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Permeable Layers to Improve Permeable Layers to Improve Landfill Gas Recovery from Landfill Gas Recovery from
Indian LandfillsIndian Landfills
March 3, 2010March 3, 2010
Don Augenstein1
Ramin Yazdani2Chetan Zaveri3
John Benemann1
1 Institute for Environmental Management Inc., 4277 Pomona Avenue, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.2 Yolo County Planning and Public Works Department, Division of Integrated Waste Management, Yolo County, California, U.S.A.3 IL&FS Ecosmart Ltd, Mumbai, India
PresentationPresentation
IntroductionIntroduction
Description of permeable layer Description of permeable layer approach and benefitsapproach and benefits
Current Project objectivesCurrent Project objectives
The site selectionThe site selection
Future plansFuture plans
Typical Landfill and Gas CollectionTypical Landfill and Gas Collection
Current landfill gas collection technologyCurrent landfill gas collection technology
•• Fill waste and cover with soilFill waste and cover with soil•• Drill vertical well Drill vertical well •• Install gas wells and collect gas Install gas wells and collect gas •• Adjust gas wells weekly to maximize Adjust gas wells weekly to maximize
methane contentmethane content
Typical Landfill Gas CollectionTypical Landfill Gas Collection
Limitation with current methodsLimitation with current methods•• No soil cover and waste placement is No soil cover and waste placement is
haphazardhaphazard•• Poor gas quality due to air entrainmentPoor gas quality due to air entrainment•• Staff needed for constant well Staff needed for constant well
adjustment adjustment •• Vertical well could be waterloggedVertical well could be waterlogged
5
Simplified schematic of conventional LFG well and gas flow: Illustration of typical problem – irregular surface flux
Base layers
WASTEWASTE
Cover layers
well
Cover layers
More landfill- --extends on
More landfill
extends on
Arrows and lengths denote gas flows or fluxes.. Note variable surface fluxes and emissions distant from well, entrainment near well, inefficient collection. Fissures, irregularities in waste/ cover exacerbate problems
Fugitive (lost) Gas out
Air entrained in
Fugitive (lost) Gas out
6
PERMEABLE LAYER TO IMPROVE LFG COLLECTION PERMEABLE LAYER TO IMPROVE LFG COLLECTION Simplified illustration: Subsurface probes to track and control Simplified illustration: Subsurface probes to track and control LFG LFG
recovery.recovery. Air/LFG interface location Air/LFG interface location
100 ft (30M) from surface to base layers
Deep well ca, 10-20M feet deep
More landfill--- extends on
More landfill-- extends on Permeable layer LFG —
shred tires, chips etc
WASTE
low permeability layers—membrane and/or WASTE (thickness ca.1-2 meters)
WASTE
Low permeability layers
Extraction line—LFG to use
(Ca. 1 ft)
LFG entrainment area here
lfg lfg lfg lfg lfg lfglfglfg
SAMPLING TUBES to conducting layer and cover
SURFACE SOIL COVER SURFACE SOIL COVER
Barometric pressure
Permeable layer methane
Cover methane (yellow and brown)
40
30
Barometric pressure – blue, right hand axis
Permeable layer methane dark blue -- left hand axis
Cover layer methane (2) brown and yellow -- left axis
Permeable Layer Gas Well Benefit Permeable Layer Gas Well Benefit
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0 20.519.418.417.416.315.314.213.212.211.110.19.08.06.95.94.93.82.81.70.7
Width (m)
Dep
th (m
)
Without permeable layer
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0 20.519.418.417.416.315.314.213.212.211.110.19.08.06.95.94.93.82.81.70.7
Width (m)
Dep
th (m
)
Tire layer
With permeable layer
Pumping well
Oxygen intrusionOxygen intrusion
UDUDUD
Results of finite element analysis
UD
Pumping rate
Pumping rate based on the total LFG generation rate (%)
70 80 90 100 110 120 130
CH
4 em
issi
on th
roug
h to
p bi
ocov
er (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
With tire layer-CH4 emission at Kst
Without tire layer-CH4 emission at Kst
With tire layer-CH4 emission at K=Kst/10Without tire layer-CH4 emission at K=Kst/10
Without tire layer
With tire layer
Summary of Benefits Summary of Benefits
Recover methane gas for powerRecover methane gas for power
Reduce current fugitive methane Reduce current fugitive methane emissionsemissions
Revenue generated from power generationRevenue generated from power generation
Revenue generated from carbon creditsRevenue generated from carbon credits
Reduce typical number of gas wells per Reduce typical number of gas wells per acre acre
Reduce labor cost for gas well monitoring Reduce labor cost for gas well monitoring
Application in USA: Placement of Application in USA: Placement of Permeable Layer Over WastePermeable Layer Over Waste
VIEW OF ONE ACRE SHRED TIRE LAYER
SHRED TIRE PERMEABLE LAYER BEING PLACEDWASTE LAYERS
USA: Waste Placement Over Permeable LayerUSA: Waste Placement Over Permeable Layer
