Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers 2003

��

��

�� A Guide to Packaging and Barrier Materials

Second Edition

Liesl K. Masseypdl

Plastics Design Library

Copyright © 2003, Plastics Design Library. All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionin writing from the publisher.

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002153335ISBN: 1-884207-97-9

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Massey, Liesl K.Permeability properties of plastics and elastomers : a guide to packaging and barrier materials / Liesl K.

Massey.--2nd ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-884207-97-91. Plastics--Permeability. 2. Elastomers--Permeability. I. Title.

TA455.P5 M344 2002620.1'92392--dc21

2002153335

Notice: To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however, the Publisherdoes not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arisingfrom, such information. This book is intended for informational purposes only. Mention of trade names orcommercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher. Finaldetermination of the suitability of any information or product for use contemplated by any user, and themanner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. We recommend that anyone intending to rely on anyrecommendation of materials or procedures mentioned in this publication should satisfy himself as to suchsuitability, and that he can meet all applicable safety and health standards.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

Welcome to the Second Edition of PermeabilityProperties of Plastics and Elastomers, A Guide toPackaging and Barrier Materials, a unique referenceand data bank on the barrier and permeabilityproperties of polymeric materials. As a reference book,this edition strives to present data in a format that allowsthe user to easily compare and contrast performancecharacteristics between different material families, andwhere possible, between the products available withina material family itself. Information was gathered frommany sources: material manufacturers, technicaljournals and papers, etc. The data are accompaniedby information on test method, material notes, andconditions as available from the source document.

The introductory chapter provides a basic primeron the nature of polymeric materials, test methods,processing, and markets for barrier materials. New tothis edition are chapters focusing on multilayer films,automotive fuel barriers, and tables and graphs withcomparative data measuring performance of differentmaterials on the same scale, from a single source.

Each of the ninety-three chapters presents detailedinformation on the permeability and barrier propertiesof the materials, organized by family. Within the samegeneric family, coverage is provided on differencesbetween materials due to environmental factors suchas temperature and humidity or material characteristicssuch as sample preparation and material composition.Information was included for as many tests, conditions,penetrants, and material combinations as possible. Even

Preface

where detailed test metadata are not available, generalinformation is provided, the belief being that somelimited information serves as a reference point and isbetter than no information. It should be noted that thecontent of the material chapters strives to berepresentative rather than all inclusive. That is, amaterial’s trends and characteristics are representedwith as much detail as possible from the sourcesavailable. All manufacturers of all materials are notincluded due to obvious space limitations.

It is my hope that this reference is the first book towhich an engineer, designer, or scientist refers whenlooking for general material properties and trendsbetween families of polymers. From the data includedherein, typical performance can be determined andmaterials selected to meet general criteria. The usercan then research and evaluate within the chosenmaterial families specific products (brands) for aspecific application. Extensive references are providedfor further research. Note, this resource should notserve as a substitute for actual testing to determinethe choice of a particular material in a given end useenvironment and application.

A special word of thanks to those who haveallowed their information and test data to be includedin this reference. Every effort was made to presentthe information in its original context. As always, yourfeedback on improving this volume or others in thePDL Handbook series is appreciated and encouraged.

Liesl K. Massey 2002

Table of Contents

Introduction

1.0 Nature of Barrier Polymeric Materials ............................................................................. 11.1 Transport of Gases and Vapors .................................................................................. 11.2 Mass Transport of a Gas ............................................................................................ 11.3 Special Situations—Coatings and Laminates............................................................. 21.4 Factors Affecting Permeability .................................................................................... 21.5 Polymers 101 .............................................................................................................. 31.6 Molecular Design ........................................................................................................ 41.7 Elastomers 101........................................................................................................... 4

2.0 Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plastics and Elastomers ....................... 5

3.0 Processing ....................................................................................................................... 19

4.0 Markets and Applications for Packaging: Overview .................................................... 224.1 Packaging Materials ................................................................................................. 224.2 Markets and Applications ......................................................................................... 23

5.0 Automotive Fuels ............................................................................................................ 29

6.0 Multilayer Films ............................................................................................................... 406.1 General Constructions and Characteristics .............................................................. 406.2 Barrier Layers ........................................................................................................... 406.3 Relative Humidity of Barrier Layer ............................................................................ 436.4 Application and Design ............................................................................................. 436.5 Retort Sterilized Packages ....................................................................................... 446.6 Illustrated Multilayer Packaging ................................................................................ 45

7.0 Food and Beverage Packaging ...................................................................................... 497.1 Food and Drug Administration, FDA......................................................................... 497.2 Barrier Resins ........................................................................................................... 497.3 Oriented Materials .................................................................................................... 51

8.0 Standard Measurements and Tests ............................................................................... 528.1 Units of Measurement .............................................................................................. 528.2 Standard Test Methods............................................................................................. 53

8.2.1 Gas Transmission ......................................................................................... 538.2.2 Water Vapor Transmission............................................................................ 548.2.3 Rubber .......................................................................................................... 55

9.0 ASTM Tests ...................................................................................................................... 55

Table of Contents © Plastics Design Library

vi

Thermoplastics

Acetal Resins

Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) - Chapter 1 ....................................................................................... 57Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 57

Acrylic Resin

Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer (AMA) - Chapter 2 ..................................................... 61Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 62Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 64

Cellulosic Plastic

Cellulosic - Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................... 67Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 67

Fluoroplastic

Fluoropolymer - Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................... 69Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 69

Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE) - Chapter 5 ......................................... 75Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 75Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 77

Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE) - Chapter 6................................................... 81Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 82

Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer (FEP) - Chapter 7 ................................................ 85Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 85Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 89

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin (PFA & MFA) - Chapter 8 ........................................................................ 91

Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 92Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) - Chapter 9 ...................................................................... 95

Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 96Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 99

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - Chapter 10 ............................................................................ 101Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 102

Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) - Chapter 11 ....................................................................................... 109Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 109

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) - Chapter 12 ........................................................................... 111Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 112Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 117

Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene (HTE) - Chapter 13.............................. 123Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 123

© Plastics Design Library Table of Contents

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Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer (THV) - Chapter 14 ............................................................................................. 125

Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 125

Ionomer

Ionomer - Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................. 127Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 128

Parylene

Parylene - Chapter 16 ................................................................................................................. 131Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 132

Polyamide

Nylon Overview - Chapter 17 ..................................................................................................... 135Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 135Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 136

Amorphous Nylon - Chapter 18 ................................................................................................. 137Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 138Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 141

Nylon 6 – PA6 - Chapter 19 ......................................................................................................... 145Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 145Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 154

Nylon 66 – PA 66 - Chapter 20 .................................................................................................... 155Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 156

Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66 - Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 163Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 163

Nylon 6/12 – PA 6/12 - Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 165Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 166

Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69 - Chapter 23 ............................................................................................. 171Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 171

Nylon 6.6/6.10 – PA 66/610 - Chapter 24 .................................................................................... 173Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 173

Polyamide Nanocomposite

Polyamide Nanocomposite - Chapter 25 .................................................................................. 175Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 175Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 176

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate - Chapter 26 ........................................................................................................ 177Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 177


viii

Polyester

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) - Chapter 27 ....................................................................... 181Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 181

Polyethylene Napthalate (PEN) - Chapter 28 ............................................................................ 183Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 183

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate (PCTG) - Chapter 29 ...................................... 185Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 185

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate (PETG) - Chapter 30 ...................... 187Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 187

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) - Chapter 31........................................................................ 189Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 190

Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) - Chapter 32............................................................................... 201Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 202Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 204

Polyimide

Polyimide - Chapter 33 ............................................................................................................... 205Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 205

Polyolefin

Polyethylene Overview - Chapter 34 ......................................................................................... 209Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 209Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 210

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE) - Chapter 35 ........................................................... 217Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 217

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - Chapter 36 ....................................................................... 219Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 219Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 226

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) - Chapter 37 ......................................................... 227Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 228

Medium Density Polyethylene and Linear Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE & LMDPE) - Chapter 38 ...................................................................... 235

Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 235

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - Chapter 39 ...................................................................... 237Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 237Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 247

Polyolefin Plastomers (POP) - Chapter 40 ................................................................................ 249Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 249

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) - Chapter 41 ........................................................................... 251Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 251

Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) - Chapter 42 ............................................................ 253Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 254Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 257


ix

Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 275

Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (EAA) - Chapter 44 ............................................................. 281Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 281

Polypropylene (PP) - Chapter 45 ............................................................................................... 283Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 284Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 290

Polybutene, Polybutylene (PB) - Chapter 46 ............................................................................ 291Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 291

Polyphenylene Sulfide

Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) - Chapter 47 ............................................................................... 293Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 293

Polysulfone

Polysulfone - Chapter 48 ............................................................................................................ 295Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 295

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) - Chapter 49 ..................................................................................... 297Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 297

Styrenic Resin

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) - Chapter 50 ............................................ 299Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 299

Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer (ASA) - Chapter 51 ............................................... 303Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 303

Polystyrene (PS) - Chapter 52 .................................................................................................... 307Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 308Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 310

Oriented Polystyrene (OPS) - Chapter 53 ................................................................................. 311Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 311

General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) - Chapter 54 ................................................................. 313Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 313

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) - Chapter 55........................................................................... 315Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 315

Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN) - Chapter 56 .............................................................. 317Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 318Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 320

Ethylene - Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) - Chapter 43 ...................................................... 259Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 259


x

Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (SBS) - Chapter 57 ....................................................... 323Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 323

Vinyl Resin

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Chapter 58 ...................................................................................... 325Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 326Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 329

Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) - Chapter 59 .......................................................................... 331Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 332Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 352

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films (PVDC) Coated Polyester Films - Chapter 60 ................................................................................................. 355

Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 356Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 367

Thermoplastic Alloys

Plastic Alloy

Polyethylene/Polystyrene Alloy - Chapter 61 ........................................................................... 369Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 369

Multilayer Structures

Co-Continuous Lamellae Multilayer Systems

Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures - Chapter 62 ................................................................... 371Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 371Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 372

Laminar Multilayer Structure - Chapter 63 ............................................................................... 375Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 376Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 384

Multilayer Films

Multilayer Films - Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier - Chapter 64 .............................................. 385Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 385Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 398

Multilayer Films - Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier - Chapter 65 ............................................ 401Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 401Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 409

Multilayer Films - Plasma Polymerization - Chapter 66........................................................... 411Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 411Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 412


xi

Multilayer Films - Laminated Fluoropolymer Films - Chapter 67 ........................................... 413Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 413

Multilayer Films - General - Chapter 68 .................................................................................... 415Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 416

Thermosets

Epoxy Resin

Epoxy Thermoplastic - Chapter 69 ............................................................................................ 419Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 419

Thermoplastic Elastomers

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPO) - Chapter 70 .......................................................... 421Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 422

Polyether Block Amide

Polyether Block Amide (PEBA) - Chapter 71 ............................................................................ 427Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 427

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) - Chapter 72 ................................................. 435Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 435

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 73 .................................................................... 439Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 440

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 74 ...................................................................... 443Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 444

Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer

Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 75 ............................................................................ 451Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 451


xii

Rubbers

Butadiene Rubber

Polybutadiene - Chapter 76 ........................................................................................................ 455Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 455Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 457

Butyl Rubber

Butyl Rubber - Chapter 77 .......................................................................................................... 459Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 460Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 461

Bromobutyl Rubber

Bromobutyl Rubber - Chapter 78 ............................................................................................... 465Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 466

Chlorobutyl Rubber

Chlorobutyl Rubber - Chapter 79 ............................................................................................... 467Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 468

Polyisobutylene Rubber

Polyisobutylene Rubber - Chapter 80 ....................................................................................... 469Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 469

Specialty Elastomers

Specialty Elastomers - Chapter 81 ............................................................................................ 471

Chlorosulfonated Polethylene Rubber

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (CSPE) - Chapter 82 ................................................. 473Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 473

Epichlorohydrin Rubber

Epichlorohydrin Rubber (ECO) - Chapter 83 ............................................................................ 475Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 475


xiii

Ethylene-Propylene Rubber

Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM) - Chapter 84........................................................ 477Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 477Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 480

Fluoroelastomer

Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer - Chapter 85 ...................................... 481Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 481

Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber - Chapter 86 ...................................................................................................... 483Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 483Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 486

Neoprene Rubber

Polychloroprene Rubber (CR) - Chapter 87 .............................................................................. 487Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 487

Nitrile Rubber

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer (NBR) - Chapter 88 .......................................................... 489Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 489Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 492

Polysulfide Rubber

Polysulfide Rubber - Chapter 89 ................................................................................................ 493Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 493

Polyurethane Rubber

Polyurethane - Chapter 90 .......................................................................................................... 495Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 495Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 498

Silicone Rubber

Silicone or Polysiloxane - Chapter 91 ....................................................................................... 499Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 499


xiv

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) - Chapter 92 ........................................................................ 501Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 502Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 504

Additional Barrier Materials - Chapter 93 ................................................................................. 505Metallized Films..................................................................................................................... 505

Biodegradable or Organic Films.......................................................................................... 505

Barrier Properties .................................................................................................................. 505Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 506

Appendices

Permeability of Gloves ............................................................................................................... 509

Permeation Rates ........................................................................................................................ 535

Permeability Units Conversion .................................................................................................. 553

Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................................................... 557

Indices

Trade Name .................................................................................................................................. 587

References ................................................................................................................................... 591

Introduction

1.0 Nature of Barrier PolymericMaterials

Barrier materials possess the ability to restrict thepassage of gases, vapors, and organic liquids throughtheir boundaries. Plastic films and sheeting, coatings,laminates, fabrics, metal foils, and many other typesof materials are constructed to achieve an economicand efficient barrier layer. Polymeric materials domi-nate the barrier materials used in the packaging in-dustry, and are found in other applications rangingfrom window films to clothing, because of their supe-rior properties and low cost.

1.1 Transport of Gases and Vapors

The permeability or transmission rate of gases andvapors through any polymeric material is dependentupon two factors; the solubility of a gas or vapor andthe rate of diffusion through the barrier. The solubil-ity function is dependent upon the chemical rela-tionship between the permeant molecule and the poly-mer; and the rate of diffusion is dependent upon thesize of the permeant molecule and the amorphousconfiguration of the barrier polymer. The permeabil-ity coefficient measures relative permeation behav-ior and is used to compare the permeability of differ-ent polymers. The gases and vapors most often stud-ied are water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ni-trogen.[2030]

Gas (oxygen) transmission rate, OTR, is usuallyreported in cubic centimeters of gas that pass througha square meter of film in 24 hrs when the gas pressuredifferential on one side of the film, at a specified tem-perature, is one atmosphere greater than that on theother side. Water vapor transmission rate, WVTR, isreported as grams of water which will pass through agiven area of material in a specified time, the usualunits are grams per 1 square meter per 24 hrs at a speci-fied temperature and humidity differential.[1080]

The method by which a gas or vapor (the pen-etrant) permeates a polymer matrix is postulated tooccur as follows:

1 Absorption into the polymer.[1005]

2 Diffusion (qv) through the polymer ma-trix.[1005]

3 Desorption through the polymer wall andevaporation for the surface.[1005]

Permeability is the proportionality constant in thegeneral equation for mass transport of a penetrantacross a barrier.[1020]

1.2 Mass Transport of a Gas

t

mgas

∆∆

= P�

pA∆

P = permeability of barrier

∆m gas / ∆t = transmission rate

A = area of barrier

� = thickness of barrier

∆p = partial pressure differenceacross the barrier

Permeability, as a property of a material, is theproduct of permeance and thickness. Permeance is theratio of the gas transmission rate (the quantity of agiven penetrant through a unit of the parallel surfacesof a barrier material in unit time under specified testconditions) to the difference in partial pressure of thepenetrant on both sides of the barrier material. Theunit of permeability is cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm, theunit for gas transmission rate (∆m/A∆t) is cm3(STP)/m2 · day.[1005][1020]

For conventional polymer films it is often foundthat the oxygen permeability is a reciprocal function(inversely proportional) of the film thickness. The fol-lowing equation allows for the definition of a perme-ation coefficient, P, that does not depend upon the filmthickness, l:

P02 = OTR · l

Introduction © Plastics Design Library

2

In this case, P02 is a material constant of the bar-rier polymer as far as the structure (crystallinity, ori-entation of the molecular chains, etc.) of the film doesnot vary. The necessary thickness of a film to reach adesired OTR can be calculated based on the perme-ability of the film of a different thickness.[1074]

Moisture vapor permeability is measured in termsof weight of penetrant rather than volume and is mea-sured at specified relative humidity conditions on eachside of the film. As in the case of gases, vapor perme-ation rates for gauges other than unit thickness areoften estimated by assuming that the permeation rateis inversely proportional to thickness.

In this publication, gas permeability and vaporpermeability are listed under the Permeability (nor-malized units) heading in each chapter and take intoconsideration thickness in the normalized units ofcm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm and g · mm/m2 · day, respec-tively. Source document data is also presented andoften denotes a transmission rate for a given thick-ness. Because the mathematical results are a good es-timate, they are presented as normalized units. How-ever, test results for various thickness may not be thesame as the calculated result.

1.3 Special Situations—Coatings andLaminates

The oxygen transmission rate, OTR, of coated anduncoated films and the permeability OTR coating of thecoating itself can be calculated by using the “lami-nate” equation:[1020]

coateduncoated

coated

coating OTROTR

OTROTROTR uncoated

−

×=

1.4 Factors Affecting Permeability

Permeation. Permeation is the rate at which a gasor vapor passes through a polymeric material. Perme-ation rate can be affected by many factors includingpolymer characteristics, i.e., the chemical make-up ofthe polymer and its physical state, the penetrating gasor vapor, and the environment.[1005]

Polymer Characteristics. Polymer characteris-tics are properties which are affected by molecularorganization of the polymer. Pendent chains, degreeof chain motion, degree of crystallinity, and polar-ity must all be taken to account. Formulation,

processing properties and results, such as the degreeof cross-linking, the presence of additives such as plas-ticizers, and the presence of pinholes and microvoidsalso affect the permeability properties.[2030]

Crystallinity is an important factor because thecrystallites themselves are impermeable. Thus, apermeant must seek out amorphous zones in order topenetrate a material. A lower degree of crystallinityyields greater permeability. The polymer state withthe highest degree of crystallinity provides the leastamount of permeation, thus the better barrier. Increasedmolecular orientation also reduces permeability, in ef-fect making the path to permeate more difficult. Im-proved packing order and increased crystallinity ofthe barrier material increases its density and again,decreases permeability.[1005] A similar effect is ob-served on radiation cross-linking of the material suchas polyethylene.

Inert fillers affect barrier properties. Fillers witha high degree of compatability and adhesion to thepolymer matrix decrease permeability and improvebarrier properties, and vice versa. For those polymersthat must be plasticized or modified to achieve somedesired effect, the alteration tends to make the result-ing material more permeable.[1005] Plasticizers gener-ally increase the permeability of films and the perme-ability will vary with plasticizer content.

Physical interaction between penetrant and bar-rier material such as the formation of hydrogen bondsor the interaction between polar and functional groupsmay slow down the permeation.

Penetrant. Penetrant substances move through thematerial. Permeation depends upon the nature of thepenetrant. The rate of passage of a permeating spe-cies through a polmer matrix is governed by its solu-bility in the polymer and the relationship between thesize of the penetrant molecule and the interstices inthe polymer. The type of penetrant is important sincepolymer characteristics that result in low permeabil-ity to one gas could cause high permeability to an-other gas. For example, highly polar polymers suchas poly(vinyl) alcohol or cellophane, are excellent gasbarriers but poor moisture vapor barriers. Conversely,nonpolar hydrocarbon polymers, although good bar-riers to water vapor, are poor barriers to gases.[1005]

Permanent gases are usually inert toward barrierpolymeric materials and their permeation rates are in-versely proportional to their molecular size. The per-meation of other gases and vapors depends stronglyon the ease of their condensation and on their affinityto the barrier material. A readily soluble penetrantwill produce swelling of the polymer, resulting in an

© Plastics Design Library Introduction

3

increased permeability coefficient. A less soluble pen-etrant will be “blocked” from penetration and the per-meability will not be affected.

Environment. Environment can strongly affectpermeability. Permeation rates are affected by tem-perature, humidity, and pressure.

Temperature. Permeation rates are affected bytemperature, following the classical Arrhenius rela-tionship. According to a common rule of thumb, per-meability increases by 30–50% for every 5°C rise intemperature.[1005]

Temperature affects the transport equation (above)in two ways. The flow of a gas (∆m gas) is directlyaffected by changes in temperature, and the partialpressure difference (∆p) is also affected by tempera-ture. Whenever there is a difference in relative hu-midity between the inside and outside of a film, therewill be a difference in partial pressure from one sideof the barrier layer to the other. Thus, the permeabil-ity coefficient is also a function of the temperatureand a measurement of the permeability coefficient orthe vapor transmission rate is not valid without a ref-erence to the test temperature.[1020]

Solubility coefficients of permanent gases suchas oxygen and sparingly soluble gases and vapors in-crease with increasing temperature, resulting in in-creased permeability. In contrast, solubility coefficientof readily condensable gases and vapors, such as sul-fur dioxide and ammonia, decrease with increasingtemperature, resulting in decreased permeability.

Permeability to water vapor usually increases withincreasing temperature, depending upon the moisturecontent of the barrier material and its nature. Perme-ability to organic vapors generally increases with in-creasing temperature, but is complicated by the swell-ing of the barrier material.

Humidity. Absorbed water has a plasticizing ef-fect on some barrier materials and can lead to increasedpermeability. Polar polymers, typified by cellophaneand poly(vinyl) alcohol, lose their barrier propertieswhen plasticized by water or exposed to high humid-ity. On the other hand, the diffusion of water in somematerials is concentration dependent and the watervapor transmission rate is affected by the relative hu-midity differential. Therefore, the relative humidityof the test environment has to be known to make acorrect interpretation of the permeability measure-ments.

Humidity is critical in the use of cellophane asmeat-wrap where high oxygen transmission is desired.In an environment of < 35% relative humidity, cello-phane is relatively impermeable to oxygen. As the

humidity increases, i.e., when it absorbs water as froma piece of meat, the cellophane becomes swollen andallows the permeation of oxygen.

The same phenomenon is present with a cello-phane-polyethylene laminate. The laminate will showa greater permeability to water vapor when tested withthe cellophane toward the high humidity than whenthe polyethylene is toward the high humidity. Whennext to the moisture, the cellophane absorbs morewater and contributes greater permeability to the lami-nate.

Pressure. Permanent gases at pressures close tostandard obey Henry’s law on proportionality and theirsolubility coefficient is proportional to the partial pres-sure of the gas. As a result, their permeation rates,reduced to unit pressure, are generally independent ofthe pressure.

Henry’s law on proportionality is true for gasesthat become liquid at far from standard temperatureand pressure (1 atm and 0°C, respectively), primarilyair, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. The vapors ofsubstances, such as water and acetone, that are liquidat pressures and temperatures close to standard do notobey Henry’s law.

The permeation rates of sparingly soluble vapors,such as water vapor in polyolefins, may be propor-tional to the vapor pressure differential across the bar-rier wall. The permeation rates of readily soluble pen-etrants that do not obey Henry’s law have a complexrelation to pressure. For these penetrants, test pres-sure must be reported for the permeability data to bevalid.

1.5 Polymers 101

The following explanation and examples weredrawn from “The Macrogalleria” website developedby the Department of Polymer Science at the Univer-sity of Southern Mississippi.[1057]

Polymers generally fall into one of three catego-ries:

• Thermoset. This is a hard and stiff cross-linked material that does not becomemoldable when heated. Rubbers are ther-mosets.

• Thermoplastic. This material can bemolded and shaped when it is heated, of-ten referred to as “plastic.” Most barriermaterials fall into the thermoplastic cat-egory.


4

• Thermoplastic Elastomer. Thermoplas-tic elastomers (TPEs) perform like rub-ber and process like plastic. SpecialtyTPEs often demonstrate barrier proper-ties.

Amorphous and Crystalline. Thermosets andthermoplastics can be categorized as either crystal-line or amorphous. A crystalline polymer is any poly-mer that is arranged in a regular order or pattern. Anamorphous polymer is a polymer whose chains arenot arranged in ordered crystals. However, crystallinepolymers are not entirely crystalline but have two com-ponents: the crystalline portion and the amorphousportion. Thus, the term semi-crystalline can be usedto describe these polymers. The amorphous portionof a crystalline polymer can make up 40–70% of thepolymer. Higher crystallinity generally leads to betterbarrier properties.

1.6 Molecular Design

When a polymer is made by linking only one typeof small molecule, or monomer, together, it is called ahomopolymer. When two different types of monomersare joined in the same polymer chain, the polymer iscalled a copolymer. Two monomers, A and B, can bemade into a copolymer in many different ways.

When the two monomers are arranged in an alter-nating fashion, the polymer is called an alternatingcopolymer:

—A—B—A—B—A—B—A—B—A—B—A—B—A—B—

In a random copolymer, the two monomers mayfollow in any order:

—A—A—B—A—B—B—A—B—A—A—B—B—B—A—

In a block copolymer, all of one type of monomerare grouped together, and all of the other are groupedtogether. A block copolymer can be thought of as twohomopolymers joined together at the ends:

—A—A—A—A—A—A—A—B—B—B—B—B—B—B—

A common block copolymer is poly(styrene-buta-diene-styrene) (SBS) rubber. It is used for the soles ofshoes and for tire treads.

A graft copolymer results when chains of a poly-mer made of monomer B are grafted onto a polymerchain of monomer A:

One kind of graft copolymer is high impact poly-styrene, or HIPS for short. It is a polystyrene back-bone with chains of polybutadiene grafted onto thebackbone. The polystyrene gives the material strength,but the rubbery polybutadiene chains give it resilienceto make it less brittle.

1.7 Elastomers 101

Elastomer means rubber. Some polymers whichare elastomers include polyisoprene or natural rub-ber, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and polyure-thanes. Elastomers are special because they can bestretched to many times their original length, and canreturn to their original shape without permanent de-formation.

To help elastomers bounce back even better ithelps to cross-link them. Cross-linking is the formingof covalent links between the different polymer chains,joining them all into a single networked molecule.Most objects made of rubber contain only one mol-ecule. When the polymer chains are joined together,it is even harder to pull them out of their original po-sitions, causing the polymer to bounce back even bet-ter when stretched.

A thermoplastic elastomer is an elastomer modi-fied to behave like a thermoplastic during processing(melting) and an elastomer during use, or an elastomerin which the molecules are tied together when the rub-ber is being used, but allows the chains to separatewhen being processed.

| |B B| |B B| |B B| |B B| |

—A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A–A—|B|B|B|B|


5

The idea behind thermoplastic elastomers is thenotion of a reversible cross-link. Normal cross-linkedpolymers cannot be reused because they don’t melt.They don’t melt because the cross-links tie all thepolymer chains together, making it impossible for thematerial to flow. Normal cross-links are covalent,chemically bonding the polymer chains together intoone molecule. The reversible cross-link usesnoncovalent, or secondary, interactions between thepolymer chains to bind them together. These interac-tions include hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding.

Through the use of noncovalent interactions toform cross-links, a thermoplastic is created becausethe noncovalent bonds are broken by heating. Thisallows the material to be processed, and most impor-tantly, recycled. When it cools again, the cross-linksreform giving the material rubber-like properties.

2.0 Collected Comparative BarrierProperties of Plastics andElastomers

It is often valuable to understand how a materialperforms when compared to other materials used insimilar applications. For example, will polyethyleneor nylon allow more water vapor to permeate? WillEVOH or PVDC supply less oxygen transmission?With comparative data, trends between and withinmaterial families can be easily studied and broad des-ignations, such as high barrier or low barrier, can be

made. This chapter was created to provide such a re-source.

The following tables and figures detail transmis-sion rates for water vapor, d-limonene, oxygen, andother gases of multiple materials on the same table/figure. From the tables/figures it can be determinedwhich family of material will provide more or lesspermeability when compared to the included materi-als under stated conditions.

The data presented was gathered from many dif-ferent sources including material and product manu-facturers, academic resources, and industry referencetexts, and is provided as a reference guide to deter-mine general trends. Barrier properties, like manyother properties of polymers, are dependent upon amultitude of conditions, including but not limited to:processing conditions, test procedure, film thickness,relative humidity, material structure, and moleculardesign.

The data is presented in the format under which itwas published. Any detail available from the sourcedocument has been included, i.e., test method, tem-perature, relative humidity, and thickness. Many ma-terials are found in multiple comparisons and cautionis recommended when comparing between tables andfigures since testing parameters may not be constantand are not always known. It is recommended the userlook for trends within the table/figure only.

The material chapters that follow offer more de-tailed presentation of each material and will, whereappropriate, refer the user to this chapter for more de-tailed comparative information.


6

Index by Material

Material Location

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS Table 1, Figure 15, Figure 16

Butadiene Rubber, BR Table 5, Table 7

Butyl Rubber, IIR Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Chloroprene Rubber (Neoprene), CR Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Copolyester, PETG Table 1, Figure 8, Figure 9

Cyclic Olefin, COC Figure 1

Epichlorohydrin, ECO Table 7

Epoxy Figure 7

Epoxides Table 3

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer,EPDM

Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Ethylene-vinyl acetate, EVA Table 1

Ethylene-vinyl alcohol, EVOH Table 1, Table 4, Figure 1, Figure 2 ,Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure6, Figure 7, Figure 10, Figure 14,Figure 15

Fluoropolymers, FPM or FKM Table 2, Table 7, Table 9, Figure 1

Hypalon, CSM Table 7

Isoprene Rubber, IR Table 5, Table 7

Liquid-crystal polymer, LCP Table 1, Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3

Low Density Polyethylene, LDPE Table 1, Table 8, Figure 1, Figure 14

High Density Polyethylene, HDPE Table 1, Table 4, Table 8, Figure 1,Figure 4, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure14, Figure 15, Figure 16

Natural Rubber, NR Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Nitrile Table 1, Table 4, Figure 5, Figure 6,Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10

Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, NBR Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Nylon, amorphous Table 4

Nylon 6, PA 6 Table 1, Table 4, Figure 1, Figure 3,Figure 4, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure15, Figure 16

Nylon 66 PA 66 Figure 3

Nylon MXD6 Figure 5, Figure 7, Figure 8,Figure 9, Figure 10

Nylon, modified Figure 6

Oriented Nylon MXD6 Figure 2

Oriented Nylon 6, O-PA 6 Figure 1, Figure 2

Material Location

Parylene Table 3

Polyacrylate, ACM Table 7

Polyacrylonitrile, PAN Figure 15, Figure 16

Polyamide Table 8

Polybutylene Terephthalate, PBT Figure 15, Figure 16

Polycarbonate, PC Figure 15, Figure 16

Polyetherimide, PEI Figure 15, Figure 16

Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET Figure 4, Figure 6, Figure 15,Figure 16

Polyethylene TerephthalatePolyester, PETG Figure 15

Oriented PET, O-PET Figure 1, Figure 2

Polyethylene, Chlorinated, CPE Table 7

Polyethylene, Crosslinked, XPE Table 7

Polyethylene Napthalate, PEN Figure 7

Polypropylene, PPTable 1, Table 2, Figure 4, Figure 8,Figure 9, Figure 14, Figure 15,Figure 16

Oriented Polypropylene, O-PP Figure 1

Polyphenylene Ether, PPE Figure 15, Figure 16

Polystyrene, PS Table 1, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure15, Figure 16

Polycarbonate, PC Table 1, Table 4, Figure 15

Poly(vinyl) chloride, PVC Table 1, Table 2, Table 8, Figure 8,Figure 9, Figure 15, Figure 16

Polyester, PET Table 1, Figure 8, Figure 9

Polyurethane (elastomer) Table 8

Poly(vinylidene) chloride, PVDCTable 1, Table 2, Table 4, Figure 1,Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure6, Figure 10, Figure 17

Silicone, VSi Table 3, Table 7, Figure 16

Styrene Butadiene Rubber, SBR Table 5, Table 6, Table 7

Thiokol Rubber Table 7

Urethane, AU Table 3

Silicone, VSi Table 5, Table 7

Vinyl Acrylic Ethylene, VAE Table 7

Vinylidene Chloride-vinyl ChlorideCopolymer

Table 8


7

Index by Permeant (and Condition) Table 1. Oxygen and Water Vapor[1080]

Table 2. Water Vapor[2015]

• ASTM F1249: 38°C, 90% RH (g/m2 · 24 hrs).

• Key: UltRx 3000, UltRx 2000, SupRx 900, Rx 160, and Cx 130E are Honeywell Aclar Fluoropolymer PCTFE products.

Permeant Location

Carbon Dioxide Table 3, Table 6, Table 8, Table 9

Carbon Dioxide vs. RelativeHumidity

Figure 6

Helium Table 6, Table 9

Hydrogen Table 3, Table 6

d-Limonene Figure 3, Figure 14

DI Water Figure 13

Nitric Acid Figure 12

Nitrogen Table 3, Table 6, Table 8, Table 9

Oxygen Table 1, Table 3, Table 6, Table 8,Table 9, Figure 1, Figure 4, Figure 8,Figure 15

Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Figure 2, Figure 5, Figure 7, Figure 10

Propane Table 6

Toluene Figure 11

Water Vapor Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4,Table 6, Table 9, Figure 1, Figure 4,Figure 9, Figure 16

Permeability

PlasticOxygen

(cc/100 sq in.)Water

(grams/100 sq in.)

Low-DensityPolyethylene (LDPE)

300 - 400 1.0 - 1.5

High-DensityPolyethylene (HDPE)

100 - 200 0.3 - 0.5

Polypropylene (PP) 150 - 200 0.2 - 0.5

Polystyrene (PS) 300 - 400 5 - 10

Polycarbonate (PC) 200 - 300 3 - 8

Nitrile 0.8 3 - 5

Poly(vinyl) chloride(PVC)

5 - 10 0.9 - 2

Polyester (PET) 10 0.9

Copolyester (PETG) 25 1.2

Nylon 6 (PA) 1 - 3 6 - 22

Poly(vinylidene)chloride (PVDC)

0.1 0.01

Ethylene-vinyl alcohol(EVOH) (dry) 0.01 6

Structure MVTR

60 µ PVC/ 45 µ aluminum foil/25 µ oriented polyamide (cold form foil) 0.00

75 µ UltRx 3000 (homopolymer)/200 µ PVC 0.08

51 µ UltRx 2000 (homopolymer)/200 µ PVC 0.11

23 µ SupRx 900 (homopolymer)/200 µ PVC 0.23

15 µ Rx 160 (homopolymer)/200 µ PVC 0.36

90 g/m2 · PVDC/PVC triplex 0.25

60 g/m2 · PVDC/coated PVC 0.50

33 µ Cx 130E (coextrusion)/200 µ PVC 0.78

40 g/m2 · PVDC/coated PVC 0.75

300 µ Polypropylene 1.00

250 µ PVC 3.00


8

Table 4. Moisture Barrier Properties[2022]

* Selar PA 3426: Amorphous Nylon

Table 5. Rubbers [1104]

Table 3. Various Gases and Moisture Vapor2018

Table 6. Relative Permeabilities of Various Rubbers to Gases[1109]

Gas Permeability at 25°C, [cm3 (STP) mil]/(100 in2/day · atm) Moisture Vapor Transmission Polymer

N2 O2 CO2 H2 90% RH, 37°C, (g mil/100 in2 · day) **

Parylene N 7.7 39 214 540 1.5

Parylene C 1.0 7.2 7.7 110 0.21

Parylene D 4.5 32 13 240 0.25

Epoxides 4 5 - 10 8 110 1.79 - 2.38

Silicones — 50,000 300,000 45,000 4.4 - 7.9

Urethanes 80 200 3,000 — 2.4 - 8.7

Polymer

95% RH, 23°C (73°F)

WVTR, (g/100 in2 · day · atm)

Extrudable PVDC 0.3

HDPE 0.3

Selar PA 3426* 2.0

EVOH 4.0

Acrylonitrile Copolymer 5.0

Polycarbonate 6.4

Nylon 6 12.4

Low Permeability

Exxon Chemical Exxpro elastomers Excellent

NR/IR BR/SBR Fair

EPDM Fair

CR Good

NBR Good

Silicone Poor

Polymer H2 He N2 O2 CO2 C3H8 H2O

IIR (Butyls) 7 8 0.3 1 5 14 100

SBR 13 1.7

EPDM 21 5 450

NR 9 23 150 170 2000

NBR 12 10 0.6 2 18

CR 13 1.2 4 26 900


9

Table 7. Impermeability to Gases for Various Rubbers[1114]

Table 8. Permeability to Gases for Various Rubbers[1112]

Table 9. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Helium, Carbon Dioxide, Air, and Water Vapor Through Fluoropolymers

Rubber Impermeability Rubber ImpermeabilityNR Fair VSi Poor/FairIR Fair CSM GoodSBR Fair ACM Fair/GoodIIR Excellent FPM Good/ExcellentBR Fair ECO ExcellentEPDM Fair CPE GoodCR Fair/Good X PE GoodNBR Good VAE GoodT Excellent PNR Good/ExcellentAU Poor/Fair

Gas Permeability (m3/mm/m2/24 hrs) · 10-4, [(ft3/mil/ft2/24 hrs) · 10-4]

Polymer Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

Estane Polyester type 90 Hardness 1.3 (2.6) 0.7 (1.4) 8.0 (18.2)

Vinylidene Chloride-vinyl Chloride Copolymer 0.04 (0.08) -- -- 0.2 (0.41)

Polyvinyl Chloride 2.6 (5.2) -- -- 16.6 (33.6)

Low Density Polyethylene 9.4 (19.1) 3.1 (6.2) 49.4 (100.0)

High Density Polyethylene 12.0 (24.2) 17 (3.4) 133.4 (270.0)

Polyamide 59.8 (121.0) 1.7 (3.4) 133.4 (270.0)

Material Family FLUOROPOLYMERS

Material Grade PTFE PFA FEP ETFE CTFE ECTFE PVDF PVF

Reference Number 1134

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Sample Thickness (mm) 0.1

TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature (°C) 23

Test Method ASTM D1434 for gases, DIN 53122 for water vapor

PERMEABILITY (source document units)

Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · day · bar)

Air 2000 1150 600 175 -- 40 7 50

Oxygen 1500 -- 2900 350 60 100 20 12

Nitrogen 500 -- 1200 120 10 40 30 1

Helium 3500 17000 18000 3700 -- 3500 600 300

Carbon Dioxide 15000 7000 4700 1300 150 400 100 60

Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · day · bar) 5 8 1 2 1 2 7


10

Figure 1: Oxygen and water vapor.[1002]

Figure 2: Comparative oxygen permeability at increasing relative humidity.[1002]


11

Figure 3: Flavor scalping (d-limonene from orange juice).[1002]

Figure 4. Oxygen.[1050]


12

Figure 5. Oxygen vs. relative humidity.[1020]

Figure 6. Carbon dioxide vs. relative humidity.[1020]


13

Figure 7. Oxygen as a function of humidity.[1075]

Figure 8. Oxygen transmission rate.[2003]


14

Figure 9. Water vapor.[2003]

Figure 10. Effect of moisture on oxygen permeability.[2003]


15

Figure 11. Toluene at 80°C.[2004]

Figure 12. Nitric acid at 80°C.[2004]

Mass of permeant leaving outer surface of tube wall (m) vs. timefor the tubes exposed to toluene at 80°C.

*Values for PFA 1 coincide with those of PFA 2

Mass of permeant leaving outer surface of tube wall (m) vs. timefor the tubes exposed to 65% nitric acid at 80°C.


16

Figure 13. DI water at 80°C.[2004]

Mass of permeant leaving outer surface of tube wall (m) vs. timefor the tubes exposed to deionized water at 80°C.

Figure 14. d-Limonene sorption, 20°C.[1021]


17

Figure 15. Oxygen.[1033]


18

Figure 16. Water vapor.[1033]


19

3.0 Processing

Blown Film. Blown film is one of two prime pro-cesses used to fabricate film products. Films are typi-cally defined as less than 0.254 mm (10 mils) in thick-ness, although blown film can be produced as high as0.5 mm (20 mils). The blown film process is used toproduce a wide variety of products, ranging fromsimple monolayer films for bags to very complexmultilayer structures used in food packaging. Co-ex-trusion is also a growing process technology, whichcan provide additional functional, protective, anddecorative properties.[1022] See Fig. 17 for the blownfim process.

The material feed system combines virgin poly-mer with recycled material from edge trim or scrapfilm. The virgin material can be a single componentor blends of two or more polymers. Various additivessuch as slip, antiblock, or pigments can also be blendedinto the feed to the extruder.

polymer exits the die, it is formed into its final dimen-sions and cooled. Stretching the molten polymer isachieved by expanding the bubble using air pressuretrapped inside the bubble. The web is drawn downwith the nip rolls, reducing the film to the target thick-ness.

After collapsing into a flat web, any of severalauxiliary processes can be performed, such as treat-ing, slitting, sealing, or printing. The finished film canbe made into rolls using a winder for later processing,or fed to an in-line bag machine and converted intobags.[1022]

Biaxial Orientation.[1055] Co-Extrusion. Co-ex-trusion combines two or more molten polymer layersinto a composite extruded web or tube which providesfunctional, protective, or decorative properties. Theadvances in co-extrusion equipment technology, thenew polymers introduced, and the market applicationdevelopment have made co-extruded films attractive.Figure 18 illustrates the process for producing bi-axi-ally oriented film.

The co-extrusion process for the manufacture ofbottles and containers in multilayer technology opensup new markets. An increasing demand for blowmolded containers with barrier layers is making itselffelt around the world, not only for packaged food, butalso for cosmetics, chemicals, agro-chemicals, andpharmaceuticals. Multilayer technology produces pre-cise wall thickness for all layers. Figure 19 shows across section of multilayer bottles produced throughco-extrusion.[1054]

Figure 17. Blown film process.[1022]

The extruder is the heart of the blown film pro-cess, this mechanism conveys the polymer into theextruder, melts the polymer, and then creates enoughpressure to push the molten polymer through the die.

The blown film die forms molten polymer fromthe extruder into an annular shape. After the molten Figure 18. Process for producing biaxially oriented film.[1055]


20

In recent years, there has been an increase in thenumber of polymers available for extrusion. There areseveral types of polymers to chose from, with attributessuch as high barriers, selected permeation rates, ad-hesion, high-strength sealants, easy opening (peelable)sealants, low temperature sealants, high hot tack seal-ants, high-tensile strength, high-impact strength, high-tear strength, high modulus, high temperature resis-tance, low temperature impact, high clarity, abrasionresistant, chemical resistant, low taste and odor, highcling, low slip, stabilized, degradable, antistatic,antifog, pigmented, thermoformable, and the list goeson. The performance attributes of polymers will con-tinue to grow as application needs are identified.

When the requirement for specific performanceproperties cannot be met by a single polymer, or evenwith blends of different polymer types extruded in amonolayer film, co-extrusion with a high strengthpolymer can allow significant down-gauging whilemaintaining or improving key properties. Heat-sealpolymers can be incorporated into a film structure toimprove packaging line efficiency or speed. Co-ex-trusion can:

· lower the cost to produce many films byreducing the amount of expensive poly-mer used, increasing the amount of lesscostly polymers, using recycled material,or reducing film thickness

· reduce the number of process operationsrequired when several polymers areneeded to obtain the desired propertiesand allows scrap or trim material to berecycled into the core of the structure.

Calendering. Calendering consists of a series ofcounter-rotating and temperature controlled metallicrolls that convert softened polymer or rubber blendsto a very uniform flat sheet or film at relatively highproduction rates. The polymer is softened or com-pounded using Banbury batch mixers, planetary ex-truders, twin screw compounding extruders, or con-tinuous mixing devices. Softened polymer batches maybe dropped into large two roll mills that condition therubber and allow continuous material flow to a shortbarreled extruder/strainer which filters out contami-nants. The filtered feedstock may then be conveyedin a rope form to the calender where it is formed to itsfinal thickness, finished or embossed, cooled, slit, andpackaged. Finished product thickness is primarily afunction of the gap between two calender rolls. Thecalendering process is generally used to process highlyamorphous elastomeric polymers such as plasticizedPVC and other rubbery materials.[1063]

Cast Film. A typical cast film line uses single-screw extruders to convert a variety of thermoplasticsinto continuous melt streams that are formed by thedies into the film structure. The cast film process in-volves the extrusion of polymer melt through a slot orflat die to form a thin molten sheet, or film. This filmis “pinned” to the surface of a chill roll (typicallywater-cooled and chrome-plated) by a blast of air froman air knife or vacuum box. The film quenches imme-diately and then has its edges slit prior to winding.

Because of the fast quench capabilities, a cast filmgenerally has much better optics than a blown filmand can be produced at higher line speeds. However,it has the disadvantage of higher scrap due to edge-trip, and very little film orientation in the cross-direc-tion.

Cast films are used in a variety of applications,including stretch/cling films, personal care films, bak-ery films, and high clarity films.[1022]

Extrusion Coating and Lamination. In extru-sion coating and lamination, resin is melted and formedinto thin hot film, which is coated onto a moving, flatsubstrate such as paper, paperboard, metal foil, or plas-tic film. The coated substrate then passes between aset of counter-rotating rolls, which press the coatingonto the substrate to ensure complete contact and ad-hesion.

Extrusion laminating, also called sandwich lami-nating, is a process related to extrusion coating. How-ever, in this case, the extrusion coated layer is used asan adhesive layer between two or more substrates. Asecond layer is applied to the extrusion coating while

Figure 19. Cross-section of multilayer bottles producedthrough co-extrusion.[1054]


21

it is still hot and then the sandwich is pressed togetherby pressure rolls. The extrusion coated layer may alsoserve as a moisture barrier.

Substrates that can be coated with polyolefins in-clude paper, paperboard, bi-axially-oriented polypro-pylene (BOPP), bi-axially-oriented nylon (BON),polyester and other plastic films, metal foil, fabrics,and glass fiber mats.[1022]

Injection Molding. Injection molding has beenone of the most important fabrication tools for the plas-tics industry since the reciprocating screw machinewas patented in 1956. Today, it is almost impossibleto do anything without using injection molded parts.Approximately 32% of all plastics are converted us-ing the injection molding process, which provides thecapability to mass-produce intricate parts in a precisemanner. They are used in automotive interior parts,electronic housings, housewares, medical equipment,compact discs, pallets, toys, crates, pails, thin-wallfood containers, promotional drink cups, lids, and milkbottle caps.

The injection molding process involves meltingthe plastic in an extruder and using the extruder screwto inject the plastic into a mold, where it is cooled.Speed and consistency are vital keys to running a suc-cessful injection molding operation, since profit mar-gins are normally below 10%.[1022]

Plasma Polymerization. Plasma polymerizationis a process of depositing high quality permeation bar-rier coatings on plastic substrates. The process allowsfor several layers to be “stacked” forming multilayercoatings. The arrangement of the layers has an effecton the permeation properties. Figure 20 shows a prin-ciple sketch of the processing equipment used for thecoating of flat samples.

After the chamber is evacuated to a pressure ofapproximately 2–10 Pa, suitable gas mixtures are fedinto the back of the quartz tube—the plasma reactor.The gas molecules cross the area of high microwaveintensity and are enhanced to a plasma state, in whichthe gas molecules are fragmented and activated. Theseparticles from the plasma start to react and definitelycross-link on the substrate surface to form a thin layer.The layer formed in this way can display marked dif-ferences from conventional polymers due to the highenergy plasma reactions and can supply completelynew surface properties. All coatings show fundamen-tal properties, such as a high degree of cross-linking,high density, good thermal and chemical resistance,freedom from micropores, and good adhesion to thesubstrate, even to non-polar surfaces. These typicalproperties predestine plasma polymerized coatings forthe use as permeation barriers on plastic substrates.

Figure 20. Sketch of the plant for microwave plasma polymerization.[1074]


22

In general, gas permeation barrier coatings con-sist of SiOx or AlOx structures. Barrier coatings aremost often deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate,polyproplyene and polyethylene films.[1074]

Rotomolding. Rotomolding resins can be moldedin complex shapes and provide good physical proper-ties and surface finish. Many are UV stabilized, avail-able in granule or powder form. Rotomolding appli-cations include toys, large tanks, road barriers andother similar applications.

Rubber. Rubber is compounded, basic ingredi-ents added to make the desired set of properties in afinal rubber product, mixed, and cured to make thefinal product; several different methods can be usedto combine the ingredients.

There are many different classes of ingredientsand each class has many different types of materials.Some rubber products are relatively simple, others,such as tires are quite complicated. After compound-ing, the rubber must be mixed. There are differentways to combine all the different ingredients that gointo making a complete rubber compound.

In order to make something useful out of a rubbercompound, the compound has to be “cured.” Unlikeplastic, which is melted and then forced into a coldmold to be formed into a part, rubber needs to be heatedto a high enough temperature and for a time longenough to cause the chemical reaction called curingto take place. Among the methods of forming a rub-ber part are molding, extruding, and calendering.[1114]

4.0 Markets and Applications forPackaging: Overview

Three categories of materials are generally in-cluded in the term “packaging;” flexible, semirigidand sealants or adhesives. Flexible materials whoseapplication may be lidding, pouches, or bags, includefilms of a thickness equal to or less than 0.127 mm (5mils). Semirigid materials are thicker than 0.127 mm.They are usually formed as sheets from a variety ofmaterials including PVC, PS, acrylics, polyesters,HIPS, HDPE, PP, PAN, and many others. Sealants oradhesives are used to adhere multiple layers together,typically requiring heat and/or pressure.[1061]

4.1 Packaging Materials

Polymeric packaging materials are used to sur-round a package completely, securing contents fromgases and vapors, moisture, and biological effects ofthe outside environment, while providing a pleasingand often decorative appearance. Water vapor and at-mospheric gases if allowed to permeate in or out of apackage can alter the taste, color, and nutritional con-tent of the packaged good. The effects of gas and va-pors on food are complex and comprise a major branchof food science. Consequentially, the following is abrief overview for introductory purpose.

Water Vapor. Many products need to be protectedagainst the gain or loss of moisture. Materials such ascoated cellophane, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-vinylidene chloride, and polyester films are excellentbarriers to water vapor and are used to block the trans-mission of water vapor through film. These materialsare often used on the outside (and inside) layers ofmultilayer films. It should be noted however, that eventhe most impermeable of these films has a measur-able permeability.

Other products such as fresh vegetables need tobreathe so as to avoid condensation of water or thegrowth of mold. Materials such as polyolefinplastomers and certain grades of cellophane are suitedfor these applications.

The rate of water vapor transmission will dependupon the vapor pressure gradient across the film. Drycontents in a humid environment would absorb mois-ture, wet contents in a dry environment would losemoisture, and if the relative humidity inside and out-side the package are equal, there will be no transmis-sion even through the most permeable of films.

Atmospheric Gases. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, andnitrogen within a package often must be controlled. Ifoxygen is allowed into a package, it will break downorganic materials initiating or accelerating the decayprocess. Uncontrolled, this will promote staleness andloss of nutritive value.

In the case of fresh meat, a high rate of oxygentransmission is required to maintain the bright redcolor of meat. To meet this special requirement, spe-cial grades of cellophane, polyethylenes, and nitrileshave been developed to provide the low water vaportransmission needed to avoid drying the meat whileproviding high oxygen transmission to maintain thecolor.


23

This phenomenon of high transmission for oxy-gen combined with low transmission of water seemsparadoxical but is very critical to these specializedneeds. The reverse characteristics apply to nylon andother films that have a relatively high permeability towater vapor but a low permeability to oxygen, nitro-gen and carbon dioxide. Other films have high (or low)transmission rates for all gases, as well as water va-por.

Odors and Flavors. Packaging films are also usedto control the permeation of many organic compoundsthat impart flavor and odor. This protects the packagecontents from either the absorption of unwanted odorsor the loss of volatile flavoring ingredients. Two com-mon flavoring ingredients are d-limonene, a compo-nent in lemon and other citrus flavors, and methyl sali-cylate, used in breath fresheners, wintergreen, and foodflavors. Aromas include: allyl sulfid (garlic), aceticacid (vinegar), ethyl phenyl acetate (soaps and floralfragrances), β-pinene (household cleaners), ethyl ac-etate (food flavorings: citrus, berry, coconut, coffee,chocolate, and honey), and menthol (chewing gum andpeppermint).

The permeation of flavors and odors is difficultto measure quantitatively because they contain manycomponents. Many times, only a simple componentof a flavor is measured if a quantitative value must bedetermined. Another important flavor considerationis commonly called “flavor scalping.” Flavor scalp-ing is the selective absorption of certain flavor con-stituents from the product. Polyolefins are known fla-vor scalpers.

