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Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter Ilan Wiesel School of Geography University of Melbourne

Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

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Page 1: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter

Ilan WieselSchool of Geography

University of Melbourne

Page 2: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

What do we mean when we say ‘community’?

Page 3: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Source: Lee, M., 2015, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Research Starters: Sociology

Page 4: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Defining ‘encounter’

• Goffman (1961): • Encounter a situation “where people effectively agree to sustain for a time a single focus of cognitive and visual attention” (p. 298)

• Social differences negotiated in encounter ‐ tensions ‘transmuted’ or ‘leaked’

Goffman, E. (1961). Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction.

Page 5: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Why encounters matter: Three perspectives

Conception of encounter Key concepts

Encounters strengthening connectedness in communities

Social cohesion

Encounters as a form of participation in the public life

Social inclusion

Encounters changing the way we identify and relate with others

Conviviality 

Page 6: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Encounter and social cohesion“Most of it is ostensibly utterly trivial but the sum is not trivial at all. The sum of such casual, public contact at a local level—most of it fortuitous, most of it associated with errands, all of it metered by the person concerned and not thrust upon him by anyone—is a feeling for the public identity of people, a web of public respect and trust, and a resource in time of personal or neighbourhood need” (Jacobs, 1962, p. 56)

Greenwich Village, Manhattan NYC, 1960shttps://au.pinterest.com/pin/365354588505180808/

Page 7: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Encounter and inclusion

Co‐presence (non‐segregation)

Lasting relationships (‘community participation’)

Encounter(participation in the public 

life of the city)

Page 8: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Encounter and inclusion• Political inclusion:

• Encounters as participation in the ‘public sphere’ (Habermas 1991), where knowledge is exchanged and multiple ‘public opinions’ are being formed

Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT press.

Agora in Athenshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athens‐dodwell.jpg

Page 9: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Convivial encounters

“Conviviality is a social pattern in which different metropolitan groups dwell in close proximity, but where their racial, linguistic and religious particularities do not … add up to discontinuities of experience or insuperable problems of communication [… as the logic of ethnic absolutism suggests they must…]. In these conditions, a degree of differentiation can be combined with a large measure of overlapping.” (Gilroy, 2006, p. 40)

Gilroy, P. (2006). Multiculture in times of war: an inaugural lecture given at the London School of Economics. Critical Quarterly, 48(4), 27‐45.

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Convivial encounters

“In this convivial culture, racial and ethnic differences have been rendered unremarkable…they have been able to become ‘ordinary’. Instead of adding to the premium of race as political ontology and economic fate, people discover that the things which really divide them are much more profound: taste, lifestyle, leisure preferences. By making racial differences appear ordinary and banal, even boring, convivial interaction …has disseminated everyday virtues that enrich our cities, drive our cultural industries and enhance our struggling democracy so that it resists pressure to operate in segregated and colour‐coded forms.” (Gilroy, 2006, p. 40)

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Convivial encounters

Inattentive, light‐touch

Shared identification

Page 12: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Convivial encountersFrom fixed, essentialised identities to ‘situated identifications’

“encounters among strangers (rather than indifference or hostility) are a desirable goal for urban life, in order that all urban inhabitants have opportunities to explore their own hybridity through experiencing a variety of different situations and people in the course of their everyday lives” (Fincher & Iveson, 2008, p. 153)

Fincher, R., & Iveson, K. (2008). Planning and diversity in the city: Redistribution, recognition and encounter. Palgrave Macmillan.

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi41NKd59LWAhVHy7wKHZUcBEsQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhuminst.osu.edu%2Fcommunity‐arts‐and‐social‐design&psig=AOvVaw3cckRPeK5gu3HWXL9XKual&ust=1507063502720700

Page 13: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

How can we create a convivial culture?

Page 14: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

The ingredients of a convivial culture

• Co‐presence is the starting point… but there is also a need for:• Competence, willingness and commitment of participants• Encounter infrastructure

Page 15: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Encounter competence

• Community incompetence: insecurity about what is ‘appropriate’ in encounter with person with intellectual disability

Wiesel, I., & Bigby, C. (2014). Being recognised and becoming known: encounters between people with and without intellectual disability in the public realm. Environment and planning A, 46(7), 1754‐1769.

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Encounter competence

• Institutional practices:• Going out in groups• Disability support workers preventing encounter

Bigby, C., & Wiesel, I. (2015). Mediating community participation: Practice of support workers in initiating, facilitating or disrupting encounters between people with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28(4), 307‐318.

SupportingInclusion.weebly.com

Page 17: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Encounter infrastructure

• The urban commons: community gardens, neighbourhood houses, public libraries

• Mainstream• Inclusive• Convivial

Page 18: Perspectives from urban geography: Convivial encounter · Convivial encounters From fixed, essentialisedidentities to ‘situated identifications’ “encounters among strangers

Final comments

• Why do encounters matter?• Cohesion, inclusion and conviviality

• What are the ingredients of a convivial culture?

• Co‐presence; competence; infrastructure