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Manual 03.November2009
PerspectiveGrid
A comprehensive book about gra-phics for garden designers: „Zeichnen in der Gartengestaltung“
l Easytofollow,withstep-by-stepexplanationsl Morethanathousandimagesl Additionaltutorialsonthewebsite.
Tosucceedinthebusinessofgardenplanninganddesign,advanceddrawingskillsarerequired—eveninthemodernageofCADandPhotoshop!Usingtherightmaterialsandappropriatetoolsarefundamentalrequirementstoimpressclientswithsuccessfultechnicalanddynamicdrawings.Thebookstartswithadetailedintroductiontobasicdrawingandadvancestoimportanttechniquessuchasgroundplansandthree-dimensionaldrawing,alsousingmoderndigitalmedia.Additionally,thisbookincludesexclusiveaccesstofurthertutorialsandexamplesonline!
Dearreader,
Iwouldliketothankyouforshowinginterestinourperspectivegrids.Inthismanualwewillshowyouhowtousetheperspectivegrid.Youcanalsofindfurtherinformationonourinternetsite:www.perspektivraster.de (german)www.perspectivegrid.com (english)Ifyouwouldliketolearntheadvancedapplicationofthissystem,Iwouldgladlywelcomeyoutooneofmyseminars.Orcheckourmybook“ZeichneninderGartengestaltung”.
Havefundrawing!
DanielNies
Zeichnen in der Gartengestaltung DanielNies.2008.320pages,1287mostlycoloredillustrations,hardcover,ISBN978-3-8001-4836-3.€69,90[D]Thebookcoversthetopicsplangraphicsandperspectivedrawing.InGermanlanguage.PublisherEugenUlmer,Stuttgart.
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ThePerspectiveGridSystem
ZeichenwerkDanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com
PerspectiveGridSet,MetricThemetricperspectivegridsareveryusefulforproducingone-pointandtwo-pointperspectives,bothateyelevelandbird’s-eye.Thedurablesetconsistsofthreethick(200gsm)papersheets,eachprintedonbothsideswiththeformatofapprox.48x68cm,plasticcoatedonbothsides.ThegridsarelabeledinbothGermanandEnglish.
Thesetconsistsof
•ManualAmanualinEnglishwhichexplainshowtousethegrids(30pages).Youcandownloadthefreecoloureddocumentatwww.perspectivegrid.com.
•Sheet1One-pointperspectivehorizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.
•Sheet2Two-pointperspectivehorizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.
•Sheet3Two-pointperspective(Mirrorimageoftheabove)horizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.
•6field-of-visiondiagramsprintedonDINA3transparency.Youplacethesediagramsonyourplananditmakesiteasiertotransfertheplanontotheperspectivegrid.Thefield-of-visiondiagramscanalsobefoundinthedownloadsectionincaseyoumisplaceyours.
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Perspectivegrid-Sheet1
PerspectivegridNo.2Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefieldofvisiondiagramNo.2toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefieldofvisiondiagramNo.1toapplytheFoV-technique.
Overview
One-point perspective (frontside) PerspektivegridNo.1,Horizon1,50mPerspektivegridNo.2,Horizon8,00m
YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon1,50m.
Drawing examples
YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon8,00m.
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One-point perspective (backside) PerspectivegridNo.3Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.4Horizon16,00m
PerspectivegridNo.3Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.3toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.4Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.
UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 4.
Overview
Drawing examples
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PerspectivegridSheet2
PerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.5toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.6Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.6toapplytheFoV-technique.
Two point perspective (frontside) PerspectivegridNo.5,Horizon1,50mPerspectivegridNo.6,Horizon8,00m
YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon1,50m.
YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon8,00m.
Drawing examples
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Two-point perspective (backside) PerspectivegridNo.7Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.8Horizon16,00m
PerspectivegridNo.7Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.7toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.8Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.
UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 8.