Among good barriers to organic vapors are cello-phane, saran, and vinyl. Cellulose acetate and poly-ethylene are poor odor and flavor barriers unless coatedwith a good barrier material.

4.2 Markets and Applications

Agricultural Chemicals. Fertilizers, insecticides,and herbicides are a few of the chemicals packaged inhigh density polyethylene (HDPE) containers. Multi-layer structures—up to 7—are used to provide rein-forcement as well as additional protection against“pinholing” which often can occur in monolayer struc-tures.

Fluorination, coating the inner surface of the con-tainer with fluorine gas which reacts with the HDPE,provides a chemical resistant and tough inner coat-ing. Fluorination is also applied to the outer skin ofan HDPE container to provide additional shelf life.

Nylon co-extrusions are recommended as a cost ef-fective alternative to fluorine gas treatment.[1085]

Agricultural Films. Advances in polyethylenetechnology for agricultural films have reduced the needfor chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.

The most common types of agricultural films aregreenhouse films, mulch films, and silage films. Green-house films are generally made at very high layflats,as high as 20 meters. As a result, bubble stability isvery important during production. A typical film mightbe made of a blend of LLDPE and LDPE, with addi-tives. A low MI LDPE (0.2) provides the best stabil-ity, but the least favorable clarity. Adding a high MILDPE (2.0) will give better clarity, but less bubblestability. The choice of LLDPE and LDPE also de-pends on equipment capabilities.

Mulch films are used to cover land in preparationfor planting. They are used to reduce water consump-tion from evaporation, reduce weed growth, and im-prove herbicide retention.

Silage films help to maintain the nutritional valueof forage plants such as corn, vegetables, and grassesthat continue to respire after cutting. Silage film helpsto exclude the air so lactic acid fermentation can takeplace, leaving a feed rich in vitamins and carotene.When silage film is used, the feed can keep its nutri-ents for several months, depending on the amount ofair left (the less air, the better). Thus, feed is availablefor use in periods when forage is not available in suf-ficient quantities.[1022]

Bag and IBC Liner Film - Polypropylene. Largepolypropylene (PP) woven bags and intermediate bulkcontainers (IBC) are widely used to pack all types ofmaterial, from powders to granules to liquids. Often,they are equipped with an inner liner to prevent leak-age and/or to protect their contents (for example,against moisture).[1062]

Polypropylene-based blown film is rapidly find-ing its way as inner liners for woven bags, woodenbig boxes, carton octabins, and more. This is becausea PP liner offers exceptional performance at reducedthickness as compared to conventional, polyethylene(PE) solutions. Typically, a PP liner can be up to 30%thinner than its PE counterpart while offering compa-rable mechanical properties.[1062]

Bakery, Convenience Food Items. Orientedpolystyrene (OPS) is present in bakery and other foodproducts which require transparent, resistant, but flex-ible packaging. The food contact agreement of PS isalso an important aspect of the development of thematerial in this segment. A low amount of monomers


24

is an absolute requirement, because of the special na-ture of the processing and its use in contact withfood.[1043]

Caps and Closures. A closure is an access-and-seal device, which attaches to glass, plastic, and metalcontainers. These include tubes, vials, bottles, cans,jars, tumblers, jugs, pails, and drums. The closureworks in conjunction with the container to fulfill twoprimary functions: to provide protection containmentthrough a positive seal, and to provide access andresealability according to varying requirements.

Condiments. Squeeze bottles containing condi-ments, ketchup and mustard in particular, have longbeen a major application for HDPE blow moldedbottles. The bottles have an inner layer of barrier ma-terial, primarily EVOH, but also include nylon to pro-tect the flavor in a shelf-stable, non-refrigerated envi-ronment.[1085]

Consumer Bags and Wraps. Consumer bags andwraps protect products from contamination and dam-age during shipment. Overwraps must offer clarity, toreveal the visual quality of the product, and they mustbe printable.[1022]

Dairy Form Fill Seal (FFS). Extruded polysty-rene sheets with a thickness ranging from 0.7 mm to1.8 mm are used to package a variety of products onForm Fill Seal (FFS) machines. The FFS forms thecontainer, fills the product, and seals the lids on thecontainer in one processing step. Polystyrene is thechoice material for the FFS sheet, because it can bebroken when twisted. Form fill and seal packaging ismore common in Europe but is also used in NorthAmerica.[1043]

Dairy Containers, Food and Non-food Items,Drop Fill Seal (DFS). Thermoformed PS containersare present in many forms: yogurt and cream pots, icecream containers, sour cream and cottage cheese con-tainers, and coffee creamer portions. ThermoformedPS items are generally made by blending polystyreneto obtain flexible and ductile products. This two-stepprocess involves the production of a sheet with a thick-ness ranging from 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm. This means thatat the end of the extrusion line a winding station willproduce a roll. This roll will then be fed to a

Molded plastic closures are divided into twogroups, thermosets and thermoplastics. Thermosetmaterials cannot be recycled once they are molded.Thermoplastic materials can be softened or recycledby heat.[1022]

Chemical Products. Household cleaning suppliesincluding liquid and solid laundry and dishwashingdetergents and similar products for the industrial work-place are the primary chemical products packaged inhigh density polyethylene, HDPE, containers. Thesecontainers usually do not require further barrier pro-tection.[1085]

Compression Film - Polypropylene. Film usedfor packaging of compressed products such as glass,wool, and baby diapers is called compression film. Itsmost important requirement is resistance to elonga-tion under stress, otherwise known as creep resis-tance.[1062]

Figure 21. Access and seal devices.[1043]

Figure 22. Compression film is used for consumer bagsand wraps.


25

thermoforming station. In some cases, the sheet ismade in one factory and the container is thermoformedin another. In other cases, the extrusion andthermoforming can take place in the same factory. Butat the end of the day preformed pots, ready to fill andseal, are delivered for filling.[1043]

Easy-Peel Film. Blending polybutene (PB1) inpolyethylene (PE) results in an immiscible blend whichforms the basis of a peelable seal formulation. An easy-open heat seal base allows for easy acess to contents,and enhances the package appearance before and af-ter opening. With this system, the consumer can peelthe sealed package surfaces apart with a steady evenforce. The strength required to start peeling action (ini-tiation peel strength) is similar to that required through-out the peeling process (propagation peel strength).

Polybutene-1 (PB-1) can be blended with eitherpolyethylene homopolymer or copolymers to form aneasy-open system. High density (HDPE), low density(LDPE), and linear low density (LLDPE) can be com-ponents of the system. Additionally, the newmetallocene polyethylenes (mPE) may also be used.These mPE systems offer enhanced performance (im-proved hot tack, better seal through contaminants, andlow odor) and processing flexibility. The most com-monly used PE copolymer is ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA); however, ethylene acrylic acid (EAA), ethyl-ene methyl acrylate (EMA), and ethylene ethyl acry-late (EEA) may also be used. Minor amounts of a thirdpolyolefin may also be added to modify the perfor-mance properties. Processing aids such as slip andantiblock additives may be used as needed.[1062]

Egg Cartons, Meat/Poultry/Veggie/Fruit Trays.Light but strong, the expanded foam PS trays are amainstay of fresh food packaging in the retail market.Meat and poultry are presented on foam polystyrenetrays either packaged in the store or pre-packaged in acentral location. Fresh products and vegetables are soldon trays and eggs are displayed in foam polystyrenecartons.

Foam sheet is made with crystal polystyrene onlarge specially equipped extrusion lines. The sheet isthen thermoformed into the various trays and cartonsto package all sizes and varieties of fresh food. Thematerial choice depends on the required thickness,density, and rigidity.[1043]

Extrusion Sheet for Consumer Packaging -Polystyrene. The processing units are producingsheets with a width ranging from 200 mm up to 850mm and with a thickness ranging typically from 0.5mm up to 2 mm. This kind of production is made onlarge capacity extrusion lines (more than 1T/h) in or-der to decrease variable costs.

Such lines require a careful setup in order to ad-just winding correctly, stress level, orientation, gloss,etc. If some barrier properties are required, a co-ex-trusion material must be adopted.[1043]

Extrusion Thermoforming for Disposables -Polystyrene. The disposables market in polystyreneis mostly processed through the inline thermoformingtechnology, because the latter is used in the case ofhuge production size, which is mostly the case of thismarket. This inline process consists of extruding asheet of polystyrene through a flat die and then somevariations take place concerning technology:

· Either the sheet is pulled by a mini cal-ender in order not to cool it down toomuch, and then directly fed to a formingstation with off-mold cutting.

· Or the sheet is calendered, sometimes theedges are cut, and then this same sheetis fed to a standard thermoforming unitwith heaters.

The first process is widely used to produce cupsand the second is more widespread for lids and plates.

The inline extrusion thermoforming process is theonly solution to produce objects made out of pure crys-tal polystyrene, as this product cannot be wound up ina roll.[1043]Figure 23. Microscopic dispersion of two phases.


26

Fabric Film Laminates. The absorbent productssector, including disposable baby diapers, femininehygiene products, and adult incontinence materials,along with the medical laminates segment are veryimportant parts of the nonwovens industry. Films usedfor the diaper backsheet have evolved from monolayerpolyethylene film to blends of polyethylene andpolypropylene, to multilayer films. In the 1990s,breathable films were adopted as backsheet materi-als, allowing higher water vapor to pass through thefilm.[1062]

Foam Extrusion Thermoforming for Con-sumer Packaging - Polystyrene. Two main technolo-gies are used today in order to produce thin foamedsheets. This sheet can be either immediatelythermoformed (molten phase thermoforming) or storedin huge rolls for some days and fed into athermoforming unit specially designed to heat foamedsheets. In the second case, there is a post expansionphenomenon, due to the fact that the sheet is reheatedin the oven, causing gas trapped inside polystyrene toexpand.

The gases which are used are usually explosivelike butane or pentane, which need special storing andhandling solutions.

Food Wrap Film. A co-extruded film with tackyskin layers and a polypropylene core layer offers allthe desired properties for this application. Food wrapfilm needs good puncture resistance as well as goodelastic recovery. A co-extruded film based on poly-olefin resin has excellent puncture resistance and goodelastic recovery.

A food wrap film also requires a good degree ofoxygen and water vapor permeability. The co-extrudedsolution combines a good oxygen and water vaportransmission rate which most likely means a longershelf life for products such as fresh meat.[1062]

Geomembranes. Geomembranes are sheet-likestructures, which are commonly used in environmen-tal and water protection applications. These mem-branes are used to prevent the release of gas or odorsinto buildings or into the environment, and also helpto protect groundwater against spoilage with contami-nated water.

Geomembranes are essential in waterproofing ap-plications, helping to protect new construction againstcorrosion or water erosion. They are also used in con-tainment, collection, and conveyance of drinking wa-ter, helping to prevent water loss.[1022]

Heat Resistant Film. Autoclavable BiohazardWaste Disposal Bags and Auto Paint Masking Films.Films manufactured into bags for autoclavable bio-

hazard waste disposal are part of the overall indus-trial trash can liner market used to collect and disposeall types of waste. Autoclavable bags are used for in-fectious and regulated waste, also known as biohaz-ard waste. Biohazard waste products are primarilygenerated by the medical industry (hospitals, nursinghomes, clinics, doctors’ offices, medical labs,etc.).[1062]

Polypropylene based polymers are used to manu-facture masking films and bags, which are used tocover various sections of an automobile during an au-tomotive body repainting process. These maskingfilms act as a paint and temperature shield during aprocess that requires the painted part to pass througha series of baking ovens.[1062]

Heavy Duty Shipping Sacks. Heavy duty ship-ping sack producers manufacture a broad range ofcustom bags and films that must provide moisture andbarrier protection, reinforced strength properties, uni-form gauge control, and impact resistance. As a re-sult, the resins used to produce the bags and films mustbe very robust, providing outstanding performanceover a broad range of conditions.[1022]

Heat-Shrinkable PP Film. Thin, bi-oriented PPshrink films produced using the Double-Bubble tech-nology are widely used as display films for books,videos, toys, sweets, fruits, etc., as monolayer and co-extruded film structures, and skin and core layers.[1062]

Heat Seal Resins. Heat seal resins are key to theproduction of heat sealable co-extruded films. Theyare used extensively in the BOPP market for sealablefilms, lacquered films, and metallized films. These res-ins have been designed to form a seal at a specifictemperature, called the Seal Initiation Temperature(SIT).[1062]

High Clarity LLDPE Film. High clarity poly-ethylene films are often used to package products forretail sale, where the clarity and gloss of the film pro-vide a better display and presentation for the enclosedproduct. These high clarity polyethylene (PE) filmsare predominantly produced from either specialty clar-ity low density PE (LDPE) grades, or metallocene lin-ear low density PEs (LLDPEs).[1062]

High Performance Food and Specialty Films.High performance films are typically used in food andspecialty packaging. Most are composed of a multi-layer structure, and include barrier materials such asethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), nylon, foil,HDPE, or oriented polypropylene (OPP). All poly-ethylene structures may include combinations such asULDPE/LLDPE/ULDPE used in liquid packaging.Polyethylene resins are typically incorporated into the


27

MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging).Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh cutproduce is one of the fastest-growing food packagingsegments. MAP film controls transmission of oxygen,carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Medical Packaging. Most flexible packages formedical devices contain at least one part that is plas-tic film. This film provides a number of functions in apouch: product visibility, puncture resistance,sealability, and peelability.

sealant portion of the structure, or used as a tough-ness layer buried in the structure.

High performance films are often used to pack-age fresh produce, meat and cheese, liquids, dry foods,and frozen foods. Most of these are packaged utiliz-ing form/fill/seal equipment. Other applications in-clude pre-made pouches for bag-in-box applications,clarity films for bread bags, and lamination films. Highperformance films are also used in medical packag-ing.

High performance films are fabricated via a vari-ety of processes, including blown and cast film co-extrusion, or adhesive and/or extrusion lamination ofmonolayer and co-extruded films to barrier sub-strates.[1022]

Industrial Films. When used in industrial films,polyethylene resins can provide desirable moisturebarrier properties, tear strength, and puncture resis-tance. Industrial films made from polyethylene areused in industrial sheet, wrap, and tubing, as well asfabricated industrial liners for shipping containers,steel drums, boxes, cans, tote bins, and truck beds.

The vast majority of industrial films are betweenone and six mils. Because industrial films are cus-tom-made, each product has its own specifica-tions.[1022]

LLDPE/LDPE blends dominate industrial films.LDPE resins with a fractional melt index are the mostcommonly used resins in industrial films, providingthe bubble stability required to make thick films. Acommodity-grade LLDPE resin is added to providethe proper bag toughness.[1022]

Injection Molding for Medical. Injection mold-ing allows for production of high tolerance parts inshort cycle times. Small objects can be produced withvery precise geometry to meet the needs of automaticdiagnostic testing. Multi-cavitity molds are used onhigh speed injection molding machines to producethese petri dishes and assay trays. Hot runners are usedto ensure precise molding and eliminate scrap. Ro-bots are used because of very short cycle time and theneed for hygiene. White rooms are often required toachieve the cleanliness required.[1043]

Juice Packaging. High density polyethylene(HDPE) containers are used with and without barrierlayer. The typical barrier layer when used, is nylon,approximately 0.001 inches co-extruded with theHDPE outer wall of the container.

Gable-top paperboard cartons use EVOH almostexclusively for the barrier required for the packagingof fruit juices.[1085]

The most common material used in device pack-aging is a lamination of polyester and polyethylene,typically 0.0127 mm oriented polyester film, adhe-sively laminated to low-to-medium density polyeth-ylene (0.038–0.051 mm) usually modified with EVAfor better sealability. These films may be sealed toplain or coated DuPont Tyvek®, plain or coated pa-pers, or other films.

A primary requirement of any sterile packagingmaterial is that it provide a bacterial barrier. That is,any film or nonfibrous material must be pin-hole free,and fibrous or porous material must have pores belowa specified size to prevent passage of microorganismsthrough the material.

A barrier to gases or liquids is required for pack-ages containing liquid or volatile substances, or ma-terials that need protection from the environment. Thedegree of barrier required depends upon shelf life re-quirements, and conditions to which the package willbe subjected.

Figure 24. Medical packaging.[1084]


28

Porosity is required for packages that are used inEtO sterilization or autoclaving to allow the steriliz-ing gases to enter and leave the package easily. Poros-ity is not essential for radiation sterilization.[1073]

Pharmaceutical blister packs are another plasticsapplication in the medical marketplace. The use ofthermoformed blisters for the packaging of pharma-ceutical products is a rapidly growing area, displac-ing traditional packaging media such as glass or plas-tic bottles. The ICH (International Conference onHarmonisation of Technical Requirements for Regis-tration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) extendedstability testing requirements for the pharmaceuticalindustry. Testing after a six month storage at ambientconditions, 40°C and 75% RH, is required at a mini-mum, and for full validation, three years of testing atambient conditions is required. The chemical stabil-ity of the contents can be very sensitive to moisture,thus, it is important that moisture penetration be aslow as possible for several years.[2028]

PVC has traditionally been used in this marketfor products requiring little protection from moisturevapor, and PVC/PVDC (Polyvinylidiene chloride) orPVC/ACLAR (Polychlorotrifluoroethylene) for prod-ucts requiring medium or high barrier. These prod-ucts have been selected for their moisture vapor bar-rier, on the flat sheet prior to thermoforming. Cyclicolefin copolymer (COC), a new potential packagingmaterial, has been developed for this market.[2028]

Milk Packaging. The largest food application forhigh density polyethylene (HDPE) containers is milkpackaging produced from homopolymer in a hazycolor. Milk jugs are valued for their ability to be re-cycled. No barrier protection is required in this appli-cation.[1085]

Non-Fusion Shrink Film. Polyethylene (PE)shrink film is often used for the covering of stackedpallets, particularly when pallet stability is crucial. Fre-quently, however, the heat used to shrink the filmcauses the hood to stick to the contents encased within.When the hood is removed, the packaging can be dam-aged and contents may spill. To prevent this problem,a thin non-fusion layer is often co-extruded to the in-side of the shrink film.

Polypropylene (PP) film is an alternative. Polypro-pylene sealing resins are modified to ensure that thefilm sticks to itself (at low seal initiation temperatures)but does not adhere to the PE film (bags, labels, etc.)due to the presence of the polypropylene backbone.

To insure that no delamination occurs between the PP(non-fusion) and the PE (shrinkage) layer one insertsa tie layer that contains a blend of the supersoft PPgrade and a linear low density PE.[1062]

Oriented Polystyrene (OPS) for ConsumerPackaging. Bi-oriented Polystyrene is used mainlyin the consumer packaging area, bakery and other foodproducts which require transparent, resistant but flex-ible packaging. Sheets are produced with an orienta-tion ratio ranging from 2 × 2 to 3 × 3. Most oftenthese sheets (colored or natural) are thermoformed byanother processor. The sheets can be colored by wayof masterbatch, and the formulation includes mainlya GPPS of high molecular weight, mixed with a smallamount of elastomer‚ sometimes blended with an evensmaller amount of HIPS in order to improve tough-ness, and not to decrease clarity.[1043]

Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET, Containers.For carbonated soft drinks, the major application ofPET, as well as edible oils, peanut butter, juices, andisotonic sports drinks, no barrier materials are used.With some other food products, condiments, saladdressings, and dessert toppings, PET does not provideadequate oxygen barrier for a stable shelf like. Forthese applications, multilayer structures with anEVOH barrier layer have been developed.

Beer packaging in PET has generated significantinterest. The single most important limiting factor isthe cost of the PET bottle with the appropriate barrierproperties to prevent flavor scalping, and to provide a3–4 month shelf life for O2 and CO2 barrier.[1085]

Shrink Bundling Film. The shrink bundling filmmarket is dominated by LDPE films, typically blendsof fractional-melt index LDPE and LLDPEs. The mostcommon blends run in the 25% to 50% LLDPE range.Adding more than 50% LLDPE typically results in adramatic reduction in transvierse direction (TD)shrinkage, to the point where shrink performance be-comes unacceptable.[1062]

Stationery Films. Stationery films include appli-cations such as photo albums, sheet protectors, bookcovers, and binders. In recent years, cast polypropy-lene films have made significant in-roads into this ap-plication, in particular, sheet protectors which had beendominated by PVC.[1062]

Stretch/Industrial Collation. Stretch film is aneffective and inexpensive solution for protectingpalletized products through storage and distribu-tion.[1022]


29

Sugar Drinks. Single-serve sugar-based drinksin HDPE bottles are shelf-stable and require no re-frigeration. No barrier materials are used in the sugar-based drink market.[1085]

5.0 Automotive Fuels

Plastics and elastomers are used extensively bythe automotive industry, over 30% of the weight ofmost cars is now polymeric.[1187] Applications includeinterior, exterior and under the hood. Due to the ex-cellent performance of polymeric materials in areassuch as mechanical strength, weight, flexibility, easeof processing and cost, just to name a few, the use ofthese materials is expected to continue to increase.

However, on the environmental front, the regula-tions involving hydrocarbon emissions are becomingmore stringent. The SHED (Sealed House for Evapo-ration) test sets as a target 2 grams of hydrocarbonemissions from the whole car during a 24 hour pe-riod. Components of the fuel circuit are the greatestsource of emissions,[1090] and the fuel circuit consistsprimarily of polymeric components. The use of oxy-gen containing fuels and blends of fuels make the situ-ation more complex since many blends can be moreaggressive than unleaded fuel alone on polymers.[1091]

Methanol content of the fuel influences permeabilitysince methanol contributes to swelling of the poly-mer.[1090]

Nylon 12, polyamide (PA12), is used for most fuelline systems and the continued use of nylon 12 willnot meet the SHED requirements. Other plastic mate-rials have improved barrier properties but are oftenmore expensive. Thus, multilayer tubes are often thesolution to mechanical as well as barrier needs. Mul-tilayer tubes generally consist of a primary inner bar-rier layer to decrease diffusion of the fuel with an outerlayer of nylon 12 to provide mechanical propertiessuch as toughness, flexibility, and impact strength.These layer are often joined with a “tie” layer adhe-sive to prevent delamination.[1093]

Plastics are also used as containers for fuels, pri-marily blow molded containers. The Japanese and Eu-ropean standards set weight loss of gasoline contain-ers at less than 20 g/24 hrs at 40°C and will be re-duced to a standard requirement of 5 g/24 hrs in thefuture.[1094]

The development of new materials and the im-proved permeability of existing materials is a focusof today’s automotive industry and those manufactur-ers and researchers who support the industry. The fol-lowing data is an overview of the permeability of sev-eral materials to automotive fuels designed to showtrends between polymeric families. This chapter is notdesigned to be a comprehensive resource for polymersin automotive applications, rather a supporting chap-ter to present general permeability trends of polymersused in automotive fuel applications. Society of Au-tomotive Engineers (SAE) and the manufacturers ofthe materials continue to remain the best source forspecific needs.

High-Density Polyethylene Fuel Tanks. High-density polyethylene with a high molecular mass hasbeen widely accepted as a material for fuel tanks. Itpermits substantial rationalization on automotive pro-duction lines because of the great scope it allows instyling, the savings in weight that it achieves over itssteel counterparts, the ease with which it can be pro-duced by extrusion blow molding, and assembled inthe vehicle. As compared to steel, polyethylene is notcompletely impermeable to gasoline, but it does notrust.

The permeability to gasoline can be reduced bymore than 90% by fluorinating or sulfonating the fueltanks. Since the thickness of the impermeable fluori-nated or sulfonated layer is of the order of only a fewmicrometers, the fuel tanks retain their high level ofmechanical properties.

Other potential methods of reducing the perme-ability to engine fuels include special surface coat-ings, dispersions, films, modification of the material,and the co-extrusion of composite fuel tanks.

Selected Elastomers, Nylon 12 and Fluoropoly-mers. Table 10 shows permeability to standard ASTMfuels for general purpose and specialty types of VitonFluoroelastomer and several other materials.

Tables 11 and 12 represent permeability on twogrades from over fifty Dyneon fluoroelastomers. Thesegrades were chosen as they are commonly found inautomotive applications. For additional informationon test methods, reproducibility and accuracy see So-ciety of Automotive Engineers, SAE, papers 2000-01-1096 and 2001-01-1126.


30

Table 11. Fuel CE10 and CM15 Through Dyneon FE 5640Q Fluoroelastomer (FKM)

Table 10. Selected Elastomers, Nylon 12, and Fluoropolymers[1110]

* Mathematically normalized to 1 mm thickness using data from test described in ASTM E96-53T

Average Permeation Rate for ASTM Standard Fuels, (g · mm/m2 · days)

90% Fuel C,

Material Fuel C 10% Ethanol 15% Methanol 85% Methanol

NBR (33% ACN) 669 1028 1188 264

HNBR (44% ACN) 230 553 828 211

Fluorosilicone 455 584 635 261

Nylon 12 5.5 24 83 90

Viton GLT 2.6 14 60 149

Viton B70 0.8 7.5 36 55

Viton GFLT 1.8 6.5 14 11

Viton B200 0.7 4.1 12 7.4

Viton GF 0.7 1.1 3.0 0.9

Tefzel ETFE 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.20

Teflon PFA 0.05 0.03 0.13 0.05

Teflon FEP 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Material Family FKM

Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON FE 5640Q, 66% FLUORINE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Fuel CE10 Fuel CM15

Temperature (°C) 23 40

Test Note 45% toluene + 45% isooctane + 10% ethanol 42.5% toluene + 42.5% isooctane +15% methanol

PERMEABILITY (normalized units)

Vapor Permeability(g · mm/m2 · day)

6 43 125


31

Table 12. Fuel CE10 and CM15 Through Dyneon FE 5840Q Fluoroelastomer (FKM)

Figure 25. Fuel CE10 and CM15 through various fluoropolymers at 60°C.[1091]

Material Family FKM

Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON FE 5840Q, 70.2% FLUORINE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Fuel CE10 Fuel CM15


Test Note 45% toluene + 45% isooctane + 10% ethanol 42.5% toluene + 42.5% isooctane +15% methanol


Vapor Permeability(g · mm/m2 · day)

4 12 46


32

Figure 26. Fuel CE10 through various materials at 40°C.[1091]

• Fluoropolymers. Fluoropolymer resinsprovide excellent barriers to perme-ation for automotive fuels. Typical dataindicated that fluoropolymers permeate80–90% less fuel than the equivalent ny-lon 12 hose.[1092]

• Note on Data Interpretation. The follow-ing tables list peak permeation rate andaverage “equilibrium” rate. The peak rateis based on one data point whereas theaverage rate is based on multiple read-ings averaged over time.[1091]

• Standard Test Fuels.[1091]

Fuel C 50% Isooctane/50%Toluene

Oxygenated 90% Fuel C/10%Ethanol

Fuels 90% Fuel C/10%Methyl-t-Butyl Ether

Flex Fuels 85% Fuel C/15%Methanol

50% Fuel C/50%Methanol

15% Fuel C/85%Methanol

• Materials. When possible, common in-dustry designations are used such asFKM for fluoroelastomers, FEP and PFAfor fluorocarbon resins, etc.


33

Table 14. Permeation Rate Summary—As Tested[1091]

Table 13.

Industry Designation Material Name

NBR nitrile rubber

HNBR hydrogenated nitrile

FPM fluororubber

Nylon 12 GM Fuel hose grade, plasticized

FVMQ fluorosilicone

FKM A200 dipolymer A200, 66% fluorine

FKM B70 terpolymer B70, 66% fluorine

FKM GLT tetrapolymer GLT, 65% fluorine

FKM B200 terpolymer B200, 68% fluorine

FKM GF tetrapolymer GF, 70% fluorine

FKM GFLT tetrapolymer GFLT, 67% fluorine

FEP 1000L fluorocarbon resin FEP 100

PFA 1000LP fluorocarbon resin PFA 340

ETFE 1000LZ E-TFE 200

PA polyamide

Average Permeation Rate (g/m2 · day) ASTM E96

Material Fuel C 90% Fuel C10% Ethanol

85% Fuel C15% Methanol


SampleThickness (mm)

NBR (33% ACN) 352 541 625 139 1.9

HNBR (44% CAN) 121 291 436 111 1.9

FVMQ (fluorosilicone) 599 769 836 343 0.76

FKM A200 (66% fluorine) 1.0 9.9 48 73 0.76

FKM B70 (66% fluorine) 1.0 8.8 42 125 0.76

FKM GLT (65% fluorine) 3.4 18 79 196 0.76

FKM B200 (68% fluorine) 0.9 5.4 16 9.7 0.76

FKM GF (70% fluorine) 0.9 1.4 3.9 1.2 0.76

FKM GFLT (67% fluorine) 2.4 8.5 19 14 0.76

FEP 1000L 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.25

PFA 1000LP 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.25

ETFE 1000 LZ 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.25

Nylon 12 4.3 19 65 71 1.27


34

Table 16. Peak Permeation Rate Summary—As Tested[1091]

Table 15. Permeation Rate Summary—Mathematically Normalized to 1 mm Thickness[1091]

Average Permeation Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) ASTM E96




NBR (33% ACN) 669 1028 1188 264

HNBR (44% CAN) 230 553 828 211

FVMQ (fluorosilicone) 455 584 635 261

FKM A200 (66% fluorine) 0.8 7.5 36 55

FKM B70 (66% fluorine) 0.8 6.7 32 95

FKM GLT (65% fluorine) 2.6 14 12 7.4

FKM B200 (68% fluorine) 0.7 4.1 12 7.4

FKM GF (70% fluorine) 0.7 1.1 3.0 0.9

FKM GFLT (67% fluorine) 1.8 6.5 14 11

FEP 1000L 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

PFA 1000LP 0.05 0.03 0.13 0.05

ETFE 1000LZ 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.20

Nylon 12 5.5 24 83 90

Peak Permeation Rate (g/m2 · day) ASTM E96




SampleThickness (mm)

NBR (33% ACN) 638 1072 1273 109 1.9

HNBR (44% CAN) 194 527 748 168 1.9

FVMQ (fluorosilicone) 59785 1128 1404 470 0.76

FKM A200 (66% fluorine) 2.9 13 66 161 0.76

FKM B70 (66% fluorine) 2.8 14 66 329 0.76

FKM GLT (65% fluorine) 6.6 26 127 606 0.76

FKM B200 (68% fluorine) 2.5 7.8 27 17 0.76

FKM GF (70% fluorine) 2.3 2.9 7.9 2.3 0.76

FKM GFLT (67% fluorine) 4.2 11 31 22 0.76

FEP 1000L 0.7 0.5 1 1.1 0.25

PFA 1000LP 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.25

ETFE 1000LZ 0.7 0.6 1.7 1.5 0.25

Nylon 12 6.9 26 79 80 1.27


35

The permeation rate can be influenced by manyfactors. Temperature and fuel content are two of thefactors whose influences can be noted from the fol-lowing data. Permeability could not be “normalized”in this circumstance due to the lack of thickness in-formation. Permeability units for this group are g/100cm2 · day. Total hydrocarbon permeation rate refersto permeation through inside diameter (barrier layer).

• Fuel Tube Construction. 3-layer elasto-meric fuel tubes.[1090]

• NBR. Having acrylonitrile rubber barrierlayer.

• FPM1. Having fluororubber barrierlayer, fluororubbers are copolymerswhose properties depend upon fluorinecontent. With increasing fluorine contentthe resistance to fuel increases and thepermeation rate decreases.

• FPM2. Having fluororubber with chlo-rinated polyethylene barrier layer.

• PA. Having a thin polyamide barrierlayer.

• Fuel Composition.[1090]

FAM A: 50 vol% toluene, 5 vol%ethanol, 30 vol% isooctane, 15vol% diisobutylene.

FAM B: 84.5 vol% FAM A, 0.5vol% water, 15 vol% methanol.

Total permeation can vary depending upon fuelcomposition. The higher the methanol content, thehigher the total permeability for the following condi-tions.

Fuel permeability is temperature dependent asseen in Table 16. Results show an increase in perme-ability across all barrier layers with an increase in tem-perature.

The composition of the permeant is barrier layerdependent.

Table 17. Peak Permeation Rate Summary—Mathematically Normalized to 1 mm Thickness[1091]

Peak Permeation Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) ASTM E96




NBR (33% ACN) 1212 2037 2419 361

HNBR (44% CAN) 369 1001 1421 319

FVMQ (fluorosilicone) 597 857 1067 357

FKM A200 (66% fluorine) 2.2 10 50 122

FKM B70 (66% fluorine) 2.1 11 50 250

FKM GLT (65% fluorine) 5.0 20 97 461

FKM B200 (68% fluorine) 1.9 5.9 21 13

FKM GF (70% fluorine) 1.7 2.2 6.0 1.7

FKM GFLT (67% fluorine) 3.2 8.4 24 17

FEP 1000L 0.18 0.13 0.25 0.28

PFA 1000LP 0.18 0.15 0.38 0.35

ETFE 1000LZ 0.18 0.15 0.43 0.38

Nylon 12 8.8 33 100 102


36

Table 20. Composition of Permeant[1090]

Blow Molded Containers. The barrier perfor-mance of blow molded containers for methanol/gaso-line made from polyethylene (PE) can be enhancedthrough the incorporation of polyamide (PA), modi-fied polyamides (MPA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), andcompatibilizer precursor (CP).[1094]

The barrier properties of MPA or PAPVA blendswith PE are better than those unmodified blends orhompolymer PE.

The permeation rate decreases with increasedmethanol vol%. The barrier properties for methanolare best with PE alone, because the polar methanolmolecules are hard for non-polar PE to absorb. In ad-dition, the polar MPA and MPAPVA absorb methanoleasier than PE. When gasoline is added to the metha-nol, the permeation of the non-polar gasoline throughnon-polar PE amorphous regions is easier than per-meation through polar MPA or MPAPVA crystallineregions.[1094]

Table 19. Permeation Rate at Three Different Temperatures[1090]

Table 18. Permeation Rate of Tested Fuels[1090]

Permeability (g/100 · cm2 · day)

Barrier Layer FAM A FAM A + 10 vol% methanol

FPM1 0.3 1.4

FPM2 0.7 0.8

NBR 7.5 11.4

Tube Construction

FPM 1 FPM 2 NBR PAFuel Temperature

(average value) Permeability (g/100 · cm2 · day)

FAM B 40°C 0.9 0.6 11.8 0.5

FAM B 60°C 2.2 2.0 16.0 0.7

FAM B 80°C 5.1 5.1 21.0 2.9

FAM B % of Permeant

Barrier Layer Diisobutylene Ethanol Isooctane Methanol Toluene

FPM1 5 5 5 24 61

FPM2 4 4 9 22 61

NBR 5 3 9 16 67

PA -- 13 -- 62 25


37

Table 21. Composition of MPA, MPAPVA, and UMPAPVA Blends[1094]

Barrier properties improve as the PVA content in-creases. As the content of CP increases, the degree ofcrystallinity decreases as the lamellar structure im-proves. Adding 30% CP into MPAPVA blends resultsin the best barrier properties.

In all the different compositions of PE/MPAPVAblends, the weight loss of the fuel is within 2 g/24 hrsin the 40°C environment, well below the 5 g/24 hrs at40°C requirement for Japan and Europe.

Acetal. Ticona Celcon® acetal copolymer is anexcellent material for fuel handling applications, in-cluding oxygenated (reformulated) fuels and gasohols.

The fuel permeation rate for an ASTM Fuel Cthrough Celcon acetal standard unfilled grade was lessthan 0.07 gm · mm/hr · m2 over the temperature rangeof 45–80°C.[2002]

Materials PA PVA CP

MPA10 90 10

MPA3PVAa10 67.5 22.5 10

MPA7PVAa10 78.75 11.25 10

MPA15PVAa10 84.375 5.625 10

MPA20 80 20

UMPA3PVAf10 67.5 22.5 10

MPA3PVAf10 67.5 22.5 10

MPA7PVAf10 78.75 11.25 10

MPA15PVAf10 84.375 5.625 10

UMPA3PVAa20 60 20 20

MPA3PVAa20 60 20 20

MPA7PVAa20 70 10 20

MPA15PVAa20 75 5 20

MPA30 70 30

UMPA3PVAa30 67.5 22.5 20

MPA3PVAa30 52.5 17.5 30

MPA7PVAa30 61.25 8.75 30

MPA15PVAa30 65.625 4.375 30


38

Figure 27. Methanol permeation rate with PVAa10.[1094]

Figure 28. Methanol permeation rate with PVAf10.[1094]


39

Figure 29. Methanol permeation rate with PVAa20.[1094]

Figure 30. Methanol permeation rate with PVAa30

.[1094]

Category: Engineering Resin

General Description: Acetal, chemically known aspolyoxymethylene (POM), is a versatile engineeringresin. The chemical composition, regular molecularstructure, and high degree of crystallinity give acetalsexcellent resistance to moisture, gasoline, solvents, andmany other neutral chemicals.[2001]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extrusion(rod, slab, sheeting, small diameter tubing). Parts canbe machined or stamped.[2001]

Applications: Aerosol containers, gas caps, chemicalsprayers, soap dispersers, paint mixing paddles, plumb-ing components, gears, tough and creep resistance hous-ings, and wear surfaces.[2001]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Testresults show that above 10 mil film thickness the

Table 1-01. Cologne, Shampoo, and Hair Spray Through DuPont Delrin Acetal Resin

Material Family ACETAL RESIN

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT DELRIN


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant cologne hair spray shampoo

Penetrant Note various formulations

Temperature (°C) 23 38 23 38 23 38

Relative Humidity (%) 50 50 50


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day)

0.6 4.5 0.8 6.0 2.4 8.5

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day)

0.24 1.77 0.32 2.36 0.95 3.35



0.24 1.77 0.31 2.36 0.94 3.35

permeability of both Ticona Celcon acetal unfilled andglass-reinforced grades are approximately thesame.[2002]

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: DuPontDelrin has good impermeability to many substancesincluding aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated hydro-carbons, alcohol, and esters. Permeability characteris-tics and strength properties of Delrin make it suitablematerial for containers, particularly of the aerosoltype.[2001]

Exceptional resistance to long-term exposure to highhumidity and hot water is a primary reason why TiconaCelcon acetal is so widely used for many plumbingrelated applications. See manufacturer’s literature formore detail.[2002]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 1-01 through 1-06.

Chapter 1

Polyoxymethylene (Acetal)

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 1: Polyoxymethylene (Acetyl)

58




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ethyl alcohol Freon 12 gasoline motor oils

90 70 30 20

Concentration (%) with 10%water

with 30% waterwith 70% Freon 11;

propellantwith 80% Freon 114;

propellant

Temperature (°C) 23 38 23 38 23 38 23 38

Relative Humidity (%) 50 50 50 50



0.25 1.5 7.8 0.2 0.54 0.2 0.42 0.1 0



0.1 0.59 3.07 0.08 0.21 0.08 0.17 0.04 0

Table 1-02. Gasoline, Freon Propellant, Motor Oil, and Ethyl Alcohol Through DuPont Delrin Acetal Resin

Table 1-03. Methyl Salicylate, Nitrogen, Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Toluene, Carbon Dioxide,and Oxygen through DuPont Delrin Acetal Resin




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantmethyl

salicylatenitrogen

(@ 620 kPa)perchloro-ethylene

trichloroethylene toluene carbon dioxide oxygen

Temperature (°C) 23 23 38 23

Relative Humidity (%) 50 50



0.3 0.05 0.2 25 56 0.6

Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day)

37 - 50 12 - 17


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

14.6 - 19.7 4.7 - 6.7


0.12 0.02 0.08 9.84 22.05 0.24

Chapter 1: Polyoxymethylene (Acetyl) © Plastics Design Library

59


Material Supplier/ Grade DUPONT DELRIN


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant mineral oils vegetable oils tar remover road oil remover

Temperature (°C) 23 38 23 38 23 38 23 38




0 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.19


0 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.07



0 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.07

Table 1-04. Mineral Oils, Vegetable Oils, Tar Remover, and Road Oil Remover Through DuPont Delrin AcetalResin

Table 1-05. Air and Oxygen through Ticona Acetal Copolymer Film

Material Family ACETAL COPOLYMER

Material Supplier TICONA

Grade CELCON M90 CELCON M25 CELCON M270 CELCON M90 CELCON M25 CELCON M270

Product Form FILM

Features general purposegrade

high molecularweight

high flow, lowmolecular weight

general purposegrade





Melt Flow Index 9.0 g/10 min. 2.5 g/10 min. 27.0 g/10 min. 9.0 g/10 min. 2.5 g/10 min. 27.0 g/10 min.


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air oxygen



2.2 - 3.2 5.0 - 7.4



0.87 - 1.3 2.0 - 2.9

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 1: Polyoxymethylene (Acetyl)

60

Material Family ACETAL COPOLYMER

Material Supplier TICONA

Grade CELCON M90 CELCON M25 CELCON M270 CELCON M90 CELCON M25 CELCON M270

Product Form FILM

Features general purposegrade



general purposegrade





Melt Flow Index 9.0 g/10 min. 2.5 g/10 min. 27.0 g/10 min. 9.0 g/10 min. 2.5 g/10 min. 27.0 g/10 min.


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen



144 - 174 2.2 - 3.2



56.7 - 68.5 0.87 - 1.3

Table 1-06. Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Through Ticona Acetal Copolymer Film

Chapter 1: Polyoxymethylene (Acetyl) © Plastics Design Library

Category: Nitrile

General Description: Intended primarily for packag-ing use, acrylonitrile-based resins are sometimes calledbarrier resins. AMA is a clear, rubber modified acry-lonitrile with excellent chemical resistance and gasbarrier as well as high modulus or stiffness.[1004] Thepermeability of AMA is dependent upon the presenceor absence of additives as well as the chemical compo-sition with respect to type of nitrile and comono-mer.[1005]

BP Chemicals Barex is an acrylonitrile-methyl acry-late copolymer grafted onto a nitrile rubber. Barex 210and 218 are high barrier, impact modified copolymerresins. Barex 218 contains a high portion of impactmodifier.[2003]

Processing Methods: Thermoforming, film extrusion,sheet extrusion, extrusion blow molding, calendering,injection molding, injection blow molding, injectionstretch blow molding.[2003]

Applications:

• Food Packaging. Processed meats, fish,cheese, spices, sauces, extracts, and juiceconcentrates.

• Medical Packaging. Pharmaceutical,transdermal patches.

• Personal Care. Cosmetic packs, mouth-wash, perfume.[2003]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Barexresins have the lowest oxygen permeability of any plas-tic material used for single layer packages, frequentlyoutperforming multilayer structures containing EVOHand PVDC and doing so at lower costs.

Extended shelf life is most often accomplished by seal-ing in beneficial gases such as nitrogen and carbondioxide while preventing oxygen from entering the pack-age. Barex offers extended shelf life, retention of natu-ral flavors and aromas without flavor scalping.[2003]

Barex resins offer a high barrier to oxygen at alllevels of relative humidity. Barrier performance is,however, negatively impacted by increasing tempera-ture.

See Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plas-tics and Elastomers, for more information.

Permeability to Water Vapor and Other Liquids:Water vapor barrier properties of Barex resins are com-parable to other plastic packaging materials exceptpolyolefins, which are less permeable for water va-por. In applications where exclusion of moisture iscritical, the water vapor barrier of Barex packages canbe enhanced by orientation or lamination to apolyolefin, giving excellent combination of gas andmoisture barrier.[2003]

See Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plas-tics and Elastomers, for more information.

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 2-01 and 2-02, and Graphs 2-01through 2-03.

Chapter 2

Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer (AMA)

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 2: Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer- AMA

62

Table 2-01. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through BP Chemicals Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer

Chapter 2: Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer- AMA © Plastics Design Library

Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/ Trade Name BP CHEMICALS BAREX

Grade 210 218 210 218 210 218 210 218

Features barrierproperties,

impactmodified

barrierproperties, highimpact, impact

modified

barrierproperties,

impactmodified


modified

barrierproperties,

impactmodified


modified

barrierproperties,

impactmodified


modified

Applications packaging


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide water vapor



Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM F1249


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/ 100 in2 · bar · day) 0.8 1.6 0.2 0.4 1.6 1.6

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/ 100 in2 · bar · day) 5.0 7.5


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.32 0.64 0.08 0.16 0.64 0.64

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.99 2.99

63

Table 2-02. Water Vapor and Oxygen vs. Humidity Through BP Chemicals Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl AcrylateCopolymer


Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/Grade BP CHEMICALS BAREX 210 BP CHEMICALS BAREX 218

Features barrier properties, impact modified barrier properties, high impact, impact modified

Applications packaging


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen water vapor oxygen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 22.8 37.8 22.8 37.8


Test Method ASTM D3895 ASTM F1249 ASTM D1434 ASTM F1249


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/ 100 in2 · day bar)

0.8 0.8 1.6

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/ 100 in2 · day bar)

5.5 7.5



0.32 0.32 0.64


2.19 2.99

64

Graph 2-01. Carbon dioxide vs. acrylonitrile content through acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate copolymer.

Graph 2-02. Carbon dioxide and oxygen vs. relative humidity through acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate copolymer.

Chapter 2: Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer- AMA © Plastics Design Library

relative humidity (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2· a

tm . d

ay)

0.1

1.0

10.0

BP Chem. Barex 210Acrylonitrile Copol. (barrier

prop.); penetrant: O2

BP Chem. Barex 210Acrylonitrile Copol. (barrier

prop.); penetrant: CO2

Reference No. 264

acrylon itrile content (w eight % )

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100CO

2 per

mea

bilit

y (c

m3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

0 .1

1 .0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

Acrylonitrile Copol. (film);penetrant: CO2

Acrylonitrile Copol. (film);penetrant: CO2

Reference No. 250

65

Graph 2-03. Oxygen vs. temperature through acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate copolymer.


temperature (°C)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

0

1

2

3

BP Chem. Barex 210Acrylonitrile Copol.(packaging; impact

modified, barrier prop.);penetrant: O2

Reference No. 296

Category: Cellulosic

General Description: Cellulosic plastics are made pri-marily from cellulose acetate. Cellulose is probablythe best known of the cellulosic films.[1052]

Processing Methods: Cellophane is cast through athin slit spinneret into a bath of sulphuric acid to forma film. The cellophane forms a film that is flimsy andopaque. Further treatment including coating with metalor other chemicals, is required to yield a film that istransparent, soft, and plastic. This treatment will alterthe film’s permeability to air and water.[1052]

Applications: Cellulosic film applications in-clude tapes and labels, photographic film, coatings

Chapter 3

Cellulosic

for paper, glass, and plastic. Medical applications forcellulosic films include dialysis membranes.[1052]

Cellophane is the most common food packaging mate-rial after paper and cardboard; over 50% of all twist-wrapped sweets are packaged in cellophane.[1052]

Cellulose acetate is widely used in photographic films,recording tapes, packaging, and matte adhesivetape.[1052]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases and Wa-ter Vapor: Cellophane is considered a high barrierpolymer.


Table 3-01. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through Coated Cellophane Film

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 3: Cellulosic

Material Family CELLULOSIC PLASTIC


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide moisture vapor



PERMEABILITY (source documents units)

Gas Permeability [mol/(m · s · PA) · 1017] 0.1 – 0.16 0.2 – 1.2 1 – 335


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.2 – 0.31 0.4 – 3.4 1.96 – 657

68

Table 3-02. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through Coated Cellophane Film

Chapter 3: Cellulosic © Plastics Design Library

Material Family CELLULOSIC PLASTIC

Product Form FILM




MATERIAL COMPOSITION

Note PVDC coated

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen

Temperature (°C) 40 35 20

Relative Humidity (%) 90 0 65 85 100

Test Method JIS Z0208 JIS Z1707 ASTM D3985



1


0.07 0.26 0.71 2.06



0.03 0.1 0.28 0.81


0.39

Table 3-03. Various Gases Through Cellulose (Cellophane)

Material Family CELLULOSIC


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant helium hydrogen nitrogen oxygen carbondioxide

H2S SO2 H2O



Gas Permeability[cm3 · cm/(cm3 · sec · Hg) · 1010] 0.0005 0.0065 0.0032 0.0021 0.0047 0.0006 0.0017 1900



N/A without thickness

Chapter 4

Fluoropolymer

General Description: Fluoropolymers are a class ofparaffinic thermoplastic polymers where some or allof the hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine. The re-sult is either is a fully fluorinated polymer such asPTFE, FEP, MFA, or PFA, or a partially fluorinatedpolymer such as ECTFE, PCTFE, ETFE, and PVDF.By varying the fluorine content of the polymer, thebalance of mechanical properties and overall cost canbe tailored for different end use applications.[2004]

Fluoropolymers are inert to most chemicals and main-tain their properties when exposed to high tempera-tures. When reinforced with glass fibers, for example,molybdenum disulfide fillers, their generally low me-chanical properties are considerably improved.[1004]

Fluoropolymer products:[2004]

Applications: Protective coatings and linings, extrudedproducts such as monofilament, rod, tubing, wire andcable insulation, pumps, filter cartridges, nonwovenfiber for filter media, and composite laminates.[2004]


Table 4-01. Chlorine Gas Through Fluoroplastic Films

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 4: Fluoropolymer

Material Family FLUOROPLASTIC

Material Type Granular PTFE Fine Powder PTFE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant chlorine gas



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.25 2.25 4.45 0.25 2.25 4.45

PERMEABILITY (source documents units)

Gas Permeability(g/m2 /24 hr)

1.974 0.358 0.255 5.55 0.369 0.289



70

Table 4-02. Chlorine Gas Through Fluoroplastic Films

Table 4-03. Nitric Acid Through Fluoroplastic Films at 25°C

Chapter 4: Fluoropolymer © Plastics Design Library


Material Type FEP PFA ETFE ECTFE PVDF


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant chlorine gas

Temperature (°C ) 25


Sample Thickness (mm) 4.45 0.250 2.250 4.450 0.250 2.250 4.450 4.450 0.250 5.250


Gas Permeability(g/m2 /24 hrs) 0.190 1.605 0.569 0.265 1.164 0.254 0.250 0.199 1.018 0.167



0.846 0.401 1.280 1.179 0.291 0.571 1.112 0.885 0.254 0.877


Material Type Granular PTFE PFA ETFE ECTFE PVDF


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitric acid



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 0.250 2.25 0.250 2.225


Gas Permeability(g/m2/24 hrs) 0.397 0.469 0.035 0.072 0.061 0.344



0.992 0.117 0.787 0.018 0.137 0.086

71

Table 4-04. Nitric Acid Through Fluoroplastic Films at 45°C

Table 4-05. Methylene Chloride Through Fluoroplastic Films at 25°C



Material Type Granular PTFE PFA ETFE ETFE ECTFE ECTFE PVDF PVDF


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitric acid





Gas Permeability(g/m2/24 hrs) 0.395 0.610 1.453 0.037 3.703 0.265



0.099 0.152 0.363 0.083 0.926 0.596


Material Type GranularPTFE

Fine PowderPTFE

PFA ETFE ECTFE PVDF Polypropylene


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methylene chloride





Gas Permeability(g/m2/24 hrs)

3.85 20.6 2.34 33.1 59.5 8.55 504.2


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.962 5.15 0.587 8.275 14.875 2.137 126.05

72

Table 4-06. Methylene Chloride Through Fluoroplastic Films at 45°C

Table 4-07. Phenol Through Fluoroplastic Films at 25°C




Fine PowderPTFE



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methylene chloride






9.08 60.8 10.6 113.6 634.6 36.06 2250





Fine PowderPTFE



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant phenol






0.050 0.084 0.013 0.158 0.067 0.218 0.027



73

Table 4-08. Phenol Through Fluoroplastic Films at 45°C

Table 4-09. Benzene Through Fluoroplastic Films at 25°C



Material Type Granular PTFE ETFE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant benzene





Gas Permeability(g/m2/24hrs) 2.591 0.777 0.0335 5.326 0.118 0.068



0.648 1.748 0.149 1.331 0.266 0.303



Fine PowderPTFE



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant phenol





Gas Permeability(g/m2/24hrs)

0.247 0.991 0.237 1.562 3.394 0.734



74

Table 4-10. Methyl Ethyl Ketone Through Fluoroplastic Films at 25°C



Material Type Granular PTFE ETFE ECTFE PVDF


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methyl ethyl keytone





Gas Permeability(g/m2/24 hrs) 7.726 0.306 0.028 6.882 0.034 0.023 27.6 0.033 482.1 0.168



1.931 0.689 0.125 1.720 0.075 0.102 6.90 0.0742 120.5 0.378

Chapter 5

Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE)

Category: Fluoropolymer

General Description: Ausimont Halar ECTFE is amelt-processible fluoropolymer with a 1:1 alternatingcopolymer structure of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroet-hylene.[2005]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, compression mold-ing, rotomolding, and blow molding.[2005]

Applications:

• Chemical. Diaphragms, protective lin-ings/coatings, pumps, valves, hoods, tankand filter house linings, and non-wovenfiltration fibers.

