Upload
marc
View
34
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Persuasion vs. Argument. Persuasion vs. Argument. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Persuasion vs. Argument
• Ethos (author credibility)• Pathos (emotional
appeals)Persuasion
• Logos (logical appeals)• ReasonArgument
Persuasion vs. Argument
"With its roots in orality, rhetoric has a bias for viewing audiences as particular. Aristotle said, ‘The persuasive is persuasive to someone.’ In contrast to rhetoric, writing has a bias for an abstract audience or generalized conception of audience. . . . For this reason, a particular audience can be persuaded, whereas the universal audience must be convinced; particular audiences can be approached by way of values, whereas the universal audience (which transcends partisan values) must be approached with facts, truths, and presumptions.” ~Miller & Charney
Argument
Common Core: What is Argument?
To change reader’s point of view
To bring about some action on the reader’s part
To ask the reader to accept the writer’s explanation or evaluation of a concept, issue, or problem
Is it argument or persuasion?
Is it argument or persuasion?
Is it argument or persuasion?
Elements of ArgumentClaimEvidence: relevant and verifiableWarrant: explanation of how the evidence supports
the claim; often common sense rules, laws, scientific principles or research, and well-considered definitions.
Backing: support for the warrant (often extended definitions)
Qualifications and Counter-arguments: acknowledgement of differing claims
Building a Topic BankSchool issues Local Issues State Issues National
IssuesGlobal Issues
Choosing an arguable issue
• Arguments need. . . – An issue– An arguer– An audience– Common ground– A forum– Audience outcomes
– Arguments fail with. . . • No disagreement or
reason to argue• Risky or trivial issues• Difficulty establishing
common ground• Standoffs or fights that
result in negative outcomes
Narrowing a topic
Preventing Bullying
Name calling
Texting
bad
name
s
Creating an argument
Clai
mA Miner would be a good mascot selection for our school.
Evid
ence
Mascots should be strong or tough and represent the area. They should be something people would be proud to be.
Expl
anati
on
Our area has mining as one of its primary industries, so the choice would represent our area. In addition, miners need to be tough because they do strenuous work—and dangerous work. They work hard to fill a need for people everywhere. That’s something to be proud of.
V-chart as pre-write
General qualities of effective writing
• Grouping ideas into sentences and paragraphs that carry meaning efficiently and move ideas forward
• Creating an effective thesis• Introducing an idea effectively• Connecting ideas (between sentences and paragraphs)• Punctuating correctly• Creating and maintaining an appropriate tone• Concluding meaningfully• Using words eloquently
The structures and language of argument
• Incorporating others’ words or ideas• Subordinating opposing views• Organizing for greatest effect• Maintaining an academic tone• Analyzing and explaining data/sources adequately • Recognizing the difference between reasons and
evidence• Evaluating quality of evidence/research
Connecting ideas effectively• Why? To establish clear relations between ideas“The best compositions establish a sense of momentum and
direction by making explicit connections among their different parts, so that what is said in one sentence (or paragraph) not only sets up what is to come but is clearly informed by what has already been said. When you write a sentence, you create an expectation in the reader’s mind that the next sentence will in some way echo and be an extension of the first, even if—especially if—the second one takes your argument in a new direction.” ~Graff & Birkenstein
Ways to make connections
• Transitions• Pointing words• Repetition of key words and phrases• Synonyms• Idea hooks
TransitionsEXAMPLES: Also, besides, furthermore, in addition, similarly, in
other words, for example, for instance, although, but, despite the fact that, however, as a result, since, so, therefore, admittedly, as a result, consequently, yet
Spot is a good dog. He has fleas. Spot is a good dog, even though he has fleas.
Courage is resistance to fear.Courage is mastery of fear.Courage is not absence of fear.
Using others’ ideas appropriately• Quoting: using the exact words of another. Words must be
placed in quotation marks and the author cited. • Summarizing: putting the ideas of another in your own words
and condensing them. Author must be identified. • Paraphrasing: putting someone else’s ideas in your words but
keeping approximately the same length as the original. Paraphrase must be original in both structure and wording, and accurate in representing author’s intent. It can not just be switching out synonyms in the original sentence. Author must be identified.
Quoting• Why use quotations?
– when the speaker’s name and reputation add credibility– when the phrasing of the quotation is interesting or revealing and
cannot be stated another way as effectively• How effective are these examples?
– Many students “improve their reading ability” by looking at a text closely and by giving their first reactions to it (Burke 46).
– Mem Fox contests, “worksheets are the dead-end streets of literacy: there’s a non-message on each line, going nowhere, for no reason” (69).
• Hints: cut quotes to the core and use them like spice, sparingly