Drawing examples
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PerspectivegridSheet3
PerspectivegridNo.9Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.9toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.10Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefField-of-VisiondiagramNo.10toapplytheFoV-technique.
Two-point perspective (Front, sheet 2 mirrored) PerspectivegridNo.9,Horizon1,50mPerspectivegridNo.10,Horizon8,00m
Thismirroredperspectivegridhasbeenaddedwiththethirdprintrun.Theviewersangleisdifferenttotheangleonsheet2.Thisgivesyouahelpfulnewviewingpoint.
Drawing examples
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Two-point perspective (Back, sheet 2 mirrored) PerspectivegridNo.11Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.12Horizon16,00m
PerspectivegridNo.11Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.11toapplytheFoV-technique.
PerspectivegridNo.12Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.
UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 12.
Drawing examples
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Perspectivegridsappearthree-dimensionalandareagreataidtoconstructperspec-tives.
PreparationsFirstyoumusttapethegridtoyourdraw-ingtable.Onceyouhavedonethat,layasheetoftransparentpaperoverthegridandtapethecornerstothetable.Evenlightpaper[40g/m²]willdothejob.Howtoconstructperspectiveswiththissystemwillbedescribedonthefollowingpages.
One-pointperspective-usingtheperspectivegrid
PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50m
1,00 m
Eachgridis1,00mx1,00minsize.
Thegridintervalnarrowsdownthecloseritgetstothevanishingpoint.Closetothehorizontheintervalchangesto10,00m.
Heightscanbededucedbyusingtheverticalmeasuringline.Furtherinforma-tiononpage186.
Verticalmeasuringline
Horizon1,50m
1,00 m
1,00 m
1,00 m
1,00 m
10
Themeasuringpointisaveryhelpfulitem.Youcanseeitintheforeground.Itismainlyusedwhentransferringgroundplanstothegrid.ThiswillbeexplainedmoreexplicitlyintheChapter»Transfer-ringgroundplans«onpage188.
Theintervalbetweenthehorizontallinesstaysunchanged.
Toconstructanobjectinthebird‘seyeview,usethegridupsidedown.Nowthehorizonheightis8,00m.
VanishingPoint(VP)
Thedashedlineindicatesthefieldofvisionlimit.Objectsshouldbedrawnwithinthisbordertoappearrealistic.
Thispersondis-playstheviewer.
10,oo m
MeasuringPoint(MP)
1,00 m 1,00 m 1,00 m
11
Estimatingheights
Heretheviewerislookingatfourverticalswithdifferentheightlevels.Thedistancefromthebasetothehorizonisexactly1,50m.Anyotherdistancecaneasilybededucedbythisheight.
Additionallytheheightlevelsinperspectivecanbedeter-minedwiththismethod.
The proportional estimationInthisimageyoucanseeawoodenpuppetthatisabout1,60metrestall.ConsequentlyitisabitsmallerthananaverageEuropeancitizen(1,75m).
Whendrawinginperspective,weusethehorizonof1,50m,becauseitismucheasiertoemploythan1,60m.
0,750,50 1,50 3,00
h:2h:3
h
2xh
Eventhoughtheobjectsallhavethesameheightinreality,theyaredrawnsmallertheclosertheyaretothehorizon.Themainfactisthattheyallreachthehorizon.
VP
Horizon height 1,50 m
H H 1,50 m
1�
Distanceswithaheightofarealways1/2ofthelengthfromthebasetothehorizon.
Distanceswithaheightof3,00maretwicethelengthfromthebasetothehorizon.
Objectswithaheightof0,50marealways1/3ofthedistancefromthebasetothehorizon.
VP
VP
VPH 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
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4. Close the topBeforeclosingtheobject,youshouldtakealookatthegroundplan.Ifthebottomlineisparalleltothehorizon,itmuststayparallelwhenprojectedtothetopedge.
Inthefollowingconstructingexamplewewillbeusingtheone-pointperspectivegridwitheye-levelat1,50m.