• Food Processing. Additives, contactwith acidic food and fruit juice process-ing.[2005]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Barrierproperties are 10 to 100 times better than PTFE orFEP to oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine gas, and hy-drochloric acid.[2006]

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Halarfluoropolymer has low permeability to water vapor andvarious other gases. Water vapor permeability mea-sured at 100°F (38°C) and at 90% RH was found to be0.15 g mil/100 in2 in 24 hrs. At elevated surface tem-peratures, Halar has superior moisture vapor imper-meability compared to other fluoropolymers at the sameconditions.[2005]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 5-01 through 5-03 and Graphs 5-01 through 5-05.

Table 5-01. Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through Ausimont Halar ECTFE

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 5: Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer-ECTFE

Material Family ETHYLENE-CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER (ECTFE)

Material Supplier/Grade AUSIMONT HALAR




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen

Temperature (°C) -22 25 66 -20 25 67 -21 25 68

Pressure Gradient (kPa) 1724 3447 6895

Test Method mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems CompanyChemistry Laboratory


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mm/cm2 · kPa · sec)

1.19 x 10-10 1.21 x 10-9 6.58 x 10-9 1.18 x 10-10 1.25 x 10-9 6.65 x 10-9 1.18 x 10-10 1.23 x 10-9 6.74 x 10-9



10.4 106 576 10.3 109 582 10.3 108 590

76

Table 5-02. Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through Ausimont Halar ECTFE

Table 5-03. Oxygen and Ammonia Through Ausimont Halar ECTFE

Chapter 5: Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer-ECTFE © Plastics Design Library






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen

Temperature (°C) 11 25 71 10 25 72 10 25 68

Pressure Gradient (kPa) 1724 1724 1724 3447 3447 3447 6895 6895 6895

Test Method mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems CompanyChemistry Laboratory



5.53 x 10-12 1.29 x 10-11 2.43 x 10-10 5.53 x 10-12 1.49 x 10-11 4.27 x 10-10 6.09 x 10-12 1.43 x 10-11 2.48 x 10-10



0.48 1.13 21.3 0.48 1.3 37.4 0.53 1.25 21.7






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ammonia oxygen

Temperature (°C) -1 25 65 -18 25 55 -15 25 56


Test Method mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems CompanyChemistry Laboratory



3.73 x 10-10 1.29 x 10-9 7.05 x 10-9 5.52 x 10-12 1.16 x 10-10 5.16 x 10-10 5.73 x 10-12 1.1 x 10-10 5.26 x 10-10



32.6 113 617 0.48 10.2 45.2 0.5 9.6 46.0

77

Graph 5-01. Moisture vapor vs. thickness Tthrough Ausimont Halar ECTFE.

Graph 5-02. Moisture vapor vs. temperature through Ausimont Halar ECTFE.


temperature (°C)

30405060708090

MV

TR

(g

· mil/

100

in2

. mm

Hg

· day

)

0.001

0.010

0.100

Ausimont Halar ECTFE;penetrant: moisture vapor

Reference No. 288

sample thickness (mm)

0 1 2 3 4

MV

TR

(g/

100

in2

. day

)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Ausimont Halar ECTFE;penetrant: moisture vapor;∆P=134 mm Hg; 90% RH;

60°C

Reference No. 288

78

Graph 5-03. Carbon dioxide and oxygen through Ausimont Halar ECTFE.

Graph 5-04. Nitrogen and helium vs. temperature through Ausimont Halar ECTFE.

Chapter 5: Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer-ECTFE © Plastics Design Library

temperature (°C)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

10

100

1000

10000Ausimont Halar ECTFE(0.058 mm thick; film);

penetrant: O2

Ausimont Halar ECTFE(0.058 mm thick; film);

penetrant: CO2

Reference No. 288

temperature (°C)

0 30 60 90 120 150

N2,

He

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

101

102

103

104

105


penetrant: N2


penetrant: He

Reference No. 288

79

Graph 5-05. Various gases vs. temperature through Ausimont Halar ECTFE.


temperature (°C)

-30-20-100102030405060708090100110120130

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

m/ c

m2. k

Pa

· sec

)

10-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

Ausimont Halar ECTFE (0.02mm thick); penetrant: H2

Ausimont Halar ECTFE (0.02mm thick); penetrant: N2

Ausimont Halar ECTFE (0.02mm thick); penetrant: O2

Ausimont Halar ECTFE (0.02mm thick); penetrant: NH3

Reference No. 306

Chapter 6

Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE)


General Description: ETFE is a related copolymer toECTFE, consisting of ethylene and tetrafluoroethyl-ene. DuPont Tefzel resins are modified ETFE (ethyl-ene-tetrafluoroethylene) fluoropolymer available aspellets or as powder for rotational molding. Tefzel com-bines superior mechanical toughness with an outstand-ing chemical inertness.[2008]

DuPont T2 Films of Tefzel ETFE represent a familyof patented, uniaxially oriented fluoropolymer films pos-sessing a unique combination of properties. In addi-tion to the benefits of fluoropolymer film, includinghigh temperature capability and chemical resistance,these films have added strength and toughness. Chemi-cal and moisture barrier properties are improved byorientation. ETFE films have unusually high strength.

T2 films are uniaxially oriented in the machine direc-tion.[2007]

Processing Methods: Tefzel, as a thermoplasticpolymer, can be processed by injection molding, com-pression molding, rotational molding, and extrusion.Tefzel film can be heat-sealed, thermoformed,welded, heat-laminated, and coated. Films are uniaxi-ally oriented in the machine direction (tensiled) andheat-toughened.[2007][2008]

Applications: Pressure-sensitive tapes, flexible printedcircuits, liquid pouches, and other applications demand-ing high flex life/crack resistance, exposure to hightemperatures, and wear.


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 6: Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer-ETFE

82

Table 6-01. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, and Water Vapor Through DuPont Tefzel

Table 6-02. Water Vapor Through DuPont Tefzel T2 Film

Chapter 6: Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer-ECTFE © Plastics Design Library

Material Family ETHYLENE-TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER (ETFE)

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEFZEL

Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen helium water vapor


Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM E96



1.65


250 30 100 900



98.4 11.8 39.4 354


0.65

Material Family ETHYLENE-TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLOYMER (ETFE)

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEFZEL T2 FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor


Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · d · mm) 0.3

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in² · d · mil) 0.8


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.3

83

Table 6-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dyneon 6235G ETFE

Table 6-04. Water Vapor Through Dyneon 6235G ETFE

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 6: Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer-ETFE


Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON 6235G


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen

Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80

Test Method DIN 53380 Part 4.1.2




Gas Permeability(cm3 · 100µ m/m2 · day · bar)

666 1550 6020 3790 5870 16100 217 580 1540


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 67 157 610 384 595 1631 22 59 156


Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON 6235G


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor water vapor water vapor


Test Method DIN 53122 Part 2



PERMEABILITY (source document unit)

Vapor Permeability(g · 100µm/m2 · day)

1.03 3.13 26.9


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.10 0.31 2.69

Chapter 7

Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer (FEP)


General Description: FEP, a melt-processible fluoro-carbon, is a copolymer of TFE and hexafluoropropy-lene. FEP and TFE yield similar properties with theexception of TFE’s lower melt viscosity.[1004]

FEP produces a transparent thermoplastic film.[2009]

Processing Methods: FEP resins are processed by con-ventional melt-extrusion techniques and by injection,compression, transfer, and blow-molding processes.Films may be thermoformed, vacuum formed, heat

sealed, heat bonded, welded, metalized, or lami-nated.[2009]

Applications: Applications requiring excellent chemi-cal resistance, superior electrical properties, and highservice temperatures. Release films, tubing, cable in-sulation and jacketing.

Permeability: Low permeability to liquids, gases,moisture, and organic vapors.[2009]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 7-01 through 7-06, and Graphs7-01 through 7-02.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 7: Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer - FEP

Table 7-01. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Through DuPont Fluorocarbon FEP Film

Material Family FLUORINATED ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER (FEP)

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT FEP FLUOROCARBON FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen


Test Method ASTM D1434




Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · 24hrs · atm)

25.9 x 103 34.1 x 103 5.0 x 103 1.6 x 103


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 day · atm) 648 853 125 40

86

Table 7-02. Acetic Acid, Acetone, Benzene, and Carbon Tetrachloride Through DuPont Fluorocarbon FEPFilm

Table 7-03. Ethyl Alcohol, Hexane, and Water Through DuPont Fluorocarbon FEP Film

Chapter 7: Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer - FEP © Plastics Design Library




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant acetic acid acetone benzene carbon tetrachloride


Test Method ASTM E96




Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · day)

(g/100 in2 · day)

6.30.41

14.70.95

9.90.64

4.80.31


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.158 0.368 0.248 0.12




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ethyl alcohol hexane water


Test Method ASTM E 96





10.7 8.7 7.0

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · day)

0.69 0.56 0.4



0.268 0.218 0.175

87

Table 7-04. Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon FEP Copolymer

Table 7-05. Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon FEP Copolymer



Material Supplier/ Grade DUPONT TEFLON




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen

Temperature (°C) -15 25 68 -13 25 67 -16 25 67


Test Method/Test Note mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry

Laboratory


Gas Permeability (cm3 · mm/cm2 · kPa · sec)

9.06 x 10-10 4.41 x 10-9 1.87 x 10-8 9.64 x 10-10 4.35 x 10-9 1.77 x 10-8 8.77 x 10-10 4.4 x 10-9 1.8 x 10-8


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

79.3 386 1637 84.4 381 1550 76.8 385 1576


Material Supplier/ Grade DUPONT TEFLON




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen

Temperature (°C) -9 25 71 -7 25 66 -5 25 68


Test Method mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory



5.06 x 10-11 3.8 x 10-10 3.79 x 10-9 5.64 x 10-11 3.86 x 10-10 3.85 x 10-9 6.39 x 10-11 3.85 x 10-10 3.8 x 10-9



4.4 33.3 332 4.9 33.8 337 5.6 33.7 333

88

Table 7-06. Oxygen and Ammonia vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon FEP Copolymer

Chapter 7: Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer - FEP © Plastics Design Library


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEFLON




TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 0 25 66 -16 25 52 -16 25 53


Test Method/Test Notemass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company

Chemistry Laboratory



3.31 x 10-10 1.15 x 10-9 6.3 x 10-9 1.04 x 10-10 1.33 x 10-9 5.16 x 10-9 1.03 x 10-10 1.15 x 10-9 5.31 x 10-9



29.0 101 552 9.1 116 452 9.0 101 465

89

Graph 7-01. Nitrogen and helium vs. time after retort through FEP copolymer.

Graph 7-02. Gas vs. temperature through FEP copolymer.


temperature (°C)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

N2,

He

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

101

102

103

104

105

FEP (0.048 mm thick;film); penetrant: N2

FEP (0.048 mm thick;film); penetrant: He

Reference No. 288

temperature (°C)

-30-20-100102030405060708090100110120130

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

m/ c

m2. k

Pa

· sec

)

10-12

10-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

DuPont Teflon FEP (0.05mm thick); penetrant: H2

DuPont Teflon FEP (0.05mm thick); penetrant: N2

DuPont Teflon FEP (0.05mm thick); penetrant: O2

DuPont Teflon FEP (0.05mm thick); penetrant: NH3

Reference No. 306

Chapter 8

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin (PFA & MFA)


General Description: PFA is similar to FEP but withhigher temperature resistance.[1004] Ausimont HyflonMFA and PFA are semicrystalline fully-fluorinatedmelt- processible fluoropolymers. Hyflon MFA belongsto the class of PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) having a lowermelting point than standard PFA grades. The uniquechemistry of MFA allows for a very cost competitiveproduct, giving improved economics whenever PFAtype performance is required.[2012]

Hyflon grades are available in different physical formsincluding pellets and powder.

DuPont Teflon resin is available in pellet or powder.

DuPont PFA film is a transparent thermoplasticfilm.[2007]

Processing Methods: Powder coating, sheet lining, ex-truded lining, dual laminate, rotational lining, electro-static coating and rotomolding/rotolining, and liquiddispersions for coating and impregnation.

DuPont PFA film can be heat sealed, thermoformed,vacuum formed, heat bonded, welded, metallized, lami-nated (combined with dozens of other materials), andused as an excellent hot-melt adhesive.[2007]

Applications: Lined and coated processing equipment,vessels and housings, high purity chemical storage andtransport, down-hole components in harsh well envi-ronments.

Permeability: See Collected Comparative BarrierProperties of Plastics and Elastomers for more infor-mation.


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 8: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA & MFA

92

Table 8-02. Oxygen vs. Temperature, R22, and Chlorine Through Ausimont Hyfalon MFA 620

Table 8-01. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor Through DuPont Teflon PFA Film

Chapter 8: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA & MFA © Plastics Design Library

Material Family PERFLUOROALKOXY (PFA)

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEFLON PFA FILM




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen water vapor




Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · 24hrs · atm)

14,000 2,000 6,700


2


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 day · atm) 700 100 335


0.1

Material Family MFA

Material Supplier/Grade AUSIMONT HYFALON MFA 620




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen oxygen oxygen oxygen R22 chlorine

Temperature (°C) 23 23 40 50 10 50

Test Method Swedish Corrosion Institute


Gas Permeability(cc ·mm/m2·24hrs · atm)

300 270 380 540 36 567


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 300 270 380 540 36 567

93

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 8: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA & MFA


Material Supplier/Grade AUSIMONT HYFALON PFA 420



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.05 0.1 0.7

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen R22 chlorine

Temperature (°C) 23 40 50 10 50

Test Method Swedish Corrosion Institute


Gas Permeability(cc · mm/m2· 24 hrs · atm)

380 280 450 570 40 625


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 380 280 450 570 40 625

Table 8-03. Oxygen vs. Temperature, R22, and Chlorine Through Ausimont Hyfalon PFA 420

Table 8-04. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dyneon 6510N PFA


Material Supplier / Grade DYNEON 6510N


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80





Gas Permeability(cm3 · 100µ m/m2 · day · bar)

2740 4910 15100 8650 12600 29400 792 2010 4780



94

Chapter 8: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA & MFA © Plastics Design Library

Table 8-05. Water Vapor Through Dyneon 6510N PFA


Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON 6510N PFA


TEST CONDITIONS







Vapor Permeability (g · 100µ m/m2 · day) 0.223 1.02 12.3


Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.002 0.102 1.23

�

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 9: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene – PCTFE

Chapter 9

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)


General Description: Aclar films are crystal clearfilms made from fluorinated-chlorinated resins thatdemonstrate excellent moisture barrier properties.[2014]

Homopolymer: Aclar Rx series. Copolymers: Aclar22A, 33C, and Cx.

Processing Methods: Through the use of conventionalthermoplastic processing techniques, PCTFE can bemolded as well as extruded into transparent film andsheet,[1004] laminated, heat-sealed, printed thermo-formed, metallized, and sterilized.[2013]

Applications:

• Aclar 11A. Industrial and electronicspackaging.

• Aclar 22A, Rx 160, SupRx 900, UltRx2000 & 3000. Pharmaceutical packaging,and blister packages.

• Aclar 22C. Encapsulating film for cleanroom packaging and electroluminescentlamps.

• Aclar 33C. Military and industrial pack-aging as either a monolayer film or as achemical and moisture barrier in laminatestructures.

• Aclar Cx 130E. Moisture protection.[2014]

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Medium,high and ultrahigh moisture barrier properties are avail-able ranging from 0.78 g/m2/day to 0.08 g/m2/day(without sample thickness these values can not be “nor-malized”). Aclar films have an outstanding ability toprevent the passage of water vapor and liquids provid-ing product protection. Because of it transparency, thesefilms permit inspection viewing of the product whileprotecting the product from moisture.[2013]

See Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plas-tics and Elastomers for more information.

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 9-01 through 9-04 and Graph 9-01.

96

Table 9-01. Water Vapor Through Honeywell Aclar PCTFE Film

Chapter 9: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene – PCTFE © Plastics Design Library

Material Family POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE)

Material Supplier HONEYWELL ACLAR FILM

Grade 11A 11A 11A 22A 22C 22C 33C 33C Rx


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 37.8

Relative Humidity (%) 100

Test Method ASTM F1249


Sample Thickness (mm) 0.015 0.0225 0.05 0.0375 0.05 0.125 0.0187 0.195 0.0007



0.42 0.047 0.42

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.027 0.017 0.008 0.022 0.019 0.007 0.027 0.003


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2· day) 0.0064 0.0060 0.0063 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.008 0.009 0.0003

97




Material Supplier HONEYWELL ACLAR FILM

Grade SupRx UltRx 2000 UltRx 3000


TEST CONDITIONS





MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC



Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 0.26 0.12 0.077

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.017 0.008 0.005



98


Table 9-04. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Honeywell Aclar PCTFE Film

Chapter 9: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene – PCTFE © Plastics Design Library


Material Supplier HONEYWELL ACLAR

Grade 33C 22C 22A

Product Form FILM

Features transparent


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide


Test Note STP conditions



7 16 15 2.5 40 12 2.5 30



2.8 6.3 5.9 1.0 15.7 4.7 1.0 11.8


Material Supplier/Grade HONEYWELL ACLAR FIIM Cx 130E


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 25 30 40 37.8






Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · day) 0.078 0.155 0.51 0.78

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.005 0.01 0.033 0.05



0.0025 0.005 0.0166 0.025

99

Graph 9-01. Effect of temperature on high barrier structures (formed blisters).[2015]


Chapter 10

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)


General Description: PTFE is extremely heat re-sistant and has outstanding chemical resistance.

• DuPont Teflon PTFE. Granular powdersand aqueous dispersions.

• Teflon NXT. Granular powders.[2016]

Processing Methods:

• Teflon PTFE. Compression molding andsintering followed by machining, ram ex-trusion, isostatic molding, and sintering.Surfaces are coated by applying disper-sion and baking.

• Teflon NXT. Same as PTFE with the ad-dition of heat welding and thermo-forming.[2016]

• Dyneon PTFE. Compression molding,skived film.[1128]

Applications: Pipe liners, fittings, valves, pumps, andother components used for transferring aggressive,ultrapure fluids.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: TeflonNX T was developed to provide higher permeation re-sistance, as well as other property improvements.[2016]



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 10: Polytetrafluoroethylene – PTFE

102

Table 10-01. Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon PTFE

Material Family POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen

Temperature (°C) -16 25 68 -17 25 67 -18 25 63





1.7 x 10-9 6.34 x 10-9 1.88 x 10-8 1.63 x 10-9 5.9 x 10-9 1.86 x 10-8 1.59 x 10-9 5.94 x 10-9 1.64 x 10-8



149 555 1646 143 516 1628 139 520 1436

Table 10-02. Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon PTFE






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen

Temperature (°C) -23 25 71 -25 25 70 -23 25 68





9.46 x 10-11 7.87 x 10-10 2.9 x 10-9 8.89 x 10-11 7.88 x 10-10 2.89 x 10-9 9.47 x 10-11 7.84 x 10-10 2.87 x 10-9



8.3 68.9 254 7.8 69 253 8.3 68.6 251

Chapter 10: Polytetrafluoroethylene – PTFE © Plastics Design Library

103

Table 10-03. Oxygen and Ammonia vs. Temperature and Pressure Through DuPont Teflon PTFE






TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) -3 25 63 -17 25 51 -17 25 51


Test Method mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems CompanyChemistry Laboratory



4.71 x 10-10 1.73 x 10-9 8.62 x 10-9 5.27 x 10-10 2.55 x 10-9 5.38 x 10-9 4.55 x 10-10 2.54 x 10-9 5.46 x 10-9



41.2 151 755 46.1 223 471 39.8 222 478


104

Table 10-04. Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through Carbon Filled DuPont Teflon PTFE







Note carbon filled

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen

Temperature (°C) -15 25 68 -11 25 67 -14 25 65






3.95 x 10-9 1.34 x 10-8 3.53 x 10-8 4.51 x 10-9 1.27 x 10-8 3.42 x 10-8 4.17 x 10-9 1.23 x 10-8 3.32 x 10-8



346 1173 3090 395 1112 2994 365 1077 2906


105

Table 10-05. Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through Carbon Filled DuPont Teflon PTFE







Note carbon filled

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen

Temperature (°C) -14 25 68 -17 25 71 -17 25 67






2.5 x 10-10 1.46 x 10-9 5.28 x 10-9 2.34 x 10-10 1.52 x 10-9 5.32 x 10-9 2.34 x 10-10 1.42 x 10-9 4.78 x 10-9



21.9 128 462 20.5 133 466 20.5 124 418


106

Table 10-06. Comparative Permeation Rates for Teflon NXT and Conventional PTFE[2016]

The above information is intentionally published by DuPont without units. For more information contact DuPont.

Table 10-07. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dyneon TFM 1700 PTFE


Vapor Liquid Gas

Permeant

SpecimenThickness

(mm)PTFE Teflon NXT PTFE Teflon NXT PTFE Teflon NXT

1 5.5 2 13 4 -- --

2 1.4 0.1 0.019 0.005 -- --

4 0.08 0.05 0.006 0 -- --

Perchloroethylene

5 0.055 0.050 -- -- -- --

2 3.4 0.2 23.4 0 -- --Hexane

5 0.045 0.015 -- -- -- --

2 36.3 23.3 49.4 34.2 -- --MEK

5 22.6 20.8 35.5 25.2 -- --

HCl (20%) 1 0.4 0.1 -- -- -- --

2 -- -- -- -- 93 1Helium

5 -- -- -- -- 0.18 0.12


Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON TFM 1700


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen oxygen oxygen carbondioxide

carbondioxide

carbondioxide

nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen

Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80





Gas Permeability(cm3 · 200um/m2 · day · bar) 879 1557 3550 2405 3653 6698 316 637 1676



178 316 720 487 740 1358 64 129 340

107

Table 10-08. Water Vapor Through Dyneon TFM 1700 PTFE

Table 10-09. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dyneon TF 1750 PTFE



Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON TFM 1700


TEST CONDITIONS







Vapor Permeability(g · µ m/m2 · day)

0.090 0.348 4.827




Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON TF 1750


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80





Gas Permeability(cm3 · 200 µm/m2 · day · bar)

1259 2054 4685 3551 4982 8490 437 814 2086



108

Table 10-10. Water Vapor Through Dyneon TF 1750 PTFE



Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON TF 1750


TEST CONDITIONS







Vapor Permeability(g · 200µm/m2 · day)

0.085 0.435 6.01

Permeability (normalized units)


Chapter 11

Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)


General Description: PVF is available only in filmform. DuPont Tedlar films are available in clear,translucent, or opaque white film and in several sur-face finishes.[2017]

Table 11-01. Water Vapor, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through PVF

Material Family POLYVINYL FLUORIDE (PVF)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide

Temperature (°C) 37.8 25 25 25





3.0 0.25 11

Gas Permeability(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

1.2 0.10 4.3


3.24

Vapor Transmission Rate(g/day · 100 in2)

1.3



1.2 0.1 4.3


1.3

Applications: Release films for epoxies, phenolics,polyesters and rubber compounds. Printed circuitboards, molded parts, resin overflow containment, re-surfacing of rubber laminating and printing rolls.[2017]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Table 11-01.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 11: Polyvinyl Fluoride – PVF

Chapter 12

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)


General Description: PVDF is a semicrystalline, en-gineering polymer containing fluorine. Some grades aremelt processible. Atofina Kynar is available as gran-ules or powder.[1130] Solvay Solef offers homopolymerswith high crystallinity and copolymers with high flex-ibility.[1131] Ausimont Hylar MP series are homopoly-mers, having high crystallinity, and Hylar FX and FX Hare copolymers.[1132]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, compression mold-ing, injection molding.

Applications: Coatings, piping for ultrahigh puritywater and hot concentrated acids, high purity pharma-ceutical grade chemicals, pumps, tubing, and automo-tive fuel systems.

Permeability: The crystalline content of Kynar pro-vides it with low permeability to gases and fluids.[1130]

Solef has average permeability to small molecules suchas carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water, and nitrousoxide.[1133]


Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 12-01 through 12-06, and Graphs12-01 through 12-08.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 12: Polyvinylidene Fluoride – PVDF

112

Table 12-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Helium, Carbon Dioxide, Air, and Water Vapor Through Atofina Kynar PVDF

Material Family POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)

Material Supplier/Grade ATOFINA KYNAR

Reference number 1134

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen helium carbon dioxide air water vapor


Test Method ASTM D1434 DIN 53122





20 30 600 100 7

Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · day · bar)

2


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.96 2.94 58.8 9.8 0.69


0.196

Chapter 12: Polyvinylidene Fluoride – PVDF © Plastics Design Library

113

Table 12-02. Ammonia, Helium, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Through Solvay Solef PVDF Film


Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY SOLEF

Product Form FILM

Manufacturing Method cast film




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ammonia helium chlorine hydrogen




Gas Permeability(cm3 · N/ m2 · day · bar)

65 850 12 210



6.6 86 1.2 21.3


114

Table 12-03. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor Through Solvay Solef 1008 PVDF Film


Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY SOLEF 1008

Product Form FILM

Features translucent




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen water vapor


Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM E96, proc. E


Vapor Transmission Rate(g/m2 · day)

7.5


70 30 21



7.09 3.04 2.13


0.75


115

Table 12-04. Freon, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Sulfur Dioxide Through Solvay Solef PVDF Film


Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY SOLEF

Product Form FILM

Manufacturing Method cast film




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Freon 12 Freon 114 Freon 115 Freon 318 nitrous oxide hydrogen sulfide sulfur dioxide





6.3 10 4 7 900 60 60



0.16 0.25 0.1 0.18 22.8 1.52 1.52


116

Table 12-05. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through PVDF



TEST CONDITIONS







1.4 9 5.5


0.55 3.5 2.2


2.6


1.0



0.55 3.5 2.2


1.0


117

Table 12-06. Water Vapor, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Atochem Foraflon PVDF Film

Graph 12-01. Moisture vapor vs. thickness through PVDF.


Material Supplier/Grade ATOCHEM FORAFLON

Product Form EXTRUDED FILM

Reference Number 89


Sample Thickness (mm) 0.02 0.028 0.04 0.037 0.034

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen carbon dioxide


Test Method NFH 00044 ISO 2556



34 22 16

Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · day)

140 890



5.18 30.26


0.68 0.62 0.64


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

moi

stur

e va

por

perm

eabi

lity

(g/ 1

00 in

2. d

ay)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

PVDF; penetrant: moisturevapor; ∆P=134 mm Hg;

90% RH; 60°C

Reference No. 288


118

Graph 12-02. Moisture vapor vs. temperature through PVDF.

Graph 12-03. Carbon dioxide vs. thickness through PVDF.

temperature (°C)

35404550556065

MV

TR

(g

· mil/

100

in2

. mm

Hg

· day

)

0.001

0.010

0.100

PVDF; penetrant: moisturevapor

Reference No. 288


0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3

· N/ m

2. b

ar .

day)

0

200

400

600

800


Solvay Solef 1008 PVDF(translucent; film);

penetrant: CO2; 23°C;ASTM D1434

Reference No. 125

119

Graph 12-04. Water vapor vs. thickness through PVDF.

Graph 12-05. Water vapor vs. temperature through PVDF.


0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

wat

er v

apor

tran

smis

sion

(g/

m2. d

ay)

0

30

60

90

120

150

temperature (°C)

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

wat

er v

apor

per

mea

bilit

y (g

/ m2. d

ay)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Solvay Solef 1010 PVDF

(0.5 mm thick, translucent;sheet); penetrant: water

Solvay Solef 1010 PVDF(translucent, 1 mm thick;sheet); penetrant: water

Solvay Solef 1010 PVDF(translucent, 2.0 mm thick;

sheet); penetrant: water

Solvay Solef 1010 PVDF(translucent, 3.0 mm thick;

sheet); penetrant: water

Reference No. 125



penetrant: water vapor;38°C; ASTM E96,

procedure E

Reference No. 125

120

Graph 12-06. Nitrogen and oxygen vs. thickness through PVDF.

Graph 12-07. Gas permeability vs. thickness through PVDF.


0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· N

/ m2. b

ar ·

day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110


0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· N

/ m2. b

ar ·

day)

0

50

100

150

200

250



penetrant: O2; 23°C; ASTMD1434


penetrant: N2; 23°C; ASTMD1434

Reference No. 125


penetrant: H2S; 23°C;ASTM D1434


penetrant: SO2; 23°C;ASTM D1434


penetrant: NH3; 23°C;ASTM D1434

Reference No. 125

121

Graph 12-08. Helium and hydrogen vs. thickness through PVDF.


0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· N

/ m2. b

ar ·

day)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200



penetrant: H2; 23°C; ASTMD1434


penetrant: He; 23°C;ASTM D1434

Reference No. 125

Chapter 13

Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene (HTE)


General Description: HTE is a terpolymer of hexa-fluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and ethyl-ene.[1128]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, co-extrusion, in-jection molding, blow molding, film laminating andcoating.

Applications: Pipe, tube, film, sheet, tank lining.


Table 13-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dyneon 1700 HTE

Material Family HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE, TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, ETHYLENE (HTE)

Material Supplier/Grade DYNEON 1700


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80






801 1540 6990 4270 7400 35900 194 453 2920



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 13: Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene – HTE

124

Table 13-02. Water Vapor Through Dyneon 1700 HTE

Material Family HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE, TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, ETHYLENE (HTE)



TEST CONDITIONS







Vapor Permeability(g · 100µm/m² · day)

1.17 2.56 36.8



Chapter 13: Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene – HTE © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 14

Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, VinylideneFluoride Terpolymer (THV)


General Description: Dyneon THV is a polymer oftetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vi-nylidene fluoride. Advantages include low processingtemperature, ability to bond to elastomers and hydro-carbon-based plastics, flexibility, and optical clarity.These combined advantages create new opportunitiesto make multilayer hoses, tubing, film, sheet, seals,and containers.

Processing Methods: Extrusion, co-extrusion, in-jection molding, blow molding, film laminating andcoating.

Applications: Multilayer hoses, tubing, film, sheet,seals, and containers. These products are used in avariety of markets and applications such as automo-tive (low-permeation fuel systems), chemical process-ing industry, semiconductor, solar energy, polymeroptical fiber and architectural and protective coat-ings.[1128]


Table 14-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Through Dyneon 500 THV

Material Family TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE, VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE TERPOLYMER (THV)


Reference 1128

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 20 40 80 20 40 80 20 40 80





Gas Permeability (cm3 · 100 µ m/m2 · day · bar) 696 1930 13100 2060 5680 29800 217 675 5280


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 71 196 1327 209 575 3019 22 68 535

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 14: Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer – THV

126

Table 14-02. Water Vapor Through Dyneon 500 THV

Material Family TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE, VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE TERPOLYMER (THV)



TEST CONDITIONS







Vapor Permeability (g · 100 µ m/m2 · day) 1.73 7.38 137



Chapter 14: Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer – THV © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 15

Ionomer

Category: Ethylene Acid Copolymer

General Description: DuPont Surlyn ionomer res-ins are crystal clear and are used alone or in combina-tion with other resins.

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extrusion,foaming, thermoformed or used as powder-coating orresin modifier.

Applications: Packaging films and sealants, glass coat-ings, and abrasion resistant surfaces.

Permeability: Although Surlyn resins do not possesshigh gas barrier properties, they can improve the bar-rier properties of structures containing foil or PVDC.In structures of paper/PVDC/Surlyn, the ionomer re-duces the number of pinholes in the extremely thin foilused in flexible packaging. In the case of foil struc-tures, Surlyn again reduces the number of pinholeswhich appear in the brittle PVDC layer when flexed.[279]

Surlyn also improves the barrier of flexible structuresagainst aggressive products and chemicals such asalcohols, sauces, toothpaste, grease, and fruit juices.Each aggressive product should be tested individu-ally at normal exposure conditions. For example, avery aggressive chili pepper/oil mixture could not bepackaged in a composite of foil/Surlyn but instead con-tained in a co-extrusion of nylon/Surlyn.[279]

Surlyn improves the barrier performance of a compan-ion thin PVDC layer by providing the same flex pro-tection as with foil and by improving forming in vacuumpackaging systems. For processed meat and naturalcheese, a forming web of nylon/Surlyn is generallysufficient and replaces nylon/PE.[279]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 15: Ionomer

128

Table 15-01. Oxygen Through DuPont Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer Film

Material Family IONOMER

Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT SURLYN

Grade 1650 1652 1702 1705 F1706 F1801 F1855

Manufacturing Method blown film



Density (g/cm3) 0.950 0.94 0.94 0.950 0.960 0.960 0.960

Melt Flow Index (g/10 min) 1.6 5.0 14.0 5.5 0.7 1.0 1.0


Ion Type zinc

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · day · atm)

220 180 175 170 185 215 295



174 142 138 134 146 170 233

Chapter 15: Ionomer © Plastics Design Library

129

Table 15-02. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through DuPont Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer Film


Material Supplier/TradeName

DUPONT SURLYN

Grade 1601 1603 F1605 1707 F1856 1601 1603 F1605 1707 F1856




Density (g/cm3) 0.94 0.94 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.94 0.94 0.950 0.950 0.950

Melt Flow Index(g/10 min)

1.3 1.7 2.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.8 0.9 1.0



Ion Type sodium

TEST CONDITIONS




0.8 0.65 0.8 0.8 1.2


265 190 200 165 290



209 150 158 130 229


0.63 0.51 0.63 0.63 0.95

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 15: Ionomer

130

Table 15-03. Water Vapor Through DuPont Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer Film


Material Supplier/ Trade Name DUPONT SURLYN

Grade 1650 1652 1702 1705 F1706 F1801 F1855




Density (g/cm3) 0.950 0.94 0.94 0.950 0.960 0.960 0.960

Melt Flow Index (g/10 min) 1.6 5.0 14.0 5.5 0.7 1.0 1.0



Ion Type zinc

TEST CONDITIONS




0.75 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0



0.59 0.47 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.79

Chapter 15: Ionomer © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 16

Parylene

Category: Engineering Resin

General Description: Parylene is the generic namefor members of a unique polymer series. The basicmember of the series, called Parylene N, is poly-para-xylylene, a completely linear, highly crystalline ma-terial.[2018]

Parylene C is produced from the same monomer modi-fied only by the substitution of a chlorine atom for oneof the aromatic hydrogens. Parylene C has a usefulcombination of electrical and physical properties plusa very low permeability to moisture and other corro-sive gases. Along with its ability to provide a true pin-hole free conformal insulation, Parylene C is the mate-rial of choice for coating critical electronic assem-blies.[2018]

Parylene D is produced from the same monomer modi-fied by the substitution of the chlorine atom for two ofthe aromatic hydrogens. Parylene D is similar in prop-erties to Parylene C with the added ability to withstandhigher use temperatures.[2018]

Processing Methods: The Parylene polymers are de-posited from the vapor phase by a process which insome respects resembles vacuum metallizing. Unlikevacuum metallizing, the deposition is not line of sight,and all sides of an object to be encapsulated are uni-formly impinged by the gaseous monomer. Due to theuniqueness of the vapor phase deposition, the Parylenepolymers can be formed as structurally continuous filmsfrom as thin as a fraction of a micrometer to as thickas several mils.[2018]

Applications: Parylene is used as a coating on elec-tronics ranging from advanced military and aerospaceelectronics to general-purpose industrial products,medical devices ranging from silicone tubes to ad-vanced coronary stents, synthetic rubber products rang-ing from medical grade silicone rubber to EPDM.[2018]

Permeability to Oxygen, Other Gases, and WaterVapor: MVTR for Parylene C is superior to almostall polymeric materials. Parylene C and N are resis-tant to permeation by most solvents.[2018]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 16: Parylene

132

Table 16-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, and Water Vapor Through SCS Parylene C Film

Table 16-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, and Water Vapor Through SCS Parylene N Film

Material Family PARYLENE

Material Supplier/Grade SCS PARYLENE N FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide hydrogen water vapor



Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · 24h · atm) 39 7.7 214 540

Gas Permeability (g · mil/100 in2 · day) 1.5


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 15.3 3.03 84 212

Permeability Coefficient (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.59


Material Supplier/Grade SCS PARYLENE C FILM


TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · 24 h · atm) 7.2 1.0 7.7 110



Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.83 0.393 3.03 43


Chapter 16: Parylene © Plastics Design Library

133

Table 16-03. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, and Water Vapor Through SCS Parylene D Film


Material Supplier/Grade SCS PARYLENE D FILM


TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · 24h · atm) 32 4.5 13 240



Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 15.6 1.77 5.1 94


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 16: Parylene

Chapter 17

Nylon Overview

Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermo-plastic

General Description: Nylon is a generic name for afamily of long-chain polyamide engineering thermo-plastics. The nylon family members have recurringamide groups [—CO—NH—] as an integral part ofthe main polymer chain and are named by the numberof carbon atoms in the monomers. Where there are twomonomers, the polymer will carry two numbers (e.g.,nylon 6/6).[1004] Commercial nylons are as follows:nylon 4, nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 6/10, nylon 6/12,nylon 11, and nylon 12.

Nylon films provide a barrier to oxygen, flavors, andaromas.[2019]

Nylons are available in many varieties with ranges ofproperties (see Table 17-01). Sometimes a mix of ny-lons will provide the best solution for a particular ap-plication.

Nylon 6 is the least costly of the nylons and used wherean oxygen barrier is required. It has the best gas andaroma barrier and the least moisture barrier. Nylon 66is used where temperature resistance is needed andnylon 6/66 where co-extrusion compatability is re-quired. In Table 17-01, in descending order, the gasbarrier decreases and moisture barrier increases. Ny-

lon 12 has the best moisture barrier and the poorestgas barrier. A mixture of nylons may provide the bestsolution for a given need.[1080]


Nylon films, while providing a barrier to many gases,aromas, and flavors, are hydroscopic. Commonly, bothoriented and unoriented nylon films are combined withmoisture barrier materials to achieve optimum gas andwater vapor protection.[2019] See Chapter 59,Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films-PVDC CoatedFilms, for more coated nylon film data.

Processing Methods: Extrusion, injection molding,blow molding, rotational molding and, for nylon 6materials, casting or anionic polymerization. Nylon isalso sold as sheet and film.[1004]

Orientation: Orientation improves the inherent bar-rier and mechanical properties of unoriented nylon film.After biaxial orientation, nylon film exhibits a signifi-cant improvement in oxygen and aroma barrier.[2019]

Applications: Typical applications for nylons areautomotive parts, electrical/electronic uses, andpackaging. Nylon’s strength, durability, and barriercharacteristics make it a valuable component in multi-

Nylon Family Member Density Melt Point °F H2O Absorption Max Gas & Aroma Barrier Cost (Relative)

Nylon 6 1.13 428° 9.5% Best 1.0

Nylon 6/66 1.13 400° 9.0% 1.2

Nylon 66 1.14 491° 8.5% 1.3

Nylon 610 1.07 419° 3.3% 1.4

Nylon 612 1.07 410° 3.3% 1.5

Nylon 11 1.04 367° 1.8% 1.8

Nylon 12 1.01 352° 1.6% Poorest 1.7

Table 17-01. Nylon Family Differences[1080]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 17: Nylon Overview

136

layer film. Nylons are combined with polyolefins, foils,and other materials to enhance barrier properties.[2019]

Coated or laminated structures containing nylon canbe heat sealed into pouches or thermoformed to pro-vide cavities into which hot dogs, sliced meats, andcheeses can be positioned for aesthetic display and salesappeal in the supermarket.[2019]

Packaging applications where oriented films performbest utilize either PVDC coatings, laminations to alu-minum foil, polyethylene or ionomer film and/or met-allized structures. Applications include pouch andvacuum brick coffee packages, soft cookies, bag-in-the-box packages, and snack food packages.[2019]

Oriented nylon is also used extensively in non-foodpackaging where migrating gases and odors are con-tained either within the package or prevented from en-tering from the adjacent packages. Examples includemultiwalled bags for shipping materials impregnatedwith petroleum derivatives such as ready-to-light char-

coal briquettes, agricultural and industrial chemicals.Photographic film is also packaged in structures con-taining nylon to afford better protection for the con-tents.[2019]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Graph17-01 shows the oxygen (gas) transmission rate fordifferent nylons, PVDC, and EVAL (EVOH). The gastransmission rate measures how many cubic centime-ters of gas pass through 100 square inches of a 1 mil-thick nylon film in 24 hours at the normal air pressureat sea level with increasing levels of relative humid-ity.[1080]

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Polarmaterials such as alcohols, glycols, and water soften-ers are absorbed by nylons.[1004] All nylons are hygro-scopic. The amount of moisture absorbed will dependupon the ambient humidity and grade of nylon. Nylonparts exposed to the atmosphere take a long time toreach equilibrium moisture conditions.[2019]

Graph 17-01. Comparative oxygen barriers at increasing humidity.

Chapter 17: Nylon Overview © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 18

Amorphous Nylon

Category: Nylon, Polyamide

General Description: DuPont Selar PA is an amor-phous nylon (polyamide) resin that exhibits superiortransparency, good barrier properties to gases, water,solvents and essential oils, and high temperature struc-tural properties.

Blending even low percentages (20%) of Selar PA withnylon 6, nylon 66, and nylon copolymers will result ina product that behaves like an amorphous polymer.These blends retain all of the advantages of the SelarPA resin with some of the mechanical property advan-tages of semicrystalline nylon.

EMS Chemie Grivory G16 and Grivory G21 are amor-phous, partially aromatic nylon copolymers. The out-standing oxygen barrier, particularly in very damp con-ditions, and greater rigidity than nylon 6 (even afterwater absorption) makes Grivory G16 and G21 idealfor direct contact with nonalcoholic foodstuff.[2021]

DuPont has developed a special grade of Selar PA,known as 2072, which is specially designed for blend-ing with EVOH.[2022]

Processing Methods: The Selar PA resin can be pro-cessed by the same blown film, cast film, or cast sheetequipment used with semicrystalline nylons orpolyolefins. Selar PA-nylon 6 blends can be made bydry-blending.

SelarPA 2072 can be tumble-blended with most gradesof ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers.

Grivory G16 and Grivory G21 can be processed byfilm or sheet extrusion, paper coating, injection mold-ing, and injection or extrusion blow molding.[2021]

Applications: The amorphous nylons can be used as amonolayer or as a component of multilayer flexible aswell as rigid packaging. Selar PA is suitable for a vari-ety of packaging applications that require clarity, bar-rier, and processing flexibility. Because of the excel-lent barrier at refrigerated conditions, Selar PA and

Selar PA blends have benefits in meat and cheesepackages, replacing the nylon 6, PVDC, or EVOHbarrier layer.

Grivory G16 and Grivory G21, multilayer or mono-layer, are used in transparent hollow vessels (bottles),packaging films, deep-drawn plates. Grivory G21 isalso particularly effective as an additive for nylon 6and other nylon base resins to improve film proper-ties.[2021]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases, and Wa-ter Vapor: Selar PA is unique in that its gas barrierimproves with increasing relative humidity.

At wet conditions, 95–100% RH, Selar PA is an ex-cellent barrier to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and watervapor. It is equivalent to the EVOH and substantiallybetter than nylon 6 as an oxygen barrier at the samewet conditions.

At 30°C, 80% RH, the following container structureswill provide equivalent oxygen barrier: 1 mil layer ofhigh barrier PVDC or EVOH in a multilayer container,8 mil monolayer of amorphous nylon, or 1.3 mil layerof amorphous nylon in a multilayer structure.

At dry conditions, 0–5% RH, Selar PA is a good bar-rier. At 0% RH, oxygen and carbon dioxide barrierproperties are the same as for nylon 6.

The barrier properties of nylon 6/Selar blends fall be-tween the performance of Selar PA alone and nylon 6.However, as the humidity increases, adding even smallamounts of Selar PA improves the barrier more thanwould be predicted by a straight-line correlation.

Films of Grivory G21 have exceptional oxygen andcarbon dioxide barrier properties, even under high hu-midity conditions. When 15–30% Grivory G21 is mixedwith other nylons, films can be produced with bettertransparency and gas barrier properties.[2021]

Selar PA 2072 can be blended with EVOH (up to40 wt% addition) without compromising the oxygen

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 18: Amorphous Nylon

138

barrier properties of EVOH, especially at high hu-midity.[2022]


Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 18-01 through 18-05 and Graphs18-01 through 18-04.

Table 18-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grivory G16 and Grivory G21 Amorphous Nylon

Material Family AMORPHOUS NYLON

Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRIVORY

Grade G21/G16 G21 G21/G16 G21 G21/G16

Reference Number 2021 307 2021 307 2021

ATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS


EST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen water vapor



Test Method ASTM D3985 DIN 53380 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380 DIN 53122

ERMEABILITY (source document units)


30 30 10 8

Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · day) 7

ERMEABILITY (normalized units)


1.5 1.5 0.5 0.4

Vapor TransmissionRate (g/m2 · day) 0.35

Chapter 18: Amorphous Nylon © Plastics Design Library

139

Table 18-02. Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Through EMS Chemie Grivory G21 Amorphous Nylon

Table 18-03. Carbon Dioxide Through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon


Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRIVORY

Grade G21/G16 G21 G21/G16 G21/G16 G21

Reference Number 2021 307 2021 2021 307



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen



Test Method EMS DIN 53380 EMS DIN 53380 DIN 53380



90 75 40 10 10



4.5 3.8 2.0 0.5 0.5


Material Supplier DUPONT SELAR PA




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide


Relative Humidity (%) 0 – 5 95 – 100 0 – 5 95 – 100


Gas Permeability (cc · mil/100 in2 · day · atm) 5.5 12.2 18.0 9.8


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.16 4.8 7.07 3.85


140


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR PA

Product Form FILM

Features barrier properties


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen

Temperature (°C) 37.8 22.8 22.8



Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mil/100 in2 · day)

1.2

Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day)

4.5 2.8 2.5 1.2



1.8 1.1 0.98 0.47

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day)

0.47

Table 18-05. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon Film


Material Supplier/ Grade DUPONT SELAR PA



TEST CONDITIONS






1.4

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · 25 µ m/m2 · day)

21.7



0.55

Table 18-04. Water Vapor Through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon


141

Graph 18-01. Oxygen vs. temperature through Selar PA and EVOH at 10% RH and 95% RH.[2022]

Graph 18-02. Carbon dioxide vs. temperature through Selar PA and Nylon 6 at 10% RH and 95% RH.[2022]


142


Graph 18-04. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon.

Graph 18-03. Carbon dioxide vs. relative humidity through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon.


0 20 40 60 80 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

0

1

2

3

DuPont Selar PA 3426Amorphous Nylon (1.19

g/cm3 density; transparent,barrier prop.); penetrant:

O2; 23°C

Reference No. 292


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3

· mil/

100

in2

. atm

· da

y)

0.1

1.0

10.0

DuPont Selar PAAmorphous Nylon (barrier

prop.); penetrant: CO2;20°C

Reference No. 264

143


0 10 20 30 40 50

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

0.1

1.0

10.0

DuPont Selar PA 3426Amorphous Nylon (1.19 g/cm3

density; transparent, barrierprop.); penetrant: O2; 80% RH

DuPont Selar PA 3426Amorphous Nylon (1.19 g/cm3

density; transparent, barrierprop.); penetrant: O2; 0% RH

Reference No. 292

Graph 18-05. Oxygen vs. temperature through DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon.


Chapter 19

Nylon 6 – PA 6


General Description: Nylon 6 provides excellent bar-rier to oils and fats and does not absorb or transmitmost flavors. The main deficiencies are processing dif-ficulties and poor water barrier. These factors limit theuse of nylon 6 in packaging.[1080]

EMS Grilon F34 is specifically suited for the produc-tion of biaxially oriented film.

EMS Grilon F50 is specifically suited for use inmonolayer blown films and extrusion blow moldedcontainers.

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extrusion,extrusion coating, blown film, blow molding. Nylonfilms can easily be thermoformed and bi-axiallystretched.

Applications:

• Multilayer Packaging. Food and medical.

• Industrial Containers. Automotive under-hood reservoirs.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Nylon 6demonstrates low oxygen permeability.

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Nylon 6is permeable to water vapor.

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 19-01 through 19-11, and Graph19-01.

Material Family NYLON 6

Material Supplier HONEYWELL PLASTICS CAPRON 8207F TYPE 6 NYLON




TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 0 – 5 95 – 100 0 – 5 95 – 100


Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day · atm)

5 39 15 160


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.97 15.3 5.9 63

Table 19-01. Carbon Dioxide Through Honeywell Plastics Capron 8207F Type 6 Nylon

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 19: Nylon 6 - PA 6

146

Table 19-02. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF Ultramid Nylon 6 Film


Material Supplier Trade Name BASF ULTRAMID

Grade B4 B36 B4 B36 B4 B36

Featuresmoderate flow enhanced clarity,

moderate flowmoderate flow enhanced clarity,

moderate flowmoderate flow enhanced clarity,

moderate flow

Manufacturing Method flat film, tubular film

Reference Number 93


Sample Thickness (mm) 0.02 - 0.1 0.02 - 0.1 0.02 - 0.1

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide water vapor


Relative Humidity (%) 40 0 85%-0% gradient

Test Method DIN 53380 DIN 53122



6 - 7 6 - 7 40 - 45 40 - 45

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · 100µm/m2 · day)

1.5 - 1.6 1.5 - 1.6



0.61 - 0.71 0.61 - 0.71 4.0 - 4.6 4.0 - 4.6


15 - 16 15 - 16

Chapter 19: Nylon 6 - PA 6 © Plastics Design Library

147


Features oriented biaxially oriented


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen helium water vapor





6.62 0.7 116

Gas Permeability(cm3 · 25 µ m/m2 · day · atm)

102.6 10.8 1798


10.2

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · 25 µ m/m2 · day)

158.1



2.61 0.28 45.7


4.02

Table 19-03. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Helium, and Water Vapor Through Oriented Nylon 6


148

Table 19-04. Oxygen Through Oriented and Un-Oriented Nylon 6


Material Supplier/Grade BASF ULTRAMID B4

Features unstretched biaxially stretched unstretched biaxially stretched



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.02 - 0.025 0.02 0.02 - 0.025 0.02

TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 85-0% gradient 40



Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m2 · day)

50 - 80 40 - 60

Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 · day · bar)

25 - 35 12 - 15



0.57 - 0.8 0.24 - 0.3


1.13 - 1.8 0.8 - 1.2

Table 19-05. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through BASF Ultramid B4 Nylon 6 Film



Features oriented unoriented


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 5 23 35



Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.49 1.78 3.3 1.439 5.08 10

Gas Permeability (cm3 · 25 µ m/m2 · day · atm) 7.59 25.59 51.15 22.3 78.74 154.9


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.19 0.7 1.3 0.57 2 3.9

149

Table 19-06. Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Through Honeywell Capran 6


Material Supplier/Grade HONEYWELL CAPRAN 6

Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide

Temperature (°C) 0 23 23 50 0 23 50 0 23 50




Gas Permeability (cm3/100 in2 · day · atm)

0.5 2.6 3.2 14 0.2 0.9 12 0.6 4.7 44



0.2 1.02 0.94 5.5 0.08 0.35 4.7 0.24 1.8 17.3


150


Material Supplier/Trade Name HONEYWELL CAPRAN

Product Form FILM

Reference Number 284 296



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen oxygen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 37.8 23 22.8 37.8


Test Method pouch method permeability cell ASTM D1434 ASTM F1249




295 - 310

Vapor Transmission Rate (g/day · 100 in2)

19 - 20

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mil/ 100 in2 · bar · day)

23

Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 · day)

40.3

Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/ 100 in2 · bar · day)

3

Gas Permeability (cm3/100 in2 · day · atm)

2.6



1.02 1.2


7.5 - 7.9 9.2

Table 19-07. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through Honeywell Capran 6 Film


151

Table 19-08. Water Vapor Through Honeywell Capran Nylon 6 Film


Material Supplier/Grade HONEYWELL CAPRAN

Product Form FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.019 0.0254 0.019 0.019

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 37.8


Test Note pouch method



0.8 0.6 24-26 19-20



0.24 0.24 7.1 - 7.7 5.6 - 5.9


Product Form FILM



TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 37.8 22.8 22.8




25


4.7 8.0 3.6 7.0



1.8 3.2 1.4 2.8


9.8

Table 19-09. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Through Nylon 6 Film


152


Material Supplier/Grade EMS GRILON F 34




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 23 --

Relative Humidity (%) 0 85 0 0 --



Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 · day · bar) 25 100 65 10

Gas Permeability (g/m2 · day) 20


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.26 5.05 3.28 0.50

Permeability Coefficient (g · mm/m2 · day) 1

Table 19-10. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Grilon F 34 Type 6 Nylon


153

Table 19-11. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Grilon F 50 Type 6 Nylon


Material Supplier EMS GRILON F 50




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 23 23 23 --

Relative Humidity (%) 0 85 0 85 0 --

Test Method ASTM D3985 EMS DIN 53380 DIN 53122


Gas Permeability (cm3 · / m2 · day · bar) 25 70 80 250 10

Gas Permeability (g/m2 · day) 20


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.26 3.53 4.04 12.6 0.50

Gas Permeability (g · mm/m2 · day) 1


154

Graph 19-01. Carbon dioxide vs. temperature through Selar PA and Nylon 6 at 10% RH and 95% RH.[2022]


Chapter 20

Nylon 66 – PA 66


General Description: Nylon 6,6, hexamethylene di-amine adipic acid, is one of the most widely used ny-lons.[1004] DuPont Canada Dartek films are made fromNylon 6,6, and, depending upon grade can be: trans-parent, PVDC coated, high barrier properties, treatedfor ink, adhesive and coating receptivity, machine di-rection oriented tape or monoaxially oriented.[2023]

• Dartek F-101. A clear, cast nylon filmdesigned for thermoforming applications.

