Personality 111003113859 Phpapp02

7/27/2019 Personality 111003113859 Phpapp02

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Personality


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Concept

Personality is a continuous concept. Itcan be reflected in a persons

temperament and is a key factor

influencing individual behavior inorganizations.


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Definition

Personality can be defined as the sum totalof ways in which an individual interacts

with people and reacts to situations.

It can be defined as traits exhibited by aperson during interaction with others.

According to Fred Luthans, Personality

means how a person affects others and

how he understands and views himself as

well as the pattern of inner and outer

measureable traits, & the personality

interaction.


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Characteristics of Personality

It accounts for consistent patterns of

behaviour and their relative stability is sought.

It induces the commonalities and differencesin the behaviour of people as compared to

others.

The ability to behave in the manner asrequired by social pressures or biological

pressures.


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Personality Determinants

1. Biological Factors

2. Family and Social factors

3. Situational Factors


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Types of Personality

Type A

Type B

Introvert

Extrovert

Authoritative Manipulative(Machiavellianism)


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1. Type A Personality

Restless

Impatient

Desire for quick achievement and

perfectionism

2. Type B Personality

Easy going

Relaxed Less competitive

Have balanced outlook towards life


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Introvert

Shy

Prefer to be Alone

Quiet

Well ordered

Emotionally unexpressive Prefer small groups


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Extrovert

Outgoing

Aggressive

Emotionally expressive

Seeking novelty

Sociable Carefree


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Authoritative

Obedient

Respect for authority

Endorse strong parental control

Close minded

Adhere to conventional values Make good followers

Work better under directive supervision


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Machiavellianism

Manipulate others

Work for personal gains

Have high self confidence

High self esteem

Calculative Do not feel guilt in using unethical means


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Personality attributes

influencing OB Locus of control

Self esteem

Self monitoring

Risk taking


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Locus of Control

It refers to an individuals perception of what

controls his or her fate.

1. Internal:- Individuals who believe that

they control what happens to them.

2. External:- Individuals who believe that

what happens to them is controlled byoutside forces such as luck or chance.


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Self Esteem

Refers to the degree of respect a person hasfor himself

Measure of self confidence and respect for

ones ability and motivation

Related to assertiveness, independence and

creativity

People with high self esteem take upchallenging jobs and people with low self

esteem lack confidence and look for

approval from others


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Self Monitoring

Individuals ability to adjust his or herbehavior to external factors

Pays closer attention to behavior of others

More successful in managerial positions High self monitors can play multiple and

even contradictory roles

Low self monitors find it difficult todisguise their true feelings, emotions and

reactions and cannot adapt quickly to

situations


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Risk Taking

Refer to the extent to which an individualis prepared to take risks

People differ in their willingness to take

chances High risk taking people make decision

quickly without searching for much

information Research has indicated that the accuracy of

decisions made by both risk taking and risk

averse people is almost the same


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Risk-Taking

High Risk-taking Managers

Make quicker decisions

Use less information to make decisions

Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial

organizations

Low Risk-taking Managers

Are slower to make decisions

Require more information before making

decisions

Exist in larger organizations with stable

environments


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Theories Of personality

Psychoanalytical Theory

Trait Theory

Self concept Theory

Social Learning Theory


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Psychoanalytical Theory

Freudian Stage Theory

Freudian believed that the personality structure isprimarily founded on unconscious framework

and human behavior and motivation is the

outcome of 3 concepts i.e. id, ego & super ego


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Id:-The id is the only component of personality

that is present from birth. This aspect of

personality is entirely unconscious and includes

of the instinctive and primitive behaviors.

According to Freud, the id is the source of all

psychic energy, making it the primary componentof personality.

The id is driven by thepleasure principle, which

strives for immediate gratification of all desires,

wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfiedimmediately, the result is a state anxiety or

tension.
http://psychology.about.com/od/pindex/g/def_pleasurepri.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/pindex/g/def_pleasurepri.htm


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Ego:- It is conscious in nature and is a

mechanism to relate our conscious urges to

the outside real world. It keeps id in check

through the realities of the external

environment. Id demands immediategratification, whatever the cost, ego

controls it so that these gratification are

granted at an appropriate time and in anacceptable manner.


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Super Ego:- ego is supported by super ego

to control id. It is the higher levelrestraining force and can be described as

conscience of person. The conscience

creates standards of what is right or what iswrong and is generally developed by the

absorption of cultural and ethical values of

social environment.


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Trait Theory It is understood as being an enduring attribute of a person

that appears consistently in a variety of situations

A trait of an individual is abstracted from his behavior,

and serves as an useful unit of analysis to understand

personality

A personality can be described by its position on anumber of continuous dimensions or scales, each of

which represent a trait

The individuals can be described by using trait terms as

friendly, cautious, excitable, intelligent, etc. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such

as outgoing, kindand even-tempered. A trait can be

thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes

individuals to behave in certain ways.


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Self concept theory

Carl Rogers is associated with this theory

This is organized around the concept that

personality and behavior are largely determinedby the individual himself

We tend to act in ways that are consistent with

our own image of who we are


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Contd

The best vantage point of understanding

behavior is from the internal frame o

reference of individual himself It is a result of persons interaction with his

environment. This interaction in the form

of learning experience helps us to develop ,grow and mature, and we modify our self-

concept as a result of these experiences.


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Social Learning Theory

Personality is more a result of social

variables than biological drives

Motives can be traced to known andconscious needs and wants rather than

unconscious and latent desires

The sum total of what a person has learned


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The Big Five Model

Extroversion:- outgoing, talkative, sociable,

assertive

Agreeableness:- trusting, good natured, co-

operative, soft- hearted

Conscientiousness:- dependable, responsible,achievement- oriented, persistent

Emotional stability:- relaxed, secure,

unworried Openness to experience:- sensitive,

intellectual, imaginative, curious,

broadminded

M hi P li i i h


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Matching Personalities with

Jobs

John Holland proposed the personality job-

fit theory

This theory establishes relationship

between personality characteristics, the

requirements of a job and job performance

Acc. to John Holland, the job satisfaction

of an individual and his tendency to quit a

job are determined by the extent to which

his personality matches with the work

environment and requirements of the job


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Hollands Typology of Personality

and congruent Occupation Realistic:- Prefers physical activities that

require skill, strength and coordination.

This kind of people are shy, genuine,persistent, stable, confirming and practical.

They are generally mechanic, operators,

assembly line workers, farmer, etc.


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Investigative:- Prefers activities that

involve thinking, organizing and

understanding. People with such type ofpersonality are analytical, original, curious

and independent. They are in the job of

economist, news reporter, mathematician. Social:- Prefers activities that involve

helping and developing others. They are

sociable, friendly, co-operative and

understanding. They prefer to be social

worker, counselor, psychologist


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Conventional:- Prefers rule- regulated,

orderly and unambiguous activities. They

are efficient, practical, unimaginative and

inflexible. They are generally accountant,

corporate manager, bank teller and file

clerk.

Enterprising:- Prefers verbal activities

where there are opportunities to influence

others and attain power. Such people are

self- confident, ambitious, energetic anddomineering. They should ideally be

lawyer, real estate agent, PR specialist.


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Artistic:- Prefers ambiguous and

unsystematic activities that allow creative

expression. They are imaginative,emotional and impractical. Such people are

painter, musician, writer, interior decorator


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Attitude and consistency

Research by Behavioural theorists has

shown not only do people try to achieve

consistency among their various attitudesbut also try to behave in a manner that is

consistent with their attitudes

Eg. Sales Representative who has topromote their product

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Personality 111003113859 Phpapp02