2. Draw the verticalsNowdrawtheverticallines.Don‘tworryabouttheirlength-justdrawthemhigh.
3. Estimate the height of the objectDividethelengthfromthebasetothehorizonbytwotoreceivetheheightof0,75m.
1. Draw the ground planDrawa2,00mx2,00msquareintotheperspectivegrid.
Cuboidsandhorizontalareas
VP
VP
VP
VP
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
+ 0,75
1�
Theleftbottomsideleadstothevanishingpoint-sothetophastodothesame.
5. Render the objectTokeepagoodoverview,theobjectshouldbecoloured.
Thisisveryhelpfulwhenworkingwithcomplicatedforms.
Repeatthismethodontherightandbacksidetofinishtheobject.
VP
VP
VP
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
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+ 0,75
Compiling cuboids
Youcanarrangevariousblocksusingthemethoddescribedinthepreviouspages.
VPHorizon 1,50 m + 1,50
+ 4,50
+ 1,00
+ 3,00
Projectedlignofsight=CentreofVision
+ 0,50
PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50m
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+ 16,00
+ 4,00
+ 2,00
VP Horizon 8,00 m
Whendrawingabird‘seyeviewwith8,00mhorizon,constructtheblocksjustlikewhendrawingwiththehorizonat1,50m.
PerspectivegridNo.2Horizon8,00m
Toobtaintheheightinbird’seyeview:
2,00m: 1/4ofthedistancefrombaseto horizon4,00m: 1/2ofthedistancefrombaseto horizon16,00m:twicethedistancefrombaseto horizon
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1. Horizontal areas and cuboids Toconstructhorizontalareasandcuboidsinthetwo-pointperspective,justfollowthesamestepsasintheonepointperspective.Whereasthelinesaredrawntowardstherespectivevanishingpoints(VP1,VP2)
2. Draw the verticals and estimate the height Toconstructtheheightofanobject,drawverticalreferencelinesateachcorner.Thesewillbeusefultofindtherightheight.
Thisexampleuses0,75m,halfthedistancefrombasetohorizon.
VP 1 VP 2Horizon 1,50 m
FP 1 FP 2Horizont 1,50 m
+0,75
Two-pointperspectivePerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50m
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3. Close the topOnceyouhavedrawntheheight,connecttheedgepointstowardsthevanishingpoints.
As shown in this example, this method also works for blocks with different heights.
+3,00
+0,75
+1,50
+4,50
+1,00
±0,00
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Asexplainedpreviously,theperspectivegridconsistsofarasterwithonemetreincrement.ItisrecommendedtoemployagroundplanwiththescaleofM1:100.
Therearedifferentpossibilitieshowtotransfergardengroundplansintotheperspectivegrid:Theoutlinetechnique,andthefieldofvisiontechnique
Transferringgardenplans
Field of Vision Weareabletosenseavisualarrayofabout180°.Youcaneasilytestthisbystretchingyourarmstotheleftandrightwhileshakingthemandlookingforward.Youshouldbeabletoseeyourarmsmoving,neverthelesstheformap-pearsdistortedandunrealistic.
The 60° Field of VisionConsequentlyweshouldstayinanarrayof60°tomakeourdrawingsdynamicandrealistic.
Objects appear
realistic here.
Objects appear
distorted and
unrealistic here.
60° Field of vision
Lign of sight
Objects appear
realistic here
60° Field of vision
Lign of sight
Objects appear
distorted and
unrealistic here.
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60° Field of Vision
WithintheFieldofVisioncircleandsphereappearrealistic.
ObjectsandroomsinperspectivethatarebeyondtheFoVappeardistortedandoversized.
Soweshouldstayinthearrayof60°tomakeourdrawingsstayrealistic.
Outofrangetheobjectappearsunrealanddistorted.
Objects appear
realistic here.
Objects appear
distorted and
unrealistic here.