• Dartek N-201. A nylon film made fromtype 66 polymer.

• Dartek O-401. A machine-direction ori-ented nylon type 66 film.

• Dartek UF-410. A monoaxially orientednylon 66 film with good “slip” character-istics.

• Dartek B-602. A strong transparent ny-lon film with PVDC coating applied toone side.

• DuPont Zytel. A nylon 66 resin.[2024]

See Ch. 59, Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films-PVDC Coated Films, for more coated nylon 66 filmdata.

Processing Methods:

• Dartek. Depending upon grade, can beprinted, laminated, extrusion coated,thermoformed, and metallized.[2023]

• Zytel. Injection molding, extrusion:shapes and films.[2024]

Applications:

• Dartek. Assorted shapes for packagingmeat and cheese, industrial end uses,pouch and primal bag, stiff packages,snacks, condiments, shredded cheese,and coffee.[2023]

• Zytel. Food packaging, potable water andelectrical applications.[2024]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases:

• Dartek B-602. Specially formulated foruse in high humidity.

• Dartek N-201. Low permeability to oxy-gen and odor.

• Dartek O-401. Gas permeability im-proved due to orientation

• Dartek UF-410. Excellent gas bar-rier.[2023]

• Zytel. An excellent barrier to some gases,including most Freon gases.[2024]

Permeability to Water and Other Liquids:

• Dartek B-602. Specially formulated foruse in high humidity.

• Dartek N-201. Barrier to oils andgrease.[2023]

• Zytel. An excellent barrier to fuels andlubricants.[2024]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 20: Nylon 66 – PA 66

156

Table 20-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Canada Dartek F-101 and N-201


Material Supplier DUPONT CANADA DARTEK

Grade F-101 N-201




TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method ASTM D1434 Honeywell MVTR ASTM D1434 ASTM E398


Gas Permeability (cc/100 in2 · 24 hr)

3.5 3.5

(cc/m2 · 24 hr) 54.3 54.3

Vapor Permeability (g/100 in2 · 24 hr)

19 19

(g/m2 · 24 hr) 295 295



1.36 1.36

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · 24 hr)

7.4 7.4

Chapter 20: Nylon 66 – PA 66 © Plastics Design Library

157

Table 20-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Canada Dartek O-401 and U-401


Material Supplier DUPONT CANADA DARTEK O-401 and U-401




TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method ASTM D1434 Honeywell MVTR


Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · 24 hr) 2.5 5.0 0.7

(cc/m2 · 24 hr) 39 77 11

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · 24 hr) 9.5

(g/m2 · 24 hr) 145



0.585 1.155 0.165

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · 24 hr)

2.2


158


Material Supplier/Grade BASF ULTRAMID A5

Features low flow

Manufacturing Method flat film tubular film flat film tubular film flat film tubular film

Reference Number 93


Sample Thickness (mm) 0.02 - 0.1

TEST CONDITIONS






Gas Permeability(cm3 · 100 µ m/m2 · day · bar)

6 - 7 3 - 4 45 30


11 - 12 8



0.61 - 0.71 0.3 - 0.41 4.6 3.0


1.1 - 1.2 0.8

Table 20-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF Ultramid A5 Nylon 66 Film


159

Table 20-04. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through BASF Ultramid A5 Nylon 66 Film


Material Supplier/Grade BASF ULTRAMID A5

Manufacturing Method blown film blown film




TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 85-0% gradient 40




30


15



0.76


1.5


160

Table 20-05. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Helium, and Water Vapor Through DuPont Zytel 42 Nylon 66Film


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT ZYTEL 42

Product Form FILM

Features low flow

Reference Number 68

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen helium





2 9 0.7 150

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day · atm)

1.0 20



0.79 3.5 0.28 59.1


0.39 7.9


161

Table 20-06. Liquids Through DuPont Zytel 42 Nylon 66 Bottles


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT ZYTEL 42

Product Form BOTTLES

Features low flow

Reference Number 68



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant kerosene methylsalicylate

motor oils toluene ASTM Fuel OilB

water carbontetrachloride

naphtha

Concentration (%) VMPnaphtha

Penetrant Note SAE 10 isooctane andtoluene blend



0.08 0.2 1.2 - 2.4 2.0 2.4


0.2 0.5 3 - 6 5 6



0.08 0.2 1.2 - 2.4 2 2.4


Chapter 21

Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66


General Description: BASF and Honeywell Plas-tics offer materials combining the benefits of both PA6 and PA 66. Through the combination of propertiesof both polymers, together with the addition of a heatstabilizer system, specific grades can be tailor made

to meet the requirements of applications in respect ofthe level of heat, barrier, toughness, and puncture re-sistance, as well as greater productivity and superiorability to thermoform.[2025]


Table 21-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Through BASF Ultramid C Nylon 6/66 Film

Material Family NYLON 6/66

Material Supplier/Grade BASF ULTRAMID C35

Features moderate to high flow

Manufacturing Method flat film, tubular film

Reference Number 93


Sample Thickness (mm) 0.02 - 0.1

TEST CONDITIONS







8 - 9 40 - 45


15 - 18



0.81 - 0.91 4.0 - 4.6


1.5 - 1.8

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 21: Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66

164

Table 21-02. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Honeywell Capron Nylon 6/66Film


Material Supplier/Trade Name HONEYWELL CAPRAN

Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen

Temperature (°C) 37.8 23

Relative Humidity (%) 90 0 (dry) 90 (wet) dry

Test Method cup method ASTM D3985 permeability cell ASTM D1435; Dow Cell



341


37.2 232.5 113.2 7.75



0.94 5.91 2.88 0.2


8.7

Table 21-03. Air Conditioning Refrigerant Loss Through Nylon 6/66 Copolymer Tubes




Sample Thickness (mm) 1

Sample Length (mm) 305

Sample Inside Diameter (mm) 15.9

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Freon 12 HCFCX-134a HCFC-22/HCFC-124 HFC-152a

Penetrant Note air conditioning refrigerant @ saturated vapor pressure air conditioning refrigerant, ternary blend @ saturated vapor pressure


Test Note calculated from permeation coefficient data


Permeation Loss (lb/ft-yr) 0.067 0.077 0.178

Chapter 21: Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66 © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 22

Nylon 6/12 – PA 6/12


General Description:

• EMS Chemie Grilon CF 85. A nyloncopolymer specially developed for themanufacture of co-extruded blown andcast films. Grilon CF 85 is extremely ef-fective at reducing curl in asymmetric co-extruded film structures.[2021]

• Grilon CA 6E. A nylon copolymer de-veloped for film co-extrusion. This prod-uct is not warm water extracted, and con-tains a relatively high (3 – 5%) fractionof low molecular weight components.The advantage of this copolyamide is itslow melt temperature, high flexibility,and high shrinkage after orientation.[2021]

• Grilon CF 6S. A nylon film grade resinfor use in multilayer blown and cast filmsand is particularly suitable for boil-in bagapplications.[2021]

• Grilon CR 9. A nylon film grade resinfor use in multilayer blown or cast films.It is suitable for multilayer food packag-ing films for dry, non-fatty foods.[2021]

• Grilon CR 9 HV. A high viscosity nyloncopolymer developed for the manufac-ture of co-extruded films. Grilon CR 9HV is a superior product for extremedraw thermoforming films.[2021]



166



Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON CF 85




TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 –

Relative Humidity (%) 0 85 0 85 0 –



Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 · day · bar) 60 85 – – –

(g/m2 · day) –


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 3 4.25 – – –

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · d)

Table 22-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon CF 85


Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON CA 6E




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Oxygen




Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 · day · bar) 240 320


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 6 8

Table 22-02. Oxygen Through EMS Chemie Grilon CA 6E

167


Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON CF 6S




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Water Vapor

Temperature (°C) 23 —

Relative Humidity (%) 50 100 50 —




Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 13


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 6 15 20 3

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.65

Table 22-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon CF 6S


168


Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON CR 9




TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 50 85 0 85 0 85



Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · day · bar) 55 100 170 13



Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.75 5 8.5 0.65


Table 22-04. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon CR 9


169


Table 22-05. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon CR 9 HV


Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON CR 9 HV




TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 0 85 50 —



Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · day · bar) 55 75 200 350 15



Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.75 3.75 10 17.5 0.75


Chapter 23

Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69


General Description: EMS Chemie Grilon BM 13SBG and BM 17 SBG are film grade resins with highbarrier and high shrinkage that exhibit excellent deepdrawability and exceptional shrinkability in hot wa-ter.[2021]

Processing Methods:

• Grilon BM 13 SBG. Coextruded blownand cast films.


Material Family NYLON 6/6.9

Material Supplier EMS CHEMIE GRILON BM 13 SBG




TEST CONDITIONS









Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.5 5 6.5 25 0.5


Table 23-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon BM 13 SBG

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 23: Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69

172

Table 23-02. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon BM 17 SBG

Material Family NYLON 6/6.9





TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method ASTM D3985 EMS DIN 53122



Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 18


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 3.25 2.25 10.25 23.5


Chapter 23: Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69 © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 24

Nylon 6.6/6.10 – PA 66/610


General Description: EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20SBG is a nylon copolymer developed for co-extrudedfilm structures requiring a very “clean” polymer.[2021]

Processing Methods: Grilon BM 20 SBG can bereadily converted using cast or blown film equipment,and can be oriented using most systems.[2021]

Table 24-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20 SBG

Application:

• Films. Grilon BM 20 SBG is particularlysuitable for medical packaging applica-tions.[2021]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 24: Nylon 6.6/6.10 – PA 6/610

Material Family NYLON 6.6/6.10 – PA66/610





TEST CONDITIONS









Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.8 3.8 12.6 22.7 0.76

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 15

Chapter 25

Polyamide Nanocomposite

Category: Nylon, Polyamide


• Honeywell Aegis OX and NC. A newfamily of polymerized nanocompositeresins, dramatically improves on thestrength, stiffness, barrier, and heat re-sistance properties of Nylon 6. Aegisbarrier resins exhibit reduced moistureabsorption and increased melt stabil-ity.[1119]

• Aegis OX. An oxygen scavenging polya-mide/nanocomposite for use in applica-tions that require high gas barrier suchas fruit juice and beer. Aegis OX com-bines high gas barrier with other pack-aging related attributes such as hightransparency in co-injection/stretch blowmolding.[1119]

• Aegis NC. A polymerized Nylon 6 (PA6) based nanocomposite for use in highgas barrier packaging applications whereoxygen and carbon dioxide barrier is re-quired. Aegis NC is easily processed andwell suited to co-injection and co-extru-sion processing.[1119]

Processing Methods: Co-injection and co-extrusionprocessing, stretch blow-molding, injection molding,blown film, cast film.[1119]

Applications:

• Aegis OX. Co-injection molded PETbottle applications, including beer bottlesand orange juice containers.[1119]

• Aegis NC. Coating or base resin for castor blown films, replacement for Nylon 6coatings in paperboard juice cartons andprocess meat and cheese packaging.[1119]

Permeability of Oxygen and Other Gases: AegisNC provides orange juice cartons with approximatelythree times better oxygen barrier of Nylon 6. AegisNC yields 60% OTR improvement vs. PA 6 in paper-board carton structure.[1119]

Permeability of Water and Other Liquids: AegisOX resin oxygen barrier properties and its ability tofunction as a barrier to d-Limonen—the oil respon-sible for orange juice’s flavor—can greatly extend or-ange juice shelf life.

Aegis OX and NC barrier properties, especially relat-ing to petroleum-based fluids and gases, could allowfor significant use in the automotive OEM.[1119]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graph 25-01 and Tables 25-01 through25-02.Graph 25-01. Aegis NC multilayer structure.[1119]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 25: Polyamide Nanocomposite

176

Table 25-01. Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Honeywell Aegis OX and NC Films

Table 25-02. Ingress Comparison: Oxygen Through Honeywell Aegis OX Bottle vs. Glass Bottle

Material Family POLYAMIDE POLYMERIZED NANOCOMPOSITE

Material Supplier AEGIS OX and NC FILMS

Grade Aegis OX Aegis NC



Sample Thickness (mm) - 0.0075

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen


Relative Humidity (%) 80 —


Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.001 2.5

(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 1.5



0.0004 0.98 0.177

Material Family POLYAMIDE POLYMERIZED NANOCOMPOSITE

Material Supplier/Grade AEGIS OX BOTTLE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Oxygen

INGRESS (source document units)

Gas Permeability(µ g/day)

2.5

(µ moles/day) 0.08

Chapter 25: Polyamide Nanocomposite © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 26

Polycarbonate

Category: Polycarbonate

General Description: Polycarbonates, one of thestrongest, toughest, and most rigid thermoplastics,[1004]

are not generally considered good barrier materials. Itis possible to use polycarbonate as the structural layerin a composite (co-extruded) film for use in barrierapplication. In such cases, polycarbonate contributestoughness and heat resistance to the final product whileother components in the composite film may providethe barrier properties.[2025]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extrusion,blow molding, and rotational molding.

Applications:

• Packaging. Milk bottles, baby bottles,food containers.

• Medical. Dialysers, artery cannulas.

• Electrical. Distribution box lids, fuses,sockets, lamp holders, and covers.[2025]


Table 26-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Through Dow Calibre Polycarbonate

Material Family POLYCARBONATE


DOW CHEMICAL CALIBRE

Grade 300-4 300-15 800-6 300-4 300-15 800-6 300-4 300-15 800-6

Featuresgeneral purpose grade,

transparent

flameretardant,

transparent

general purpose grade,transparent

flameretardant,

transparent

general purpose grade,transparent

flameretardant,

transparent

Reference Number 78

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide




31 27 57 260 230 314 1950 1720 2100



12.2 10.6 22.4 102 90.6 124 768 677 827

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 26: Polycarbonate

178

Table 26-02. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Through Polycarbonate Film


Product Form FILM

Reference Number 294 264 294 294

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 37.8 40 22.8




9.7 11

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · 25 µ /m2 · day)

170.5


780 260



307 102


3.82 4.33

Chapter 26: Polycarbonate © Plastics Design Library

179

Table 26-03. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Bayer Makrolon PolycarbonateFilm


Material Supplier/Grade BAYER MAKROLON

Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method DIN 53380, pt. 3 DIN 53122



670 110 4300


15 (approximate)



67.9 11.2 436


1.5 (approximate)

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 26: Polycarbonate

Chapter 27

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)

Category: Polyester, Thermoplastic

General Description: Thermoplastic polyesters arecomparable in properties to Nylon 6 and 66 but havelower water absorption and higher dimensional sta-bility. Most PBT is sold in the form of filled and rein-forced compounds for engineering applications.[1004]

Processing Method: Melt processable.

Applications: Packaging, automotive, electrical, andconsumer markets.

Permeability: The barrier properties of BASFUltradur B 4550 film can be greatly improved byvacuum metallizing with aluminum.


Table 27-01. Water Vapor, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through BASF AG Ultradur PolybutyleneTerephthalate

Material Family POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG ULTRADUR B 4550




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide


Relative Humidity (%) 85%-0% gradient 50


Test Condition Note standard laboratory atmosphere



12 60 550


10



3.04 15.2 139


2.5

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 27: Polybutylene Terephthalate - PBT

Chapter 28

Polyethylene Napthalate (PEN)


General Description: Polyethylene napthalate resincan be processed into films, fibers, and containers.[1004]

Biaxially oriented PEN films offer improved physicalproperties when compared with OPET.

DuPont Teijin PEN Films are designed for special situ-ations, where films are subject to especially stringentconditions or for those applications where exceptionalbarrier performance is required.[1055]

Processing Methods: May be thermoformed and blowmolded into containers. Films may be biaxially ori-ented.[312]

Applications: Electrical, industrial, general purpose,high-value-added applications in labels, laminates, cir-cuitry, and release.[1055]

Permeability: Thermoformed and blow molded con-tainers offer improved gas and moisture barrier overcontainers made from PET homopolymer.[312] Pen hasup to five times the oxygen barrier of PET.[1004]


Table 28-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Teijin DuPont Films

Material Family POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)

Material Supplier TEIJIN DUPONT FILMS Q51

Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM D1434–63 JIS Z–0208


Gas Permeability (10-12 cc · cm/cm2 · sec · cm Hg) 0.8 3.7

Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 6.7


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.525 2.43

(g · mm/m2 · day) 4.19

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 28: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

184

Table 28-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Eastman Chemical PEN Film

Material Family POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)

Material Supplier EASTMAN CHEMICAL 14991

Product Form EASTMAN CHEMICAL




TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

1.5

(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day · atm) 3.8

Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day)

2.9

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.2


(cm2 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1.5

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.73

Chapter 28: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 29

PolycyclohexylenedimethyleneTerephthalate (PCTG)

Category: Copolyester

General Description: Clear amorphous copolyesterresin. [1117]

Processing Methods: Thermoformed, fabricated,and heat sealed

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 29: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate - PCTG

Table 29-01. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Through Eastman Eastar PCTG 5445

Applications: Bags, blister packaging.[1117]


Material Family GLYCOL MODIFIED POLYCYCLOHEXYLENEDIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PCTG)

Material Supplier/Grade EASTMAN PCTG 5445

Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen


Test Method ASTM E96E ASTM D1434



7

Gas Permeability (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

50 10 3



50 10 3


1.75

Chapter 30

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene EthyleneTerephthalate (PETG)

Category: Copolyester

General Description: Clear amorphous copolyesterResin[1118]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, extrusion blowmolding, thermoforming, injection molding, and fab-rication, heat sealed.

Applications: Bags, blister packaging, thermoformedcontainers, bottles for shampoo, soap, detergent andoils, and protective sleeves.[1118]


Table 30-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Eastman PETG

Material Family POLYCYCLOHEXYLENEDIMETHYLENE ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PETG)


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 22.8 37.8




Gas Permeability (cm3 · mil/100 in2 · bar · day) 25

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mil/100 in2 · bar · day) 4


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 9.97


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 30: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate - PETG

188

Table 30-02. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Through Eastman Kodar Eastar PETG 6763

Material Family POLYCYCLOHEXYLENEDIMETHYLENE ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PETG)

Material Supplier/Grade EASTMAN KODAR EASTAR PETG 6763

Product Form FILM

Features amorphous, transparent




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen


Test Method ASTM E96E ASTM D1434



125 25 10


49 10 5


6


0.4



31.5 9.84 3.94


1.5

Chapter 30: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate - PETG © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 31

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Category: Thermoplastic Polyester

General Description: PET is a water white polymer.DuPont Selar PT is available as a resin.DuPont TeijinFilms Melinex Films are biaxially oriented polyesterfilms.

• Melinex 864. A polyester film, chemi-cally treated on two sides.[1055]

• Melinex 854. A clear, one sidecoextruded heat sealable surface similarto Melinex 850. The opposite surface isadhesion pretreated.[1055]

• Melinex 822. A polyester film that hasbeen chemically pretreated on one side.[1055]

• Melinex 813.A polyester film, pretreatedon one side.[1055]

• Melinex 800. A clear, non-pretreatedbase film with high gloss, low haze andexcellent processability.[1055]

• Melinex 800C. A clear, one side coronatreated polyester film.[1055]

DuPont Teijin Films Mylar Films, plain or metallized,may be coated for barrier, printing or sealing.[1120]

• Mylar 200 SBL 300. A multilayer, poly-ester-based laminate, which containsseveral different, nonfoil, barrier layersthat work synergistically to provide asuper barrier to atmospheric gases andmoisture permeation.[1120]

Processing Methods:

• Bottles. Injection blow molded.[1121]

• Melinex. Industrial, packaging, imaging,printing, technical and consumer prod-ucts.[1055]

• Mylar. Thermoform, heat shrink.[1121]

Applications: The single largest application for PETcontainers is the carbonated soft drink and water bottle.Neither application requires additional barrier protec-tion beyond the basic plastic performance of PET.[1085]

• Selar PT.

– 4000 series: monolayer andcoextruded heat sealable film used formetallization and/or lamination andoven trays.[1125]

– 5000 series: solvent barrier contain-ers for non-food applications.[1125]

– 7000 series: sheeting, extrusion coat-ing and film.[1125]

– 8000 series: thermoformed clear con-tainers, blister packages extrusionblow molded bottles and coextrudedsheet for heat seal use.[1125]

• Melinex 864. Designed for printing andextruded polyethylene adhesion.[1055]

• Melinex 854. Heat sealable surface ac-ceptable for both water and solvent inksystems.[1055]

• Melinex 822. Designed for printing andextruded polyethylene adhesion.[1055]

• Melinex 813. Accepts both solvent- andwater-based inks.[1055]

• Melinex 800C. Suitable for flexiblepackaging, printing and laminations.[1055]

• Mylar. Magnetic media packaging, lami-nating substrate for flexible packaging,boil-in-bag, lids, microwave applica-tions, oven wrap, snack bags.[1121]

– Mylar 200 SBL 300: Vacuum Insula-tion Panels, VIP, can improve the in-sulating characteristics of open cellor other materials by a factor of 3 to7 times, compared to traditional in-sulating materials.[1120]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 31: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET

190

Chapter 31: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET © Plastics Design Library

Table 31–01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen Through DuPont Mylar PET Film

Material Family POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT MYLAR

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen


Test Method ASTM D1434-72



16 100 1 6

Gas Permeability(µ m3 · mm/m2 · sec · Pa)

1115 6970 70 418



6.3 39.4 0.39 2.4

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: “PET isconsidered to have good barrier properties with per-meation rates for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and mois-ture vapor in the ranges of 0.6–0.8, 3–5, and 2.5–5.0mol/(m · s · Pa) × 10-17 at 23°C, 50% RH respec-tively.”[1005]

Melinex 813 film features good clarity and handlingcharacteristics in metallizing operations. When alumi-num metallized, the film exhibits excellent aesthetic

quality as well as the best barrier to oxygen and mois-ture in a flexible packaging film.[1125]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Selar PTis an effective flavor and aroma barrier resin.[1122]


191


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





2.9 6.4



1.14 2.52

Table 31-02. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PET Film


Features oriented


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen helium

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 50 35 23 35




0.66 2.3 5.1 16.78 19.6 0.46 180

Gas Permeability(cm3 · 25 µ /m2 · day · atm)

10.23 35.64 79.04 260 303.9 7.1 2790



0.26 0.91 2.01 6.61 7.72 0.18 70.9

Table 31-03. Oxygen vs. Temperature and Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Helium Through Oriented PET Film


192



Features oriented


TEST CONDITIONS







1.0 - 1.3


3.0 - 6.0 0.7 - 1.0 15 - 25


1.2 - 2.4 0.28 - 0.39 5.9 - 9.8


0.39 - 0.51



1.2 - 2.4 0.28 - 0.39 5.9 - 9.8


0.39 - 0.51

Table 31-04. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Oriented PET Film

193

Table 31-05. Organic Solvents Through PET Film

Table 31-06. Various Vapors Through DuPont Mylar PET Film


Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant chloroform xylene methyl ethyl ketone kerosene





20.0 0.11 0.10 0.03



7.87 0.04 0.01


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT MYLAR

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant acetone benzene carbon tetrachloride ethyl acetate hexane water vapor

Temperature (°C) 40 25 40 37.8


Test Method ASTM E96-80

Test Note modified test, permeabilities determined at the partial pressure of the vapor at the test temperature



2.22 0.36 0.08 0.12 1.8


0.87 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.7



0.87 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.71


194


Table 31-07. Oxygen Before and After Shrinking DuPont Teijin Films Mylar HS PET Film

Table 31-08. Water Vapor DuPont Teijin Films Mylar HS PET Film


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR HS HEAT SHRINK APPLICATIONS




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen, before shrinking oxygen, after shrinking




Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · day · atm)

9 8 7 5 4.5-6 4.5 3-4 2-3


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.042 0.054 0.055 0.075 0.02-0.03 0.03 0.02-0.03 0.03-0.04


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR HS HEAT SHRINK APPLICATIONS




TEST CONDITIONS






Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 43 40 26 15


Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.5 0.68 0.52 0.57

195

Table 31-09. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Teijin Films Mylar 200 SBL 300 PET Multilayer Film


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR 200 SBL 300




TEST CONDITIONS






Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.00004

(cm3/m2 · day · atm) 0.00062

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · day) 0.0003 0.004

(g/m2 · day) 0.005 0.062



3.6 x 10-5


3 x 10-4 3.6 x 10-3


196



Material Supplier/Grade 864 854 822




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen water vapor oxygen water vapor oxygen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 25 38 25 38 25 38


Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM F372 ASTM D1434 ASTM F372 ASTM D1434 ASTM F372


Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · day · atm) 6.0 5.0 2.8

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · day) 2.8 2.3 6.0


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day ·atm) 2.4 2.5 1.1


Table 31-10. Water Vapor Through DuPont Teijin Films Melinex Films

197


DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MELINEX

Material Supplier/Grade 813 & 800 metalized 813 & 800 unmetalized 813unmetalized

800unmetalized

Reference Numbers 1055



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen water vapor oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide water vapor





Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.08 6.0 1.6 31.0


0.05 2.0 2.8


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.031 2.36 0.63 12.2


0.02 0.79 1.1

Table 31-11. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Teijin Films Melinex 813 and Melinex 800 Metalizedand Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through DuPont Teijin Films Melinex 813 and Melinex800 Unmetalized Film


198


Table 31-12. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through DuPont Selar PT PET Containers


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR PT

Product Form CONTAINER CUP

Features heat stabilized, hot fill, retort, transparent hot fill, retort

Applications food packaging

Manufacturing Method thermoforming (DuPont Fortrex process)




TEST CONDITIONS




Test Note container before retort container after retort

PREEXPOSURE CONDITIONING

Preconditioning Noteretort temperature: 121°C,

retort time: 40 min.


Permeation(cm3/pkg/day · atm)

0.204 0.228


1.3


5



1.97


0.51

199

Table 31-13. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Selar PT 4274

Material Family PET

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR PT 4274




TEST CONDITIONS



Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day · atm) 12.4

Vapor Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day) 3


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 4.87



Chapter 32

Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)


General Description: Liquid Crystal Polymer resinsare highly crystalline, thermotropic (melt-orienting)thermoplastics and include glass and mineral rein-forced and specialty grades.[1002]

Processing Methods: LCP can be processed usingconventional film equipment. It can form uniform,pin-hole free barrier layers having excellent clarity.Typically used as a 2 to 5 micron layer in multilayerfilms, which is 10 times thinner than EVOH-basedfilm at the same oxygen barrier level (at 90% relativehumidity). LCP can be biaxially oriented andthermoformed.[1002]

Applications:

• Electrical/electronic. Connectors, fiberoptic cables, chip carriers, printed cir-cuit boards, and surface mount parts.[1002]

• Health care. Sterilizable trays, dentaltools, and surgical instruments.[1002]

• Industrial/consumer. Printers, copiers,fax machine components, and businessmachine housings.[1002]

• Chemical process industry. Pumps,meters, and valve liners.[1002]

• High barrier retort. Pouches, closures,trays, and lids.[1002]

Permeability: Ticona Vectran LCP has exceptionalbarrier properties, highly impermeable to oxygen,water vapor, carbon dioxide, flavors, and aromas.Vectran develops a high degree of orientation duringany blown or cast film process, providing high barrierand high modulus in any film structure. Vectran LCPshave the lowest oxygen permeability of any commonpackaging barrier film, especially at high humidi-ties.[1002]

Vectran holds its barrier properties with increasingrelative humidity, even above 80%.[1002]

Vectran LCP absorbs almost no flavor chemicals, forexample, d-limonene and other flavor componentsfrom orange juice.[1002]


During retort, relative humidity is 100% and the oxy-gen barrier of Vectran LCP remains constant. VectranLCP has the same low permeability to oxygen beforeand after retort. The LCP absorbs almost no waterduring retorting, which ensures the structural integ-rity of the laminate when pressure is released at theend of the process.[1002]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 32-01 through 32-04 and Graph32.01.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 32: Liquid Crystal Polymer - LCP

202

Table 32-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Ticona Vectran V100P

Table 32-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Ticona Vectran V200P

Material Family LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER (LCP)

Material Supplier/Grade TICONA VECTRAN V100P


TEST CONDITIONS




DIN 53380 ISO/CD 15105 DIN 53122Test Method

part 3 part 2 Annex C part 2



0.07 0.06 0.13

Vapor Permeability(g · mil/100 in2 · day)

0.02


Permeability Coefficient(m3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

0.028 0.051


0.008


Material Supplier/Grade TICONA VECTRAN V200P


TEST CONDITIONS




DIN 53380 DIN 53122Test Method

part 3 part 2



0.04


0.015




Chapter 32: Liquid Crystal Polymer - LCP © Plastics Design Library

203

Table 32-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Ticona Vectran V300P


Material Supplier/Grade VECTRAN V300P


TEST CONDITIONS




DIN 53380 ISO/CD 15105 DIN 53122Test Method

part 3 part 2 Annex C part 2



0.012 0.10 0.24


0.04



0.047 0.035 0.094


0.016


Material Supplier/Grade VECTRAN V400P


TEST CONDITIONS




DIN 53380 DIN 53122Test Method

part 3 part 2



0.09 0.08


0.03



0.035 0.031


0.012

Table 32-04. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Ticona Vectran V400P

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 32: Liquid Crystal Polymer - LCP

204

Graph 32-01. Oxygen after retort.

Chapter 32: Liquid Crystal Polymer - LCP © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 33

Polyimide

Category: Engineering thermoplastic

General Description: Resins produced by the con-densation reaction of trimellitic anhydride[OCC6H2C2O3] and various aromatic diamines.DuPont Kapton is a transparent, amber-colored film.

• Kapton Type HN. All-polyimidefilm.[1003]

• Kapton Type VN, Type HN. Plus supe-rior dimensional stability.[1003]

• Kapton Type FN, Type HN. Film coatedwith Teflon FEP fluoropolymerresin.[1003]

• Upilex. Heat resistant polyimide film us-ing BPDA as a monomer, S-highest heatresistance of the series, R, S, andVT.[1003]

Processing Methods: Type HN film can be laminated,metallized, punched, formed, or adhesive coated.[1003]

Applications: Film for tape automated bonding(TAB), flexible printed circuits (FPC), insulation stir-rer automotive wiring harness, bar code labels, aero-space, gas connections, fire gloves, and loudspeakervibration boards.[1003]


Table 33-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Helium Through DuPont Kapton HN and FNPolyimide Films

Material Family POLYIMIDE

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT KAPTON HN AND FN




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide oxygen hydrogen nitrogen helium





Gas Permeability(ml/m2 · 24 hr · MPa) 6840 3800 38,000 910 63,080

(cc/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 45 25 250 6 415



17 10 100 2 163

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 33: Polyimide

206

Table 33-02. Water Vapor Through DuPont Kapton HN, VN, and FN Polyimide Films


DUPONT KAPTONMaterial Supplier/Grade

HN and VN 120 FN 616 150 FN 019 400 FN 022




TEST CONDITIONS






Vapor Permeability(g/m2 · 24 hr)

54 17.5 9.6 2.4

(g/100 in2 · 24 hr) 3.5 1.13 0.62 0.16



Chapter 33: Polyimide © Plastics Design Library

207

Table 33-03. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Helium Through UBE Industries UpilexFilms


Material Supplier/Grade UBE UPILEX R UBE UPILEX S and VT

Product Form FILM

Reference Number 97



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen nitrogen carbondioxide

helium water vapor oxygen carbondioxide



Test Method ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/m2 · day · atm)

100 30 115 2200 0.8 1.2

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/m2 · day · atm)

22 1.7



2.54 0.76 2.92 55.9 0.02 0.03


0.56 0.04

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 33: Polyimide

Graph 34-01. Permeability to oxygen and water vapor through polyethylene.[1001]

Chapter 34

Polyethylene Overview

Category: Polyolefin

General Description: Polyethylenes consist of a fam-ily of thermoplastic resins obtained by polymerizingthe gas ethylene [C2H4]. Copolymers of ethylene withvinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid are com-mercially important.

Polyethylenes are classified by density as follows:

(a) 0.880 to 0.915 g/cu cm (called ultra orvery low density and linear low density)

(b) 0.910 to 0.925 g/cu cm (low density)

(c) 0.926 to 0.940 g/cu cm (medium density)

(d) 0.941 to 0.965 g/cu cm (high density)

High molecular weight HDPE are a special class oflinear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000 to500,000 range. Ultra-high density polyethylene hasan average molecular weight of over 3 million.[1004]

Major polyethylene applications are packaging,housewares, toys, and communications equipment.

Factors Affecting Permeability: The major factorsaffecting permeability are density, film gauge and crys-talline orientation. Water vapor transmission rate and

oxygen gas transmission rate are related for polyeth-ylene. (See Graph 34-01.)[1001]

Permeation occurs almost exclusively in the polymer’snon-crystalline region. This accounts for the relation-ship between permeation rates and crystalline content,indicated by density. The higher the crystalline con-tent, the lower the permeability.[1001]

Permeability coefficients are not independent of filmthickness. The higher the gauge, or thickness, the lowerthe permeation.[1001]

Narrow MWD resins have relatively constant barrierproperties per unit thickness. In contrast, permeationrates for broad MWD resins can be significantly higherthan for narrow MWD resins at lower gauges (<50microns).[1001]

Permeability is also lower in films having a crystal-line orientation that creates a more “tortuouspath.”[1001]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Table 34-01 and Graphs 34-01 through34-12.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 34: Polyethylene - Overview

210

Chapter 34: Polyethylene - Overview © Plastics Design Library

Table 34-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor for LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE

Material Family POLYETHYLENE

Material Supplier/Grade LDPE HDPE LLDPE LDPE LLDPE LDPE HDPE LLDPE




TEST CONDITIONS





Gas Permeability (mol/m · s · Pa x 10-17 ) 52 - 96 18 - 56 50 - 140 200 - 540 500 2.5 - 3.75 0.76 - 1.0 3.0


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 102 - 188 35 - 110 98 - 274 392 - 1058 980

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.5 - 0.74 0.15 - 0.2 2.5

Graph 34-02. Tortuous path concept.

211

Graph 34-03. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen vs. density through polyethylene.

Graph 34-04. Oxygen vs. density through polyethylene.

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96

O2,

CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3 /

m2

. bar

. day

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: CO2;

23°C;test method: DIN53380

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: O2;40°C;test method: DIN

53380

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: O2;23°C;test method: DIN

53380

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: N2;23°C;test method: DIN

53380

Reference No. 25

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cc

· mm

/ m2· a

tm ·

day)

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

PE (film); penetrant: O2

Reference No. 101


212


Graph 34-05. Oxygen vs. temperature through polyethylene.

Graph 34-06. Water vapor vs. density through polyethylene.[1005]

temperature (°C)

-30-20-10010203040506070

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm . d

ay)

10

100

1000

10000

Dow PE (film); penetrant:O2

Reference No. 250

213

Graph 34-07. Water vapor vs. density through polyethylene.

Graph 34-08. Water vapor vs. density through polyethylene.

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97

wat

er v

apor

per

mea

bilit

y (g

/ m2

. day

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96moi

stur

e va

por

tran

smis

sion

(g

· mm

/ day

/ m2 )

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: watervapor; 40°C; test method

DIN 53122BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.1mm thick); penetrant: water

vapor; 23°C; 85% to 0%RH gradient; test method:

DIN 53122Reference No. 25


PE (film); penetrant:moisture vapor

Reference No. 1001

214


Graph 34-09. Water vapor vs. thickness through polyethylene.[1001]

Graph 34-10. Permeability coefficients of water vapor vs. thickness through polyethylene.[1001]

215

Graph 34-11. Toluene and FAM test fluid vs. density through polyethylene.

Graph 34-12. Methyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, fuel oil, and chloroform vs. density through polyethylene.

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96

perm

eabi

lity

to li

quid

s (g

/ m2

. day

)

100

1000

10000BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5

mm thick); penetrant: toluene;23°C; test method: DIN

53122

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5mm thick); penetrant: FAM

test fluid DIN 51604A; 23°C;test method: DIN 53122

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5mm thick); penetrant: FAM

test fluid DIN 51604B; 23°C;test method: DIN 53122

Reference No. 25

density (g/ cm3)

0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96

perm

eabi

lity

to li

quid

s (g

/ m2

. day

)

1

10

100

1000

10000BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5

mm thick); penetrant:Methyl Alcohol; 23°C; test

method: DIN 53122

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5mm thick); penetrant: Ethyl

Acetate; 23°C; testmethod: DIN 53122

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5mm thick); penetrant: FuelOil A 20/NP II; 23°C; test

method: DIN 53122

BASF AG Lupolen PE (0.5mm thick); penetrant:

Chloroform; 23°C; testmethod: DIN 53122

Reference No. 25


Chapter 35

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE)Category: Polyolefin

General Description: Ultra- and very- low densitypolyethylenes are essentially synonymous designa-tions for linear polyethylenes with densities down to0.880 g/cu in. ULDPEs are finding applications as im-pact modifiers for other polyolefins. Dow Chemical’sAttane ULDPE is an Ethylene/Octene Copolymer.[1007]

Processing Methods: Blown and cast film.

Applications: Heavy duty sacks, turf bags, consumerbags, packaging for cheese, meat, coffee, and deter-gents, silage wrap, mulch films, extruded membranes,heating and water pipes, and injection-molded prod-ucts.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Lowercrystallinity of ULDPEs results in increased perme-ability to O2 and other gases, permeability similar tothat of EVAs.[1007]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: ULDPEwater vapor permeability is much lower thanEVAs.[1007]


Table 35-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Attane Blown Film

Material Family ULTRA LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (ULDPE)

Material Supplier DOW CHEMICAL ATTANE BLOWN FILM

Grade 4201 4201 4202 4201 4202 4201 4201 4202




TEST CONDITIONS







716 711 695 3138 3340

Vapor Permeability(g · mil/100 in2 · day · atm) 1.58 1.39 2.15



281 279 273 1233 1312

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.62 0.55 0.84

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 35: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene - ULDPE

Chapter 36

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)Category: Polyolefin

General Description: With the density range of 0.910to 0.925 g/cu cm, low density polyethylenes are avail-able as base resins, and some grades with additivepackages.

Processing Methods: Extrusion coating, extrusion,rotational molding, injection molding, blow molding,blown films, and cast films.

Applications: Extrusion coatings: liquid packaging,milk cartons, flexible and snack food packaging, andmulti-wall bags.

Industrial packaging: shrink films, housewares, andpersonal care squeeze bottles.

See Ch. 34, Polyethylene - Overview for more infor-mation.


Table 36-01. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Ethylene Oxide Through Low Density Polyethylene

Material Family LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)

Product Form FILM

Features 2.5 blow up ratio




Density 0.920 g/cm3

Melt Flow Index 4 g/10 min


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen ethylene oxide

Test Method JIS Z0208 ASTM D1434



25


7900 1500 21,000



790 150 2100


2.5

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 36: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

220


Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS





1 - 1.5


250 - 350 100 - 200 1000 - 2000



98 - 138 39 - 79 394 - 787


0.39 - 0.59

Table 36-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Low DensityPolyethylene

Table 36-03. Oxygen vs. Temperature and Water Vapor Transmission Through Low Density Polyethylene



TEST CONDITIONS






554 745


8586 11,547


1.14

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · 25 µ /m2 · day)

17.7



218.1 293.3


0.45

Chapter 36: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE © Plastics Design Library

221

Table 36-04. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Helium Through Low Density Polyethylene Film


Product Form FILM

Reference Number 63

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide helium





696 180 2436 1624


12,000 3100 42,000 28,000



274 71 959 639

Table 36-05. Reagents Through Dow Chemical Low Density Polyethylene Film



Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantmethylalcohol

ethylalcohol

n-heptaneethyl

acetate formaldehyde

tetrachloro-ethylene

acetone benzene




6 - 8 2 - 4 300 - 500 30 - 300 2 - 5 500 - 750 10 - 40 600



2.4 - 3.1 0.8 - 1.6 118- 197 11.8 - 118 0.8 - 2.0 197 - 295 3.9 - 15.8 236


222

Table 36-06. Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Low Density Polyethylene Extrusion Coating Resins


DOW CHEMICALMaterial Supplier/Grade

LDPE 722 LDPE 4005 LDPE 4012 LDPE 5004I

Manufacturing Method extrusion coating



Density 0.916 g/cm3 0.923 g/cm3

Melt Flow Index 8 g/10 min. (190/2.16) 5.5 g/10 min. (190/2.16) 12 g/10 min. (190/2.16) 4 g/10 min. (190/2.16)

Sample Thickness (mm)(minimum thickness)

0.01 0.015 0.01

TEST CONDITIONS





26.4 31 31 23.3


1.7 2.0 1.8 1.5



0.26 0.46 0.31 0.23


223

Table 36-07. Water Vapor and Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through Low Density Polyethylene


Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS







1


387 174



152 68.5


0.39


224

Table 36-08. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Low Density Polyethylene



TEST CONDITIONS







500 180 2700


195 71 1060


1.0 -1.5


0.39 - 0.59



197 71 106.3


0.39 - 0.59


225

Table 36-09. Xylene and Oxygen Through Low Density Polyethylene

Table 36-10. Organic Solvents Through Low Density Polyethylene Film



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene oxygen


Exposure Time (days) 14




3800


450



177.2


1496


Product Form FILM




TEST CONDITIONS






178.1 20.97 4.77 4.9



141 16.6 3.8 3.9


226

Graph 36-02. Oxygen vs. thickness through low density polyethylene.

Graph 36-01. Carbon dioxide vs. thickness through low density polyethylene.


0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / m

2. a

tm .

day)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000



0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3 /

m2

. atm

. day

)

0

8000

16000

24000

32000

40000

LDPE (0.920 g/cm3

density; 2.5 BUR; blownfilm; 4 g/10 min. MFI);

penetrant: O2

Reference No. 216

LDPE (0.920 g/cm3

density; 2.5 BUR; blownfilm; 4 g/10 min. MFI);

penetrant: CO2

Reference No. 216

Chapter 37

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)


General Description: Base resin with co-monomers:Hexene or Butene. The absence of long-chain branch-ing, a characteristic of LLDPE, allows it to yieldgreater elongation than LDPE and results in strongerproducts being produced with less material. The abil-ity to downgauge has had a considerable impact inthe film markets.[1011]

DuPont Canada Sclairfilm polyolefin films are lami-nating films often used as a sealant layer in multilayerstructures. Sclairfilm can also be used unsupported asa monolayer bag film.

• Sclairfilm BL-1 is a one-side PVDC-coated LLDPE sealant film for use inlaminated structures. BL-1 is suitable formeat, cheese, snacks, MAP/CAP andother applications requiring good barrierproperties and excellent sealing charac-teristics for improved product protectionand longer shelf life.[1011]

• The LX grade of Sclairfilm is ideal foruse on vacuum packaging equipment forlamination to other materials, such asnylon or polyester films. In convertercombinations, LX is particularly suitedfor the vacuum packaging of processedmeats, cheese, coffee, and frozenfoods.[1011]

• Sclairfilm MPP is an oriented linear lowdensity polyethylene (LLDPE) sealantfilm. MPP sealant film allows up to 50%down-gauging of the sealant layer in awide variety of meat, cheese, coffee,snacks, medical, and industrial packag-ing applications.[1011]

• Sclairfilm GL is a general purpose linearlow density polyethylene sealant film de-signed for less critical sealing applicationsthan type SL and may be used in con-verter laminations with barrier films suchas Mylar polyester film and Dartek ny-lon film.[1011]

• Sclairfilm SL is a linear low densitypolyolefin film for use on vacuum pack-aging equipment. Ideal for lamination toother substrates such as Dartek nylonfilm or Mylar polyester film for vacuumpackaging applications. SL, in convertercombinations, is particularly suited forthe vacuum packaging of processedmeats.[1011]

Processing Methods: Extrusion Coating, Blown andcast film extrusion.

• Nova Chemicals Sclair. Often blendedwith conventional polyethylene.[1010]

Applications: Extrusion coatings: food packaging,milk cartons, paperboard containers, liner films, stretchfilms, shrink films, disposables, heavy-duty shippingsacks, and grocery sacks.



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 37: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE

228

Table 37-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Sclairfilms

Table 37-02. Water Vapor Through DuPont Sclairfilms and Nova Chemical Sclair Extrusion Coating

Chapter 37: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE © Plastics Design Library

Material Family LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE)

DUPONT SCLAIRFILMSMaterial Grade

BL–1 LX–1 / LX–3 / GL / SL




TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · 24 hr)

0.1–1.0 400 250 200

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · 24 hr)

0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4



0.04–0.393 157 98 78


0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2


Material Grade DUPONT SCLAIRFILMS MPP DUPONT SCLAIRFILMS LWS NOVA CHEMICALS SCLAIR



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.025 0.0375 0.050 30 lb Kraft paper with LLDPE coatingweight of 30 lb/ream

Test Conditions




Test Method ASTM F372 ASTM E96



0.6 0.45 0.33 0.9

(g/m2 · day) 23.3 – 31


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.3 0.22 0.16 0.59–0.78

229



Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL DOWLEX 2045


Reference Number 11



TEST CONDITIONS


Relative Humidity (%) <1% (dry test) 100

Test Method ASTM D3985-81 Mocon

Test Apparatus Mocon Permatron W-1



525


0.7



207


0.28

Table 37-03. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Dowlex LLDPE

230


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT CANADA SCLAIRFILM SL1 DUPONT CANADA SCLAIRFILM SL3

Product Form FILM

Applications laminations



Density 0.918 g/cm3


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen




6200 3900 3100 6200 3900 3100


400 250 200 400 250 200



236 199 236 236 199 236

Table 37-04. Oxygen Through DuPont Canada Sclair SL1 and Sclair SL3 LLDPE


231

Table 37-05. Water Vapor Through DuPont Canada Sclair SL1 and Sclair SL3 LLDPE



Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS





12.4 9.3 4.7 12.4 9.3 4.7


0.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4



0.47 0.36 0.47 0.36


232

Table 37-06. Carbon Dioxide Through DuPont Canada Sclair SL1 and Sclair SL3 LLDPE



Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen carbon dioxide nitrogen


Test Note approximate values



1400 150 1400 150



35.6 3.81 35.6 3.81


233

Table 37-07. Water Vapor Through DuPont Canada Sclair LLDPE


Material Supplier/Grade NOVA CHEMICALS SCLAIR 11 SERIES



Density 0.921 g/cm3

Melt Flow Index 0.75 grams/10 min. 1.2 grams/10 min. 1.6 grams/10 min. 0.75 grams/10 min.


TEST CONDITIONS





Test Note values are cooling rate dependent

Test Apparatus Honeywell model 825 apparatus



15 18 20


5200



132


0.38 0.46 0.51


Chapter 38

Medium Density Polyethylene and Linear MediumDensity Polyethylene (MDPE & LMDPE)



• Nova Chemicals Novapol. MDPE withno co-monomer for pipe and withHexene co-monomer for rotomolding,LMDPE with Hexene for roto-molding.[1010]

• Nova Chemicals Sclair. MDPE withButene co-monomer and LMDPE withButene or Octene for films and co-ex-trusion.[1010]

DuPont Sclairfilm LWS is a linear medium densitypolyolefin film produced from Sclair copolymer resinand designed primarily for laminating end uses. This

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 38: Medium Density and Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - MDPE, LMDPE

film differs from low density laminating films in itsmoisture vapor. LWS is used for laminating to othersubstrates such as Dartek nylon film or Mylar polyes-ter film for heat-in-bag or boil-in-bag applications.[1011]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, co-extrusion, blowmolding, and roto-molding.

Applications: Films, agriculture tanks, housewares,lids, containers, and closures.



Table 38-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Sclairfilm LWS LMDPE

Material Family LINEAR MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LMDPE)

Material Grade SCLAIRFILMS LWS



Sample thickness (mm) 0.0375 0.050 0.0375 0.050

TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · 24 hr)

225 170

Vapor Permeability(g/100 in2 · 24 hr) 0.45 0.33



88 67

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.22 0.16

236

Table 38-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Nova Chemicals Sclair Butene MDPE Blown Film

Table 38-03. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through MDPE

Material Family MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (MDPE)


TEST CONDITIONS







250 - 535 85 - 315 100 - 2500


100 - 210 35 -125 40 - 985


0.7


0.28



98 - 211 33 - 124 39 - 984


0.28

Chapter 38: Medium Density and Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - MDPE, LMDPE © Plastics Design Library

Material Family MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (MDPE)

Material Grade NOVA CHEMICALS SCLAIR BUTENE MDPE BLOWN FILM




TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability(cm3/100 in2 · 24 hr) 3100


0.9

(g/m2 · day) 14



78.7


0.35

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 39: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

Chapter 39

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)


General Description: HDPE polymers are highlycrystalline, tough materials. High molecular weighthigh density polyethylene, HMW-HDPE are a spe-cial class of linear resins with molecular weights inthe 200,000 to 500,000 range.[1004] Due to the fact thatthe molecular weight distribution of these materialsis vital to the processability and end-use properties,some HDPEs are produced with a “bimodal” molecu-lar weight distribution.[1004]

Processing Methods: HDPE can be formed by mostprocessing methods.

Applications: Food packaging: dairy products andbottled water, cosmetics, medical products and house-hold chemicals, automotive gas tanks, 55 gallon drums,sheets, pipes, recreational items, and geosynthetic ma-terials.


Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Perme-ation rates are generally higher in films having a largertear balance ratio, TD/MD (transverse to machine di-rection orientation). Films having a lower TD/MDratio displayed a more random crystalline orientationthan those with a larger TD/MD. Changes in orienta-tion are also responsible for the variation seen in per-meability coefficients. Narrow MWD resins, such asLLDPE, have almost constant TD/MD ratios and per-meability coefficients throughout the gauge range.TD/MD ratios for the broad MWD resins were higherat thinner gauges, contributing to their increased per-meability coefficients.[1001]


Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 39-01 through 39-19 and Graph39.01.

