not replaced.

The recent accident in Northern

Ireland, involving the vessel Arklow

Meadow, occurred when some phosphine

sleeves were mishandled, by being left

on the wet deck still generating phos-

phine gas that resulted in a large-scale

hospitalisation of those who inhaled the

phosphine. The investigation and brief

report, was by the Marine Accident

Investigation Branch of Southampton (see

the acc ident overview).

A few years ago HSE would have been

the major safety service to be involved in

situations of this nature, but in recent years

they have lost their fumigation specialists

through retirements. But what is the rel-

evance of these changes? Is fumigation at sea

any different in 2013 to what was the case

in 2005? The answer unfortunately is yes, less

safe, and why is as follows:

Changes in perceptionWith the phasing out of methy l bro-

mide, there is also a reduced level of

understanding of the risks and hazards of

cargo fumigations. The relevant legislation

is still in place, and the strongly-worded

advisory documents covering the activi-

ties involving fumigation at sea remain ,

but somehow grain handlers, silo opera-

tors, shippers and exporters/importersand other traders seem to have forgotten

the main issues. Fumigation is the use of

a potentially deadly gas, which is usually

significantly more dangerous to humans

than to insects.

Let me explain this last statement so

there is no confusion;

Methyl bromide would kill insects and

humans easily, within a space of a few hours;

the legal human safe limit was always 5 parts

per million (ppm) for an exposure of a normalworking day, and exceptionally 15 ppm for up

to 15 minutes. This was for a gas everyone

knew and understood to be dangerous, and

which was to be treated with great care and

caution. Cargoes to be fumigated with methyl

bromide were done either on land before

loading, or in a ship with the crew taken off to

a nearby hotel. No questions and no objec-

tions, and safety was paramount, with the

Image 1: Bulk grain loading

Gri&fd milliG tcholoG may - June 2013 | 37

The K-Obiol

range protects the fabric

of your grain storage building and

equipment, as well as your stored grain.

K-Obiol

ULV6 and K-Obiol

EC25 are

liquid pyrethroid formulations.

No withholding period after treatment

Up to 12 months control

K-Obiol ULV6 is for use as an admixture

K-Obiol EC25 is for use on the fabric of

the building, the equipment (pre-harvest)and as an admixture

USE PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS SAFELY. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. Accepted for use by BRI, NABIM and TASCC. K-Obiol EC25 (MAPP 13573. PCS 03641.) contains deltamethrin 25g/L and piperonyl butoxide 225g/L.

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9/11

HSE, IMO and Coastguard Agency all working

to the same standard and expectation.

Methyl bromide requires about 24 hours

to work, occasionally up to 48 hours, then

the cargo can be ventilated and off-loaded

or otherwise handled.

Phosphine is a much slower-acting fumi-

gant, not just in its generation from solid

metal phosphides, but also in its action on

the target pests, particularly insects and

mites. Despite the much higher concentra-

tions in most cargo fumigations, insects

and mites take days to succumb. To work

effectively the fumigation usually extends at

least 5-10 days. This is not just to make life

more difficult for the grain trade, but it is a

biological fact of insect life. Insects can often

survive more than a week at concentrations

which would kill humans in minutes.

So methyl bromide works quickly,

destroys the ozone layer, has never had a

problem of resistance, and is safe up to 5

ppm, and was done in-port.

Phosphine takes days, sometimes weeks

depending on species and temperature, has

quite a range of species showing serious

resistance, and is safe only up to 0.1 ppm

(or 0.2 ppm for 15 minutes) and is usually

done at-sea.

Remember: Methyl bromide should

never be used for fumigation in-transit (IMO

Recommendations, Annex 1D).

Weighing up the dangersIt is very easy to look at this and say that

here is money talking. It is far too costly to

hold a vessel in port whilst the fumigation is

conducted and completed, over maybe 15

days with all crew safe on shore, than to

allow the ship to sail with a much more

hazardous gas in use, but utilizing the

voyage time as an important component

to get the best fumigation done at the

same time.

Through most of the world, we have

almost or actually, lost methyl bromide

for sound environmental reasons, but

the simple tablet or sachet or plate

generating phosphine gas is generating

a gas more lethal to humans than many

people realise. Not quite completed

fumigation sleeves left on a wet deck

could easily kill people. Working in a

hold before all gas has been vented and

a genuine clearance certificate issued by

a technically knowledgeable fumigator,

could be the last work a person does.

Phosphine really is a more danger-

ous gas than

methyl bromide

was, though

all fumigantsare hazardous

to man. The

human safe

limit of 0.1 ppm

compared to 5

ppm tells it all,

and is not just

a silly over-reac-

tion. It is agreed

throughout the

western world,

and the United

States that this

very low level

is the only safe

level to work to.

My concern

is to see work-

ers not taking the

tablets , sachets

and sleeves and

plates seriously,

just because they

look innocuous.

We dont need a

lot of scientific detail,

about the differencesbetween these formulations - they all pro-

duce Phosphine - sometimes quicker, some-

times slower, but it is always a toxic hazard

to man, and correct actions are needed to

keep everyone involved safe.

Gas detecting and measuring equipment

must be available on board, and those who

need to use it must have received suitable

training. Gas testing must take place during

the voyage to ensure that areas where crew

members will work or sleep are free from

dangerous levels of the gas. The ventilation

system and procedures must provide a safe

to handle cargo at the port of discharge,

and usually this is managed by the profes-

sional fumigator contracted to service the

fumigated cargo.

Just before I close, please also remem-

ber that phosphine gas can self-ignite athigher concentrations, another reason to

handle it with care and technical under-

standing. A cargo of bulk wheat loaded

in the south of France for Iran, when the

cargo was very warm and the ambient

humidity was high, blew the 20-tonne

hatch covers off by exploding and break-

ing the cleats. Only the derricks stopped

the hatch fall ing into the sea, which was

fortunately calm so no more damage was

incurred and the vessel could return to a

port for repairs (Images 2, 3, 4).

Accident overview

Release of phosphine gasalongside Warrenpoint,Northern Ireland

On December 5, 2012, the general cargo

vessel Arklow Meadow was discharging

her cargo of maize alongside the timberberth at Warrenpoint, Northern Ireland.

Fumigation retainers (socks) had been

placed on top of her cargo before the

vessel had sailed from Nikatera, Ukraine.

Although the vessel had been certified to

commence cargo operations by a shore-

side tank inspector after he had tested

the atmosphere in the upper parts of the

holds, the fumigant retainers were not

removed from the holds when discharge

operations commenced.

As a result, some of the fumigant retainers

were removed by the crew and some

were shipped into the shore hoppers. The

retainers removed by the crew startedto smoke profusely, and a retainer burst,

spilling its contents when it was removed

from the hopper. The smoking retainers

triggered a major emergency response

situation within the port and nine people

were taken to hospital for treatment for

the exposure to poison.

Provided by MAIB March2013

More Information:

Website : www.acheta.co.uk

Image 4: Lightly toasted wheat! afterexplosion and surface flame in the hold

Image 3: Testing forgas, after the event

Fumigation specialist on vesselArklow Meadow during theemergency


FEATURE


10/11Gri&fd milliG tcholoG may - June 2013 | 39

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11/11

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