60° Field of vision
Lign of sight
Objects appear
realistic here
60° Field of vision
Lign of sight
Objects appear
distorted and
unrealistic here.
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The Outline Technique
1. Construct a metre grid Firstdrawarectangular(orsquare)outlineontranspar-entpaper.SetthemetregridtoascaleofM1:100.Thewidthshouldn‘texceed10,00m,otherwisethegroundplanwouldn‘tfitintothefieldofvision.Thisexampleusesa8,00mx8,00mgrid.Placethisoutlineontoyourgroundplan(scaled1:100).Makesuretheimportantobjectsareinthegrid.
Thistechniquecanbeusedintheone-pointasinthetwo-pointperspective.
2. Put the ground plan into perspective Nowtransferyouroutlineintotheperspectivegrid.Makesuretheareastartsintheforeground,evenifyoucrossthefieldofvisionline.Thiswaythedrawingseemsverythree-dimensional.
Nextdrawthedetailsofeachmetresquarefromtheplanviewintothecorrespondingperspectivegridsquare.Tip:Firstdrawtheentiregroundplan,beforeprojectingtheheights.
3. Set the heightsNowprojecttheheightofbuiltobjects(inthisexampleonlytheleftwall).It‘sadvisabletodothisonanextrasheetoftransparentpaper.
VP
VP
VP
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
H 1,50 m
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Tip
The Outline Technique is quick and easy.
Objects beyond the field of vision should
only be drawn as a »hint« to avoid distortion,
making the drawing appear more realistic
and vivid.
4. Develop the softscapeUseafurthersheetoftransparentpapertosketchanddevelopthesoftscape.Tryoutdifferentvariationsofplantingdesignseachonanotherlayeroftransparentpaper.
Nowrefineyoursketchstepbystep...
5. Complete the renderingDrawyoumainconceptonafinallayerofpaper.
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Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique
1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveusingthistechniqueyouneed:-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.1.(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50mPlacethediagramoverthegroundplanandchosethearrayyouwouldliketobedisplayedinperspective.
Whenchoosingyourarrayyoushouldtrytokeepthelineofsightandthegridparalleland/orrightangledtotheedgesinyouplan.It‘sbesttosetthestationpointontheplansiteitselftomaketheperspectiveappearmorerealisticandcomprehensible.
Onthediagramyouseethemeasuringpoint(MP)andtheVertical-Measuring-Line(MV).
One-point perspectiveTheFoVDiagramapproximatelyshowstheundistortedareayouwillseeinperspective(withinthe60°circle).ItshowswheretheviewerisstandingandhisLine-of-SightatascaleofM1:100.
Tip
The scale of the ground plan has to be the
same as the scale as the FoV diagram.
M 1:100 works best.
If the plan is scaled at M 1:200 the FoV
diagram has to be re-sized to 50%.
Ground plans scaled at M 1:50 should be re-
sized to M 1:100.
MP 0,00
4,0o
8,001,00
2,20
3,40
1,00 2,30
4,40
MP
MV
2. Mark the planUsetheLine-of-Sightasabaselinefromwhichimportantsectorsofyourgroundplanaremarked.TheMeasuringPoint(MP)isnowthezero-pointofthebaseline.
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3. Transfer the ground plan Nexttheimportantsectorsofthegroundplanaretransferredintotheperspectivegrid.
TodothisdrawtheLine-of-sightthroughtheMPwhichismarkedbothintheFoVdiagramasintheperspectivegrid.Transferthemeasurementsofthegroundplantotheperspectivegrid.
4. Finalise the ground plan Beforeprojectingtheheights,thegroundplanshouldbecompletelytransferredintotheperspectivegrid.
IfyoucomparetheareaintheField-of-Vision(perspective)totheField-of-Visionareainyourgroundplanyouwillfindtheresultisveryaccurate!Thissystemalsoworkswellinthebird‘seyeview,althoughitislessprecise.