Table 39-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through BP Solvay Fortiflex HDPE

Material Family HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)

Material Grade BP SOLVAY FORTIFLEX


TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability (in2/sec2 · atm)

1.4 x 10-12 4.6 x 10-12 0.35 x 10-12 17 x 10-12

[cm2/(sec · cm · Hg)] 1.06 x 10-10 3.5 x 10-10 0.27 x 10-10 13 x 10-10



n/a


n/a

238

Chapter 39: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE © Plastics Design Library

Table 39-02. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical HDPE

Table 39-03. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through HDPE



Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS





0.4


100 - 200 40 - 60 600 - 700



39.37 - 78.74 15.75 - 23.62 236.22 - 275.59


0.16



TEST CONDITIONS






150 287


0.38


2325 4448


5.9



59.1 113


0.15

239


Table 39-04. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through DuPont Canada Sclair HDPE


Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT CANADA SCLAIR

Grade 15A 16A 19A 15A 16A 19A

Product Form BLOWN FILM

Applications merchandising bagsco-extrusion,laminations

merchandising bagsco-extrusion,laminations




TEST CONDITIONS





Test Note values are cooling rate dependent

Test Apparatus Honeywell model 825 apparatus



7.3 6.5 5.0


2600 2200 1600



66.0 55.9 40.6


0.19 0.17 0.13

240

Table 39-05. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through HDPE

Table 39-06. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through HDPE



TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 22.8 37.8




Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · bar · day)

>190

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · bar · day)

0.25



>75.79


0.1



TEST CONDITIONS







185 42 580


0.3


0.12



73 17 228


0.12


241

Table 39-07. Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through HDPE

Table 39-08. Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure Through HDPE





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen

Temperature (°C) -15 25 68 -16 25 67 -18 25 67


Test Method/Test Notemass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry

Laboratory



3.64 x 10-10 1.78 x 10-9 8.69 x 10-9 3.49 x 10-10 1.76 x 10-9 8.54 x 10-9 3.19 x 10-10 1.84 x 10-9 8.45 x 10-9



31.9 156 761 30.6 154 748 27.9 161 740





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen

Temperature (°C) -10 25 72 -19 25 69 -17 25 68


Test Method/Test Notemass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry

Laboratory



1.81 x 10-11 1.77 x 10-10 1.98 x 10-9 1.08 x 10-11 1.6 x 10-10 1.46 x 10-9 1.13 x 10-11 1.68 x 10-10 1.71 x 10-9



1.6 15.5 173 0.95 14.0 127.8 0.99 14.7 150


242

Table 39-09. Oxygen and Ammonia vs. Temperature and Pressure Through HDPE

Table 39-10. Xylene and Oxygen Through HDPE





TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) -3 25 61 -16 25 51 -15 25 52


Test Method/Test Notemass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks;

developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory



3.71 x 10-10 1.4 x 10-9 7.12 x 10-9 5.75 x 10-11 5.75 x 10-10 2.49 x 10-9 5.91 x 10-11 5.64 x 10-10 2.03 x 10-9



32.5 122.6 623 5.0 50.3 218 5.2 49.4 178



TEST CONDITIONS







720


126



49.6


283


243

Table 39-11. Water Vapor and Various Gases Through HDPE

Table 39-12. Various Gases Through HDPE


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantwatervapor

carbondioxide

hydrogen oxygen helium ethanenatural

gasFreon

12 nitrogen



Test Method ASTM D96 ASTM D1434



345 321 111 247 236 113 95 53


136 126 44 97 93 44 37 21


0.3

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/day/m2)

0.12



136 126 44 97 93 44 37 21


0.12


Material Supplier/Grade HOECHST AG HOSTALEN

Reference Number 94

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant argon methane ethane propane ethylene propylene sulfur dioxide


Test Condition Note volume at standard temperature and pressure

Test Note useable average for all Hostalen grades


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mm/m2 · bar · day)

66 89 230 56 89 35 110 76 430



66.9 90.2 233 56.7 90.2 35.5 112 77.0 436


244

Table 39-13. Penetrant Weight Loss of Various Penetrants Through HDPE Bottles





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant cyclohexanone chlorobenzene hexane butyl alcohol trichloroethene methyl salicylate tetrahydrofuran


Exposure Time (days) 28 180


Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.6 20.0 32.9 0.2 15.0 1.02 29.19




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ethyl acetateisopropylacetate

acetone butyl acetate toluene xylenemethylisobutylketone

methyl ethylketone


Exposure Time (days) 28 180 28


Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 4.0 2.4 0.91 3.7 45.1 38.1 1.8 2.8


245




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant kerosene d-limonene motor oils pine oildiesel fuelconditioner

gas additive

Penetrant Note 2 cycle cleaner Brakleen




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 2.3 6.7 0.4 1.7 (oily surface) 5.5 10.6






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant mineral spirits turpentine STP gas treatment paint thinner charcoal starter naphtha




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.8 2.4 16.4 10.3 14.8 8.8


246



Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT

Product Form BOTTLE (1 LITER)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene propyl alchohol xylene methyl alcohol

Penetrant Notewith 25%

propylalcohol

with 50%propylalcohol

with 25%xylene

with 25%methylalcohol


with 25%xylene




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 28 23.45 16.27 4.71 0.15 20.30 14.99 4.90 0.29





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant gasoline



1.29



25.39

Table 39-18. Gasoline Through HDPE


247

Table 39-19. d-Limonene (Flavor Component) Through HDPE

Graph 39-01. Water vapor vs. TD/MD ratio for three HDPE resins.[1001]


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant d-limonene


Relative Humidity (%) dry


Vapor Transmission(10-20 kg · m/m2 · sec · Pa)

1,700,000



149


Chapter 40

Polyolefin Plastomers (POP)


General Description: Dow Chemical’s Affinity res-ins, homogenous ethylene alpha-olefin copolymers,contain up to 20% octene comonomer.[1013]

ExxonMobil’s Exact Plastomers are polyolefins pro-duced using a comonomer, butene, hexene, andoctene, which significantly affects the properties ofthe plastic.[1014]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, co-extrusion.

Applications: Focusing on applications requiring boththermoplastic and elastic properties.

• Packaging. Fresh vegetables, fruits, flow-ers and other horticulture products.

Blends with LLDPE, post-consumer recycle HDPE.Fresh and processed meats, poultry wraps, or pouchcontainers[1014]

Permeability to Oxygen and Water Vapor: Affin-ity provides higher oxygen transmission rates thanother films to create more “breathable” films.[1013]

Permeation rates of oxygen and water vapor are vari-able and controlled, i.e., can be “selected” with Ex-act.[1014]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graphs 40-01 through 40-02.

Graph 40-01. Ethylene-based polymers product regions.[1014]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 40: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

250

Graph 40-02. Barrier balance (OTR/WVTR) of exact plastomers.[1014]

Chapter 40: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 41

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)


General Description: Ticona Topas are amorphous,glass-clear copolymers of ethylene and norbornene.The Topas product line features several grades differ-entiated by heat deflection temperatures ranging from80°C to 180°C.[1015]

Processing Methods: Co-extrusion, lamination intofilms, then thermoformed into blister packs.[1015]

Applications: Topas is used as a core layer in push-through packaging (PTP), either in five layer co-ex-truded or three layer laminated film structures.[1015]

Flexible and rigid packaging for food and consumeritems. Syringes, vials, and other pre-fillable contain-ers.[1015]

Permeability to Water Vapor: Topas 8007 COC isnearly 10 times less permeable to water vapor thanPVC, 0.071 vs. 0.635 g · mil/100 in2/24 hr · atm, re-spectively at 23°C and 85% RH.[1017]



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 41: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer - COC

Table 41-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Ticona Topas COC

Material Family CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMER (COC)

Material Grade TICONA TOPAS (COC)


Test Conditions





Gas Permeability(cc · mm/m2 · day) 71 60

Vapor Permeability(g · mil/100 in2· day · atm) 0.071


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 71 60


Chapter 42

Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA)


General Description: Copolymer resin ranging invinyl acetate content from 7.5 wt% to 33 wt%. Somegrades available with antiblock and slip additives.DuPont Elvax grades vary by vinyl acetate content.The vinyl acetate units in the copolymer modify thebasic polyethylene structure and its properties.[1018]

Processing Methods: Blown, extrusion, cast and co-extruded film, or blends with other resins.

Applications: Packaging, cap liners, pallet stretchwrapping, bundling, liquid packaging, and as a seal-ant in barrier bags for primal and subprimal cuts ofmeat.

HDPE/Elvax or PET/Elvax in medical packaging pro-vide high gas transmission.[1018]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 42: Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer-EVA

254

Material Family ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER (EVA)

Material Grade DUPONT ELVAX




Material Note SB: antiblock additive, SHB: slip additive and high antiblock additive

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen



Grade 3120 3121 A 3128 3130 3130 SB 3130 SBZ

Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 7.5 8.9 12


450 580 500 400 570



177 228 196 157 224


Grade 3135 X 3135 SB 3150 3165 3165 SB 3169

Vinyl Acetate Content 12 15 18


510 460 500 580 670 500



200 180 196 228 263 196


Grade 3170 3170 SHB

Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 18


470 535



185 210

Table 42-01. Oxygen Through DuPont Elvax EVA

Chapter 42: Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer-EVA © Plastics Design Library

255

Table 42-02. Water Vapor Through DuPont Elvax EVA


Material Grade DUPONT ELVAX




Material Note SB: antiblock additive, SHB: slip additive and high antiblock additive

TEST CONDITIONS




Grade 3120 3121 A 3128 3130 3130 SB 3130 SBZ

Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 7.5 8.9 12


1.5 1.5 1.6 2.3 2.2 2.2



0.74 0.74 0.93 1.1


Grade 3135 X 3135 SB 3150 3165 3165 SB 3169

Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 12 15 18


2.3 2.4 3.3 4.2 3.6 3.4



1.1 1.2 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.7


Grade 3170 3170 SHB

Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 18


3.8 3.7



1.9 1.8

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 42: Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer-EVA

256

Table 42-03. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Through EVA Film


Product Form FILM

Features 2.5 blow up ratio




Density 0.930 g/cm3


Vinyl Acetate Content (%) 12.0

TEST CONDITIONS





45


11,000 1800



1100 180


4.5

Chapter 42: Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA © Plastics Design Library

257

Graph 42-01. Oxygen vs. vinyl acetate content through EVA.

Graph 42-02. Water vapor vs. vinyl acetate content through EVA.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 42: Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

vinyl/acetate content (% weight)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / m

2· b

ar ·

day)

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

BASF AG Lupolen V EVA(0.1 mm thick); penetrant:

O2; test method: DIN53380

Reference No. 25

vinyl/acetate content (% weight)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

wat

er v

apor

per

mea

bilit

y (g

/ m2

. day

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

BASF AG Lupolen V EVA(0.1 mm thick); penetrant:water vapor; 23°C; 85% to

0% RH gradient; testmethod: DIN 53122

Reference No. 25


General Description: Copolymers of ethylene andvinyl alcohol are highly crystalline resins producedwith various levels of ethylene content. See Table43-01 for EVAL Resins.[1020]

• A combination of heat treatment and ori-entation will further improve gas barrierproperties at high humidity condi-tions.[1020]

• Improvement by orientation alone with-out heat treatment is marginal.[1020]

Applications: Rigid packaging: entrees, edible oils,juice, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, heating pipe, con-diments, and toothpaste.

Flexible Packaging: Processed meats, bag-in-box, redmeat, cereal, pesticides, and agri-chemicals.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: EVALresins offer outstanding gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide,nitrogen, and helium) barrier properties and maintaintheir barrier property over a wide range of humidities.The oxygen barrier properties of an EVOH will varyaccording to the ethylene content in the polymer.[1020]

The oxygen barrier properties of the polymer are ad-versely affected by the amount of moisture absorbed.As the moisture absorption rate of the polymer in-creases, the oxygen transmission rate increases. Byco-extruding EVAL resin between layers of high mois-ture barrier resins like polyethylene or polypropylene,the loss of oxygen barrier properties is greatly dimin-ished.[1020]

Oxygen transmission rate increases with temperatureof the environment.[1020]

Bi-axial Orientation: Barrier properties are affectedby heat treating and orientation (stretching). Heat treat-ment alone can improve gas barrier properties, par-ticularly those at high humidity conditions. A combi-nation of heat treatment and orientation will furtherimprove gas barrier properties at high humidity con-ditions. Improvement by orientation alone without heattreatment is marginal. Significant improvement in gasbarrier properties at high relative humidity areachieved with biaxial orientation (EVAL EF-X L).[1020]

Table 43-01. Varous Levels of Ethylene Content[1020]

EVAL % C2

L Series 27

F Series 32

H Series 38

K Series 38

E Series 44

G Series 48

Processing Methods: EVAL resins can be co-extrudedwith all types of polyolefins, nylons, polystyrene, poly-vinyl chloride, and polyesters. Downstream process-ing such as thermoforming, vacuum forming, andprinting is easily accomplished with structures con-taining EVAL resins or EVAL films.[1020]

Heat Treatment and Orientation: EVAL resins arehighly crystalline materials. It is this crystallinity thatallows EVAL resins to offer superior barrier proper-ties. Crystallinity may be affected by both heat-treat-ing and orientation (stretching). The following gen-eral improvements are seen when EVAL films are sub-jected to either heat treatment, orientation, or a com-bination of both. Table 43-02 shows the effect of ori-entation and/or heat treatment.[1020]

• Heat treatment alone can improve gasbarrier properties, particularly those athigh humidity conditions.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 43: Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer - EVOH

Chapter 43

Ethylene - Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)

260

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Pack-ages containing EVAL resins can effectively retainfragrances and preserve the aroma of the contentswithin the package. At the same time, undesirableodors are prevented from entering or leaving the pack-age. Flavor permeation is difficult to measure, manytimes only a simple component of a flavor is measured,for example, d-limonene from orange juice.[1021]

See Collected Comparative Barrier Properties ofPlastics and Elastomers for more information.


Table 43-02. Orientation and Heat Treatment vs. Oxygen Transmission Rate[1020]

Processing O2TR O2TR

cc 25u/M2/24hrs/atm cc 25u/M2/24hrs/atmChill RollTemp.

°C

HeatOrientation Treatment

F Series E Series F Series E Series

0%RH

100%RH

0%RH

100%RH

0%RH

100%RH

0%RH

100%RH

50 none none 0.126 40.9 1.18 11.8 0.008 2.6 0.076 0.76

110 none none 0.118 33.8 1.02 9.4 0.0076 2.2 0.066 0.61

50 none 140 0.102 11.0 0.94 6.3 0.0066 0.71 0.61 0.41

50 uniaxially

3 times none 0.118 32.3 1.02 10.2 0.0076 2.1 0.071 0.71

50 uniaxially

3 times 140 0.094 3.9 0.94 3.1 0.0006 0.25 0.061 0.20

50 biaxially

3x3 none 0.118 31.5 1.02 10.2 0.0076 2.0 0.071 0.71

50 biaxially

3x3 140 0.094 2.3 0.94 2.4 0.0061 0.15 0.061 0.15

Material Family Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)

Material Grade EVAL-EVAL


TEST CONDITIONS

Fluorocarbons Penetrant

HCFC 22 CFC 12 HCFC 134A

Temperature (°C) 35 50 60 65 70


Gas Permeability (cc · mil/m2 · 24 hr)

EVAL F --* 0.24 --*

EVAL E ND** 1.3 4.1 8.0 0.56 ND**


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2· day · atm)

Eval F --* 0.006 --*

Eval E ND** 0.03 0.1 0.2 0.14 ND**

Table 43-03. Fluorocarbons Through EVAL Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)

Chapter 43: Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer - EVOH © Plastics Design Library

* not measured ** none detected

261

Table 43-04. Oxygen vs. Temperature Through EVAL E and EVAL G Series EVOH

Material Family ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER (EVOH)

Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL E EVAL COMPANY EVAL G




Ethylene Content (mol%) 44 48

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 50 5 23 35 50




0.017 0.06 0.124 0.344 0.067 0.116 0.174 0.394

Gas Permeability (cm3 · 25 µ /m2 · day · atm)

0.259 0.935 1.922 5.33 1.034 1.8 2.7 6.11



0.01 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.16


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL H EVAL COMPANY EVAL K




Ethylene Content (mol%) 38

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 50 5 23 35 50




0.006 0.025 0.061 0.167 0.006 0.025 0.061 0.167


0.09 0.395 0.94 2.6 0.09 0.395 0.94 2.6



0.0024 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.0024 0.01 0.02 0.07

Table 43-05. Oxygen vs. Temperature Through EVAL H and EVAL K Series EVOH


262

Table 43- 06. Oxygen vs. Temperature Through EVAL L and EVAL F Series EVOH


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL L EVAL COMPANY EVAL F





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 50 5 23 35 50




0.001 0.006 0.015 0.041 0.003 0.013 0.031 0.086


0.022 0.095 0.231 0.637 0.045 0.2 0.48 1.34



0.00039 0.0024 0.01 0.02 0.0012 0.01 0.01 0.03

Table 43-07. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Helium Through EVAL E Series EVOH


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL E





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide nitrogen helium

Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 23 35 5 23 35




0.056 0.214 0.498 0.008 0.015 6.6 23.8 35.6


0.87 3.32 7.72 0.124 0.232 102.3 368.9 551.8



0.02 0.08 0.2 0.0031 0.01 2.6 9.37 14.02


263

Table 43-08. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Helium Through EVAL F Series EVOH

Table 43-09. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Helium Through EVAL H Series EVOH


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL H





TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 23 35 5 23 35




0.017 0.067 0.214 0.004 0.008 4.6 16.6 23.8


0.263 1.04 3.32 0.062 0.124 71.3 257.3 381.3



0.01 0.03 0.08 0.0016 0.0031 1.81 6.54 9.37



Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL F





TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 5 23 35 23 35 5 23 35




0.01 0.032 0.066 0.001 0.002 2.7 9.3 13.7


0.155 0.496 1.023 0.015 0.031 41.8 144.1 212.3



0.0039 0.01 0.03 0.0004 0.0008 1.06 3.66 5.39

264


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL EF-XL

Product Form FILM

Features biaxially oriented




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen






.03 0.02 0.07 0.39



.01 0.01 0.03 0.15

Table 43-11. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through EVAL EF-XL Biaxially Oriented EVOH Film

Table 43-10. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through EVAL EF-F Series EVOH Film


Material Supplier/Trade Name EVAL COMPANY EVAL

Grade EF-F EF-E EF-F EF-E EF-F EF-E EF-F EF-E

Product Form FILM





Ethylene Content (mol%) 32 44 32 44 32 44 32 44

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen






0.03 0.21 0.03 0.1 0.13 0.21 1.61 0.65



0.01 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.63 0.26


265

Table 43-12. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through EVAL EF-XL, EVAL EF-F, and EF-E Series EVOH Film


Material Supplier/Trade Name

EVAL COMPANY EVAL

Grade EF-XL EF-F EF-E EF-XL EF-F EF-E EF-XL EF-F EF-E EF-XL EF-F EF-E

Product Form FILM

Features

barrierpropertiesbiaxiallyoriented

barrier properties


barrier properties


barrier properties


barrier properties



Ethylene (mol%) 32 44 32 44 32 44 32 44

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





0.01 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.23 1.0 0.52 0.02 0.16



0.004 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.39 0.2 0.01 0.06


266



Chill Roll Temperature (°C) 50 110 50 50

Heat Treatment (°C) none 140 none 140 none 140

Orientation none uniaxially (3 times) biaxially (3x3)




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





0.076 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.061 0.071 0.061


1.18 1.02 0.94 1.02 0.94 1.02 0.94



0.03 0.026 0.024 0.028 0.024 0.028 0.024

Table 43-13. Oxygen Permeability at 0% RH vs. Orientation and Heat Treatment Through EVAL-E SeriesEVOH


267

Table 43-14. Oxygen Permeability at 0% RH vs. Orientation and Heat Treatment Through EVAL-F Series EVOH









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





0.008 0.0076 0.0066 0.0076 0.0006 0.0076 0.0061


0.126 0.118 0.102 0.118 0.094 0.118 0.094



0.0031 0.003 0.0026 0.003 0.0002 0.003 0.0024


268









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





0.76 0.61 0.41 0.71 0.2 0.71 0.15


11.8 9.4 6.3 10.2 3.1 10.2 2.4



0.299 0.24 0.16 0.28 0.079 0.28 0.06

Table 43-15. Oxygen Permeability at 100% RH vs. Orientation and Heat Treatment Through EVAL -E SeriesEVOH


269

Table 43-16. Oxygen Permeability at 100% RH vs. Orientation and Heat Treatment Through EVAL -F SeriesEVOH

Material Family ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER (CVOH)








TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





2.6 2.2 0.71 2.1 0.25 2 0.15


40.9 33.8 11 32.3 3.9 31.5 2.3



1.02 0.87 0.28 0.83 0.1 0.79 0.06


270

Table 43-17. Organic Solvents Through EVAL EF-E, EVAL EF-F, and EVAL EF-XL Series EVOH Film



EVAL COMPANY EVAL

Grade EF-F EF-E EF-XL EF-F EF-E EF-XL EF-F EF-E EF-XL

Product Form FILM


barrierproperties,

biaxiallyoriented

barrier properties

barrierproperties,

biaxiallyoriented

barrier properties

barrierproperties,

biaxiallyoriented



Ethylene Content (mol%) 32 44 32 44 32 44

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant chloroform xylene kerosene




0.1 0.16 0.006 0.054 0.074 0.016 >0.001 0.0025 0.001



0.04 0.06 0.0024 0.02 0.03 0.01 >0.0004 0.00098 0.0004


271

Table 43-18. Organic Solvents Through Biaxially Oriented EVAL EF-XL Series EVOH Film


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL EF-XL

Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS






0.01 0.03 0.02 <0.003



0.002 0.007 0.005 <0.0007

Table 43-19. Organic Solvents Through EVAL E Series EVOH Film



Product Form FILM






TEST CONDITIONS






0.2 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.31 0.03 <0.003 <0.003



0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 <0.001 <0.002


272

Table 43-20. Organic Solvents Through EVAL F Series EVOH Film



Product Form FILM






TEST CONDITIONS






0.13 0.3 0.07 <0.003 0.25 0.02 <0.003 <0.003



0.04 0.2 0.02 <0.002 0.08 0.01 <0.001 <0.002


273

Table 43-21. Water Vapor Through EVAL EF-XL, EVAL EF-F, and EVAL EF-E Series EVOH Film


Material Supplier/Grade EVAL COMPANY EVAL EF-XL EVAL COMPANY EVAL EF-F EVAL COMPANY EVAL EF-E

Product Form FILM




Sample Thickness (mm) 0.015 0.02



TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method JIS Z0208



3 6 2



1.2 2.4 0.8


274

Table 43-22. Water Vapor Through EVAL L, EVAL F, EVAL H, EVAL K, EVAL E, and EVAL G Series EVOH


Material Supplier EVAL COMPANY

Grade EVAL L EVAL F EVAL H EVAL K EVAL E EVAL G




Ethylene Content (mol%) 27 32 38 44 48

TEST CONDITIONS






8 3.8 2.1 1.4

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · 25 µ /m2 · day)

124 58.9 32.6 21.7



3.2 1.5 0.8 0.6

Table 43-23. d-Limonene Through EVAL EVOH


Material Grade EVAL SERIES F EVAL SERIES E EVAL 5% EVAL 7%


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant d-Limonene





0.002 0.003 98 113.5



0.00098 0.0015 48 55.6


275

Graph 43-01. Oxygen vs. relative humidity at 20°C through EVAL EVOH.[1020]

Graph 43-02. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through EVAL EF-XL series EVOH.



0 20 40 60 80 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / m

2. a

tm . d

ay)

0.1

1.0

10.0

Eval Co. Eval EF-XL EVAL(0.015 mm thick, biaxiallyoriented); penetrant: O2

Reference No. 267

276

Graph 43-03. Oxygen vs. relative humidy through EVAL EF-E and EVAL EF-F series EVOH Film.

Graph 43-04. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through EVAL L, EVAL F, and EVAL H series EVOH.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· 2

0µ/ m

2. a

tm . d

ay)

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(g/ m

2. d

ay)

0.001

0.010

0.100

1.000


Eval Co. Eval EF-E EVAL(film); penetrant: O2; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval EF-E EVAL(film); penetrant: O2; 5°C

Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL(film); penetrant: O2; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL(film); penetrant: O2; 5°C

Reference No. 63

Eval Co. Eval L EVAL (barrier prop.; 27 % ethylene);penetrant: O2; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval F EVAL (barrier prop.; 32% ethylene);penetrant: O2; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval H EVAL (barrier prop.; 38% ethylene);penetrant: O2; 20°C

Reference No. 264

277

Graph 43-05. Carbon dioxide vs. relative humidity through EVAL F and EVAL E series EVOH.

Graph 43-06. Oxygen vs. temperature and moisture content through EVAL EF-F series EVOH film.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3

· mil/

100

in2

. atm

· da

y)

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

temperature (°C)

051015202530354045

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· 2

0µ/ m

2. a

tm . d

ay)

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL

(0.02 mm thick; film);penetrant: O2; moisture

content: 9.6%

Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL(0.02 mm thick; film);

penetrant: O2; moisturecontent: 7.3%

Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL(0.02 mm thick; film);

penetrant: O2; moisturecontent: 4.5%

Reference No. 63


Eval Co. Eval F EVAL (barrier prop.; 32%

ethylene); penetrant: CO2; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval E EVAL (barrier prop.; 44%

ethylene); penetrant: CO2; 20°C

Reference No. 264

278

Graph 43-07. Equilibrium moisture absorption vs. relative humidity of EVAL EF-E and EVAL EF-F seriesEVOH film.

Graph 43-08. Oxygen transmission rate vs. time after retort through 38 EVAL series EVOH film.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

equi

libriu

m m

oist

ure

cont

ent (

%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

time after retort (days)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

O2

tran

smis

sion

rat

e (c

m3 /

pac

kage

. day

)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08


Eval Co. Eval EF-F EVAL(barrier prop.; 32%

ethylene; film); penetrant:water; 20°C

Eval Co. Eval EF-E EVAL(barrier prop.; 44%

ethylene; film); penetrant:water; 20°C

Reference No. 264

Eval Co. EVOH 38 EVAL(barrier prop., 0.04 mm

thick; film); penetrant: O2;80% internal RH; 60%external RH; air 23°C;

retorted at 121°C for 60minutes

Reference No. 265

279

Graph 43-09. Oxygen uptake vs. time after retort through 38 EVAL series EVOH film.


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

O2

upta

ke (

cm3 /

pac

kage

)

0

1

2

3


Eval Co. EVOH 38 EVAL(barrier prop., 0.04 mm



Reference No. 265

Chapter 44

Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (EAA)


General Description: EAA copolymers are designedfor lasting adhesion to aluminum foil and other polarsubstrates. EAA copolymers also offer significantbenefits as a sealant for packaging of fatty and greasyproducts.[1023]

Processing Methods: Blown and cast monolayerfilms, co-extruded and composite films.[1023]

Applications: In flexible packaging tie layer (polarto non-polar materials), they are widely used in extru-sion coating to produce drink cartons, toothpaste tubes,

and wire and cable shielding. In these applicationsEAA copolymers not only bond the foil to the sub-strate, but they protect the contents against tears, punc-tures, moisture, grease, and air.[1023]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Theamount of comonomer incorporated in the moleculeinfluences the gas permeability, the higher the massfraction of comonomer, the greater the permeabilityto gases.[1023]


Table 44-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through BASF Lucalen EAA

Material Family POLYETHYLENE-ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER (EAA)


BASF LUCALEN

Grade A2710H A2910M A3710MX A2710H A2910M A3710MX

Reference Number 25


Melt Flow Index1.7 g/10 min.

(190/2.16)7 g/10 min. (190/2.16)

1.7 g/10 min.(190/2.16)

7 g/10 min. (190/2.16)



Acrylic Acid Content (wt%) 17 11 8 17 11 8

TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 85-0 gradient




5430 2400 1760


6.8 2.3 0.8



550 243 178


0.68 0.23 0.08

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 44: Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer - EAA

Chapter 45

Polypropylene (PP)


General Description: Polypropylene is producedcommercially in different forms, depending upon thedesired properties.

• Homopolymer Polypropylene. A trans-lucent, crystalline polymer containingonly propylene monomer in the polymerchain.[1024] Homopolymer PP is the maincomponent in the production of BOPPfilm, bi-axially oriented polypropylenefilm.[1063]

• Random Copolymer Polypropylene. Aclear, semi-crystalline polymer producedthrough the use of a comonomer, typi-cally ethylene.[1024]

• Impact Copolymer Polypropylene. Atranslucent, crystalline polymer formedby the addition of ethylene-propylenerubber (EPR), ethylene propylene-dienemonomer (EPDM), polyethylene, orplastomers to homopolymers or copoly-mers.[1024]

– Basell Adflex – Adflex resins arehighly ethylene-modified hetero-phasic copolymers, with a flexuralmodulus ranging from 80 to 500MPa.[1063]

– Basell Adsyl – PP sealing resin.[1064]

– Basell Adstif – High crystallinityhomopolymer PP resin offeringhigh oxygen and water vapor bar-rier performance.[1063]

Processing Methods:

• BOPP, bi-axially oriented polypropylenefilm. Cast Film and Blown Film.[1063]

• Cast Film. Ranges from 10 µm to 2.5mm thick. Depending on film thickness,different techniques are used. In therange of 10 to 250 µm (with exceptionsup to 500 µm) cast lines, chill roll, and airknife are used while films from 250 µmup to 2.5 mm are produced using a threestack roll system. These types of filmsare mainly used as primary sheets forthermoforming applications.[1073]

• Co-Extrusion. Allows for the tailoringof film properties through the use of dif-ferent materials in separate extruderswhere each material maintains its ownset of properties versus the blending ofpolymers in the mono-extrusion tech-nique.[1073]

• Homopolymer. Injection molding, sheetand thermoforming, bi-axially orientedfilm (BOPP), capacitor film, fiber spin-ning, and slit tape.[1024]

• Random Copolymer. Injection molding,blow molding, and sheet and thermo-forming.[1024]

• Impact Copolymers. Injection molding,extruded sheet, and thermoforming.[1024]

Applications:

• Homopolymer. Thermoforming, slit filmand oriented fibers, high clarity,housewares, syringes, and closures.[1024]

• Random Copolymer. Food, householdchemicals, beauty aid products, clearcontainers, and hot fill applications.[1024]

• Impact Copolymers. Automotive,housewares, film, sheet, profiles, highpressure resistance, medical trays, andthin-wall parts.[1024]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 45: Polypropylene - PP

284

Material Family POLYPROPYLENE (PP)

Material Grade CAST FILM ORIENTED FILM CAST FILM ORIENTED FILM CAST FILM ORIENTED FILM


TEST CONDITIONS



Gas Permeability (mol/m · s · Pa) 30–52 x 10-17 30–32 x 10-17 100–160 x 10-17 108 x 10-17 100 - 175 x 10-17 500 - 125 x 10-17


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 59 - 102 59 - 63 196 - 313 212

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 196 - 343 98 - 245

Table 45-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Cast and Oriented Polypropylene Film

Chapter 45: Polypropylene - PP © Plastics Design Library

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases:Polyolefins are poor barriers to oxygen and carbondioxide.[1064]

With the addition of Adflex to BOPP film, the perme-ability to oxygen and water significantly increases thusallowing specific barrier properties to be tailor-madeby changing the concentration of the Adflex resin.[1063]

Permeability to Water Vapor: Polyolefins are ex-cellent barriers to moisture. Propylene is highly im-permeable to water vapor.[1062]

Because PP has a water vapor barrier approximately25% higher than LDPE, hydroscopic materials such

as salt, certain polymers as well as powders such ascement can confidently be packed in PP basedbags.[1062]

Bi-axially oriented polypropylene performs significantlybetter than cast film because the orientation of themolecules reduces the intermolecular space availablefor the diffusion mechanism.[1024]



285

Table 45-02. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Water Vapor Through Solvay Fortilene PP


Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY FORTILENE

Reference 1025

TEST CONDITIONS


Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen hydrogen water vapor


Gas Permeability (in2/sec · atm) 3.0 x 10-12 12 x 10-12 0.57 x 10-12 53 x 10-12 6.6 x 10-12

cm2/(sec-cm-Hg) 2.3 x 10-10 9.2 x 10-10 0.44 x 10-10 41.0 x 10-10 5.1 x 10-10


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) Unavailable without sample thickness

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) Unavailable without sample thickness

Table 45-03. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through Basell Adflex PP


BASELL ADFEXMaterial Supplier/Grade

Q401F KS089P KS353P



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.050

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen carbon dioxide


Gas Permeability(cc/100 · in2 · day)

100 45 2200 960 470 240 2250 1060 960 475 5700 2750



39 35 865 754 185 188 884 833 377 373 2240 2162


286

Table 45-05. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Basell Adsyl PP


BASELL ADSYL Material Supplier/Grade

3C37F 5C37F 3C37F 5C37F




TEST CONDITIONS



Gas Permeability (cc/100 in2 · day)

285 290 1.15 1.16



112 114

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.45 0.46


Table 45-04. Water Vapor Through Basell Adflex PP


BASELL ADFEXMaterial Supplier/Grade

Q401F KS089P KS353P




TEST CONDITIONS




2.00 0.86 1.60 0.79 1.60 1.53



0.79 0.67 0.63 0.62 0.63 1.2

287

Table 45-06. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through PP


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 37.8 23 22.8 37.8


Test Method ASTM D96 ASTM D1434 ASTM F1249



272 >250


1.5 1

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/day/m2)

0.59



107 >99.7


0.59 0.4


288


Table 45-07. Oxygen and Xylene Through PP

Table 45-08. d-Limonene (Flavor Component) Through PP



TEST CONDITIONS







2500


200



78.7


984


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant d-limonene




Vapor Transmission(10-20 kg · m/m2 · sec · Pa)

101,800



8.9

289

Table 45-09. Oxygen at Different Temperatures Through Oriented PP and Water Vapor Through BiaxiallyOriented and Unoriented PP

Table 45-10. Organic Solvents Through Oriented PP Film


Features oriented biaxially oriented


TEST CONDITIONS






163 203


2526 3146


0.38 0.69


5.9 10.7



64.2 80.0


0.15 0.27


Product Form FILM

Features oriented




TEST CONDITIONS






241.3 22.58 0.77 3.42



74.8 7 0.24 1.06


290


Graph 45-01. Water vapor transmission rate through Basell Adstif homopolymer polypropylene vs.conventional homopolymer polypropylene.[1063]

Graph 45-02. Oxygen transmission rate through Basell Adstif homopolymer polypropylene vs. conventionalhomopolymer polypropylene.[1063]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 46: Polybutene, Polybutylene - PB

Chapter 46

Polybutene, Polybutylene (PB)

Category: Thermoplastic Polyolefin

General Description: Polybutene–1, PB-1, is apolyolefin, or unsaturated polymer that is expressedas CnH2n. Basell Polyolefins series polybutene-1 res-ins are high molecular weight polyolefins manufac-tured from butene-1 monomer. Available as homopoly-mer or random copolymer.[1026]

Processing Method: Extrusion.

Applications: PB-1 is used synergistically as a blendcomponent to improve and differentiate the proper-ties of polyolefins in packaging films or nonwovenfabrics.[1026]

Table 46-01. Water Vapor, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Polybutylene-1 (PB-1) and LDPE

Material Family POLYBUTYLENE (PB)

Material Grade PB–1 LDPE PB–1 LDPE PB–1 LDPE


TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature (°C) 77 ---

Penetrant water vapor oxygen carbon dioxide


Vapor Permeability(g · mil/day · 100 · in2)

0.28 0.30

Gas Permeability(cc · mil/24 hr · m2 · atm)

6730 9400 3860 6500



0.14 0.15


171 239 98 165

Pressurized vessels, pressurized beverage tubing,seals such as beverage closure liners, architecturalseals, and gaskets, compression packaging films,peel seal, film modification, hot melt and polyolefinmodification applications.

Permeability: Vapors and gases will permeate throughpolybutene, as with all other plastics, at a rate spe-cific to the liquid or gas and its temperature, concen-tration, and pressure. Polybutene-1 is similar or slightlybetter than LDPE.[1026]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 46-01 and 46-02.

292

Table 46-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Shell Chemical DuraflexPolybutylene (PB) Film

Material Family POLYBUTYLENE (PB)

Material Supplier/Grade SHELL CHEMICAL DURAFLEX 1600 SHELL CHEMICAL DURAFLEX 1710

Product Form FILM

Features FDA grade, heat sealable

Applications peelable seals




Density 0.910 g/cm3 0.909 g/cm3



Zinc Oxide (phr) 5

Note slip and antiblock formulations antiblock formulations, slip and antiblock formulations

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogencarbondioxide

water vapor oxygen nitrogencarbondioxide

water vapor

Temperature (°C) 22.8 37.8 22.8 37.8


Test Method ASTM D1434, method MASTM D96,method E

ASTM D1434, method MASTM D96,method E



385 110 1425 400 110 1190

Gas Permeability(cm3 · µ m/cm2 · day · atm)

15.1 4.3 55.8 16.0 4.3 46.9


1.2 1.88

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · µ m/cm2 · day)

0.047 0.074



151.6 43.3 561 157.5 43.3 468


0.47 0.74

Chapter 46: Polybutene, Polybutylene - PB © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 47

Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)

Category: Engineering Plastics

General Description: Resins available as unfilled,40% glass fiber reinforced, 65% glass fiber reinforced,and mineral filled.[1027]

Coatings: Finely divided powders having a modestmolecular weight and high melt flow.[1027]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extrusion,and melt cured.[1027]

Applications: Chemical process pipe, pump hous-ings, shafts and impellers, oil field equipment, valves,corrosion resistant industrial parts, non-stick cook-ware, capacitor housings electrical packaging, andconnectors and sockets.[1027]


Material Family POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE (PPS)

Material Supplier/Grade CHEVRON PHILLIPS RYTON

Product Form FILM

Manufacturing Method Formed as a baked coating by spraying unfilled PPS onto aluminum foil. Foil was then dissolved in a sodium hydroxide bath.




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide hydrogen ammonia hydrogen sulfide oxygen air

Test Method ASTM D1434 method M



30 75 420 15 3 15 - 20 20 - 30


11.8 29.6 165 5.9 1.2 5.9 - 7.9 7.9 - 11.8



11.8 29.5 165 5.9 1.2 5.9 - 7.9 7.9 - 11.8

Table 47-01. Various Gases Through Chevron Phillips Ryton Polyphenylene Sulfide Film

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 47: Polyphenylene Sulfide - PPS

294

Table 47-02. Various Liquids Through Chevron Phillips Ryton Polyphenylene Sulfide Film

Material Family POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE (PPS)

Material Supplier/Grade CHEVRON PHILLIPS RYTON

Product Form FILM

Manufacturing Method Formed as a baked coating by spraying unfilled PPS onto aluminum foil. Foil was then dissolved in a sodium hydroxide bath.




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water hydrochloric acid acetic acid benzene methyl alcohol water vapor

Concentration (%) 37


Test MethodDie cut samples were fitted to tops of glass bottles by a rubber gasket and a lid, with a surface area of

96.8 cm2.ASTM E96condition E

Test NoteLiquids were placed in bottles, gaskets and film put in place, and the lid screwed on. Apparatus wasinverted to put liquid in direct contact with film. Weight loss measurements were made at one week

intervals throughout four weeks of conditioning.



0.81 0.08 2.0 6.3 0.3 1.66


0.35 0.03 0.79 0.12 0.66



0.32 0.03 0.79 2.48 0.12 0.65

Chapter 47: Polyphenylene Sulfide - PPS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 48

Polysulfone

Category: Engineering Plastic

General Description: Polysulfone is a tough, rigid,high-strength, amorphous thermoplastic that maintainsits properties over a wide temperature range. Trans-parent, opaque, and glass-fiber reinforced grades ofSolvay Advanced Polymers Udel resin are avail-able.[1028]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, blow mold-ing, extrusion, shapes can be machined for prototypeevaluations; film and sheet can be thermoformed onconventional equipment.

Applications: Solvay Advanced Polymers Udelpolysulfone membranes can be used for productionof cheese, whey, orange juice, and apple juice, as wellas for recovery of protein and lactose and the steril-ization and clarification of beer, wine and vinegar.Udel resin offers unique properties, such as the abil-ity to be put into solution for creating porous filamentsor casting into flat sheet, that allow it to be used inmicro, ultra, and reverse osmosis membranes.[1028]


Table 48-01. Various Gases Through Solvay Advanced Polymers Udel Polysulfone

Material Family POLYSULFONE

Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY ADVANCED POLYMERS UDEL

Reference Number 15

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant ammonia carbon dioxide helium hydrogen methane






1070 950 1960 1800 37.5

Gas Permeability(mm3/m · MPa · day)

4160 3690 7620 6990 146



421 374 772 709 14.8

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 48: Polysulfone

296

Table 48-03. Water Vapor Through Solvay Advanced Polymers Udel Polysulfone

Table 48-02. Various Gases Through Solvay Advanced Polymers Udel Polysulfone


Material Supplier/Grade SOLVAY ADVANCED POLYMERS UDEL

Reference Number 15

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen oxygensulfur

hexafluoride dichloro-

difluoromethane dichloro-

tetrafluoroethane






40 230 1.8 0.59 0.25

Gas Permeability(mm3/m · MPa · day)

155 894 6.99 2.29 0.97



15.7 90.5 0.71 0.23 0.098


Material Supplier/ TradeName

SOLVAY ADVANCED POLYMERS UDEL

Product Form SLOT CAST THIN FILM

Reference Number 15

TEST CONDITIONS







18 69



7.1 27.2

Chapter 48: Polysulfone © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 49

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH)

Category: Polyhydric Alcohol

General Description: White-to-cream granular pow-der. DuPont Elvanol polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, some-times also referred to as PVA) is a water-soluble syn-thetic polymer with excellent film-forming, emulsi-fying, and adhesive properties. This versatile polymeroffers high oxygen barrier.[1029]

Processing Methods: Cast or blown films, blow mold-ing, and injection blow molding.

Applications: Water-soluble films: pouches and sa-chets manufactured with films of DuPont Elvanol arewater soluble, dissolving as they release their contentinto cold or warm aqueous solutions. Applications in-clude water treatment chemicals, dyes, laundry de-

tergents, agricultural chemicals, disinfectants, indus-trial cleaning chemicals, and other areas benefittingfrom ready-to-use, pre-measured dosages or reducedpackaging waste.[1029]

PVOH is also used in strippable coatings, nonwovens,and agricultural chemicals.[1029]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: The de-gree of hydrolysis affects the water sensitivity of boththe resin and film. Water resistance increases with in-creasing hydrolysis. The super hydrolyzed gradesshould be used when maximum water resistance andhumidity resistance are desired.[1029]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 49: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH

Table 49-01. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through PVOH

Material Family POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH)

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide





0.06 0.22 0.11



0.02 0.09 0.04

298

Table 49-02. Oxygen Through Air Products and Chemicals Vinex PVOH

Material Family POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH)

Material Supplier/Trade Name AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS VINEX

Grade 1003 2144 5030 1003 2144 5030



Specific Gravity 1.25

Melt Flow Index5 - 7 g/10 min.

(230/2.16)6 - 8 g/10 min.

(230/2.16)9 - 11 g/10 min.

(190/10.1)5 - 7 g/10 min.

(230/2.16)6 - 8 g/10 min.

(230/2.16)9 - 11 g/10 min.

(190/10.1)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Pressure Gradient (mmHg) 760



0.0350 0.0435 0.0327 1.2 1.45 1.5



0.0163 0.0223 0.0193 0.56 0.74 0.88

Chapter 49: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 50

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS)

Category: Engineering Plastic, Styrene Copolymer

General Description: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenecopolymer (ABS) includes a range of resins, eachmanufactured with usually more than 50% styrene andvarying amounts of acrylonitrile and butadiene.Thethree components are combined by a variety of meth-ods involving polymerization, graft copolymerization,and physical blending.[1004]

GE Plastics Cycolac: Grades consist of an elasto-meric and amorphous thermoplastic component. Theelastomeric component is usually polybutadiene or abutadiene copolymer.[1031]

Processing Methods: Injection molding and extrusion.

Applications: Medical devices, cosmetics, housewares,automobiles, and business equipment.[1031]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Terluran:gases and water vapor can diffuse through it.[1032]

Permeability to Water Vapor: Terluran is imperme-able to water.[1032]



Table 50-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through GE Plastics Cycolac ABS

Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER (ABS)

Material Supplier/Grade GE PLASTICS CYCOLAC


TEST CONDITIONS





Gas Permeability(cc · mil/24 hr · 100 in2 · atm) 100

Vapor Permeability(g · mil/24 hr · 100 in2) 12




© Plastics Design Library Chapter 50: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer - ABS

300

Table 50-02: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical ABS Film



Product Form FILM



Note low acrylonitrile content medium acrylonitrile content

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide water vapor oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide

Temperature (°C) 24 24-38 24



5 - 16


200 - 260 25 - 35 900 - 1200 120 - 140 10 - 15 400 - 600



79 - 102 9.8 - 13.8 354 - 472 47 - 55 3.9 - 5.9 157 - 236


2.0 - 6.3

Chapter 50: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer - ABS © Plastics Design Library

301

Table 50-03. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF AG Terluran ABS Film


Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG TERLURAN 997 VE

Product Form FILM

Features low flow





Note with butadiene acrylic rubber

TEST CONDITIONS





Test NoteValues for permeability depend on the conditions under which the film was produced and

may differ by as much as 50% from those given.



27

Gas Permeability(cm3 · 100 mm/m2 · day · bar)

800 200 3000


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · µ m/m2 · day · atm)

81 20.3 304


2.7

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 50: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer - ABS

302

Table 50-04. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF AG Terluran ABS Film


Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG TERLURAN 967 K BASF AG TERLURAN 877 M

Product Form FILM

Features moderate flow





Note with butadiene acrylic rubber

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen nitrogencarbondioxide



Relative Humidity (%) 85-0 gradient 85-0 gradient

Test Method DIN 53122 DIN 53380 DIN 53122 DIN 53380

Test NoteValues for permeability depend on the conditions under which the film was produced and

may differ by as much as 50% from those given.



27 31


500 100 2000 450 100 2000



50.7 10.1 203 45.6 10 203


2.7 3.1

Chapter 50: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer - ABS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 51

Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer (ASA)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: Luran S is the trade name forBASF’s styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers which areimpact-modified with acrylate rubber.[1034]

Processing Methods: Injection molding and extru-sion.

Applications: Automotive components, electricalequipment subjected to high temperatures, parabolic

reflectors, solar energy systems, movement sensors,surfboards, and caddy cars.[1034]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Depend-ing upon the pressure gradient, gases and water vapormay diffuse through Luran S sheets.[1034]

Permeability to Water and Water Vapor: Luran Smoldings are impermeable to water.[1034]


Table 51-01. Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Methane Through BASF Luran S ASA Film

Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE-ACRYLATE COPOLYMER (ASA)

Material Supplier/Trade Name BASF AG LURAN S

Grade 776 S 757 R 776 S 757 R 776 S 797 S 776 S 757 R

Product Form BLOWN FILM FILM BLOWN FILM

Reference Number 143 142 143



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen methane nitrogen


Test Method DIN 53380 DIN 53380 part 2 method M DIN 53380

Test Note

Values depend on conditionsunder which film was

produced. Figures may differby as much as 50%.



5000 110 100 75 70 60



507 11.1 10.1 7.6 7.1 6.1

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 51: Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer - ASA

304

Table 51-02. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through BASF Luran S ASA Film



BASF AG LURAN S

Grade 776 S 797 S 776 S 757 R 776 S 797 S 776 S 757 R

Product Form FILM BLOWN FILM FILM BLOWN FILM

Reference Number 142 143 142 143



TEST CONDITIONS



Test Method DIN 53380part 2 method M

DIN 53380 DIN 53380part 2 method M

DIN 53380

Test Note







550 500 180 150 2300 2000 1400 1000



55.7 50.7 18.2 15.2 233 203 142 101

Chapter 51: Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer - ASA © Plastics Design Library

305

Table 51-03. Water Vapor Through BASF Luran S ASA Film


Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG LURAN S 776 S BASF AG LURAN S 797 S BASF AG LURAN S 757 R

Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS




Pressure Gradient (Mbar) 23.87 19.86

Test Method DIN 53122

Test NoteValues for permeability depend on the conditions under which the film was

produced. Figures determined may differ by as much as 50%.



35 30



3.5 3

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 51: Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer - ASA

Chapter 52

Polystyrene (PS)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: The polystyrene family of res-ins includes general purpose PS, crystal PS, orientedand foamed crystal PS, modified or impact PS andhigh impact PS. General purpose PS is generally thelower cost material.[1004]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, orientation,thermoformed, foamed, with most crystal PS beinginjection molded.[1004]

Applications: Yogurt, cream, butter, meat trays, eggcartons, fruit and vegetable trays, as well as cakes,croissants, and cookies. Medical and packaging/disposables, bakery packaging, and large and smallappliances.[1043]

Permeability, General: For some applications, it isdesirable to increase the barrier (decrease the perme-ability) of polystyrene packaging. Polystyrene film orsheet can be coated with a vinylidene chloride copoly-mer latex. The film can be used directly, and the sheetcan be thermoformed. A typical product is a singleservice jelly container.[1036]

Alternatively, a multilayer sheet can be made by co-extrusion. In this structure, high impact polystyrene(HIPS) provides structural strength and thermo-formability. The vinylidene chloride copolymer pro-vides additional oxygen and moisture barrier. The re-sult is a rigid barrier container for foods. Permeationthrough multilayer film may be treated as a series ofpermeations through single films.[1036]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: The oxy-gen permeabilities for the styrene based polymers dropslowly as the temperature decreases. This is typicalbehavior for polymers below Tg.

[1036]

Permeability to Water Vapor: For polystyrene, per-meability to water vapor increases slightly with tem-perature.[1037]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 52: Polystyrene - PS

308

Table 52-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Polystyrene

Table 52-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Styron Polystyrene

Material Family POLYSTYRENE (PS)

Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL STYRON

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 24 24-38



2 - 10


300 - 400 40 - 50 1000 - 1500



118 - 157 15.8 - 19.7 394 - 590


0.79 - 3.9

Chapter 52: Polystyrene - PS © Plastics Design Library



TEST CONDITIONS




Gas Permeability(nmol/m · s · GPa)

600 – 800 40 – 50 2000 – 3000

Vapor Permeability(nmol/m · s)

0.5 – 2.5


Vapor Transmission Rate(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

117 - 157 8 - 10 393 - 590

Permeability Coefficient(g · mm/m2 · day)

0.78 - 3.9

309

Table 52-03. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Polystyrene



TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 40 22.8 37.8





260 >350


4030


8.5 10


131.8



102.4 >140


3.4 4.0

Table 52-04. Water Vapor and Reagents Through Dow Chemical Styron Polystyrene Resin


Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL STYRON

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol n-heptane ethyl acetate formaldehydetetrachloroethylene

acetone benzene



Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 1 - 6

1 - samplefailed during

testsample failed during test 4 - 5 sample failed during test 1200



0.39 - 2.40.39 - sample

failedsample failed 1.6 - 2.0 sample failed 472

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 52: Polystyrene - PS

310

Graph 52-01. Oxygen vs. temperature through Dow Chemical Styron polystyrene film.

Graph 52-02. Water vapor vs. thickness through Dow Chemical Styron polystyrene film.

temperature (°C)

-30-20-10010203040506070

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

10

100

1000

Dow Styron PS (film);penetrant: O2

Reference No. 250


0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

wat

er v

apor

per

mea

bilit

y (g

/ 100

in2

. day

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Dow Styron PS (film);penetrant: water vapor

Reference No. 250

Chapter 52: Polystyrene - PS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 53

Oriented Polystyrene (OPS)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: Thin sheets are produced withan orientation ratio ranging from 2 × 2 to 3 × 3.[1038]

Processing Methods: Most often these sheets (col-ored or natural) are thermoformed. The sheets can becolored by way of masterbatch, and the formula-tion includes mainly a general purpose polystyrene(GPPS) of high molecular weight, mixed with asmall amount of elastomer‚ sometimes blended withan even smaller amount of HIPS in order to improvetoughness, and not to decrease clarity.[1038]

Applications: Dow Chemical Trycite polystyrenefilms can be printed and laminated to foams for foodservice plates and trays offering improved aesthetics.The films can also be used as a laminate to polysty-rene sheet for a high gloss shine.[1140] Bakery, conve-nience food items.[1038]

Permeability and Orientation: The effect of orien-tation on the permeability of polymers is difficult toassess because the terms orientation and elongationor strain have been used interchangeably in the litera-ture. The circumstances of the orientation (elonga-tion) are important. In polystyrene, orientation reducesthe permeability by 30%.[1036]

When biaxially oriented polystyrene film is straineduniaxially by 3%, the permeabilities of several smallpermanent gases increase by almost 100% immedi-ately and then decay to the original permeability.Most of the effect is due to the changing diffusiv-ity.[1036]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Table 53-01 through 53-02.