Soil Cover and Gas Collection Soil Cover and Gas Collection Piping InstallationPiping Installation
Gas Well Installation and Data Gas Well Installation and Data Collection and Evaluation Collection and Evaluation
Project Objectives in IndiaProject Objectives in India
Visit sitesVisit sites
Select best site for a demonstration Select best site for a demonstration project project
Develop a preliminary design Develop a preliminary design
Perform feasibility studyPerform feasibility study
Report to EPA Methane to MarketsReport to EPA Methane to Markets
Site Visit and Selection CriteriaSite Visit and Selection Criteria
Selection criteria for sitesSelection criteria for sites•• Adequate organic waste flow (>1,000 tons per Adequate organic waste flow (>1,000 tons per
day)day)•• Waste height (>15 meters)Waste height (>15 meters)•• Available permeable material for useAvailable permeable material for use•• Available soil cover on siteAvailable soil cover on site•• Available equipment and personnelAvailable equipment and personnel•• Agency cooperation, assistant, and technical Agency cooperation, assistant, and technical
knowledge knowledge •• Site security for future demonstration projectSite security for future demonstration project•• Power generation potential onPower generation potential on--sitesite
INDIA PROJECT TEAM
IL&FS ECOSMART LTD: EAST MUMBAI, INDIA
IL&FS Ecosmart, located in East Mumbai, India. Technical expertise and numerous contacts in India’s municipal waste industry were of inestimable value in conducting the project
3 India Trips
November 2008 –ChennaiJanuary 2009 – Multiple sites January 2010 – Mumbai – 3 sites
SUMMARY OF SITES EVALUATED
Trip 1 November 2008 (Benemann) Chennai -- Kodungaiyur
Trip 2 January 2009 (Yazdani, Zaveri)New Delhi --OkhlaNew Delh -- BalsawaNew Delhi —GazipurAgra – ShahdaraPerungudi – ChennaiVellakal – Madurai TNBetahalli Bangalore Vidyaranyapuram Mysore(City) Hubli Dharwad KarnatakaHyderabad
Trip 3 January 2010 Mumbai (Augenstein, Yazdani, Zaveri, Augenstein)
MulundKalyan DombivaliUlhasnagar
OFFICIALS MET: 3 MUMBAI SITES:
1. Mulund, Mumbai
Mr. R. A. Rajeev, IAS, Additional Municipal CommissionerMr. B.P. Patil, Chief engineer (SWM), In-charge (and Dy. Ch. Engineer (SWM) Projects) [He holds 2 positions]Mr. P.S. Awate, Executive Engineer, SWM ProjectMr. Phalari, Executive Engineer, SWM ProjectMr. Machewad, Sub-Engineer, SWM ProjectMr. Desai, Asst. Engineer, SWM Project
2. Kalyan Dombivali, Mumbai
Mr. Pramod Narkhade, Sanitary InspectorMr. Sulakhe, APHOMr. Shiju Jacob, Antony Waste Handling Cell (P) Ltd.
3. Ulhasnagar, Mumbai
Mr. MhatreMr. Shiju Jacob, Antony Waste Handling Cell (P) Ltd.
MulundMulund Site FindingsSite Findings
Adequate waste and heightAdequate waste and height
Potential permeable layer and cover Potential permeable layer and cover soil available!soil available!
Needed equipment available Needed equipment available
Agency cooperation and interestAgency cooperation and interest
Potential future power generation Potential future power generation facility from methanefacility from methane
Site can be secured to prevent Site can be secured to prevent damage to pipes and equipmentdamage to pipes and equipment
MulundMulund Site FindingsSite Findings----contcont
Future capacity and operation Future capacity and operation assured.assured.
Footprint for testing can be availableFootprint for testing can be available
Onsite technical personnel for vessel Onsite technical personnel for vessel methane digester can do gas methane digester can do gas samplingsampling
Needed equipment available Needed equipment available
Ability to collaborate with IL&FS Ability to collaborate with IL&FS EcosmartEcosmart
Example of Mulund
Data: Waste Analysis
(IL&FS Ecosmart, Mumbai, India)
SIMPLE TEST AREA CONFIGURATION
Site Challenges Site Challenges
Issues:Issues:•• Waste fires frequent (but usually small)Waste fires frequent (but usually small)•• Air intrusion could be an issue Air intrusion could be an issue •• LeachateLeachate seepsseeps
Addressing Site Challenges Addressing Site Challenges
Potential Solutions:Potential Solutions:•• Add cover soil and compact to stop fireAdd cover soil and compact to stop fire•• Construct test cell away from the side Construct test cell away from the side
slopesslopes•• Pump Pump leachateleachate from the perimeter from the perimeter
ditches and inject near top and side ditches and inject near top and side slopes to stop fire and eliminate slopes to stop fire and eliminate leachateleachate runoff from siterunoff from site
Future PlansFuture Plans
Explore support for construction and Explore support for construction and operation of a demonstration projectoperation of a demonstration project
Construct and monitor projectConstruct and monitor project
Expand project to other sites (India Expand project to other sites (India and worldwide) and worldwide)
Questions and Answers?Questions and Answers?