Careful!
Avoid placing the Line-of-Sight over long
edges.
They appear strange in perspective, since
they simply look like vertical lines.
Try to lay the FoV diagram parallel to edges
in your ground plan. If you don‘t, you will
have a hard time transferring the plan to
perspective (see example).
VPH 1,50 m
VP
3,40 1,00 2,30 4,40
1,002,20
H 1,50 m
MP
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6. Develop the softscape Nowdesignthesoftscapeonanothersheetoftransparentpaper.
5. Construct built objects Useafreshsheetoftransparentpapertoconstructbuiltobjectsandinsertoutdoorfurnitureandotheritems.Draweachonseparatesheetsofpaperifyouwanttostayonthesafeside.Youcanalsoinsertgraphicaleffectslikereflectionsinthepooltoyourdrawing.
FP H 1,50 m
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7. Do the renderingLastbutnotleastembossyourprojectgraphically.
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Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique Two-point perspective Horizon 1,50m
1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveusingthistechniqueyouneed:-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.5.(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50m
PlacetheFoVDiagramNo.5,Horizon1,50moveryourgroundplantochoseyourarea.LikebeforetrytoobeythegridrulesandusethescaleM1:100.
Thefollowingstepsarethesameasintheone-pointperspective.
2. Transfer the ground planTransferyourgroundplanintotheper-spectivegrid.Usethemeasuringpoint(MP)likeintheone-pointperspective.
Viewpoint
distorted area
FoV area
MP
Horizon 1,50m
FoV area
MP distorted area
VP
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1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveinthebird‘seyeviewyouneed:
-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.6(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.6Horizon8,00m
LaytheFoVdiagramoverthegroundplan.TrytogetalltheimportantobjectsintotheFoVarea!
2. Transfer the ground plan Transferyourgroundplanintotheperspectivegrid.Usethemeasuringpoint(MP)likeintheone-pointperspective.
Somesectorsofthegroundplanarenowinthedistortedarea,butstillyoushoulddrawthem.Whenusingthebird‘seyeviewtheFoVdia-gramsarenotasaccurateasateye-level1,50m.
Viewpoint
distorted area
FoV area
MP
distorted area
FoV area
MP
Horizon 8,0 m VP
Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique Two-point perspective Horizon 8,00m (Bird’s eye view)
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Seminars
Learntodrawbyhandwithasystem!Despitethedominanceofdigitalmedia,hand-drawnplanshavelostnoneoftheircharm.Eveninthebeginningphaseofadraft,freehandsketchesconveytheconceptofthedesigninanimpressiveandtime-savingmanner.
Unique course concept—Students look over the instructor’s shoulder!
Avideocameraandprojectordisplayeachindividualstepthroughtothecompletedpictureonalargeprojectionscreen.Fromtheirworkstations,alltheparticipantscanthenfollowanddirectlytransferwhat’sshown.Eventhesmallestdetailsarerecognizablethroughzoomeffects.Visitwww.zeichenwerk.deformoreinformation.
InstructorDanielNiesearnedhisbachelorsdegreeinLandscapeDesignatColoradoStateUniversity,USA.In1991hereturnedtoGermanywhereheworkedasadesi-gnerinaLandscapearchitecturalfirmforfiveyears.Duringthistimehealreadyofferedgraphicworkshops.
1995hestartedhisownbusiness,ZEICHENWERK,whichspecializesondrawingseminars.Sincethenthousandsofstudentsandprofessionalsattendedtheseminarsandimprovedtheirdrawingskills.
Inseptember2008hisfirstbook„ZeichneninderGartengestaltung“,Ulmer-Verlag,Stuttgartgotpublished.
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Seminars
SkriptundPerspektivrasterAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublica-tionmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans--graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,taping,orinformationstorageandretrievalsystems.April2005.Thirdversion.
©Zeichenwerk,DanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com
Impressum
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DanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com