Table 53-01. Oxygen Through Unoriented and Oriented Polystyrene

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 53: Oriented Polystyrene - OPS

Material Family ORIENTED POLYSTYRENE (OPS)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Degree of Orientation (%) 0 300


Gas Permeability(nmol/m · s · Gpa)

840 600


Vapor Transmission Rate(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

165 118

312

Table 53-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Trycite PolystyreneFilm


Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL TRYCITE

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS





9


250 - 350 50 - 60 700 - 1100



98.4 - 138 19.7 - 23.6 276 - 433


3.5

Chapter 53: Oriented Polystyrene - OPS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 54

General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: General purpose polystyrene(GPPS) resins are crystal-clear materials formulatedto a range of strength values and processing param-eters.[1039]

Processing Methods: Injection molding and extru-sion coating.

Applications: Medical and packaging/disposables,particularly where clarity is required.[1039]


Table 54-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF AG Polystyrol GPPS Film

Material Family GENERAL PURPOSE POLYSTYRENE (GPPS)

Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG POLYSTYROL 168 N

Product Form FILM


Reference Number 26



TEST CONDITIONS







12

Gas Permeability(cm3/m2 · bar · day)

1000 250 5200



101 25.3 527


1.2

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 54: General Purpose Polystyrene - GPPS

314

Material Family GENERAL PURPOSE POLYSTYRENE (GPPS)


DOW CHEMICAL STYRON

Product Form SHEET

Features oriented

Manufacturing Method injection molding


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogencarbondioxide


water vapor

Temperature (°C) 23 24-38 23 24-38

Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96



2-10 9


300 - 400 40 - 50 1000 - 1500 250 - 350 50 - 60 700 - 1100



118 - 158 16 - 20 393 - 591 98 - 138 20 - 24 276 - 433


0.79 - 3.9 3.5

Table 54-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Styron GPPS

Chapter 54: General Purpose Polystyrene - GPPS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 55

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: Designed for toughness, theseopaque resins are ideal for both molded and extrudedapplications that require greater physical performanceproperties.[1039]

Processing Methods: Injection Molding and extru-sion thermoforming.

Applications: Refrigeration accessories, small appli-ances, electric lawn and garden equipment, toys, andremote controls.


Table 55-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through BASF AG Polystyrol HIPS Film

Material Family IMPACT RESISTANT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS)

Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG POLYSTYROL 476 L

Product Form FILM

Reference Number 26



TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (%) 85 – 0 gradient




13


1600 400 10,000



162 40.5 1013


1.3

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 55: High Impact Polystyrene - HIPS

316

Table 55-02. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Styron HIPS

Material Family IMPACT RESISTANT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS)


DOW CHEMICAL STYRON

Manufacturing Method injection molding


TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 24-38




2 - 10


300 - 400 40 - 50 1000 - 1500



118 - 157 15.8 - 19.7 394 - 591


0.8 - 3.9

Chapter 55: High Impact Polystyrene - HIPS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 56

Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN)

Category: Styrenic

General Description: SAN resins are random, amor-phous, transparent copolymers.[1004] SAN resins arepolar in nature resulting in hygroscopic behavior.Therefore, drying before processing is recommended.The styrene portion provides clarity, stiffness, andprocessability; the acrylonitrile portion provideschemical and heat resistance.[1042]

• BASF Luran. Excellent transparency.[1040]

• TYRIL Resins. Designed by Dow and aresuitable for self-coloring.[1042]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, extruding,coated, metallized, and hot stamped.

Applications: Household: mixing bowls, electric mix-ers, refrigerator inserts, tableware, vacuum flaskcasings, food storage containers, toiletries, cosmet-ics packaging, writing implements, and industrialbatteries.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Perme-ability to gases depends upon the conditions underwhich the film or moldings were produced. Perme-ability to carbon dioxide is about five times higherand permeability to nitrogen about five times less, thanthat of oxygen.[1041]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Luran isimpermeable to water but allows water vapor to per-meate it in given amounts.[1041]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 56: Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer - SAN

318

Material Family STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER (SAN)

Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL TYRIL

Product Form FILM



Note low acrylonitrile contentmedium acrylonitrile

contentlow acrylonitrile content

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 24 24 – 38



5 - 14


80 - 100 40 - 70 10 400



31.5 - 39.4 15.7 - 27.6 3.9 157


2.0 - 5.5

Table 56-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Tyril SAN

Chapter 56: Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer - SAN © Plastics Design Library

319

Material Family STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER (SAN)


BASF AG LURAN

Grade 358 N 368 R 378 P 388 S 358 N 368 R 378 P 388 S

Product Form FILM

Features high flow,transparent

moderate tolow flow,

transparent

moderate tohigh flow,

transparent

low flow,transparent

high flow,transparent

moderate tolow flow,

transparent

moderate tohigh flow,

transparent

low flow,transparent

Reference Number 30



TEST CONDITIONS







200 - 500 200 - 300


20 - 25



20.3 - 50.7 20.3 - 30.4


2 - 2.5

Table 56-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through BASF Luran SAN Copolymer Film


320

Table 56-03. Reagents Through Dow Chemical Tyril SAN

Material Family STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL TYRIL

Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol n-heptane ethyl acetate formaldehyde tetrachloro-

ethylene acetone




sample failed 2 - 20 sample failed 5 - 10 sample failed



sample failed 0.8 - 7.9 sample failed 2.0 - 3.9 sample failed

Graph 56-01. Oxygen vs. temperature through Dow Chemical Tyril SAN film.

temperature (°C)

-30-20-10010203040506070

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

10

100

1000

Dow Tyril SAN (film);penetrant: O2

Reference No. 250

Chapter 56: Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer - SAN © Plastics Design Library

321

Graph 56-02. Water vapor vs. thickness through Dow Chemical Tyril SAN film.


0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

wat

er v

apor

per

mea

bilit

y (g

/ 100

in2

. day

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Dow Tyril SAN (film);penetrant: water vapor

Reference No. 250


Chapter 57

Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (SBS)

Category: Styrenic, thermoplastic

General Description: BASF AG Styrolux is the tradename for a line of anionically produced styrene-buta-diene block copolymers that possess complex molecu-lar structure and are characterized by their optical andmechanical properties.[1136]

Processing Methods: Extruded, thermoformed, andinjection molded.

Applications: Primarily food packaging, packed fruitand vegetables, fresh pasta and cheese, asthermoformed cups and lids, and also in applicationsincluding shrink film, must stay fresh as long as pos-sible. Styrolux co-extruded with other thermoplastics,provides transparent barrier-layer composites.[1136]

Permeability: Styrolux demonstrates high permeabil-ity to gas and water vapor compared with other typesof polymer.[1136]


Table 57-01. Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through BASF AG Styrolux SBS

Material Family STYRENE-BUTADIENE BLOCK COPOLYMER (SBS)

Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG STYROLUX 684 D BASF AG STYROLUX 656 C

Product Form FILM

Features high flow

Reference Number 29



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide




2600 700 15,000 1600 350 8000



263 70.9 1520 162 35.5 811

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 57: Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer - SBS

324

Table 57-02. Water Vapor Through BASF AG Styrolux SBS

Material Family STYRENE-BUTADIENE BLOCK COPOLYMER (SBS)

Material Supplier/Grade BASF AG STYROLUX 684 D BASF AG STYROLUX 656 C

Product Form FILM

Features high flow

Reference Number 29



TEST CONDITIONS





13.8 11.3



1.38 1.13

Chapter 57: Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer - SBS © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 58

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Category: Vinyl

General Description: Polyvinyl Chloride is producedby the polymerization of the gas vinyl chloride. It isone of the world’s most widely used plastics. PVC byitself is hard, brittle, and difficult to process. With theaddition of plasticizers and other additives the com-pound becomes flexible and much more versatile. Thewide application of PVC results from the material’sversatility since it can be used as a rigid compound orblended with plasticizers to produce flexible grades.

Plastisols are the result of a special class of fine par-ticle PVC resin (dispersion grade) being dispersed inliquid plasticisers. Organosols are the product of aplastisol and a volatile diluent or a solvent. Commer-cial PVC copolymers include grades copolymerizedwith vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, and maleateand fumarate esters.[1004]

Processing Methods: Extrusion and thermoforming.

Applications: Packaging is a major market for PVC.Rigid grades are blown into bottles and made intosheets for thermoforming boxes and blister packs.Flexible PVC compounds are used in food packaging

applications because of their strength, transparency,processability, and low raw material cost.[2027] Majormarkets for PVC are in building/construction, pack-aging, consumer and institutional products, and elec-trical/electronic uses.[1004]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: PVC isvalued for its permeability to vapor, preventing con-densation.[1064] Although rigid PVC compounds pro-vide very good oxygen impermeability because of aclosely packed, semi-crystalline structure, flexiblePVC does not exhibit sufficient barrier properties formany packaging applications. This limitation arisesbecause the addition of plasticizers in flexible PVCcompounds causes an increase in molecular chainmobility and intermolecular distances. The result islarger and more direct pathways for the diffusion ofoxygen molecules and other gases.[2027]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: FlexiblePVC is permeable to steam preventing condensationand allowing foods such as meat or cheese tobreathe.[1064]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 58: Polyvinyl Chloride - PVC

326

Table 58-01. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Material Family POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)



Note plasticized rigid

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen carbon dioxide




Gas Permeability [mol/(m · s · Pa)] 6 – 400 x 10-17 20 – 600 x 10-17 1.0 – 4 x 10-17 4 – 10 x 10-17


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 10.14 – 784 39.2 – 1176 1.96 – 7.84 7.84 – 19.6

Table 58-02. Water Vapor Through Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Material POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)



Note plasticized rigid

TEST CONDITIONS





Vapor Permeability [mol/(m · s · Pa)] 25 – 188 x 10-15 12.5 – 188 x 10-15


Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 4900 – 36,848 2450 – 36,848

Chapter 58: Polyvinyl Chloride - PVC © Plastics Design Library

327


Product Form FILM



Note unplasticized

TEST CONDITIONS





3


5 - 20 20 - 50



2.0 - 7.9 7.9 - 19.7


1.2

Table 58-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Film

Table 58-04. Oxygen Permeability vs. Temperature Through Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Film


Product Form FILM

Reference Number 63

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





12.2 13.2 18.8


240 260 370



4.8 5.2 7.4


328

Table 58-05. Water Vapor Through Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Film

Table 58-06. Cyclohexanone, Chlorobenzene, Hexane, Butyl Alcohol, Trichloroethene, Methyl Salicylate,and Tetrahydrofuran Through Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Bottles



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen water vapor

Temperature (°C) 40 22.8 37.8




Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/ 100 in2 · day · bar)

8


3 4.25


46.5



3.2


1.2 1.7




TEST CONDITIONS





Penetrant Weight Loss (%) failed 6.06 0.18 failed


329




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantethyl

acetateisopropylacetate

acetonebutyl

acetate toluene xylene

methylisobutylketone

methyl ethylketone




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) failed

Table 58-07. Ethyl Acetate, Isopropyl Acetate, Acetone, Butyl Acetate, Toluene, Xylene, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone,and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Through Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Bottles


0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

320

µ/ m

2. a

tm .

day)

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Graph 58-01. Oxygen permeability vs. thickness through polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

PVC (film); penetrant: O2

Reference No. 63


330

Graph 58-02. Water vapor permeability vs. thickness through polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Graph 58-03. Water vapor permeability vs. thickness through polyvinyl chloride (PVC).


3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 35

wat

er v

apor

tran

smis

sion

(g/

100

in2

. day

)

0.060.07

0.10

0.20

0.40

0.80American Mirrex 3002PVC (pharmaceutical

pack.; high impact,transparent, FDA DMF952; film); 38.7°C; 90%

RH

American Mirrex 1025PVC (pharmaceutical

pack.; high impact,transparent, FDA DMF

1060; film); 38.7°C; 90%RH

American Mirrex 3004PVC (high impact,

transparent, FDA grade,food grade; film); 38.7°C;

90% RH

American Mirrex 3007PVC (high impact,

transparent, FDA grade,food grade, non-contact

heating; film); 38.7°C; 90%RH

Reference No. 286


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 40

wat

er v

apor

tran

smis

sion

(g/

100

in2

. day

)

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.08

0.10American Mirrex EZ23 PVC (transparent; 40 g/m2 PVDC

coated; film); 38.7°C; 90% RH

American Mirrex EZ23 PVC (transparent; 60 g/m2 PVDC


American Mirrex EZ23 PVC (transparent; 80 g/m2 PVDC


Reference No.

286


Chapter 59

Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC)

Category: Vinyl

General Description: Polyvinylidene Chloride(PVDC) resin is a copolymer of vinylidene chloridewith vinyl chloride or other monomers.[1004] Dow Plas-tics vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, Saran, isusually supplied as a white, free flowing powder.[1045]

• Saran MA Resins. Vinylidene chlorideand methyl acrylate monomer.[1045]

• Saran-F Resins. Solvent-soluable co-polymers of vinylidene chloride withother monomers generally used for coat-ing cellophane and polyester films.[1045]

• Saran 100 HB. Monolayer laminationfilm, displays an extraordinary barrierto oxygen, moisture, odors, flavors.[1045]

Compared to other Saran films, the oxygen bar-rier of Saran 100 HB is up to ten times higher, and themoisture barrier is up to five times higher. Saran 100HB is a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinylchloride. The copolymer has unusually dense andhighly crystalline molecular chains which create a tor-tuous path for gas or water vapor molecules.[1045]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, co-extrusion, SaranF- lacquer solution films.

• Multilayer Extrusion. Saran resins areused in combination with a myriad ofother polymers in flexible and rigid multi-layer products. Multilayer cast and blownfilm co-extrusion processes for Saran canbe used with all polyethylenes, polypro-pylenes, and nylons.[1051]

Applications: Monolayer films (Saran) for food wrapand medical packaging, co-extruded films and sheetstructures as a barrier layer in medical, and packagingincluding fresh red meats, cheese, and sausages. Coat-ings are applied to containers to prevent gas transmis-sion.[1045]

• Rigid Packaging. PVDC is used in com-bination with skin layers, materials suchas polypropylene, high density polyeth-ylene, polystyrene, that provide the nec-essary structural properties to the pack-age.[1045]

• Blister packs. Coated with PVDC if bar-rier properties are required.[1045]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: PVDCmaterials exhibit exceptional barrier resistance to oxy-gen and carbon dioxide.[1004] Their low oxygen trans-mission rate is unaffected by moisture including highhumidity conditions.[1045] Films providing barrieragainst gas (to prevent oxidation), odors, steam, oilsor fats, are PVDC, either alone or in a thin layer to-gether with other materials such as cellophane, alu-minum, or paper.[1045]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Thesematerials exhibit exceptional barrier resistance towater and many organic solvents.[1004]



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 59: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC

332

Material Family POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)

Material Supplier/TradeName DOW CHEMICAL SARAN

Grade 469 516 525

Product Form blown film



Chemical Type vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 38 23 38 23 38


Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96


Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.10 0.10 0.10

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.13 0.13 0.13


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.04 0.04 0.04


Table 59-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran 469, 516, and 525

Chapter 59: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC © Plastics Design Library

333



Grade MA 119 MA 123 MA 134




Chemical Type vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride

TEST CONDITIONS


Temperature (°C) 23 38 23 38 23 38


Test Method ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96 ASTM D1434 ASTM E96


Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.08 0.08 0.08

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.05 0.05 0.05




Table 59-02. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran MA 119, MA 123, and MA 134


334



Grade 313 867




Chemical Type vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride vinylidene chloride and methyl acrylate

TEST CONDITIONS






Gas Permeability(cc · mil/100 in2 · day) 1.2 1.1

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.27 0.20


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.47 0.43


Table 59-03. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran 313 and 867


335



Grade F 239 F 278



Chemical Type vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate

vinylidene chloride, methacrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate


Coating Weight (g/m2) 2.2 4 2.2 4 2.2 4 2.2 4

Sample Thickness (mm)(calculated) 0.01375 0.025 0.01375 0.025 0.01375 0.025 0.01375 0.025

TEST CONDITIONS






Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.61 0.35 0.35 0.20


12.0 5.8 6.6 3.2

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.76 0.38 0.43 0.21




Table 59-04. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran F 239 and F 278 at Different CoatingWeights


336




Grade F 310 F 271



Chemical Type vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate



TEST CONDITIONS







1.5 0.83 0.70 0.35


43 20 9.30 4.65

(g/100 in2 · day) 2.8 1.3 0.60 0.30


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.032 0.033 0.0149 0.0138


0.913 0.786 0.197 0.183


337





Grade F 279 F 281



Chemical Type vinylidene chloride, methacrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate



TEST CONDITIONS







0.35 0.20 0.28 0.15


6.6 3.2 6.3 3.0

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.43 0.21 0.41 0.20




0.140 0.126 0.134 0.118

338


Table 59-07. Oxygen Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Coatings on Polyethylene Coated Paper andPolyethylene Film



Grade F 310



Chemical Type vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile


Substrate polyethylene coated paper polyethylene film

Substrate Thickness (mm) 0.025 0.0375

Coating Thickness (Saran) control 0.0015 0.002 0.00225 control 0.0025

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen




Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 200 1.7 1.4 1.2 340 2.0



339




Grade F 310








TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen







Table 59-08. Nitrogen Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Coatings on Polyethylene Coated Paper andPolyethylene Film

340


Table 59-09. Carbon Dioxide Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Coatings on Polyethylene Coated Paperand Polyethylene Film



Grade F 310








TEST CONDITIONS








341


Table 59-10. Oxygen Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Coatings on Polypropylene and Polyester Films



Grade F 310





Substrate polypropylene film polyester film


Coating Thickness (Saran) 0.0025 control 0.0025

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen




Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.6 9.7 0.3



342


Table 59-11. Air Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Coatings on Polyester and Nylon Films



Grade F 310





Substrate polyester film nylon film


Coating Thickness (Saran) control 0.0025 control 0.0025

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air







343

Table 59-12. Various Gases Through Dow Chemical Saran F Resin Film



Grade F RESIN






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air







0.00425 0.001 0.00625 0.00175


344


Material Supplier/Trade Name DOW CHEMICAL SARAN

Grade F 310








TEST CONDITIONS



Test Method TAPPI T646


Vapor Transmission Rate (g/100 in2 · day) 1.2 0.9 0.8


Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.03 0.024 0.022 0.03 0.32

Table 59-13. Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Polyethylene Coated Paper and PolyethyleneFilm


345


Material Supplier/Trade Name DOW CHEMICAL SARAN

Grade F 310





Substrate polypropylene film polyester film nylon film

Substrate Thickness (mm) 0.015 0.0125 0.025

Coating Thickness (Saran) control 0.0025 control 0.0025 control 0.0025

TEST CONDITIONS



Test Method TAPPI T646


Vapor Transmission Rate (g/100 in2 · day)

0.4 0.3 2.5 0.9 2.9 1.1


Vapor Transmission Rate (g ·mm/m2 · day)

0.006 0.00525 0.03125 0.0135 0.0725 0.03

Table 59-14. Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran F 310 Polypropylene, Polyester, and Nylon Films


346

Table 59-15. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran 100 HB Film


Material Supplier/Trade Name DOW CHEMICALSARAN

Grade 100 HB



Chemical Type copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride

TEST CONDITIONS





Gas Permeability (cc ·mil/100 in2 · day · atm)

0.08

(cc ·mil/m2 ·day · atm) 0.005

(g ·mil/100 in2 · day) 0.05

(g ·mil/m2 ·day · atm) 0.003


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 ·mm/m2 · day · atm)

0.31

Vapor Transmission Rate (g ·mm/m2 · day)

0.02


347

Table 59-16. Air Through Dow Chemical Saran 18, 18L, 19, 28, and 560 Film



DOW CHEMICAL SARAN WRAP

Grade 18 18L 19 28 560

Product Form MONOLAYER FILM CO-EXTRUDED FILM

Featuresbarrier properties,biaxially oriented,

transparent

barrier properties,biaxially oriented,

preshrunk, transparent

barrier properties, biaxially oriented, transparent

Applicationschub packaging

machines, laminations laminations chub packaging machines unit packaging




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air






0.36 0.48 0.36 0.5 0.08



0.14 0.19 0.14 0.2 0.03


348

Table 59-17. Oxygen Through Dow Chemical Saran 18, 18L, 19, 28, and 560 Film




Grade 18 18L 19 28 560



transparent









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen






1.2 1.6 1.2 1.8 0.25



0.47 0.63 0.47 0.71 0.1


349

Table 59-18. Carbon Dioxide Through Dow Chemical Saran 18, 18L, 19, 28, and 560 Film




Grade 18 18L 19 28 560



transparent


preshrunk, transparentbarrier properties, biaxially oriented, transparent






TEST CONDITIONS







5.4 7.2 5.4 8.0 1.2



2.1 2.8 2.1 3.2 0.47


350

Table 59-19. Nitrogen Through Dow Chemical Saran 18, 18L, 19, 28, and 560 Film




Grade 18 18L 19 28 560



transparent









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen






0.18 0.24 0.18 0.3 0.04



0.07 0.09 0.07 0.12 0.02


351

Table 59-20. Water Vapor Through Dow Chemical Saran 18, 18L, 19, 28, and 560 Film




Grade 18 18L 19 28 560



transparent


preshrunk, transparentbarrier properties, biaxially oriented, transparent






TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method Permatran W



0.27 0.3 0.25 0.4 0.04



0.11 0.12 0.1 0.16 0.02


352

Graph 59-02. Oxygen permeability vs. temperature through Dow Chemical Saran film.

temperature (°C)

55606570

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm . d

ay)

10

20

40

80

100

Dow Saran PVDC (film);penetrant: O2

Reference No. 250


Graph 59-01. Multilayer configuration.[1051]

353

Graph 59-04. Carbon dioxide and oxygen permeability vs. relative humidity through Dow Chemical Saran MAfilm.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100gas

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2· a

tm. d

ay)

0.01

0.10

1.00

Dow Saran MA PVDC (VDC methylacrylate; barrier prop.); penetrant: O2

Reference No. 264


Graph 59-03. Oxygen permeability vs. relative humidity through Dow Chemical Saran film.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· 2

0µ/ m

2. a

tm .

day)

0.01

0.10

1.00

Dow Saran HB PVDC(barrier prop.; film);

penetrant: O2

Reference No. 265

354

Graph 59-06. Oxygen uptake vs. time after retort through Dow Chemical Saran film.


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

O2

upta

ke (

cm3 /

pac

kage

)

0

1

2

3

4Dow Saran PVDC (VDC

vinyl chloride; barrierprop., 0.04 mm thick; film);penetrant: O2; 80% internalRH; 60% external RH; air

23°C; retorted at 121°C for60 minutes

Dow Saran MA PVDC(VDC methyl acrylate;barrier prop., 0.04 mm



Reference No. 255


Graph 59-05. Oxygen transmission rate vs. time after retort through Dow Chemical Saran film.


20 30 40 50 60 70

O2

tran

smis

sion

rat

e (c

m3 /

pac

kage

. da

y)

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

Dow Saran PVDC (VDC vinyl chloride; barrier prop., 0.04 mmthick; film); penetrant: O2; 80% internal RH; 60% external RH;

air 23°C; retorted at 121°C for 60 minutes

Dow Saran MA PVDC (VDC methyl acrylate; barrier prop.,0.04 mm thick; film); penetrant: O2; 80% internal RH; 60%

external RH; air 23°C; retorted at 121°C for 60 minutes

Reference No. 255

Chapter 60

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films(PVDC) Coated Polyester Films

General Description: PVDC resin is a copolymer ofvinylidene chloride with vinyl chloride or other mono-mers,[1004] and is used as a coating over Mylar, a bi-axially oriented, polyester thermoplastic film,Sclairfilm BL-1 LLDPE Film, and Dartek B-601 andB-602 Nylon 66 and PVDC coated nylon.

Processing Method: For use on form-fill-seal andoverwrap equipment.

Applications: Coatings are applied to prevent gastransmission, and used both in unsupported form, oras a component of a lamination.

• DuPont Teijin Films; Mylar M30Coated. Particularly well suited for thepackaging of long shelf life or moisture-and oxygen-sensitive products.[1121]

• DuPont Teijin Films; Mylar M34Coated. Designed to be reverse printedon the coated side, then combined witha sealant layer such as polyethylene orSurlyn® ionomer resin—locking in thePVDC coating.[1121]

• DuPont Teijin Films; Mylar 50 M44ECoated. Used as a substrate in combina-tion with sealant webs, to produce ahighly durable structure with excellentoxygen barrier.[1121]

• DuPont Teijin Films; Mylar M45Coated. Designed to be combined witha sealant layer, and can be combined withother webs by adhesive or extrusionlaminating.[1121]

• DuPont Teijin Films; Mylar M45 MC2Polyester Film. Has a vacuum depositedlayer of aluminum on one side and isovercoated on both sides with a heat seal-able PVDC copolymer. The film can beused to package snacks, candy, nuts,pharmaceuticals, dry chemicals, andother materials that require protectionfrom moisture, oxygen, and light.[1121]

• DuPont Sclairfilm BL-1 LLDPE Film;Coated. Suitable for meat, cheese,snacks, MAP/CAP and other applica-tions requiring good barrier propertiesand excellent sealing characteristics.[1121]

• DuPont Dartek B-601 and B-602 Nylon6,6; Coated. Specially formulated for usein high humidity applications. Used forany packaging or industrial end use re-quiring high barrier properties and canbe easily thermoformed for assortedshapes and products such as meats andcheeses.[1121]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Tables 60-01 through 60-13 and Graph60-01.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 60: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

356

Table 60-01. DuPont Teijin Films Mylar M30 Polyester Film, PVDC Coated

Material Family POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED FILMS (PVDC COATED)

Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR® M30 POLYESTER FILM

Product Form transparent polyester packaging film, solvent coated on both sides with PVDC




TEST CONDITIONS



Gas Permeability (cc/m² · 24 hr · atm) 8 8 8

(cc · mm/m² · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.2 0.2

Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m² · day) 8 8 8

(g · mm/m² · day) 0.11 0.17 0.2

Combined (cc · mil/100 in² · 24 hr · atm) 0.25 0.28 0.51 0.43 0.51


Permeability Coefficient (cc · mm/m² · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.2 0.2

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m² · day) 0.11 0.17 0.2

Chapter 60: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films © Plastics Design Library

357



Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR® M34 POLYESTER FILM

Product Form transparent polyester packaging film, solvent coated on one side with PVDC




TEST CONDITIONS



Gas Permeability (cc/m² · 24 hr · atm) 9 8 8

(cc · mm/m² · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.2 0.2

Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m² · day) 9 8 8

(g · mm/m² · day) 0.12 0.17 0.2

Combined (cc · mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.25 0.30 0.51 0.43 0.51


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.2 0.2



358

Table 60-03. DuPont Teijin Films Mylar M44 and Mylar 50 M44E Polyester Film, PVDC Coated


Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR® M44 AND 50 M44E POLYESTER FILM

Product Form transparent polyester packaging film, one side coated with PVDC




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E


Gas Permeability (cc/m² · 24 hr · atm) 8 6

(cc · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.1

Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m2 · day) 8 8

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.1 0.08

Combined (mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.25 0.20


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m² · 24hr · atm) 0.1 0.1

Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 0.1 0.08


359



Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR M45 POLYESTER FILM

Product Form Transparent polyester packaging film, one side coated with PVDC




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM E96 ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E


Gas Permeability(cc/m2 · 24 hr · atm)

6 6

(cc · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.078 0.11

Vapor Transmission Rate(g/m2 · day) 6 6

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.09 0.13

Combined(cc · mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.20 0.23 0.28 0.33


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.078



360

Table 60-05. DuPont Teijin Films Mylar 50 MC2 Polyester Film, PVDC Coated


Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT TEIJIN FILMS MYLAR® 50 MC2 POLYESTER FILM

Product Form transparent polyester packaging film, one side coated with PVDC




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E



0.15 0.15

(cc · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.0021 0.0038

Vapor Transmission Rate(g/m2 · day) 0.6 0.6

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.008 0.015

Combined(cc · mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.005 0.02 0.010 0.04


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.1 0.0038



361

Table 60-06. Oxygen and Water Vapor DuPont Sclairfilm® BL-1 LLDPE Film, PVDC Coated


Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT SCLAIRFILM® BL-1 LLDPE FILM

Product Form one-side PVDC-coated LLDPE sealant film




Test Conditions


Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E



14

(cc · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.72

Vapor Transmission Rate(g/m2 · day) 6.2

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.32

Combined(cc · mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 7.8 0.81





362


Material Supplier/Trade Name DUPONT DARTEK B-601 AND B-602 NYLON 6.6 FILM

Product Form one-sided PVDC-coated transparent Nylon 6,6




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM E96, E



7.7

(cc · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.29

Vapor Transmission Rate(g/m2 · day) 9

(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.34

Combined(cc · mil/100 in2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.74 0.86





Material Supplier/Trade Name ORIENTED NYLON FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen




Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.7 0.35


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.28 0.14

Table 60-07. Oxygen and Water Vapor DuPont Dartek B-601 and B-602 Nylon 6,6 Film, PVDC Coated

Table 60-08. Oxygen under Different Conditions Oriented Nylon Film, PVDC Coated


363






TEST CONDITIONS





Vapor Transmission Rate(g/100 in2 · day)

0.56 0.05 0.10 <0.003


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mm/m2 · day) 0.13 0.01 0.02 <0.0007

Table 60-09. Organic Solvents Through Oriented Nylon Film, PVDC Coated






TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method JIS Z0208 ASTM D3985 JIS Z1701


Gas Permeability(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.52 1.03

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 1


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr · atm) 0.2 0.41


Table 60-10. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Oriented Nylon Film, PVDC Coated


364

Table 60-11. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Honeywell Capran Nylon 6 Film,PVDC Coated

Material Family NYLON 6 (PVDC COATED)

Material Supplier/Grade HONEYWELL CAPRAN

Product Form FILM





Note PVDC coated

TEST CONDITIONS







0.2


0.5 0.1 1.4



0.2 0.04 0.55


0.08


365

Table 60-12. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through Biaxially Oriented, PVDC Coated Polypropylene Film

Material Family POLYPROPYLENE (PVDC COATED)

Product Form FILM

Features biaxially oriented; PVDC coated


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





0.55 1.1



0.22 0.43


366

Material Family POLYPROPYLENE (PVDC COATED)

Product Form FILM

Features oriented





NotePVDCcoated

PVDCcoated

PVDCcoated

PVDCcoated

PVDCcoated

TEST CONDITIONS







<1


226 1.23 135 0.65 135 0.65 135 0.65



89.0 0.48 53.2 0.26 53.2 0.26 53.2 0.26


<0.39

Table 60-13. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Oriented, PVDC Coated and Uncoated Polypropylene Film


367

Graph 60-01. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through biaxially oriented, PVDC coated polypropylene film.

relative humidity (%)0 20 40 60 80 100O

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3

. mil/

100

in2

. atm

. da

y)

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.8

1.0

PP (biaxially oriented;PVDC coated; film);

penetrant: O2

Reference No. 265


Chapter 61

Polyethylene/Polystyrene Alloy

Category: Alloy

General Description: BASF Styroblend WS resin isa blend of styrene-butadiene polymer and polyethyl-ene.[1049]

Processing Method: Styroblend can be co-extrudedwith polystyrene, polyethylene, and PETG, as well asmany other plastics.[1049]

Applications: Styroblend is used mainly as a rawmaterial for food packaging.[1049]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Styro-blend WS is setting new standards in water vapor bar-rier properties.[1049]


Table 61-01. Water Vapor Through BASF Styroblend WS

Material Family POLYETHYLENE/POLYSTYRENE ALLOY

Material Supplier/Trade Name BASF STYROBLEND WS

Grade KR 2773 KR 2774 KR 2775 KR 2776 KR 2777


TEST CONDITIONS




3 5



not applicable without thickness

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 61: Polyethylene/Polystyrene Alloy

Chapter 62

Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures

General Description: Lamellar technology blends abarrier polymer into a “host” polymer creating struc-tures with reduced permeability through the incorpo-ration of a barrier phase.[1068]

On a microscopic level, the increase of the diffusionpath, the so-called tortuosity, is effective in creating aboundary layer. The lamellar barrier phase allows thebarrier resin to form dozens of overlapping, discon-tinuous, and elongated platelets.[1071] The ribbons orplatelets are most often immiscible polymers such aspolyvinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyamides, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), orplaty fillers such as talc, mica, aluminum flakes, andclay platelets.[1068]

Processing Method: Lamellar injection molding(LIM).

Applications: Household and industrial chemicals,cleaning solvents, adhesives, and automotive additives.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: LIMtechnology enables low levels (2 to 20%) of barrierpolymers to be introduced and maintained as co-con-tinuous lamellae in molded articles. A 300 fold re-duction in oxygen permeability compared to conven-tional blends has been achieved with minor amountsof barrier polymer (10%). Depending upon the poly-mer used with LIM, improvements in oxygen barrierproperties generally fall between 10 and 100 timesthe base polymer alone.[1068]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graph 62-01 and Tables 62-01 through62-02.

Graph 62-01. Tortuous path concept.[1001]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 62: Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures

372

Table 62-01. Oxygen Through Various Polymers Using Lamellar Injection Molding

Material Family CO-CONTINUOUS LAMELLAE MULTILAYER STRUCTURE

Featuresbarrier properties,high impact, hot fill

barrier properties,high impact, retort

barrier propertiesbarrier properties,enhanced clarity,

hot fill

barrier properties,compatibilizer not

required, highimpact, hot fill,

transparent

barrier properties,compatibilizer not

required, enhancedclarity, high impact

Manufacturing Method lamellar injection molding (LIM)



Host Polymerhigh densitypolyethylene

polypropylenepolyethyleneterephthalate

polystyrene impact polystyrenethermoplasticpolyurethane

Barrier Polymer 10% ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer 10% nylon MXD6 (aromatic)

CompatibilizerPE-g-maleicanhydride

PP-g-maleicanhydride

ethylene vinylacetate

styrene maleicanhydridecopolymer

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen



0.6 1.0 0.4



0.24 0.39 0.16

Chapter 62: Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures © Plastics Design Library

373

Table 62-02. Oxygen Through Various Polymers Using Lamellar Injection Molding

Material Family CO-CONTINUOUS LAMELLAE MULTILAYER STRUCTURE

Features barrier properties, enhanced clarity, hot fill

Manufacturing Method lamellar injection molding (LIM)



Host Polymer styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer

Barrier Polymer 20% nylon MXD6 (aromatic) 10% nylon MXD6 (aromatic) 5% nylon MXD6 (aromatic) 2.5% nylon MXD6 (aromatic)

Compatibilizer styrene maleic anhydride copolymer

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen



non-detectable 1.0 2.3 4.7



non-detectable 0.39 0.91 1.85

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 62: Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures

Chapter 63

Laminar Multilayer Structure

General Description: DuPont Selar RB barrier res-ins are specially-modified nylon and EVOH-basedresin blends. The resins can be dry blended with apolyolefin (HDPE, LDPE, PP, etc.) and then extru-sion blow molded using DuPont’s patented laminartechnology. In this one-step process, controlled mix-ing and shear allow the Selar RB barrier resin to formdozens of overlapping, discontinuous, and elongatedplatelets. The barrier properties of a container can befunctionally and economically designed to suit byvarying the concentration of Selar RB from about 4 to18%.[1072]

Selar RB EVOH-based resins provide barrier notonly to solvents but also to oxygen, aromas, and fla-vors.[1072]

• DuPont Selar RB/HDPE. Platelets ofSelar RB create a barrier to halogenated,aromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons upto 140 times more effective than HDPEalone. The solvent barrier of laminar con-tainers can be up to 300 times that ofHDPE containers and the oxygen barriercan be up to 100 times that of HDPE con-tainers. In addition, a ten-fold reductionin migration is also attainable, particu-larly with products containing free dis-solved oxygen or oxygenated solventssuch as ketones, esters, and ethers.

Processing Methods: DuPont’s patented laminartechnology for extrusion blow molding, sheet and tubeextrusion, and lamellar injection molding (LIM).

Applications: Household and industrial chemicals,cleaning solvents, adhesives, and automotive additives.

Packages including Selar produced through lamellartechnology are capable of holding most common sol-vents (hydrocarbons, halogenated and oxygenatedsolvents). In addition, the EVOH based Selar RBgrades provide a barrier to oxygen, aromas, and fla-vors.[1072]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: LIMtechnology enables low levels (2 to 20%) of barrierpolymers to be introduced and maintained as co-con-tinuous lamellae in molded articles. A 300 fold re-duction in oxygen permeability compared to conven-tional blends has been achieved with minor amountsof barrier polymer (10%). Depending upon the poly-mer used with LIM, improvements in oxygen barrierproperties generally fall between 10 and 100 timesthe base polymer alone.[1068]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 63: Laminar Multilayer Structure

376

Table 63-01. Oxygen and Xylene Through Nylon/HDPE Lamellar Structure

Material Family NYLON/HDPE LAMINAR STRUCTURE

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR RB 215/HDPE DUPONT SELAR RB 300/HDPE


Manufacturing Method extrusion blow molding (laminar technology)



Barrier Polymer 10% Selar RB 215 10% Selar RB 300

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene oxygen xylene oxygen






1 9


38.2 34.0



15.0 13.4


0.39 3.5

Chapter 63: Laminar Multilayer Structure © Plastics Design Library

377

Table 63-02. Oxygen and Xylene Through EVOH/LDPE and Nylon/PP Lamellar Structures

Material Family EVAL/HDPE LAMINAR STRUCTURE

NYLON/LDPELAMINAR STRUCTURE

NYLON/PPLAMINAR STRUCTURE

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR RB 421/HDPE DUPONT SELAR RB 215/LDPE DUPONT SELAR RB 421/PP





Barrier Polymer 15% Selar RB 421 15% Selar RB 215 10% Selar RB 240

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene oxygen xylene oxygen xylene oxygen

Temperature (°C) 60 23 60 23 60 23





2 12 18


1.07 90 36



0.42 35.4 14.2


0.79 4.7 7.1


378

Material Family NYLON/POLYOLEFIN LAMINAR STRUCTURE

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR RB/POLYOLEFIN






Barrier Polymer 8% Selar RB

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantethyl

acetateisopropylacetate

acetonebutyl

acetate toluene xylene

methylisobutylketone

methyl ethylketone




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.42 0.03 0.48 0.08 0.3 0.12 0.04 0.97









TEST CONDITIONS





Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.02 0.77 0.17 0.06 0.36 0.01 0.44

Table 63-04. Cyclohexanone, Chlorobenzene, Hexane, Butyl Alcohol, Trichloroethane, Methyl Salicylate, andTetrahydrofuran Permeability Through Nylon/Polyolefin Laminar Structure

Table 63-03. Ethyl Acetate, Isopropyl Acetate, Acetone, Butyl Acetate, Toluene, Xylene, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone,and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Permeability Through Nylon/Polyolefin Laminar Structure


379









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant mineral spirits turpentine STP gas treatment paint thinner charcoal starter naphtha




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant kerosene d-limonene motor oils pine oildiesel fuelconditioner

gas additive

Penetrant Note 2 cycle cleaner Brakleen




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.27 0.03

Table 63-06. Kerosene, d-Limonene, Motor Oil, Pine Oil, Diesel Fuel Conditioner, and Gas Additive PermeabilityThrough Nylon/Polyolefin Laminar Structure

Table 63-05. Mineral Spirits, Turpentine, STP Gas Treatment, Paint Thinner, Charcoal Starter, and NaphthaPermeability Through Nylon/Polyolefin Laminar Structure


380




Features barrier properties, laminar technology





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene propyl alcohol xylene methyl alcohol

Penetrant Notewith 25%

propylalcohol

with 50%propylalcohol

with 25%xylene



with 25%xylene




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.12 2.84 2.61 1.44 0.14 14.10 10.60 3.56 0.28

Table 63-07. Xylene, Propyl Alcohol, and Methyl Alcohol Permeability Through Nylon/Polyolefin LaminarStructure


381


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR RB/HDPE

Product Form CONTAINER (ONE PINT BOTTLE)


Applications solvent packaging





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene o-dichlorobenzene toluene methyl alcohol water

Penetrant Note aromatic halogenated aromatic oxygen containing




Penetrant Weight Loss (%)0.3 (80% relative

improvement vs. HDPE)0.3 (70% relative




improvement vs. HDPE)

Table 63-08. Xylene, o-Dichlorobenzene, Toluene, Methyl Alcohol, and Water Permeability Through Nylon/HDPE Laminar Structure


382


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT SELAR RB/HDPE

Product Form CONTAINER (ONE PINT BOTTLE)


Applications solvent packaging





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant naphtha trichloroethane heptane ethyl acetate methyl ethyl ketone

Penetrant Note aromatic halogenated aliphatic oxygen containing




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.75 0.65

Relative Improvement vs.HDPE (%)

140 130 100 11 7

Table 63-09. Naphtha, Trichloroethane, Heptane, Ethyl Acetate, and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Permeability ThroughNylon/HDPE laminar structure


383

Material Family EVOH/POLYOLEFIN LAMINAR STRUCTURE



Features barrier properties, laminar technology





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant xylene propyl alcohol xylene methyl alcohol

Penetrant Note with 25%

propyl alcohol

with 50% propyl alcohol

with 25% xylene

with 25% methyl alcohol

with 50% methyl alcohol

with 25% xylene




Penetrant Weight Loss (%) 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.02 0.01 2.27 1.51 0.74 0.3

Table 63-10. Xylene, Propyl Alcohol, and Methyl Alcohol Permeability Through EVOH/Polyolefin LaminarStructures


384

concentration by weight (%)

0 4 8 12 16 20

xyle

ne p

erm

eabi

lity

(g· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm .

day)

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0DuPont Selar RB/

Polyolefin Generic LaminarStructure (1.5 cm-1 surf./vol. ratio; 100 ml bottle);

penetrant: xylene;14 daysat 60°C; 100ml bottle

DuPont Selar RB/Polyolefin Generic Laminar

Structure (0.4 cm-1 surf./vol. ratio; 4 L bottle);

penetrant: xylene;14 daysat 60°C; 4 liter bottle

DuPont Selar RB/Polyolefin Generic LaminarStructure (0.34 cm-1 surf./

vol. ratio; 10 L bottle);penetrant: xylene;14 days

at 60°C; 10 liter bottle

Reference No. 293

Graph 63-01. Xylene permeability through various bottle sizes vs. percentage (%) weight concentration ofgeneric laminar multilayer structure.


Chapter 64

Multilayer Films - Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier

General Description: Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copoly-mers are an important component of high barrier,multilayered packaging materials. They can be easilyco-extruded with nylons but co-extrusion withpolyolefins, polyesters, and polycarbonates requiresuse of adhesives in which the layers are structured asfollows: base film, adhesive, EVOH, adhesive, andheat sealant.[1020]

Processing Methods: Blown or cast co-extrusionmethods can be used. Processing of multilayer sheets,tubes, and bottles is the same as for films.


Table 64-01. Oxygen Through EVOH and PVDC Barrier Layers, 65% Outside Relative Humidity, 100% InsideRelative Humidity

Material Family VARIOUS MULTILAYER STRUCTURES

Material Supplier/Trade Name EVAL EVOH SERIES E, F


STRUCTURE

Outside (6 mil) PP PET PC PS

Barrier (1 mil) EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC

Inside (24 mil) PP

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

Outside 65

Barrier Layer (calculated) 72.0 69.2 65.7 65.8

Inside (wet) 100

Temperature (°F) 68


(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.028 0.12 0.015 0.12 0.022 0.12 0.022 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.341 1.46 0.18 1.46 0.27 1.46 0.27 1.46

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 64: Multilayer Films - Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier

386




STRUCTURE

Outside HDPE PC Nylon LDPE PP

Barrier EVAL F PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC

Inside PP


Outside 65

Barrier Layer (calculated) 75.9 65.9 66.4 69.8 72.2

Inside (wet) 100

Temperature, (°F) 68


(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.035 0.12 0.081 0.12 0.083 0.12 0.091 0.12 0.097 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.42 1.46 0.98 1.46 1.0 1.46 1.09 1.46 1.78 1.46




STRUCTURE

Outside PP PET PC PS

Barrier EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC EVAL F PVDC

Inside PP


Outside 75

Barrier Layer (calculated) 80 78.0 75.5 75.6

Inside (wet) 100



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.048 0.12 0.043 0.12 0.035 0.12 0.035 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.58 1.46 0.52 1.46 0.42 1.46 0.42 1.46



Chapter 64: Multilayer Films - Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier © Plastics Design Library

387




STRUCTURE

Outside HDPE PC Nylon LDPE PP

Barrier EVAL F PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC

Inside PP


Outside 75

Barrier Layer (calculated) 80 78.0 75.5 75.6

Inside (wet) 100



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.59 0.12 0.110 0.12 0.110 0.12 0.120 0.12 0.130 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.716 1.46 1.34 1.46 1.34 1.46 1.57 1.46





STRUCTURE

Outside PP


Inside PP PET PS HDPE


Outside 65


Inside (dry) 10



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.011 0.12 0.010 0.12 0.010 0.12 0.011 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.134 1.46 0.15 1.46 0.15 1.46 0.16 1.46



388




STRUCTURE

Outside PP


Inside PP PET PS HDPE


Outside 75


Inside (dry) 10



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.11 0.12 0.010 0.12 0.010 0.12 0.011 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.134 1.46 0.15 1.46 0.15 1.46 0.16 1.46




STRUCTURE

Outside PP

Barrier EVAL F PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC

Inside LDPE PC LDPE


Outside 65

Barrier Layer (calculated) 21.4 21.1 14.5

Inside (dry) 10



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.011 0.12 0.041 0.12 0.41 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.16 1.46 0.6 1.46 0.6 1.46




389




STRUCTURE

Outside PP

Barrier EVAL F PVDC EVAL E PVDC EVAL E PVDC

Inside LDPE PC LDPE


Outside 75

Barrier Layer (calculated) 21.4 21.1 14.5

Inside (dry) 10



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.010 0.12 0.042 0.12 0.41 0.12


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.15 1.46 0.62 1.46 0.6 1.46


Material Family EVOH BARRIER LAYER, NYLON 6/EVOH/NYLON 6

Material Supplier/Trade Name CAPRAN OXYSHIELD OB, UNI-AXIALLY ORIENTED, CO-EXTRUDED, CLEAR FILM



Sample Thickness (mil) 0.6

TEST CONDITIONS






(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.09 0.10

(g/100 in2 · day) 16.6


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.021 0.024

(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 3.91

Table 64-09. Oxygen, Capran Oxyshield, Oriented Barrier OB, Nylon 6/EVOH/Nylon 6


390


Material Supplier/Trade Name CAPRAN OXYSHIELD OEB, MONO-AXIALLY ORIENTED, CO-EXTRUDED, CLEAR FILM



Sample Thickness (mil) 0.6 1.0

TEST CONDITIONS






(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.03

(g/100 in2 · day) 9 7.5


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.0094 0.0118 0.098 0.118

(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 2.12 2.95


Material Supplier/Trade Name CAPRAN OXYSHIELD OEB-R, MONO-AXIALLY ORIENTED, CO-EXTRUDED, CLEAR FILM




TEST CONDITIONS






(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.6 0.4

(g/100 in2 · day) 7.7


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.24 0.16

(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 3.03

Table 64-10. Oxygen, Capran Oxyshield, Oriented Extra Barrier (OEB), Nylon 6/EVOH/Nylon 6

Table 64-11. Oxygen, Capran Oxyshield, Oriented Extra Barrier Retortable (OEB-R), Nylon 6/EVOH/Nylon 6


391


Material Supplier/Trade Name CAPRAN OXYSHIELD BOEB, BI-AXIALLY ORIENTED, CO-EXTRUDED, CLEAR FILM



Sample Thickness (mil) 0.6 0.8

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 0.05 0.07 0.019 0.038


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.012 0.017 0.006 0.012

Table 64-12. Oxygen, Capran Oxyshield, Bi-axially Oriented Extra Barrier Retortable (BOEB), Nylon 6/EVOH/Nylon 6


392

Material Family HDPE/EVAL/LDPE FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.6/0.025/0.15


Barrier Layer EVAL EP-E (EVOH)

Inside Layer low density polyethylene

Outside Layer high density polyethylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Relative Humidity - Outside (%) 65 75

Relative Humidity - Inside (%) 10 (wet)

Relative Humidity - Barrier,calculated (%)

14.5 15.3



0.041



0.6

Table 64-13. Oxygen Through HDPE/EVOH/LDPE Multilayer Film


393

Material Family NYLON/EVAL/LDPE FILM




0.02/0.02/0.051

0.015/0.015/0.051

0.02/0.02/0.051

0.015/0.015/0.051

0.02/0.02/0.051

0.015/0.015/0.051

0.02/0.02/0.051


Barrier Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-E


Outside Layer (nylon) oriented coated oriented coated oriented coated oriented coated

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Relative Humidity - Outside (%) 65 80 65 80

Relative Humidity - Inside (%) 100 10


66 65 63 64 81 80 77 78



0.04 0.1 0.08 0.16 0.03 0.1 0.06 0.15


0.6 1.5 1.3 2.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 2.3



0.05 0.14 0.1 0.2 0.04 0.14 0.08 0.21

Table 64-14. Oxygen Through Nylon/EVOH/LDPE Multilayer Film


394

Table 64-15. Oxygen Through EVOH/LDPE Multilayer Film

Material Family EVAL/LDPE FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.015/0.051


Barrier Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-XL


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen






0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04


0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7



0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04


395

Table 64-16. Oxygen, Vanilla, Peppermint, Piperonol, and Camphor Through PET/EVOH/LDPE Multilayer Film

Material Family PET/EVOH/LDPE FILM





Barrier Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-F


Outside Layer polyester PET

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygenvanilla

(vanillin)peppermint(menthol)

piperonol(heliotropin)

camphor





70 57 83 69


Days To Leakage 15 25 27 >30


0.04 0.1 0.02 0.04


0.7 1.6 0.4 0.7



0.05 0.12 0.02 0.05


396

Table 64-17. Vanilla, Peppermint, Piperonol, and Camphor Through EVOH/PE Multilayer Film

Table 64-18. Vanilla, Peppermint, Piperonol, and Camphor Through PET/EVOH and Nylon/EVOH MultilayerFilm

Material Family EVOH/PE

Product Form FILM





Inside Layer polyethylene

Outside Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-XL

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant vanilla (vanillin) peppermint (menthol) piperonol (heliotropin) camphor


Days To Leakage >30

Material Family PET/EVOH NYLON/EVOH

Product Form FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.013/0.015 0.015/0.015


Inside Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-F

Outside Layer polyester PET oriented nylon

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantvanilla



camphorvanilla



camphor


Days To Leakage >30 30 >30 2 >30 27 30


397

Table 64-19. Gasoline Through HDPE/EVOH Multilayer Film

Material Family HDPE/EVOH FILM





Inside Layer (EVOH) EVAL F

Outside Layer high density polyethylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant gasoline



0.29 0.07



6.4 1.4

Table 64-20. Chloroform and Xylene Through LDPE/EVOH Multilayer Film

Material Family LDPE/EVOH

Product Form FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.06/0.025 0.06/0.015 0.06/0.025 0.06/0.015


Inside Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-XL EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-XL

Outside Layer low density polyethylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant chloroform xylene





0.01 0.02 <0.003



0.013 0.023 <0.0035


398

Material Family LDPE/EVOH

Product Form FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.06/0.025 0.06/0.015 0.06/0.025 0.06/0.015


Inside Layer (EVOH) EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-XL EVAL EF-E EVAL EF-F EVAL EF-XL

Outside Layer low density polyethylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant methyl ethyl ketone kerosene





0.01 0.003 <0.003



0.013 0.0035 <0.0035

Table 64-21. Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Kerosene Through EVOH/PE Multilayer Film

Graph 64-01. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through PVDC coated Nylon/EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer film.


0 20 40 60 80 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

0.01

0.10

1.00

PVDC coated Nylon/ EvalEF-E/ PE Film (0.02/ 0.02/

0.051 mm thick);penetrant: O2; 20°C; 65%

RH outside

Reference No. 265


399

Graph 64-03. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer film.

Graph 64-02. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through oriented PP/EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer film.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· 2

0µ/ m

2. a

tm . d

ay)

0.01

0.10

1.00

OPP/ Eval EF-F/ PE Film(0.02/ 0.015/ 0.051 mm

thick); penetrant: O2; 20°C;65% RH outside

Reference No. 265


0 20 40 60 80 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

0.01

0.10

1.00

Eval EF-XL/ PE Film(0.015/ 0.051 mm thick);penetrant: O2; 20°C; 65%

RH outside

Reference No. 265


Chapter 65

Multilayer Films - Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier

General Description: Dow Saranex barrier medicalfilms are co-extruded multilayered thermoplastic filmsproduced exclusively by The Dow Chemical Com-pany. A layer of film produced from Saran resin isintegrally sandwiched between outer layers ofpolyolefins. This layered product is extruded as anintegral film without orientation. The result of thiscombination is a product that gives barrier propertiesof Saran resins plus the machinability, printability, andfunctionality of the polyolefin skins.[1084]

Applications: Medical uses, ostomy appliances, phar-maceutical blister packs, cap liners, bags, and otherpackaging.

Permeability: The layer of film produced from Sa-ran resin in Saranex films provides a barrier to gases,water vapor, and aromas. The barrier level remainsunaffected by high humidity environments.[1084]

Permeability of Water Vapor: PVDC is often usedas the moisture vapor barrier layer in pharmaceuticalblister packs.[2028]


Table 65-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Dow Saranex 650, 652 Co-extruded Barrier Film

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 65: Multilayer Films - Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier

Material Family PVDC MULTILAYER FILM, EVA/TIE/SARAN RESIN/TIE/EVA

Material Supplier/Trade Name Dow Saranex 650 Dow Saranex 652




TEST CONDITIONS






(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 1.3 1.3

(cm3/m2 · day · atm) 20 20

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.45 0.45

(g/m2 · day · atm) 7.0 7.0


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 15 15

(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 5.25 5.25

402

Table 65-02. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Air Through Dow Saranex 25 HDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA Multilayer Film

Material Family HDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA

Material Supplier/Grade DOW CHEMICAL SARANEX 25

Product Form CO-EXTRUDED FILM

Features barrier properties, neutral color

Applications bag-in-box, form-fill-seal pouch





Note high slip additive content

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen air



Test Method Permatran W ASTM D3985 ASTM D1434



0.16


0.5 1.39 0.07 0.13



0.4 1.1 0.06 0.1


0.06

Chapter 65: Multilayer Films - Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier © Plastics Design Library

403

Table 65-03. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PP/PVDC/PP Multilayer Film

Material Family PP/PVDC/PP FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.15/0.025/0.6 0.6/0.025/0.15 0.15/0.025/0.6 0.6/0.025/0.15


Barrier Layer Saran VC (PVDC)

Inside Layer polypropylene

Outside Layer polypropylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Relative Humidity - Outside (%) 65 75

Relative Humidity - Inside (%) 100 (wet) 10 (wet) 100 (wet) 10 (wet)


72 24.2 80 25.9



0.12



1.4 1.8 1.4 1.8


404

Table 65-04. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PET/PVDC/PP and PC/PVDC/PP Multilayer Films

Material Family PET/PVDC/PP FILM PC/PVDC/PP FILM







Outside Layer polyester PET polycarbonate

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





69.2 78 65.7 75.5



0.12



1.4


405

Table 65-05. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PS/PVDC/PP, HDPE/PVDC/PP, and Nylon/PVDC/PPMultilayer Films

Material Family PS/PVDC/PP FILM HDPE/PVDC/PP FILM NYLON/PVDC/PP FILM







Outside Layer polystyrene high density polyethylene nylon

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Relative Humidity - Outside (%) 65 75 65 75 65 75



65.8 75.6 75.9 82.8 66.4 76



0.12



1.4


406

Table 65-06. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through LDPE/PVDC/PP, PP/PVDC/PET, and PP/PVDC/PS MultilayerFilms

Material Family LDPE/PVDC/PP FILM PP/PVDC/PET FILM PP/PVDC/PS FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.15/0.025/0.6 0.6/0.025/0.15



Inside Layer polypropylene polyester PET polystyrene

Outside Layer low density polyethylene polypropylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Relative Humidity - Outside (%) 65 75 65 75 65 75

Relative Humidity - Inside (%) 100 (wet) 10 (wet)


69.8 78.4 16.6 17.8 16.9 17.1



0.12



1.4 1.8


407

Material Family PP/PVDC/HDPE FILM PP/PVDC/LDPE FILM






Inside Layer high density polyethylene low density polyethylene

Outside Layer polypropylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





29.1 31.7 21.4 22.5



0.12



1.8

Table 65-07. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PP/PVDC/HDPE and PP/PVDC/LDPE Multilayer Films


408

Material Family PP/PVDC/PC FILM HDPE/PVDC/LDPE FILM






Inside Layer polycarbonate low density polyethylene

Outside Layer polypropylene high density polyethylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





21 21.3 14.5 15.3



0.12



1.8

Table 65-08. Oxygen vs. Relative Humidity Through PP/PVDC/PC and HDPE/PVDC/LDPE Multilayer Films


409


0 20 40 60 80 100

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3· m

il/ 1

00 in

2. a

tm ·

day)

0.01

0.10

1.00

Dow Saranex 14 LDPE/EVA/ PVDC/ EVA/ LDPEFilm (barrier prop., 0.051mm thick; film); penetrant:

O2

Reference No. 265

Graph 65-01. Oxygen vs. relative humidity through LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA/LDPE multilayer films.


Chapter 66

Multilayer Films - Plasma Polymerization

General Description: Microwave-assisted plasmapolymerization is used to improve the barrier proper-ties of standard polymers by the deposition of thinlayers of barrier polymers onto a base polymer struc-ture. The arrangement of the structures has an effecton the permeation process.[1074] See Processing chap-ter for more detailed description of the Plasma Poly-merization process

• Base Films. Polyethylene terephthalate(PET), low density polyethylene(LDPE), and polypropylene (PP).[1074]

• Plasma Coatings. Acetylene (A) anddifluoroethylene (D).[1074]

• Single Layer Coating Configuration.PET/A, PE/A, PP/A, and PET/D, PE/D,and PP/D.[1074]

• Multilayer Configuration. PET/A/D andPET/D/A.[1074]

Permeability to Oxygen: Barrier properties of plasmapolymerized coatings depend on the substrate proper-ties. Graph 66-01 shows the results of OTR tests.[1074]

Graph 66-02 shows the permeability of multilayer coat-ings calculated from OTR measurements under differ-ent processing conditions. Combinations of layers de-posited as multilayers on PET improve the barrier prop-erties. These different processing conditions cause bet-ter barrier effects of acetylene coatings (A) and worsebarrier effects of difluoroethylene coatings (D).[1074]

Graph 66-03 shows the permeation coefficients andbarrier improvement factors of coated PET films ver-sus the testing temperature. The PET/A/D and PET/D/A barriers are distinguished between the continu-ous and discontinuous deposition, which means,whether the deposition of the second layer was car-ried out immediately (cont.) or if the coating processwas interrupted (discont.). The discontinuous processproduces a more distinct interface between the twolayers.[1074]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graphs 66-01 through 66-03 and Table66-01.

Graph 66-01. Oxygen transmission rate, OTR, of the coated film structure and plasma coatings on varioussubstrates.[1074]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 66: Multilayer Films - Plasma Polymerization

412

Table 66-01. Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Difluoroethylene Coating and Acetylene Coating[1074]

Base FilmDifluoroethylene Coating

OTR (calculated)

Acetylene Coating

OTR (calculated)

PET 105 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa) 72 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa)

PE 695 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa) 1610 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa)

PP 763 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa) 1352 cm³/(m² · day · 105 Pa)

Graph 66-02. Permeability of multilayer coatings calculated from OTR measurements under differentprocessing conditions.[1074]

Graph 66-03. Oxygen permeation coefficient and barrier improvement of coated PET films vs. testingtemperature.[1074]

Chapter 66: Multilayer Films - Plasma Polymerization © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 67

Multilayer Films - Laminated Fluoropolymer Films

General Description: Honeywell Aclamis a low tem-perature, heat-sealable lamination composed of apolyolefin heat seal layer and an Honeywell Aclar filmbarrier layer. Honeywell Aclam provides an excellentmoisture barrier, high cleanliness and is of opticalgrade quality.[1082]

• Honeywell Aclam TC-100. A cost effec-tive structure composed of a 50 micronpolyolefin heat seal layer and a 100 mi-cron proprietary Honeywell Aclar 11Cbarrier film layer.[1082]

• Honeywell Aclam TC-200. A structurecomposed of a 50 micron polyolefin heatseal layer and a 200 micron proprietaryHoneywell Aclar 11C barrier filmlayer.[1082]


Table 67-01. Oxygen and Water Vapor Through Honeywell Aclam TC-100, and TC-200

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 67: Multilayer Films - Laminated Fluoropolymer Films

Material Family LAMINATED FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS

Material Supplier/Trade Name HONEYWELL ACLAM TC-100 HONEYWELL ACLAM TC-200




TEST CONDITIONS



Temperature (°C) 23 37.8 23 37.8



(cc/100 in2 · day · atm) 2 1.5

(g/100 in2 · day) 0.004 0.0015


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 4.7 5.78

(g · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.0094 0.0056

Chapter 68

Multilayer Films - General

Category: Various Multilayer Structures

General Description: When the requirement for spe-cific performance properties cannot be met by a singlepolymer, or even with blends of different polymertypes extruded in a mono-layer film, multilayer filmscan maintain or improve key properties. It can alsoreduce the amount of expensive polymer used, increase

the amount of less costly polymers, use recycled ma-terial, or reduce film thickness and the number of pro-cess operations required when several polymers areneeded to obtain the desired properties. Multilayerfilms allow scrap or trim material to be recycled intothe core of the structure.


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 68: Multilayer Films - General

416

Table 68-01. Water Vapor and Oxygen Through Nylon 6/LDPE and HDPE/EAA/Nylon/EAA Multilayer Films

Material Family NYLON 6/LDPE MULTILAYER FILM HDPE/EAA/NYLON/EAA MULTILAYER FILM

Material Supplier/Grade BASF ULTRAMID B4/BASF LUPOLEN 3020 D DOW CHEMICAL NYLOPAK 570

Product Form CO-EXTRUDED FILM

Features barrier properties, neutral color

Applications form-fill-seal pouch



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.03/0.05 0.051

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor oxygen water vapor oxygen


Relative Humidity (%) 85-0 gradient 40 90 10

Test Method DIN 53122 DIN 53380 Permatran W ASTM D3985



1.6


0.3


20 - 25


12



1.6 - 2.0 9.5


0.21 0.24

Chapter 68: Multilayer Films - General © Plastics Design Library

417

Table 68-02. Water Vapor Through CTFE/PE/PVC and CTFE/PVC Multilayer Films

Material Family CTFE/PE/PVC FILM CTFE/PVC FILM

Material Supplier/Grade HONEYWELL ACLAR 22C/PE/PVC HONEYWELL ACLAR 88A/PE/PVC HONEYWELL ACLAR 33C/PVC

Product Form LAMINATION



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.038/0.051/0.19 0.019/0.051/0.19 0.019/0.254

TEST CONDITIONS




Test Method ASTM F372-78

Test Apparatus Mocon Permatran



0.34 0.48 0.28


0.022 0.031 0.018



0.09 0.12 0.08

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 68: Multilayer Films - General

418

Table 68-04. Vanilla, Peppermint, Piperonol, and Camphor Through PP/PE Multilayer Films

Table 68-03. Vanilla, Peppermint, Piperonol, and Camphor Through PET/PE and Nylon/PE Multilayer Films

Material Family PET/PE NYLON/PE

Product Form FILM






Outside Layer polyester PET oriented nylon

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantvanilla



camphorvanilla



camphor


Days To Leakage 2 16 5 >30 2 20 5 28

Material Family PP/PE

Product Form FILM






Outside Layer PVDC coated bi-axially oriented polypropylene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant vanilla (vanillin) peppermint (menthol) piperonol (heliotropin) camphor


Days To Leakage 6 2 1 13

Chapter 68: Multilayer Films - General © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 69

Epoxy Thermoplastic

General Description: Dow Plastics Blox High-Ad-hesion Barrier Resins are part of a family of epoxybased thermoplastics. These are amorphous materi-als.[1075]

• Blox 0000 Series Resins. Formulated foreasy processability and good melt sta-bility in a variety of processes.[1075]

• Blox 4000 Series Resins. Formulated forenhanced gas barrier performance.[1075]

Processing Methods: Processable on conventionalthermoplastic equipment.[1075]

Applications: Beverage containers and other co-ex-truded or co-injected articles requiring O2 and CO2barrier protection. Blox High-Adhesion Barrier Res-ins exhibit excellent adhesion to metal, glass, and cel-lulosics (such as paper, cotton, and starch), and to othersynthetic polar polymers such as PET or Nylon whenco-extruded or co-injected.[1075]

Permeability to Oxygen: See Collected Compara-tive Barrier Properties of Plastics and Elastomers formore information on oxygen permeability as a func-tion of humidity for blox resins.


Table 69-01. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through Dow Plastics Blox 0000 and 4000 Series

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 69: Epoxy Thermoplastic

Material Family EPOXY-BASED THERMOPLASTIC

DOW PLASTICS BLOXMaterial Supplier/Trade Name

0000 SERIES 4000 SERIES 0000 SERIES 4000 SERIES


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen carbon dioxide

Test Method ASTM D3985 ASTM D1434 ASTM D3985 ASTM D1434


(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day) 0.8 3.9 0.1 0.4


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0.31 1.5 0.0393 0.1572

420

Table 69-02. Water Vapor Through Dow Plastics Blox 0000 and 4000 Series

Chapter 69: Epoxy Thermoplastic © Plastics Design Library

Material Family EPOXY-BASED THERMOPLASTIC

DOW PLASTICS BLOXMaterial Supplier/Trade Name

0000 Series 4000 Series


TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM F1249-90


(g · mil/100 in2 · day) 4.00 3.96


(g · mm/m2 · day) 1.57 1.56

Chapter 70

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPO)

Category: Olefinic TPEs are typically called TPO,Thermoplastic Olefins

General Description: TPOs are resin blends ofpolypropylene with rubber (EPDM or EP) and poly-ethylene. Characterized by high impact strength, lowdensity, and good chemical resistance, they are usedwhen durability and reliability are primary con-cerns.[1004]

Alloys versus Blends: Blending with synthetic eth-ylene propylene rubber (EPR and EPDM) has longbeen used to improve the toughness of polypropylenematerials. The more rubber in the blend the tougherand more flexible the material is—especially at lowtemperatures.[1078]

But there are limits to blending. Best results requirethe rubber to be dispersed evenly throughout the ma-terial as fine particles. This was not easy to do andkey performance properties such as melt strength suf-fered.[1078]

In Montell’s Catalloy process the EPR is ‘alloyed’with the polypropylene directly in the reactor. Unlikeblending, alloying allows extremely high levels ofrubber to be dispersed evenly throughout the matrix,producing Hifax materials that have outstandingflexibility and toughness—as well as being heat weld-able.[1078]

Figure 70-01 below shows the microscopic differencesbetween a blend and an alloy.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 70: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene and Trefsinare TPVs, Thermoplastic Vulcanizate. TPVs are ther-moplastic elastomers with a chemically cross-linkedrubbery phase produced by dynamic vulcanization, seeFig. 70-02. Dynamic vulcanization, the process of in-timate melt mixing a thermoplastic polymer (poly-olefin) and a suitably reactive rubber polymer to gen-erate a thermoplastic elastomer with a chemicallycrosslinked rubbery phase, results in properties closeto those of a thermoset rubber when compared to thesame uncross-linked composition.[1076]

Processing Methods: TPOs can be easily processedby extrusion, injection, and blow molding.[1004]

Applications: Roofing and automotive exterior parts.

• Food and Beverage. Capping distilledwater, dairy products, fruit juices, sportsdrinks, beer, wine, and food.

• Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Pharmaceu-tical Packaging. Sterilized closures,seals, and liners.[1077]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: The per-meability of Santoprene rubber to common gases isessentially the same as that of conventional EPDMthermosets.[1089]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Vaporpermeability for Santoprene is within the range nor-mally found for conventional thermoset rubbers (i.e.,very low), even in liquid contact applications (pondand pit liners for the retention of water).[1089]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Figures 70-01 through 70-02 and Tables70-01 through 70-04.

Figure 70-01. a) PP/rubber blend, and b) TPO alloy, at10,000 magnification.[1078]

(a) (b)

422

Figure 70-02. Microscopic representation of TPV.[1076]

Table 70-01. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Through Advanced Elastomer Systems Trefsin 3271-65W308

Material Family OLEFINIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPO)

Material Supplier/Trade Name ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS TREFSIN 3271-65W308


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide air


Relative Humidity (%) 50-57



(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 126 446 57


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 126 446 57

Chapter 70: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO © Plastics Design Library

423

Table 70-02. Air, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Through Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO

Material Family OLEFINIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER (TPO)

Material Supplier/Trade Name ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS SANTOPRENE

Grade 201-73 201-87 203-50 201-73 201-87 203-50 201-73 201-87 203-50



Shore A Hardness 73 87 73 87 73 87

Shore D Hardness 50 50 50


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air nitrogen oxygen

Penetrant Note gas at 0°C and 0.11 MPa


Pressure Gradient (kPa) 110



Gas Permeability(cm3 · 0.5 mm/100 in2 · day)

31 39 18 25 34 12 65 76 36



240 302 139 194 264 93 504 589 279

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 70: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

424

Table 70-03. Carbon Dioxide, Argon, and Propane Through Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO



Grade 201-73 201-87 203-50 201-73 201-87 203-50 201-73 201-87 203-50



Shore A Hardness 73 87 73 87 73 87

Shore D Hardness 50 50 50


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant carbon dioxide argon propane

Penetrant Note gas at 0°C and 0.11 MPa


Pressure Gradient (kPa) 110



Gas Permeability(cm3 · 0.5 mm/100 in2 · day)

390 260 170 67 77 51 150 430 250



3022 2015 1318 519 597 395 1162 3332 1938

Chapter 70: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO © Plastics Design Library

425

Table 70-04. Water Vapor Through Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO



Grade 201-73 201-87 203-50 201-73 201-87 203-50



Shore A Hardness 73 87 73 87

Shore D Hardness 50 50


TEST CONDITIONS



Test Method ASTM E96, proc. A ASTM E96, proc. BW

Test Notesaturated vapor over liquid water contacts the rubber,

with 25% RH on the opposite sideliquid water contacts the rubber,

with 75% RH on the opposite side


Vapor Transmission Rate(g · 0.5 mm/m2 · day)

0.97 0.32 0.45 1.61



0.49 0.16 0.23 0.81

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 69: Epoxy Thermoplastic

Chapter 71

Polyether Block Amide (PEBA)

Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer

General Description: Elf Atochem Pebax Resins,breathable resins, are polyether block amides, athermoplastic elastomer made of a flexible polymerand a rigid polyamide. As extruded, films made withPebax are compact films, thoroughly waterproof evenunder high water pressure (water column in excess of10 m).[1079]

Processing Methods: Blown film, cast film, and coat-ing.[1079]

Applications:

• Medical. Surgical garments, and sheet-ing.

• Textile. Sports, leisure, and workwear.

• Construction. Membranes, and food andagriculture packaging.[1079]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Pebax ispermeable to other gases such as CO2, O2, N2, andC2H4.

[1079]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors:Breathability can be described as the moisture vaportransmission rate, MVTR. Breathability lets watervapor (or perspiration in the textile applications) gothrough films at a very high rate.[1079]

Pebax is evaluated using ASTM E96 BW. For lowbreathable films, all methods give approximately thesame MVTR results. However, for highly breathablefilms, the MVTR can vary a great deal. Elf Atochemprefers to use ASTM E96 BW because of the directcontact with water and accurate isolation of MVTRdata.[1079]


Table 71-01. Water Vapor Through Elf Atochem Pebax Films

Material Family POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE (PEBA)

ELF ATOCHEM PEBAX FILMSMaterial Supplier/Trade Name

MX 1205 MV 1041




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM E96 BW




(g/m2 · day) 3,000 1,800 1,400 18,000 12,000 7,000


(g · mm/m2 · day) 36 45 70 216 300 350

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 71: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA

428





MV 3000 MV 1074




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM E96 BW




(g/m2 · day) 28,000 22,000 18,000 30,000 25,000 21,000


(g · mm/m2 · day) 336 550 900 360 625 1050



MX 1205 MV 1041




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM E96 E




(g/m2 · day) 3,000 1,800 1,200 3,500 2,700 1,800


(g · mm/m2 · day) 36 45 60 42 67.5 90

Chapter 71: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA © Plastics Design Library

429


Table 71-05. Various Gases Through Shore D Hardness 25 and 35 Elf Atochem Pebax Films



MX 3000 MV 1074




TEST CONDITIONS


Test Method ASTM E96 E




(g/m2 · day) 4,500 3,300 2,200 4,800 4,300 3,600


(g · mm/m2 · day) 54 82 110 57 107 180

Material Family POLYAMIDE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER (PEBA)

Material Supplier/Grade ATOCHEM PEBAX 3533 ATOCHEM PEBAX 2533

Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygencarbondioxide

nitrogen helium oxygencarbondioxide

nitrogen helium




Gas Permeability(cm3 · mm/cm2 · sec · cm Hg)

131 x 10-10 1790 x 10-10 100 x 10-10 174 x 10-10 150 x 10-10 2600 x 10-10 170 x 10-10 235 x 10-10



860 11,753 657 1142 985 17,073 1116 1543


430

Table 71-06. Various Gases Through Shore D Hardness 40 and 55 Elf Atochem Pebax Films


Material Supplier/Grade ATOCHEM PEBAX 5533 ATOCHEM PEBAX 4033

Product Form FILM





TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygencarbondioxide

nitrogen helium propane oxygencarbondioxide

nitrogen helium





35 x 10-10 500 x 10-10 11 x 10-10 70 x 10-10 120 x 10-10 59 x 10-10 780 x 10-10 39 x 10-10 147 x 10-10



230 3283 72 460 789 387 5122 256 965


431

Table 71-07. Various Gases Through Shore D Hardness 63 Elf Atochem Pebax Films


Material Supplier/Grade ATOCHEM PEBAX 6333

Product Form FILM



Shore D Hardness 63


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen helium propane





31 x 10-10 420 x 10-10 5 x 10-10 46 x 10-10 36 x 10-10



204 2758 33 302 236


432



Material Supplier/Trade Name ATOCHEM PEBAX

Grade 6333 5533 4033 3533 2533

Product Form FILM



Shore D Hardness 63 55 40 35 25


TEST CONDITIONS






31 34 38 67 89



31 34 38 67 89


433

Table 71-09. Air Conditioning Refrigerants DuPont Zytel FN 726


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT ZYTEL FN 726



Shore D Hardness 58




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Freon 12 HCFCX-134a HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HFC-152a

Penetrant Note air conditioning refrigerantair conditioning refrigerant,

ternary blend


Test Condition Note refrigerant at saturated vapor pressure





Chapter 72

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)


General Description: Japanese Synthetic RubberCompany (JSR) films are made from syndiotactic 1,2polybutadiene with varying degrees of crystallinity thatmay be oriented.[216]

• JSR RB820. 15% crystallinity, may bebi-axially oriented.[216]

• JSR RB830. 29% crystallinity.[216]

Processing Method: Blown film that may be bi-axi-ally oriented.

Applications: Food packaging, including shrink filmfor meats, vegetables, fruits, fish, shellfish, dried fish,and other foods.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Car-bon dioxide and oxygen gas are permeable throughRB820, the degree of permeability varies with thick-ness. Ethylene oxide gas permeates more easilythrough RB820 film than carbon dioxide gas.[216]

Thin film of less than 0.050 mm has a permeability tothese gases 3 to 5 times greater than low-density poly-ethylene film. RB820 films of about 1 mm thick dem-onstrate similar permeability to low-density polyeth-ylene film.[216]

Bi-orientation of RB820 does not change the perme-ability characteristics.[216]

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graphs 72-01 through 72-02 and Tables72-01 through 72-02.

Graph 72-01. Carbon dioxide vs. thickness through Japan Synthetic Rubber JSR RB820.


0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

CO

2 pe

rmea

bilit

y (c

m3 /

m2

. atm

. da

y)

0

2.0x104

4.0x104

6.0x104

8.0x104

105

1.2x105

Jap. Synth. JSR RB820Polybutadiene TPE (1,2-

polybutadiene; 0.910g/cm3 density; 2.5 BUR;

blown film; 15%crystallinity; film);penetrant: CO2

Reference No. 216

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 72: Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer - TPE

436

Graph 72-02. Oxygen vs. thickness through Japan Synthetic Rubber JSR RB820.

Table 72-01. Water Vapor, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Japan Synthetic Rubber JSR RB830


0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

O2

perm

eabi

lity

(cm

3 / m

2. a

tm .

day)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Jap. Synth. JSR RB820Polybutadiene TPE (1,2-

polybutadiene; 0.910g/cm3 density; 2.5 BUR;

blown film; 15%crystallinity; film);

penetrant: O2

Reference No. 216

Material Family POLYBUTADIENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER (TPE)

Material Supplier/Grade JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER COMPANY JSR RB830

Product Form FILM

Features 4.8 blow up ratio, approximately 29% crystallinity, stretch film




Density (g/cm3) 0.910


TEST CONDITIONS





70

Gas Permeability(cm3 · 100 µ m/m2 · atm · day)

29,000 5500



2900 550


7

Chapter 72: Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer - TPE © Plastics Design Library

437

Table 72-02. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Ethylene Oxide Through Japan Synthetic RubberJSR RB820 and RB830

Material Family POLYBUTADIENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER (TPE)

Material Supplier/Grade JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER COMPANYJSR RB820

JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER COMPANYJSR RB830

Product Form FILM

Features2.5 blow up ratio, approximately 15% crystallinity,

transparent2.5 blow up ratio, approximately 25% crystallinity,

transparent






Chemical Type syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrantwatervapor

carbondioxide

oxygenethylene

oxidewatervapor

carbondioxide

oxygenethylene

oxide

Test Method JIS Z0208 ASTM D1434 JIS Z0208 ASTM D1434



98 70


28,000 5500 320,000 29,000 5500 250,000



2800 550 32,000 2900 550 25,000


9.8 7

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 72: Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer - TPE

Chapter 73

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer


General Description: DuPont Hytrel thermoplasticpolyester elastomers give the flexibility of rubbers,the strength of plastics, and the processibility of ther-moplastics. All grades of Hytrel resins are block co-polymers consisting of a hard (crystalline) segmentof polybutylene terephthalate and a soft (amorphous)segment based on long-chain polyether glycols. Prop-erties are determined by the ratio of hard to soft seg-ments and by the make-up of the segments.[1058]

Eastman Ecdel elastomers are copolyester ethers(COPE), a clear, tough copolymer with elastomeric-like properties.[1059]

Processing Methods:Hytrel can be processed easilyby conventional thermoplastic processes like injec-tion molding, blow molding, calendering, rotationalmolding, extrusion, and meltcasting.[1058]

Ecdel can be injection molded, blow molded, or ex-truded into film or sheet, and co-extruded with otherresins to provide unique solutions to the most diffi-cult needs.[1059]

Applications:

• Hytrel. Seals, belts, bushings, pump dia-phragms, gears, protective boots, hose,and tubing for (cooking) gas transmis-sion.[1058]

• Ecdel. Pharmaceutical packaging.[1059]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Hytrelis resistant to permeation by non-polar hydrocarbonsand refrigerant gases.[1058]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Hytrelhas a high degree of permeability to polar molecules,such as water.[1058]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 73: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

440

Table 73-01. Various Gases Through Eastman Ecdel

Material Family COPOLYESTER ETHERS ELASTOMER (COPE)

Material Supplier/Trade Name EASTMAN ECDEL

Applications FILM



Sample Thickness (mm) 0.11 – 0.14

TEST CONDITIONS






(cm3 · mil/100 in2 · day) 330 > 2540 65

(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 130 > 1000 25

(g/m2 · day) 155

(g/day · in2) 10


(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 130 > 998 25.6

(g · mm/m2 · day) 19.4

Chapter 73: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer © Plastics Design Library

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Table 73-02. Various Gases Through DuPont Hytrel 4056

Material Family POLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT HYTREL 4056



Shore D Hardness 40

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air nitrogencarbondioxide

helium propane water Freon 12 Freon 22 Freon 114



Pressure Gradient (kPa) 34.5

Test Note

assumingthat

permea-bility lawshold forwater


Gas Permeability[cm3 (STP) · cm/cm2 · sec · atm]

2.4 x 10-8 1.7 x 10-8 3.5 x 10-7 15.7 x 10-8 <0.2 x 10-8 3.1 x 10-5 1.4 x 10-8 0.47 x 10-8 41 x 10-8



207 147 3024 1356 <17 267,840 121 41 3542

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 73: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

442

Table 73-03. Various Gases Through DuPont Hytrel 5556

Table 73-04. Various Gases Through DuPont Hytrel 6346 and Hytrel 7246


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT HYTREL 5556



Shore D Hardness 55

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air nitrogencarbondioxide

helium propane water Freon 12 Freon 22 Freon 114




Test Note

assumingthat

permeabilitylaws holdfor water


Gas Permeability[cm3 (STP) · cm/cm2 · sec · atm]

1.8 x 10-8 1.4 x 10-8 1.8 x 10-7 9.9 x 10-8 <0.2 x 10-8 2.4 x 10-5 1.2 x 10-8 0.59 x 10-8 28 x 10-8



156 121 1555 855 <17 207,360 104 51 2419


Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT HYTREL 6346 DUPONT HYTREL 7246




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant propane Freon 12 Freon 22 Freon 114 helium Freon 12 Freon 114




Gas Permeability [cm3 (STP) · cm/cm2 · sec · atm]

<0.2 x 10-8 1.2 x 10-8 <0.2 x 10-8 4.6 x 10-8 3.2 x 10-8 0.82 x 10-8 2.7 x 10-8



<17 104 <17 397 276 71 233

Chapter 73: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 74

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer


General Description: Kraton D polymers are a rangeof unhydrogenated styrenic block copolymers, com-pounds with an unsaturated rubber midblock (styrene-butadiene-styrene, SBS, and styrene-isoprene-styrene,SIS).[1067]

Kraton G polymers are a range of hydrogenatedstyrenic block copolymers with a saturated midblock(styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene, SEBS, and sty-rene-ethylene/propylene-styrene, SEPS).[1067]

Kraton IR elastomers are a range of anionicallypolymerised polyisoprene rubbers.[1067]

Processing Methods: Injection molding, blow mold-ing, compression molding, extrusion, hot melt, andsolution-applied coatings.[1067]

Applications: Multilayer food wrapping and stretchwrap films, bitumen modification (roofing and roads),to adhesives, sealants, coatings, modification of ther-moplastics, compounding for footwear applications,and technical compounding. Some Kraton polymergrades are potentially suitable for use in other appli-cations.[1067]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Kratonis permeable by oxygen.[1067]

Permeability to Water and Other Vapors: Kratonacts as a moisture barrier.[1067]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 74: Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer

444

Table 74-01. Oxygen Through Kraton Polymers Kraton D Series

Material Family STYRENIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

Material Supplier/Trade Name KRATON

Grade D 1101 D 1107 D 2104 D 2109

Features FDA grade





Chemical Typestyrene-butadiene-styrene

block copolymer (SBS)styrene-isoprene-styrene

block copolymer (SIS)styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS)

Note31% styrene/69% rubber,neat rubber, unsaturated

14% styrene/86% rubber,neat rubber, unsaturated

ready to use compound, unsaturated

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Test Method/Test Note ASTM D1434-82; area: 50 cm2; gradient: 100% gas at 740 mm Hg



4360 3170 17,350 9000

Gas Permeability(cm3 · cm/cm2 · s · cm Hg)

26.8 x 10-10 19.5 x 10-10 106 x 10-10 54.8 x 10-10



1717 1248 6831 3543

Chapter 74: Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer © Plastics Design Library

445

Table 74-02. Oxygen Through Kraton Polymers Kraton G Series


Material Supplier/Trade Name SHELL CHEMICAL KRATON

Grade G 1650 G 1651 G 1652 G 2705

Features FDA grade



Shore A Hardness 75 55


Chemical Type styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS)

Note 29% styrene/71% rubber, neat rubber, saturatedready to use compound,

saturated

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen





2310 2160 2690 4180


14.2 x 10-10 13.3 x 10-10 16.6 x 10-10 25.7 x 10-10



909 850 1059 1646


446

Table 74-03. Carbon Dioxide Through Kraton Polymers Kraton D Series



Grade D 2104 D 2109 D 1101 D 1107

Features FDA grade





Chemical Type styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS)styrene-isoprene-styrene

block copolymer (SIS)

Note ready to use compound, unsaturated31% styrene/69% rubber,neat rubber, unsaturated


TEST CONDITIONS






62,630 17,830 17,040 19,300


385 x 10-10 110 x 10-10 105 x 10-10 119 x 10-10



24,657 7020 6709 7598


447

Table 74-04. Carbon Dioxide Through Kraton Polymers Kraton G Series



Grade G 2705 G 1650 G 1651 G 1652

Features FDA grade






Noteready to use compound,

saturated29% styrene/71% rubber, neat rubber, saturated

TEST CONDITIONS






6450 5850 6100 8460


39.7 x 10-10 57.5 x 10-10 37.5 x 10-10 57.9 x 10-10



2539 2303 2402 3331


448

Table 74-05. Water Vapor Through Kraton Polymers Kraton D Series



Grade D 1101 D 1107 D 2104 D 2109

Features FDA grade





Chemical Typestyrene-butadiene-styrene

block copolymer (SBS)styrene-isoprene-styrene

block copolymer (SIS)styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS)

Note 31% styrene/69% rubber,neat rubber, unsaturated


ready to use compound, unsaturated

TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (% gradient) 90

Test Method/Test Note ASTM E96-80, procedure E; area: 50 cm2



3520 x 10-10 2870 x 10-10 7940 x 10-10 2040 x 10-10

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · hr)

27.2 22.1 61.3 15.7



257 208.8 579 148


449

Table 74-06. Water Vapor Through Kraton Polymers Kraton G Series



Grade G 1650 G 1651 G 1652 G 2705

Features FDA grade






Note 29% styrene/71% rubber, neat rubber, saturatedready to use compound,

saturated

TEST CONDITIONS



Relative Humidity (% gradient) 90

Test Method/Test Note ASTM E96-80, procedure E; area: 50 cm2



760 x 10-10 860 x 10-10 1140 x 10-10 900 x 10-10

Vapor Transmission Rate(g · mil/100 in2 · hr)

5.8 6.6 8.8 7.0



54.8 62.4 83.1 66.1


Chapter 75

Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer


General Description: Alloys of flexible poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) and polyolefin elastomers have beenshown to exhibit improved physical properties com-pared to conventional flexible PVC control com-pounds. The alloys have superior gas barrier proper-ties.[2027]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: PVC/polyolefin elastomer alloy exhibits significantly im-proved gas barrier properties compared to conventionalflexible PVC.[2027]


Table 75-01. Oxygen Through PVC/Polyolefin Alloy

Material Family PVC/POLYOLEFIN ALLOY

Grade PVC, FLEXIBLE PVC/POLYOLEFIN ALLOY



Note plasticized with DINP

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen


Gas Permeability(cm3 · cm/cm2 · sec · atm · 10-8)

11 4.5



0.95 0.39

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 75: Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer

452

Table 75-02. Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Through PVC Polyol Film

Material Family POLYVINYL CHLORIDE POLYOL

Product Form FILM

Features 2.5 blow up ratio, transparent 4.8 blow up ratio, stretch film






Note 50 phr plasticizer

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen water vapor carbon dioxide oxygen

Test Method JIS Z0208 ASTM D1434 JIS Z0208 ASTM D1434



100 79 - 129


3000 930 14,000 - 27,000 1900 - 3600



300 93 1400 - 2700 190 - 360


10 7.9 - 12.9

Chapter 75: Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer © Plastics Design Library

453

Table 75-03. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through PVC Polyol Film

Material Family POLYVINYL CHLORIDE POLYOL

Product Form FILM



Note plasticized

TEST CONDITIONS





30 - 2000 100 - 3000



11.8 - 787 39.4 - 1181

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 75: Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer

Chapter 76

Polybutadiene


General Description: Polybutadiene was one of thefirst types of synthetic elastomers. It is good for useswhich require exposure to low temperatures.[1095]

Bayer Taktene 1220 is a low Mooney viscosity, highcis 1,4 – polybutadiene rubber.[1095]

Applications: Belts, hoses, gaskets, and other auto-mobile parts.

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Imper-meable to most common gases.[1095]


Table 76-01. Air Through Bayer Taktene 1220 Polybutadiene Rubber

Material Family POLYBUTADIENE

Material Supplier/Grade BAYER TAKTENE 1220

Cure 20 min. @ 145°C



Shore A Hardness 53 (30 second)


Zinc Dimethyl Dithiocarbonate 1.5 phr

Sulfur 1.4 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr

SRF Carbon Black 50 phr

Chemical Type cis polybutadiene

Note 1.1 phr Santocure

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air



Gas Permeability(cm3 · cm/cm2 · sec · atm)

27.7 x 10-8 44.1 x 10-8 65.5 x 10-8



2393 3810 5659

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 76: Polybutadiene

456

Table 76-02. Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor Through Polybutadiene Rubber


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen carbon dioxide water vapor

Temperature (°C) 21.1 24 39

Test Noteapplies to general class of

base polymer


Gas Permeability(cm2/s · atm)

20.0 x 10-8


2,000 20,000


45



1728 787 7874


17.7

Chapter 76: Polybutadiene © Plastics Design Library

457

Table 76-03. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Air, and Water Vapor Through PolybutadieneRubber

Graph 76-01. Air vs. temperature through Bayer Taktene 1220 polybutadiene rubber.


Product Form GUM VULCANIZATE

Features hot emulsion





Paraffinic Oil 5 phr


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air water vapor


Test MethodTappi Standard

T464 M-45


Permeability Relative to ButylRubber (%)

575 1430 1600 2620 1700 5125

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

. sec

· at

m)

10

20

40

80

100

Bayer Taktene 1220Polybutadiene (cis

polybutadiene; 20 min. @145°C cure; 53 Shore A; 5phr zinc oxide, 1.5 phr zincdimethyl dithiocarbonate,1.1 phr Santocure, 50 phrSRF black, 1.4 phr sulfur);

penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 76: Polybutadiene

Chapter 77

Butyl Rubber

Category: Elastomer, Butyl Rubber, Thermoset

General Description: Exxon Butyl is an elastomericcopolymer of isobutylene with small amounts of iso-prene (1–2.5 mol%). ExxonMobil Chemical offers arange of polymer viscosities and cure responses, re-flecting molecular weight and isoprene level.[1096]

Bayer markets a copolymer of isobutylene and iso-prene under the name Bayer Butyl and a copolymerof isobutylene, isoprene, and divinyl benzene underthe name Polysar Butyl X L. Bayer Butyl and PolysarButyl X L are characterized by their high imperme-ability to water and gas.[1097]

Processing Methods: Rubber Overview: There aremany steps to creating a final product from rubber.Rubber is first compounded, adding basic ingredientsto make the desired set of properties in a final rubberproduct, then mixed, several different methods can beused to combine the ingredients, and cured to makethe final product.

There are many classes of ingredients and each classhas different types of materials. Some rubber prod-ucts are relatively simple, others, such as tires, arequite complicated. After compounding, the rubbermust be mixed. There are different ways to combineall the different ingredients that go into making a com-plete rubber compound.

In order to make something useful out of a rubber com-pound, the compound has to be cured. Unlike plastic,which is melted and then forced into a cold mold tobe formed into a part, rubber needs to be heated to ahigh enough temperature and for a time long enoughto cause the chemical reaction called curing to takeplace. Among the methods of forming a rubber partare molding, extruding, and calendaring.[1114]

Applications: Exxon Butyl’s major application areais the tire industry. It is mainly used for innertubesand tire-curing bladders. Non-tire applications include;

pharmaceutical closures, roof membranes, bodymounts, and tank linings.[1096] Bayer Butyl and PolysarButyl X L are used above all for the production of seal-ing tapes (e.g., for glazing), hot melts, and heat-vul-canizing backfilling adhesives.[1097]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Com-mercially, the most important property of butyl poly-mers is the very low permeability to gases and liquidswithout a high glass transition temperature (Tg). Mostelastomers fall on the same curve of permeability ver-sus temperature above the Tg; butyl polymers areclearly different.[1096]

The low permeability arises from the apparent goodpacking (density of 0.917 g/cm3) and low fractionalfree volume (0.026 vs. 0.071 for polydimethyl-siloxane).[1096] The polyisobutylene portion of thebutyl molecule provides low degree of permeabil-ity.[1099]

Among hydrocarbon elastomers, butyl rubber is out-standing in its low permeability to gases. At 65°C, theair permeability of SBR is about 80% that of naturalrubber while butyl shows only 10% permeability onthe same scale. It was demonstrated during controlledroad tests on cars driven 60 mph for 100 miles per daythat butyl is at least eight times better than naturalrubber in air retention.[1099]

Although compounding variables are secondary in thiscase, best results are obtained in unplasticized com-pounds containing a high volume loading of suitablefillers. The solubility of gases in butyl rubber is simi-lar to that in other hydrocarbon polymers, but the rateof diffusion through butyl rubber is exceptionally lowcompared to other rubbery materials. This phenom-enon is one of the most important basic properties ofbutyl rubber, and is responsible for many of its majoruses, for example, innertubes.[1098] In tubed tires, bu-tyl innertubes provide outstanding air pressure reten-tion, thereby minimizing tire wear due to under-inflation.[1096]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 77: Butyl Rubber

460

Butyl rubber is about one eightieth as permeable ascis-polybutadiene. The relative differences diminishwith increasing temperature, but remain large even athigh temperatures.[1098]

The effects of compounding variations are small com-pared to the inherent differences between polymerictypes. The effect of state of cure is insignificant in apractical sense, but material changes do result fromvariation of oil and filler loadings. Air permeability isapproximately tripled, at a constant black loading of50 parts, by raising the plasticizer loading from zeroto 30 parts. This result is typical of hydrocarbon plas-ticizers.[1098]

Increased black loading lowers the permeability as thevolume proportion of polymer through which the gascan permeate is reduced. This effect applies generallyto fillers. Comparatively large reductions in perme-ability can be obtained with plate-like fillers such as

mica, especially when the processing history (extru-sion or calendaring) is such that the platelets arealigned normal to the direction of permeation.[1098]

While essential for many of its applications, the lowpermeability of butyl rubber can be a source of diffi-culty during vulcanization. Pockets of entrapped gaseswill dissolve and diffuse into the surrounding rubbermuch less readily than is the case with other poly-mers, consequently, porosity or pin-holing may oc-cur. Attention should be given to ensuring a dense,gas-free condition in butyl stocks to vulcanization.[1098]



Graph 77-01. Butyl polymers vs. other elastomers.[1096]

Chapter 77: Butyl Rubber © Plastics Design Library

461

Table 77-01. Air vs. Temperature Through Butyl Rubber

Material Family BUTYL RUBBER

Material Supplier/Grade BAYER POLYSAR BUTYL 301 EXXON BUTYL 268






Stearic Acid 2 phr


Sulfur 2 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr

Channel Black 20 phr

MT Carbon Black 60 phr


Note 0.5 phr Altax, 1 phr Methyl Tuads10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phr Amberol ST-149

(Rohm and Haas Co.), specific accelerator

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air

Temperature (°C) 40 60 80 23.9 65.6 93.3

Test Apparatus Aminco Permeability Apparatus



100

Gas Permeability(ft3 · mil/ft2 · day · psi)

0.00032 0.0033 0.0105


0.6 x 10-8 1.8 x 10-8 46 x 10-8



51.8 155 3974 36.4 375 1195


462

Table 77-02. Nitrogen Through Butyl Rubber

Graph 77-02. Air vs. plasticizer (Polaris 45 oil) loading through butyl rubber.

Material Family BUTYL RUBBER


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen


Test Note applies to general class of base polymer



0.25 x 10-8



21.6

Polaris 45 oil (plasticizer) loading (phr)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

. sec

. at

m)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Bayer Polysar Butyl 301Butyl Rubber (40 min. @145°C cure; 5 phr zinc

oxide, 2 phr sulfur, 1.5 phrzinc dimethyl

dithiocarbonate, 50 phrSRF black, 0.5 phr Altax, 1

phr Methyl Tuads);penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298

Chapter 77: Butyl Rubber © Plastics Design Library

463

Graph 77-03. Air vs. SRF black loading through butyl rubber.

Graph 77-04. Air vs. temperature through butyl rubber.

SRF black loading (phr)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

. sec

. atm

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Bayer Polysar Butyl 301Butyl Rubber (40 min. @145°C cure; 5 phr zinc

oxide, 2 phr sulfur, 1.5 phrzinc dimethyl

dithiocarbonate, 10 phrPolar 45 oil, 1 phr Methyl

Tuads, 0.5 phr Altax);penetrant: air

Reference No. 298

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

· sec

· at

m)

0.1

1.0

10.0

Bayer Polysar Butyl 301Butyl Rubber (20 min. @

153°C cure; 50 Shore A; 5phr zinc oxide, 2 phr sulfur,

1.5 phr zinc dimethyldithiocarbonate, 1 phrMethyl Tuads, 0.5 phr

Altax, 50 phr SRF black);penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298


Chapter 78

Bromobutyl Rubber

Category: Elastomer, Halobutyl Rubber, Thermoset

General Description: Exxon Bromobutyl is an elas-tomeric isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (halogenatedbutyl) containing reactive bromine.[1100]

Exxon Bromobutyl has the predominantly saturatedbackbone of butyl and has many of the attributes ofthe butyl molecule such as low permeability to air,gases, and moisture.[1100]

Processing Method: See Ch. 77, Butyl Rubber, foran overview of rubber processing.

Applications: Exxon Bromobutyl’s major applicationarea is the tire industry. It is mainly used in tubelesstire innerliners. Non-tire applications include: con-veyor belts for high temperature resistance, tank lin-ings for chemical resistance, and pharmaceutical clo-sures and adhesives.[1100]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: The lowpermeability of bromobutyl and its ability to co-vul-canize with highly unsaturated rubbers makes it a poly-mer of choice for air and moisture barrier applications.At room temperature, compounds based on all-bromobutyl are about ten-fold less permeable than all-natural rubber compounds.[1101]

All elastomers show an increase in permeability withtemperature. Bromobutyl compounds exhibit air bar-rier advantages over natural rubber at room tem-peratures in the typical operating range of 25°C to100°C.[1101]

General guidelines for formulating low permeabilitybromobutyl compounds are as follows:[1101]

• Chlorobutyl, bromobutyl, and SB bromo-butyl are equivalent in their effect oncompound permeability.

• Compound permeability is predomi-nantly a function of the bromobutyl/GPRpolymer ratios, and secondarily are af-fected by the remainder of the ingredi-ents (fillers and plasticizers). A com-pound consisting entirely of bromobutylwill provide the lowest permeability toair and moisture. Blends of bromobutyland BPR rubbers exhibit a near averagepermeability value based on the fractionof the polymers.

• Gas permeability can also be decreasedby doing the following:[1101]

– Increase filler content up to about50% by volume. Above this level,permeability increases sharply due todiscontinuities in the rubber phase.

– Decrease process oil or other plasti-cizer levels.

– Use a filler with larger particle size.

– Use platy fillers such as talc or groundoyster shells. These materials shouldbe evaluated carefully for adverse ef-fects on compound crack resistance.

Permeability Data by Material Supplier TradeName: See Graphs 78-01 through 78-02.

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 78: Bromobutyl Rubber

466

Graph 78-02. Moisture vapor vs. bromobutyl concentration through bromoisobutylene-isoprene copolymer.

Graph 78-01. Air vs. bromobutyl concentration through bromoisobutylene-isoprene copolymer.

bromobutyl concentration (g/ cm3)

0 20 40 60 80 100air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-

8· c

m3

· cm

/ cm

2· s

ec ·

atm

)

0

4

8

12

16

20

24Exxon BIIR; penetrant: air;

25°C

Exxon BIIR; penetrant: air;65°C

Exxon BIIR; penetrant: air;100°C

Reference No. 164

bromobutyl concentration (g/ cm3)

0 20 40 60 80 100

MV

TR

(10

6· g

· cm

/ cm

2· a

tm ·

hr)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45Exxon BIIR; penetrant:

moisture vapor

Reference No. 164

Chapter 78: Bromobutyl Rubber © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 79

Chlorobutyl Rubber

Category: Elastomer, Halobutyl Rubber, Thermoset

General Description: Exxon Chlorobutyl is an elas-tomeric isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (halogenatedbutyl) containing reactive chlorine. As ExxonMobilChlorobutyl has the predominantly saturated backboneof butyl, it has many of the attributes of the butylmolecule, specifically, low permeability to air, gases,and moisture.[1102]


Applications: ExxonMobil Chlorobutyl’s major ap-plication area is the tire industry. It is mainly used intubeless tire innerliners, sidewalls, and innertubes.

• Non-tire. Conveyor belts for high tem-perature resistance, tank linings forchemical resistance, and pharmaceuticalclosures and adhesives.[1102]

• Tubeless tires. Low permeability of thechlorobutyl innerliner minimizes migra-tion of air into the carcass fabric andimproves durability.[1103]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: Isobuty-lene-isoprene copolymers offer significant advantages

over other commercial elastomers in low gas perme-ability. This is believed due to the stearic hindranceafforded by bulky methyl groups in the isobutylenecomponent.[1103]

A typical tubeless tire innerliner formulation contain-ing 65% (RHC) Chlorobutyl is one-half as permeableas a corresponding high styrene SBR formulation(SBR 1133). A large increase in the butyl reclaim con-tent of the compound does not result in the same per-meability as the chlorobutyl-based compound due tothe poor state of cure achieved with the butyl reclaimstock.[1103]

The gas permeability of rubbers decreases graduallywith increasing filler concentration of approximately50% by volume or greater. The permeability increasessharply due to the development of discontinuities inthe elastomer matrix. Considering various fillers,major effects on permeability are not apparent exceptbetween lamellar (platy) and acicular (more spheri-cal) types. To a lesser extent, smaller particle size con-tributes to reduced permeability.[1103]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 79: Chlorobutyl Rubber

468

Table 79-01. Air vs. Temperature Through Chlorobutyl Rubber

Material Family CHLOROISOBUTYLENE-ISOPRENE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/Grade EXXON CHLOROBUTYL 1068




Shore A Hardness 55


Stearic Acid 2 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr



Note10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phr Amberol ST-149 (Rohm and Haas Co.), specific

accelerator

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air

Temperature (°C) 23.9 65.6 93.3




0.00027 0.00034 0.0032 0.0104



30.7 38.7 364 1183

Chapter 79: Chlorobutyl Rubber © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 80

Polyisobutylene Rubber

Category: Elastomer, Thermoset

General Description: ExxonMobil Chemical’s Vis-tanex Polyisobutylene products are highly paraffinichydrocarbon polymers, composed of long straightchain macromolecules containing only chain-end ole-finic bonds. This molecular structure leads to chemi-cal inertness and resistance to chemical or oxidativeattack, and solubility in hydrocarbon solvents. TheVistanex products are light colored, odorless, taste-less, and nontoxic.[1105]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 80: Polyisobutylene Rubber

Processing Method: See Ch. 77, Butyl Rubber, for anoverview of rubber processing.

Applications: Adhesives and sealants.


Table 80-01. Helium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Relative to Butyl Rubber ThroughPolyisobutylene Rubber

Material Family ISOBUTYLENE RUBBER



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant helium hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air



Permeability Relative toButyl Rubber (%)

86 87 91 72 93 88

Chapter 81

Specialty Elastomers

Category: Elastomer

General Description: Exxon Chemical Exxpro elas-tomers are brominated polymers derived from a co-polymer of isobutylene (IB) and p-methylstyrene(PMS). They are subsequently brominated to varyingdegrees, producing different grades of Exxpro elas-tomers.[1109]


Applications: Longer-lasting hoses and tire compo-nents.

Permeability: Permeability is comparable to that ofbutyl and halobutyl rubbers.


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 81: Specialty Elastomers

Chapter 82

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (CSPE)

Category: Elastomer

General Description: Dupont-Dow Hypalon is achlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)-based syntheticrubber developed by DuPont in the early 1950s.[1106]


Applications: Coatings, industrial cable, inflatablerecreational crafts, single-ply roofing, geomembranes,seam, reinforcing and repair tapes, and commercial-grade and heavy-duty tapes.


Table 82-01. Nitrogen Through Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber

Material Family CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE RUBBER (CSPE)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.7 - 0.9 x 10-8



60.5 - 77.8

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 82: Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber - CSPE

Chapter 83

Epichlorohydrin Rubber (ECO)


General Description: Epichlorohydrin elastomers area family of specially polyether rubbers with solvent,fuel, and ozone resistance. Although the compoundsof this elastomer are expensive, the combination ofproperties make these rubbers useful for some appli-cations.[1106]

The principal features of ECO compounds include lowswell in: petroleum based oils, aliphatic solvents, andaromatic fuels, as well as, gas impermeability.[1106]




Table 83-01. Nitrogen Through Epichlorohydrin Rubber

Material Family EPICHLOROHYDRIN COPOLYMER RUBBER (ECO)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.66 x 10-8



57

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 83: Epichlorohydrin Rubber - ECO

476

Material Family POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.17 x 10-8



14.7

Table 83-02. Nitrogen Through Polyepichlorohydrin Rubber

Chapter 83: Epichlorohydrin Rubber - ECO © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 84

Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM)


General Description: Two basic types of EP rubberare available, ASTM classifies this synthetic elastomerwith an “M” designation, meaning that it has a satu-rated polymer chain of the polymethylene type. Withinthis classification there are two basic kinds of rub-ber:[1107]

• EPM, the copolymer of ethylene and pro-pylene.[1107]

• EPDM, the terpolymer of ethylene, pro-pylene, and a non-conjugated diene withresidual unsaturation in the sidechain.[1107]

Ethylene-propylene polymers are inherently stable,rubbery materials, off-white to amber in color, andsomewhat translucent.[1107]


Applications: Impact modification, hose, tubing,weather strips, insulation, jacketing, single-ply roof-ing sheet, window gaskets, and sound deadening.EPDM rubbers are used extensively in outdoor appli-cations.[1107]

Permeability to Oxygen and Other Gases: RawEPM/EPDM air permeability is 100 · cm2/s · atm.[1107]



Table 84-01. Nitrogen Through Ethylene-Propylene Rubber

Material Family ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER (EPM)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





6.4 x 10-8



553

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 84: Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers - EPM, EPDM

478

Table 84-02. Air vs. Temperature Through Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer Rubber

Material Family ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER (EPM)

Material Supplier/Grade EXXON VISTALON 404 EXXON VISTALON 4608






Stearic Acid 2 phr


Sulfur 1.5 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr




Note 0.5 phr Captax, 1.5 phr Santocure10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phr Amberol ST-149 (Rohm and Haas

Co.), specific accelerator

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air

Temperature (°C) 40 60 80 23.9 65.6 93.3 23.9 65.6 93.3




680 890


0.00405 0.0225 0.0637 0.00587 0.029 0.0619


7.9 x 10-8 17.1 x 10-8 33.0 x 10-8



683 1477 2851 461 2560 7247 668 3299 7043

Chapter 84: Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers - EPM, EPDM © Plastics Design Library

479

Table 84-03. Nitrogen Through Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer Rubber



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





6.4 x 10-8



553

Table 84-04. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Through Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer Rubber




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air




1570 1600 1650 1750

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 84: Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers - EPM, EPD

480

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-

8· c

m3· c

m/ c

m2

· sec

· at

m)

1

10

100

Graph 84-01. Air vs. temperature through ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer rubber.

EPDM (40 min. @ 153°Ccure; 50 Shore A; 5 phr

zinc oxide, 1.5 phr sulfur,1.5 phr zinc dimethyl

dithiocarbonate, 100 phrEPDM, 0.5 phr Altax, 50phr SRF black, 1.5 phr

Santocure); penetrant: air;60°C

Reference No. 298

Chapter 84: Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers - EPM, EPDM © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 85

Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer

Category: Fluoro-Polymer, Elastomer, Thermoset

General Description: DuPont Dow ElastomersViton fluoroelastomer is known for its excellent(400°F/200°C) heat and fuel (automotive and airline)resistance.[1111]


Applications:Seals, caulks, coatings, vibration damp-eners, expansion joints, gaskets, O-rings, piston seals,custom shapes, and stock rod and sheet.

Permeability: Viton has good resistance to perme-ation. In automotive, chemical processing, and otherindustries, Viton helps control fugitive emissions tomeet Clean Air Act requirements.[1110]

It is relatively impermeable to air and gases, rankingabout midway between the best and the poorest elas-tomers in this respect. The permeability of Viton canbe modified considerably by the way it is com-pounded.[1111]

Permeability increases with temperature.[1111]



Table 85-01. Air, Carbon Dioxide, Helium, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Through Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoro-propylene Copolymer

Material Family VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/Grade DUPONT VITON



Note compounded

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air carbon dioxide helium nitrogen oxygen

Temperature (°C) 24 30 24 121 204 24 30

Test Condition Note one atmosphere @ 80°C

Test Note specimen size: 1 cm2 x 1 cm thick



9.9 x 10-10 5.9 x 10-8 8.92 x 10-8 1.74 x 10-6 6.7 x 10-6 5.4 x 10-10 1.1 x 10-8



8.55 508 771 15,034 57,888 4.67 95.0

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 85: Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer

482

Table 85-02. Nitrogen Through Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer

Material Family VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.20 x 10-8



17.3

Chapter 85: Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 86

Natural Rubber


General Description: Natural rubber is polyisoprene.Chemical and environmental resistance and mechani-cal properties are improved through crosslinking (vul-canizing), usually through treatment with sulfur.[1065]

Natural rubber is more unsaturated and has fewermethyl groups than butyl rubber causing it to be twentytimes more permeable to air. The presence of methylgroups generally serves to reduce the permeability ofpolymers.[1065]


Applications: Tire and other automotive.



Table 86-01. Various Gases Through Natural Rubber

Material Family NATURAL RUBBER


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen hydrogen carbon dioxide nitrogen


Gas Permeability(based on hydrogen as 100) 46 100 260 17


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) n/a n/a n/a n/a

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 86: Natural Rubber

484

Table 86-02. Air vs. Temperature Through Natural Rubber


Product Form NO. 1 RIBBED SMOKE SHEETS






Stearic Acid 2 phr


Sulfur 2.5 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr




Note 0.75 phr Altax10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phr Amberol ST-149

(Rohm and Haas Co.), specific accelerator

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air

Temperature (°C) 40 60 80 23.9 65.6 93.3




700


0.00436 0.0237 0.0402


11.8 x 10-8 26.8 x 10-8 43.9 x 10-8



1020 2316 3793 496 2696 4574

Chapter 86: Natural Rubber © Plastics Design Library

485

Table 86-03. Nitrogen Through Natural Rubber



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





6.12 x 10-8



529

Table 86-04. Various Gases Relative to Butyl Rubber Through Natural Rubber









TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant helium hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air water vapor



T464 M-45



357 667 1780 2000 2500 2100 2425

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 86: Natural Rubber

486

Graph 86-01. Air vs. temperature through natural rubber.

Graph 86-02. Various gases vs. mineral filler through natural rubber.

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

· sec

· at

m)

1

10

100Natural Rubber (20 min. @145°C cure; 51 Shore A; 5phr zinc oxide, 1.5 phr zincdimethyl dithiocarbonate,2.5 phr sulfur, 50 phr SRF

black, 0.75 phr Altax;ribbed smoked sheets);

penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298

mineral filler content (phr)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

H2,

O2,

N2

perm

eabi

lity

(10-

8· c

m2 /

s. a

tm)

0

10

20

30

40Natural Rubber (gum

vulcanizate); penetrant: H2

Natural Rubber (gumvulcanizate); penetrant: O2

Natural Rubber (gumvulcanizate); penetrant: N2

Reference No. 300

Chapter 86: Natural Rubber © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 87

Polychloroprene Rubber (CR)


General Description: DuPont Dow Elastomer Neo-prene is a polymer of chloroprene and is available inmany varieties including nonsulfur modified “W” andthe more common sulfur modified “GN” types. Neo-prene is known for its resistance to oil, gasoline, sun-light, ozone, and oxidation; however, there are otherpolymers that have better resistance to these same el-ements. CR’s most important advantage is its abilityto combine these properties moderately into one all-purpose polymer.[1106]


Applications: Adhesives, binders, coatings, dippedgoods, elasticized asphalt, and concrete.



Table 87-01. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Relative To Butyl Rubber Through NeopreneRubber

Material Family POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)




Note Neoprene G type

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air




180 302 280 500 315

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 87: Polychloroprene Rubber - CR

488

Table 87-02. Nitrogen Through Neoprene Rubber

Material Family POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.89 x 10-8



77

Chapter 87: Polychloroprene Rubber - CR © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 88

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer (NBR)


General Description: NBR, Nitrile Rubbers, are co-polymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile. The term hasalso been applied to copolymers of other dienes and/or nitriles. Acrylonitrile content may range from 18-50%. Increasing acrylonitrile content leads to higherhardness, strength, abrasion resistance, heat resistance,and oil/fuel resistance, and lower resilience and lowtemperature flexibility.[1065]


Applications: NBR is recommended when excellentresistance to petroleum oils and gasoline is required;carburetor gaskets, fuel pumps, diaphragms, and air-craft hose gaskets.[1106]



Table 88-01. Air vs. Temperature Through Bayer Krynac 800 Nitrile Rubber

Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER (NBR)

Material Supplier/Grade BAYER KRYNAC 800







Sulfur 1.5 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr


Note 0.5 phr Monex, 1.5 phr Altax

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air




1.1 x 10-8 4.1 x 10-8 9.9 x 10-8



95 354 855

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 88: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - NBR

490

Table 88-02. Nitrogen Through Nitrile Rubber




Note 38% acrylonitrile 34% acrylonitrile

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.18 x 10-8 0.46 x 10-8



15.6 39.7

Table 88-03. Air Conditioning Refrigerant Through Nitrile Rubber







TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant Freon 12 HCFCX-134a HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HFC-152a

Penetrant Note air conditioning refrigerant air conditioning refrigerant, ternary blend


Test Condition Note refrigerant at saturated vapor pressure




Chapter 88: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - NBR © Plastics Design Library

491

Table 88-04. Carbon Dioxide and Air Through Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer Rubber





Butadiene Content (%) 80 73 68 61 80 73 68 61

Acrylonitrile Content (%) 20 27 32 39 20 27 32 39

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air carbon dioxide




693 315 179 72 1200 600 350 143

Table 88-05. Helium and Hydrogen Relative To Butyl Rubber Through Acrylonitrile-Butadiene CopolymerRubber







TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant helium hydrogen




196 139 114 79 341 214 161 100

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 88: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - NBR

492

Table 88-06. Oxygen and Nitrogen Relative To Butyl Rubber Through Acrylonitrile-Butadiene CopolymerRubber

Material Family ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER






TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen oxygen




620 260 150 58 622 302 178 73

Graph 88-01. Air vs. temperature through Bayer Krynac 800 nitrile rubber.

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-

8· c

m3· c

m/ c

m2

· sec

· at

m)

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Bayer Krynac 800 Nitrile Rubber (20 min. @145°C cure; 65 Shore A; 5 phr zinc oxide,

1.5 phr sulfur, 1.5 phr zinc dimethyldithiocarbonate, 1.5 phr Altax, 50 phr SRF

black, 0.75 phr Monex); penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298

Chapter 88: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - NBR © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 89

Polysulfide Rubber


General Description: Polysulfides are producedthrough a reaction of a sodium polysulfide with anorganic dichloride. The result is a product with out-standing resistance to oils, greases, and solvents. How-ever, polysulfide has poor tensile strength and a veryobjectionable odor.[1106]


Application: Sealants


Table 89-01. Nitrogen Through Polysulfide Rubber

Material Family POLYSULFIDE RUBBER


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





0.66 x 10-8



57

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 89: Polysulfide Rubber

Chapter 90

Polyurethane


General Description: Polyurethanes are the reactionproducts of polyethers and polyesters withdiisocyanates. These rubbers are complex and varied,offering a wide range of physical properties. Urethanescome in three basic forms: liquid cast, millable gums,and the thermoplastic.[1112]

Processing Method: The thermoplastic nature of Es-tane polyurethane makes it easy to process on con-ventional calendering, extrusion coating, sheet extru-sion, or melt coating equipment.[1112]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 90: Polyurethane

Applications: Life rafts and jackets, rainwear, collaps-ible storage tanks, protective covers, disposable gloves,surgical drapes, and hypothermia pads.[1112]

Permeability: Applications that require the passageof gases and vapors are particularly suited for poly-urethane. Thinner films can pass moisture vapor athigher rates than thick films.[1112]


Table 90-01. Various Gas and Moisture Vapor Through Noveon Estane Polyether Films

Material Family POLYETHER

Grade NOVEON ESTANE



Shore Hardness 80A-90A


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide helium argon Freon 12 Freon 22 water


Gas Permeability(m3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr) 5.2 x 10-4 16.2 x 10-4 4.0 x 10-4 102.3 x 10-4 29.1 x 10-4 11.2 x 10-4 12.2 x 10-4 10.6 x 10-4

Vapor Permeability (g/m2 · day) 2.0


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 5200 16,200 400 102,300 29,100 11,200 12,200 10,600


496

Table 90-02. Various Gas and Moisture Vapor Through Noveon Estane Polyether Films


Grade NOVEON ESTANE



Shore Hardness 90A

Sample Thickness (mm) 0.76 0.63–0.76

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide helium argon Freon 12 Freon 22


Gas Permeability (m3 · mm/m2 · 24 hr) 1.1 x 10-4 1.3 x 10-4 0.7 x 10-4 8.0 x 10-4 6.4 x 10-4 1.5 x 10-4 57.3 x 10-4 1.3 x 10-4


Permeability Coefficient (cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 1100 1300 70 800 6400 1500 57,300 1300

Table 90-03. Solvents Through Noveon Estane Polyether Films


Grade NOVEON ESTANE



Shore Hardness 90A


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant gasoline fuel B JP–4 Fuel water

Temperature (°C) 23 27 48 66 79 83 121 23


Vapor Permeability (cm3/m2 · day) 117.2 16.9 19.1 3.8 40.1 112.0 216.0 385.0 917.0 7617.0


Vapor Transmission Rate (g · mm/m2 · day) 15.4 3.2 4.6 0.13 13.8 38.4 74.1 132.1 314.6 3580

Chapter 90: Polyurethane © Plastics Design Library

497

Table 90-04. Water Vapor, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Polyurethanes

Material Family POLYURETHANE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide water vapor



Test Method ASTM D1434-63T ASTM E96-63T



2.4 - 8.7 (dc)


80 200 3000



31.5 78.7 1181


0.94 - 3.43

Table 90-05. Nitrogen Through Polyester and Polyether Urethane Rubber

Material Family POLYESTER URETHANE POLYETHER URETHANE


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





16 x 10-8 0.95 x 10-8



1382 82.1

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 90: Polyurethane

498

Graph 90-01. Moisture vapor vs. thickness through Noveon Estane polyether films.[1112]

Chapter 90: Polyurethane © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 91

Silicone or Polysiloxane


General Description: Silicone rubber is a semi-or-ganic synthetic. Its structure consists of a chain of sili-con and oxygen atoms rather than carbon and hydro-gen atoms, as in the case with other types of rubber.The molecular structure of silicone rubber results in avery flexible—but weak—chain. Silicones are verystable at low and high temperatures. Although fillersmay improve properties somewhat, tear and tensilestrengths remain relatively low.[1106]

Processing Method: See Ch. 77, “Butyl Rubber,” foran overview of rubber processing.

Permeability: Silicone has the highest known gasdiffusivity of the rubber family. This is attributed tohigh internal mobility due to the presence of an Si-O-Si configuration in its molecular chain.[300]

In most cases, gas permeability will increase with tem-perature. However, due to solubility influences, car-bon dioxide permeability through silicone decreaseswith increasing temperature.[300]



Table 91-01. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Relative To Butyl Rubber Through SiliconeRubber

Material Family SILICONE



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air




7150 3920 66,000 40,000 56,800

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 91: Silicone or Polysiloxane

500

Table 91-02. Nitrogen Through Silicone Rubber



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen





200 x 10-8



17,280

Table 91-03. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, and Water Vapor Rubber Through Silicone Rubber



TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen carbon dioxide hydrogen water vapor



Test Method ASTM D1434-63T ASTM E96-63T



4.4 - 7.9 (dc)


50,000 300,000 45,000



19,685 118,110 17,716


1.73 - 3.11

Chapter 91: Silicone or Polysiloxane © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 92

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)


General Description: Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR), a synthetic copolymer composed of styreneand butadiene, is used more often than any of the othersynthetics produced today. Many types of SBR rub-ber are available in oil extended and black master batchforms to serve specific applications. SBR has similarresistance to solvents and chemicals as natural rub-ber, and it can be successfully bonded to a wide rangeof materials.[1106]

Bayer Krylene is an emulsion styrene-butadiene rub-ber. Provided that the compounds are formulated andprocessed correctly, the vulcanizates have good resis-tance to polar solvents, dilute acids, and dilutebases.[1115]


Applications: These products are employed exten-sively in almost all sectors of the rubber industry. Usedmainly for tires, often in blends with NR; conveyorand transmission belting, footwear soles and heels;technical goods of all kinds, e.g., seals, membranes,hose, and rolls.[1115]



© Plastics Design Library Chapter 92: Styrene-Butadiene Rubber - SBR

502

Table 92-01. Air vs. Temperature Through Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Material Family STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER

Material Supplier/Grade BAYER KRYLENE EXXON SBR 1502






Styrene 43%

Stearic Acid 2 phr


Sulfur 2.8 phr

Zinc Oxide 5 phr




Note 1.2 phr Santocure

10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phrAmberol ST-149 (Rohm and HaasCo.), high styrene content, specific

accelerator

10 phr Flexon 845 oil (Exxon), 4 phrAmberol ST-149 (Rohm and Haas

Co.), specific accelerator

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant air

Temperature (°C) 40 60 80 23.9 65.6 93.3 23.9 65.6 93.3




300 550


0.00121 0.0096 0.0239 0.00306 0.018 0.0382


4.6 x 10-8 12.5 x 10-8 24.2 x 10-8



397 1080 2091 137.7 1092 2719 348 2048 4346

Chapter 92: Styrene-Butadiene Rubber - SBR © Plastics Design Library

503

Table 92-02. Helium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Air, and Water Vapor Relative To ButylRubber Through Styrene-Butadiene Rubber


Material Supplier/Grade EXXON SBR1500


Features hot







Chemical Typecis 1,4-

polybutadiene

TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant helium hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide air water vapor



T464 M-45



264 641 1290 1560 2360 1600 1875

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 92: Styrene-Butadiene Rubber - SBR

504

Table 92-03. Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Through Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Graph 92-01. Air vs. temperature through styrene-butadiene rubber.


Product Form FILM


TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide


Test Noteapplies to general class of

base polymer



3000 1000


4.8 x 10-8



415 1181 394

temperature (°C)

25354555657585air

perm

eabi

lity

(10-8

· cm

3· c

m/ c

m2

. sec

· at

m)

1

10

100

Bayer Krylene SBR (40min. @ 145°C cure; 53

Shore A; 5 phr zinc oxide,1.5 phr zinc dimethyl

dithiocarbonate, 50 phrSRF black, 2.8 phr sulfur,

1.2 phr Santocure);penetrant: air; 60°C

Reference No. 298

Chapter 92: Styrene-Butadiene Rubber - SBR © Plastics Design Library

Chapter 93

Additional Barrier Materials

Metallized Films

General Description: An extremely thin metal layer(0.00005 mm) is applied to plastic films to increasebarrier properties with respect to light, water, andgases. Many plastic films can be metallized, for ex-ample, PET, BOPP, PVC, and LDPE.

Vacmet Packagings (India) metallized polyester andBOPP, bi-axially oriented polypropylene, films con-tain high aluminium deposits and provide good bar-rier properties with high oxygen permeability.[2032]

Applications: Metallized polyester and BOPP filmsare suitable for flexible packaging, lamination, me-tallic yarn, decoration, etc.[2032]

Biodegradable or Organic Films

Biodegradable plastics can be made by micro-organ-isms, synthesized from natural products like starch orproteins, or composed of synthetic polymers. The cur-rent generation of biodegradable films may be up to100% biodegradable, i.e., not containing any syntheticpolymers. Some commercial biodegradable plasticsare presented in Table 93-02.[1137]

• Note: Biodegradable: For a material tobe called biodegradable, it must be de-graded completely, within one year, toonly natural compounds, such as carbondioxide, water, methane and biomass.This process is carried out by micro-or-ganisms, whether or not under specialconditions. The product is first depoly-merized (chain cleavage) and then min-eralized. Edible coatings are also con-sidered to be biodegradable.[1137]

Starches can be converted into thermoplastic or ther-moset materials. Properties of the individual starchesvary depending upon the size and shape of the gran-ules and the amylose/amylopectin ratio. Amylose is astarch component, a chain polymer of 1-4 linked α-D-glucopyranosyl residues, amylopectin is a starchcomponent, a branched 1-4 linked α-D-glucopyranosylglucan. The branches are joined by linkage of C-1 toC-6 of the main chain.[1137]

Starch films are soluble in water and have a high oxy-gen permeability. These properties may be modifiedthrough the addition of plasticizers and synthetic poly-mers. Starch based materials are often blended withPE, PVOH, or PS.[1137]

Self supporting cast films can be made from soy pro-teins or wheat gluten. These films provide effectiveoxygen barriers but are sensitive to water.[1137]

Barrier Properties

Protein films, most often collagen, soy or wheat pro-tein, have lower oxygen permeabilities than starchbased films. The polar nature and linear structure ofproteins combine to create a “tortuous path” for thegas permeant. Similarly, protein films have a lowerfree volume, again preventing the diffusion of smallmolecules through the polymer.[1137]

Collagen films often have the lowest oxygen perme-ability of the protein film family. Globular proteinssuch as wheat gluten and soy protein have a less lin-ear structure and a greated percentage of larger aminoacid side groups that contribute to a larger free vol-ume and less tortuous path.[1137]

Plasticizers can reduce the oxygen permeability oforganic films.[1137]


© Plastics Design Library Chapter 93: Additional Barrier Materials

506

Table 93-01. Vacmet Packagings Metallized Plastic Films

Material Family METALLIZED PLASTIC FILMS

Grade POLYESTER BOPP




TEST CONDITIONS

Penetrant oxygen water oxygen water




Gas Permeability(cc/100 in2 · 24 hr)

0.070 – 0.080 3.4


0.045 – 0.061 0.025



0.028 – 0.032 0.669


0.018 – 0.024 0.005

Table 93-02. Biodegradable Plastics[1137]

PRODUCT COMPOSITION

MICRO-ORGANISM BASED

BIOPOL copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate and valeric acid (PHB/V)

NATURAL PRODUCT BASED

Mater-Bi starch (60%)/PVA alloy

Novon starch (90-95%) + additive

Amipol starch (100%)

CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS BASED

Poly Lactic Acid polylactic acid

Plockcelton polycaprolactone (~NH-(CH2)5-C=O~)

Bionolle aliphatic polyester

Chapter 93: Additional Barrier Materials © Plastics Design Library

507

Material Family ORGANIC FILMS

CELLULOSE STARCH BASEDFilm Type

MC HPMC MC

Note amylomaize starch hydroxypropylatedamylomaize starch



Film Thickness (mm)

TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature (°C) 20 - 25

Relative Humidity (%) 50 52 < 100 < 78


Gas Permeability[cm3 · µ m/(m2 · day · kPa)]

97 272 90 < 65 0



9.8 27.6 9.11 < 6.6 0

Table 93-03. Oxygen Permeability of Cellulose and Starch Based Organic Polymer Films[1137]

Material Family ORGANIC FILMS

PROTEIN BASEDFilm Type

Collagen Zein Gluten Soy Whey Whey

Note PEG +glycerol(2.6:1)

glycerol(2.5:1)

Proteinisolate: glycerol

(2.4:1)

Proteinisolate:glycerol(2.3:1)

Proteinisolate:sorbitol(2.3:1)


TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature (°C) 20 - 25



Gas Permeability[cm3 · µ m/(m2 · day · kPa)] 0 – 0.5 23 890 38 – 90 6 76 4


Permeability Coefficient(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm) 0 – 0.05 2.33 90.18 3.9 – 9.1 0.61 7.7 0.41

Table 93-04. Oxygen Permeability of Protein Based Organic Polymer Films[1137]

© Plastics Design Library Chapter 93: Additional Barrier Materials

© Plastics Design Library References

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1022 Product Summary, Extrusion Coatings, PolyethyleneProduct Data Sheets, Nova Chemicals, 2001. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim. (www.novachemicals.com/04_products/04_polyethylene_f.html)

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1024 Maier, C., Polyproplene The Definitive User’s Guideand Databook, Plastics Design Library, pp. 19-21,128, Norwich, NY, 1998.

1025 Technical Publication No. 7, Solvay Polymers,POL170, May 2000.

1026 Polybutylene-1 General Properties, 029 APOe 10/01, Basell Polyolefins, 2001. Portions of this publi-cation have been reproduced verbatim.

1027 Ryton PPS, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company,Aug. 28, 2002. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.cpchem.com/rytonpps/)

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1037 Permeability of Polymers to Gases and Vapors, sup-plier technical report (P302-335-79, D306-115-79),Dow Chemical Company, 1979. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.

1038 OPS for Consumer Packaging, Atofina, 2000–2002.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.petrochemicals.atofina.com/side1/m a . a s p ? l g = e n & b i z = b 3 & s i d = 1 & m = m 2 & -a= a18&ent= A)

1039 STYRON Polystyrene Resins Providing ExcellentPerformance, Aesthetics and Processability, PA 22-040-0899SD, Dow Chemical Pacific, LTD. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.

1040 Styrene Copolymers: Luran, BASF AG, 1999. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim. (www.basf.de/en/produkte/kstoffe/kstoffe/sort/styrolco/luran.htm)

1041 Luran Product Line, Properties, Processing, supplierdesign guide (B 565e/10.83), BASF Aktiengesell-schaft, 1983. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim.

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1043 Dairy FFS, Polystyrene Division, Atofina, 2000–2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.petrochemicals.atofina.com/side1/mas.asp?lg= en&biz= b3&sid= 1&m= m2&-a= a3&seg= s140&ent= M)

1045 Saran Polymers for Barrier Packaging, Continuing aReputation for Excellence, Dow Plastics, Form No.190-00445-1096 RJD. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim.

1046 Saran Data Sheets, Form No. 190-00404-1096XRJD, Dow Plastics, 1996. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim.

1048 Saran F Resins Superior Barrier for Packaging, FormNo. 190-00305-199X SMG, Dow Plastics, 1999.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim.

1049 Styroblend WS, Styrene Polymers, BASF Ak-tiengesellschaft, 1999. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.basf.de/en/produkte/kstoffe/kstoffe/sort/styrolpo/polystyr.htm)

1050 Saran Resins & Films, Performance, Dow ChemicalCompany, 1995–2002. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.dow.com/sa-ran/perf.html)

1051 Saran Resins & Films, Applications, Dow ChemicalCompany, 1995–2002. (www.dow.com/saran/app.html)

1052 You Cannot Live Without Plants, Plants and People,Wits University School of Animal Plant and Envi-ronmental Sciences, Jun. 2001. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim. (www.wits.-ac.za/apes/plants/introb.htm)

1053 DuPont Packaging, Illustrated Structures, DuPontCompany, 1998. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.dupont.com/pack-aging/designia/structures/index.html)

1054 Co-extrusion Process, Bekum America Corporation,2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.bekumamerica.com/co-ex.html)

1055 Melinex Polyester Films Technical Data, DupontTeijin Films, U.S, 2001. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.dupont-tei j infi lms.com/?GX HC_gx_session_id_= -e718ea250cb21cef)

1056 Saranex Data Sheets, Form No. 500-01185-0401SMG, The Dow Chemical Company, Apr. 2001.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.dow.com/stickwithus/product/prod-ucts/saranex.htm)

1057 The Macrogalleria, Department of Polymer Sci-ence, University of Southern Mississippi, 1995–2000. Portions of this publication have been re-produced verbatim. (www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/index.htm)

1058 Hytrel Thermoplastic Elastomer, Product and Prop-erties Guide, Form No. H-81089 (99.11), DuPontEngineering Polymers, 1995-2002. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim. (http://p l a s t i c s . d u p o n t . c o m / N A S A p p / p l a s t i c s /Mediator?parameters= Hytrel&action= 402&-leftSubMenu= 5&htmlFile= english/products/hytrel.html)

1059 Ecdel Elastomers, Eastman Chemical Company,2002. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.eastman.com/brands/Ecdel/Ecdel_Intro.asp)


597

1060 PPM 201, Ecdel Elastomers, Products and Packag-ing for the Medical Industry, Eastman ChemicalCompany, 1999. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.eastman.com/Brands/Ecdel/ProductHome.asp?product= 726)

1061 Mark, H. F., et al., Encyclopedia for Polymer Sci-ence and Engineering, 2nd Ed., 10:708, 713, JohnWiley & Sons, New York, 1985.

1062 BOPP Film, Polypropylene, Form No. 022 PPe 10/01, Basell Polypropylene, 2001. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.basell.com/mati/0,1430,1%255F0,00.html)

1063 BOPP Film, Polypropylene, Form No. 022 PPe 10/01, Basell Polypropylene, 2001. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.basell.com/mati/0,1430,1%255F0,00.html)

1064 Flexible Film and Coating Resins, Processes, MontellPolyolefins, 2001. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.


1066 Matweb, Material Property Data, 1997–2002.(www.matweb.com)

1067 Kraton Polymers, ChemBuyersGuide.com, 2002.(www.chembuyersguide.com/partners/kraton.html)

1068 Introducing Lamellar Injection Molding Technology– The LIM Advantage (Licensing Bulletin), SupplierTechnical Report 304-00383-493 SMG, Dow Chemi-cal Company, 1993. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.

1069 Ebnesajjad, S., Fluoroplastics, Vol. 2, Melt Proces-sible Fluoropolymers, PDL Handbook Series, Will-iam Andrew, Inc., Norwich, NY, 2003.

1071 Xanthos, M., and Polymer Processing Institute,Modification of Thermoplastics for Density and GasPermeability Through Additives and Reactive Pro-cessing, ANTEC 1999, Plastics: Bridging the Mil-lennia, 3:909–911, Special Areas, 1999.

1072 Selar RB Barrier Resins – Resin Blend TechnicalInformation, Form No. H-42016, DuPont Company,1992. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim.

1073 PP Cast Film, Polypropylene, 025 Ppe 10/01, BasellPolyolefins Company, N.V., 2002. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.basell.com/mati/0,1430,1%255F0,00.html)

1074 Dahlman, R., and Michaeli, W., Characterization ofMultilayer Permeation Barriers Made by MicrowavePlasma Polymerization, ANTEC 2000 Plastics: TheMagical Solution, 2:715–719, Materials, 2000.

1075 BLOX 0000 and 4000 Series, Data Sheets, Dow Plas-tics, Dow Chemical Company, Form No. 296-01412-800X SMG, Aug., 2000. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim. (www.dow.com/webapps/lit/litorder.asp?objid= 09002f13800-e23d8&filepath= /reg)

1076 What is a TPE?, Advanced Elastomer Systems, 2002.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.santoprene.com/site/products/2249.html)

1077 Applications, Advance Elastomer Systems, 2001.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.aestpe.com/aes/foodcontact.html)

1078 What is Hifax TPO?, Montell Polyolefins, 1999.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.montell.com)

1079 Breathable Films, Pebax, Elf Atochem, R-04.96,Atofina Chemicals, Inc., 1996. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.

1080 Capron Resin Properties and Film Processing Primer,Honeywell International Inc., 2000. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.honeywell-plastics.com:80/techinfo/litshop/PDF/capronprimer.pdf)

1082 Aclam Laminations, Technical Data Bulletins,Honeywell Inc, 2002. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.honeywell-specialtyfilms.com/products/aclam.html)

1083 Capran Oxyshield OB Packaging Film, Allied Sig-nal Specialty Films, Honeywell, 2001.

1084 Saranex Barrier Medical Films, Dow Chemical Com-pany, Form No. 500-01814-1199 SMG, Nov., 1999.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.dow.com/medfilm/literat/index.htm)

1085 Food Products Marketing Sheet, Allied Signal, Inc.,Honeywell.com, 2001.


598

1086 Saran Resins and Films, Product Catalogue, DowChemical Company, 1995–2000. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dow.com/saran/pro.html)

1087 Byrne, S. B., McNally, G. M., McNally, T., andMurphy, W. R., Dynamic Mechanical ThermalAnalysis (DMTA) of Barrier Materials Immersed inAutomotive Fuel Components, ANTEC 1999 Plas-tics: Bridging the Millennia, 2:750, Materials, 1999.

1088 Trefsin, Product Data Sheet, Advanced ElastomerSystems, Jul. 2000. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.

1089 Santoprene Thermoplastic Elastomer Physical Prop-erties, supplier technical report (AES-1015), Ad-vanced Elastomer Systems, 1990. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.

1090 Twardon, G., Twardon, F., and Lux, H., Determina-tion of Permeation Rates through Fuel Tubes: De-velopment and Application of a High Sensitive Mea-suring Method, ANTEC 1998 Plastics: Plastics onMy Mind, 3:746, Special Areas, 1998.

1091 Stahl, W. M., and Stevens, R. D., Fuel-Alcohol Per-meation Rates of Fluoroelastomers Fluoroplastics,and other Fuel Resistant Materials, E. I. DuPont deNemours and Company, 1992.

1092 Buxton, L. W., Spohn, P. D., and Will, R. R., Under-standing How Molecules Permeate Through SolidSubstances, DuPont Company, 1994.

1093 McNally, G. G., and Smyth, D. M., Determinationof Optimum Extrusion Processing Conditions forMultilayer, Low Emission Plastic Fuel Line SystemsUsing Dual Capillary Rheometer Techniques,ANTEC 1999 Plastics: Bridging the Millennia,1:751–755, Processing, 1999.

1094 Jou, W., Su, Y., and Yeh, J., The Effects of PE/PA/PVA Blends’ Composition upon the Barrier Proper-ties of Blow-Molded Containers, ANTEC 1999 Plas-tics: Bridging the Millennia, 2:520–525, Materials,1999.

1095 Polybutadiene, Rubber Urethanes, Inc. Portions ofthis publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.ruinc.com/POLYBUTA.HTM)

1096 Butyl Polymers, ExxonMobil Corporation, 2002.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemical/cus-tomer/products/families/butyl/tech_info/index.html)

1097 Butyl Rubber for Adhesives and Sealants, Bayer AG,2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.bayerls.com/ls/lswebcms.nsf/id/E3FCCE55AEDFA6DAC12569510057BF83)

1098 Rooney, H. E., Polysar Butyl Rubbers Handbook,p. 212–215, Polymer Corporation Ltd., Sarnia,Canada, 1996.

1099 Morton, M., Rubber Technology, 3rd Ed., p. 538–565, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York,1987.

1100 Exxon Bromobutyl, ExxonMobil Corporation, 2001.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemical/cus-tomer/products/families/butyl/bromobutyl/index.html)

1101 Bromobutyl Rubber Optimizing Key Properties, sup-plier marketing literature, Exxon Chemicals, 2001.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim.

1102 Exxon Chlorobutyl, ExxonMobil Chemical, 2001.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemical/cus-tomer/products/families/butyl/chlorobutyl/index.html)

1103 Elastomers Technical Information - Elastomer Per-meability, supplier technical report (TI-20), ExxonChemical Company, 1974. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim.

1104 Properties, Butyl Polymers, ExxonMobil Corpora-tion, 2001. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemi-cal/customer/products/families/butyl/exxpro/index.html)

1105 Exxon Vistanext Polyisobutylene, ExxonMobilChemical, 2001. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemical/customer/products/families/butyl/vistanex/index.html)

1106 Akron Gasket and Packing Enterprises, 1996–1997.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (http://akrongasket.com/rubber/eco.html)

1107 Properties of EPDM Elastomers, ExxonMobilChemical Company, 2000. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim.


599

1108 Source unknown, supplied by Bayer Rubber, USA,2001.

1109 Exxpro Specialty Elastomers,Butyl Polymers, ExxonMobil Corporation, 2002. (www.exxonmobil.com/chemical/customer/products/families/butyl/exxpro/index.html)

1110 Viton Fluoroelastomer, DuPont-Dow Elastomers,1998, H-73468-01, 1997–1998. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dupont-dow.com/Products/Viton/viton.asp)

1111 The Engineering Properties of Viton Fluoro-elastomer, supplier design guide (E-46315-1) DuPontCompany, 1987. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.

1112 Estane Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Film andSheet Applications, E-30, Noveon Inc., 2001. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim.

1113 Brandup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Eds., PolymerHandbook, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1975.

1114 About Rubber Website. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.bright.net/~jackrob/content.html)

1115 Krylene, Bayer Polymer, Bayer Ag, 2002. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.bayerrubber.com/bro/trademark_en.nsf/CMSSubjec tByID/HEDR-59HC3T?Open-Document&nav= HEDR-59HCB5&group= )

1116 DuPont Teijin Films, 2001. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim. (www.Dupont-teijinfilms.com)

1117 Eastman PCTG Film Properties, Eastman ChemicalCompany, 2000. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.eastman.com/product_information/producthome.asp?product-= 1226)

1118 Eastman PETG Film Properties, Eastman ChemicalCompany, 2000. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.

1119 Aegis – The Barrier Without the Obstacles,Honeywell International, Inc., 2002. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.honeywell-plastics.com/aegis/aegis.html)

1120 Mylar Polyester Films, product information, DuPontTeijin Films, 2001. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www. Dupont-teijinfilms.com)

1121 Product Information, DuPont, 2001. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim. (www.Dupont.com)

1122 Selar Barrier Resins, DuPont Packaging, 1995–2002.(www.dupont.com/packaging/products/selar.html)

1123 Product Information, Mylar, DuPont Teijin Films,2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.Dupontteijinfilms.com)

1124 Selar Barrier Resin Selector Guide, Supplier Mar-keting Literature (H-38769-1), DuPont Company,1992. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.dupont.com/packaging/prod-ucts/selar/index.html)

1126 Product Information, Mylar 200 SBL 300, DuPontTeijin Films. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.dupont.com/packaging/products/films/H-84822-2/H-84822-2.html)

1127 Chemical and Solvent Barrier Properties of EVALResins Technical Bulletin No. 180, supplier tech-nical report, rev.07/00. EVAL Company of America,2001. Portions of this publication have been re-produced verbatim. (www.evalca.com/techbul_-eval.html)

1128 Technical Service Supplied Data, Dyneon, a 3MCompany, 2001. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim.

1129 Product Literature, Ansell Occupational Healthcare,2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.ansellpro.com/us/html/home.asp)

1130 Kynar, Atofina.com, 2001. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim. (www.atofina-chemicals.com/kynarglobal/)

1131 Solef PVDF Products, Solvay Advance Polymers-U.S., 2001. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.solvayadvanced-polymers.com/)

1132 Hylar PVDF Design Guide, Ausimont USA, 2000.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.ausimont.com/docs/plastics_-hylar.html)


600

1133 Solvay Polyvinylidene Fluoride, supplier designguide, B-1292c-B-2.5-0390, Solvay, 1992. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.

1134 Technical Information, Gas Permeability of Fluoro-polymers, Atofina Chemicals, 2000.

1136 Styrolux, Styrene Polymer, BASF AG, 1999. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim. (www.basf.de/en/produkte/kstoffe/kstoffe/sort/styrolpo/styrolux.htm)

1137 Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences,Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 1997.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.ftns.wau.nl/agridata/TOC.htm)

1138 Dow Polyethylene, Dow Chemical Company, 1995–2000. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (www.dow.com/polyethylene/na/products/low_den.htm)

1140 Trycite Polystyrene Films, Engineered Films andLaminates, Dow Chemical Company, 1995–2002.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.dow.com/efl/products/trycite.htm)

2001 Product and Properties Guide, DuPont EngineeringPolymers, (H-76836), E. I. DuPont de Nemours andCompany, 2000. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (http://plastics.-dupont.com/NASApp/plasticsMediator?action= -420&parameters= Delrin&region= Americas&-rightSubMenu= 3&rightMenuSubItem= 0&-rightSubMenu= 2&leftSubMenu= 2)

2002 Designing with Celcon Acetal Engineering Copoly-mer, Design Manual C-10, Ticona, 1999. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.ticona-us.com/Literature/PLOverview.cfm)

2003 Barex Barrier Resins, Barrier Properties, BP Chemi-cals, 2000–2002. Portions of this publication havebeen reproduced verbatim. (www.barex.com)

2004 Fluorinated Plastics, Ausimont, USA, 2002. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim. (www.ausimont.com/docs/matl_plastics.html)

2005 Permeation Resistance, Halar ECTFE, Ausimont,USA, 2000. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.ausimont.com/docs/halar_perm.html)

2006 Halar ECTFE, Ausimont, USA, 2000. Portions ofthis publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.ausimont.com/docs/plastics_halar.html)

2007 DuPont Teflon and Tefzel Films, High PerformanceFilms, E .I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,DuPont, 2000. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.dupont.com/teflon/films/)

2008 Tefzel Properties Handbook, E-31301-6, E .I.DuPont de Nemours and Company, 1999. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.

2009 High Performance Films, DuPont FEP, E. I. DuPontde Nemours and Company, 2001. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dupont.com/teflon/films/index.html)

2010 Hyflon MFA & PFA, Ausimont, USA, 2002. Por-tions of this publication have been reproduced ver-batim. (www.ausimont.com/docs/plastics_hy-flon.html)

2011 High Performance Films, DuPont PFA, E. I. DuPontde Nemours and Company, 2001. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dupont.com/teflon/films/index.html)

2012 Permeation Resistance, Hyflon PFA & MFA,Ausimont, USA, 2002. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.ausimont-.com/docs/hyflon_perm.html)

2013 Aclar Performance Films, supplier technical report(SFI-14) Rev. 9-89, Allied-Signal Engineered Plas-tics, 1989. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim.

2014 Aclar Data Sheets, Honeywell, 2001. Portions ofthis publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.aclar.com/)

2015 The Sure Way to Protect Your Investment, Aclar,Honeywell. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim.

2016 Teflon Fluoropolymer Resins, E. I. DuPont deNemours and Company, 2000. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dupont.com/teflon/chemical/)


601

2017 Tedlar Polyvinyl Fluoride Film, E. I. DuPont deNemours and Company, 2000. Portions of this pub-lication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.dupont.com/tedlar/)

2018 Specialty Coating Systems – Parlyene ConformalCoatings Specifications and Properties, SpecialtyCoating Systems, 2000. Portions of this publicationhave been reproduced verbatim. (www.scscook-son.com/parylene/properties.htm)

2019 Capron Nylon Product Selection Guide, HoneywellInt., 2000. Portions of this publication have been re-produced verbatim. (www.honeywell-plastics.com/literature/pdf/5248-914-1097-GEN040.pdf)

2021 Data Sheets, Characteristics of Grivory G16, Char-acteristics of Grivory G21, EMS Chemie, Jul., 2000.Portions of this publication have been reproducedverbatim. (www.us.emschem.com/ep/)

2022 Selar Packaging, H-64993-1. DuPont de Nemoursand Company, 1991-2002. Portions of this publica-tion have been reproduced verbatim. (www.dupont-.com/packaging/products/selar/index.html)

2023 Dartek Data Sheets, Enhance Packaging Technolo-gies, 2002. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (www.enhancepack.com/en-hance/)

2024 Zytel/Minlon Design Guide – Module II, H-58636(R95.10), E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company,2001. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim. (http://plastics.dupont.com/NASApp/plastics/home.jsp)

2025 Application Technology Information, Makrolon,29.08.1997, KU 28004-9708 d,e/ 438641. Bayer AG,1999–2002. Portions of this publication have beenreproduced verbatim. (http://plastics.bayer.com/AG/AE/products/index.jsp# makrolon)

2026 Calibre Engineering Thermoplastics Basic DesignManual, supplier design guide (301-1040-1288),Dow Chemical Company, 1988. Portions of thispublication have been reproduced verbatim.

2027 Weng, D., Andries, J., Saunders, K., Macaluso, J.,and Brookman, R., A New Generation of High-Per-formance PVC Alloys, Teknor Apex Company, Antec2000 Plastics: The Magical Solution, Vol. 3, SpecialAreas. Portions of this publication have been repro-duced verbatim.

2028 Christopherson, R., Simulation of PharmaceuticalBlister Pack Thermoforming Using a Non-isother-mal Integral Model, REX AM Medical Packaging,Bristol BS34 8PT, UK, Benoît Debbaut, Polyflows.a., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.

2029 MAPA Professional Industrial Glove Lines. Portionsof this publication have been reproduced verbatim.(www.mapaglove.com/content/supertrionic-chem.htm)


2031 ASTM American Society of Testing Materials, An-nual Book of Testing Standards, 1999. Portions ofthis publication have been reproduced verbatim.

2032 Vacmet Packagings (India), pvt. Ltd., Metalized Plas-tic Films, 2002. (www.vpipl.co.in/technical-metallised-plastic-films.html)

Trade Name

A

Advanced Elastomer SystemsSantoprene .............................. 421, 423, 424Trefsin ....................................................... 421

3271-65W308........................................ 422

Air ProductsVinex ......................................................... 298

Ansell EdmontNeoprene .................................................. 515Neox ......................................................... 515PVA ........................................................... 532Sol-Vex ..................................................... 524

AtofinaKynar ................................................ 111, 112

AusimontHalar .................................75, 76, 77, 78, 79Hyflon ............................................. 91, 92, 93Hylar .......................................................... 111

B

BasellAdflex ....................................... 283, 285, 286Adstif ......................................................... 283Adsyl ................................................. 283, 286Polybutene-1 ....................................... 25, 291

BASFLucalen ..................................................... 281Luran......................................................... 317Luran S .................................... 303, 304, 305Luran SAN ................................................ 319Polystyrol .......................................... 313, 315Styroblend WS .......................................... 369Styrolux SBS ..................................... 323, 324Terluran ABS ..................................... 301, 302Ultradur ..................................................... 181Ultramid .................. 146, 148, 158, 159, 163

BayerButyl .......................................................... 459Krylene ...................................................... 501Krynac ............................................... 489, 492Makrolon ................................................... 179

Polysar Butyl XL ........................................ 459Taktene ............................................. 455, 457

BP ChemicalsBarex ............................................. 61, 62, 63

C

Chevron PhillipsRyton ................................................ 293, 294

D

Dow .................................... 220, 221, 222, 238ABS Film ................................................... 300Attane ....................................................... 217Blox ................................................... 419, 420Calibre ...................................................... 177Dowlex ...................................................... 229Saran 50, 332, 333, 334, 335,

336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341,342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347,

348, 349, 350, 351Saranex ............................................ 401, 402Styron ............................. 308, 309, 314, 316Trycite ....................................................... 312Tyril ........................................................... 317Tyril SAN ........................................... 318, 320

DuPont ......................................................... 246Appeel ......................................................... 45Bynel ........................................................... 45Conpol ........................................................ 45Dartek ............................................... 355, 362Delrin ............................................. 57, 58, 59Elvax ................................. 45, 253, 254, 255Fluorocarbon ......................................... 85, 86Hytrel ....................................... 439, 441, 442Kapton .............................................. 205, 206Mylar ................................................. 190, 193Nucrel ......................................................... 45Nylon ......................................................... 355Sclairfilm ......................... 228, 235, 355, 361Selar ............. 45, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142,

143, 189, 198, 199, 375Surlyn ........................ 45, 127, 128, 129, 130Tedlar ........................................................ 109

Trade Names © Plastics Design Library

588

Teflon ........................... 87, 88, 92, 101, 102,103, 104, 105, 106

Tefzel .................................................... 81, 82Teijin Films ................................................ 183

Melinex ................................ 189, 196, 197Mylar ................189, 194, 195, 355, 356,

357, 358, 359, 360Teonex

PEN ....................................................... 183Viton .......................................................... 481Zytel ................................ 155, 160, 161, 433

DuPont CanadaDartek ............................. 155, 156, 157, 355Sclair ....................... 230, 231, 232, 233, 239Zytel .......................................................... 155

DuPont DowHypalon ..................................................... 473Neoprene .................................................. 487Viton .......................................................... 481

Dyneon1700 .................................................. 123, 124500 .................................................... 125, 1266235G ......................................................... 836510N ................................................... 93, 94FE 5640Q ................................................... 30FE 5840Q ................................................... 31PTFE ........................................................ 101TF 1700 .................................................... 107TF 1750 ............................................ 107, 108TFM 1700 ................................................. 106THV .......................................................... 125

E

Eastman ChemicalEastar ............................................... 185, 188Ecdel ................................................. 439, 440

Elf AtochemPebax............. 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432

EMS ChemieGrilon ..................... 145, 152, 153, 165, 166,

167, 168, 169, 171, 173Grivory ..................................... 137, 138, 139

EVAL Company of AmericaEF-XL ............................................... 264, 265EVAL ........ 45, 50, 260, 261, 266, 267, 268,

269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274Nylon 6 .......................................... 389, 390

EVAL and PVDC .....385, 386, 387, 388, 389

Exxon MobilBromobutyl ................................................ 465Butyl .......................................................... 459

Chlorobutyl ................................................ 467Exxpro ...................................................... 471Vistanex .................................................... 469

G

GE PlasticsCycolac ..................................................... 299

H

HoneywellACLAM ..................................................... 413Aclar ....................................... 95, 96, 97, 98Aegis ................................................. 175, 176Capran 6 ................. 149, 150, 151, 164, 364Capran Oxyshield ............................. 390, 391Capron ...................................................... 145

J

Japan Synthetic RubberJSR RB820 ....................................... 435, 437JSR RB830 .............................. 435, 436, 437

K

KratonD ..................................... 443, 444, 446, 448G ..................................... 443, 445, 447, 449IR .............................................................. 443

N

Nova ChemicalsSclair ................................................. 228, 236

NoveonEstane...................................... 495, 496, 498

S

SCS CooksonParylene ................................... 131, 132, 133

Shell ChemicalDuraflex .................................................... 292

SolvayFortiflex ..................................................... 237Fortilene .................................................... 285Solef .................................111, 113, 114, 115Udel .................................................. 295, 296

© Plastics Design Library Trade Names

589

T

Ticona....................................................... 59, 60Celcon................................................... 37, 57Vectran.............................................. 202, 203

U

UBE IndustriesUpilex ........................................................ 207

© Plastics Design Library Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves

509

Appendix I

Permeability of Gloves

Gloves are made from several different materials. Thefollowing chapter outlines glove permeability by ma-terial type, listed below are a few characteristics ofsome of the broad use materials.

Natural Rubber: Excellent flexibility and resistanceto tearing. Good resistance to numerous acids andketones.[2029]

• Applications. Poultry, food processing,small parts assembly, pharmaceuticalmanufacturing, and janitorial/plant main-tenance.[1129]

Polychloroprene Rubber -Neoprene: Multi-purposechemical resistance: acids and aliphatic solvents; noproteins.

Performs well when exposed to sunlight andozone.[2029] Neoprene gloves offer broad-spectrum pro-tection, with excellent resistance to a wide range ofchemicals, including oils, acids, caustics, and sol-vents.[1129]

• Applications. Petrochemicals, de-greasing, electronics, refining, and han-dling oils, acids, caustics, alcohols, andsolvents.[1129]

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - Nitrile: Verygood resistance to abrasion and perforation. Very goodresistance to hydrocarbon derivatives; no proteins.[2029]

Superior choice over rubber or neoprene when exposedto aromatic and petroleum solvents, as well as caus-tics and animal fats.[1129]

• Applications. Chemical processing (oilrefining, and petrochemicals), food pro-cessing (red meat, poultry, vegetables,fruit, dairy, and canning), aerospace andautomotive degreasing, automotive as-sembly and painting, machining opera-tions (using cutting oil and coolants,metal fabrication), graphic arts (printingcleanup), furniture manufacturing, elec-tronics (semiconductors, circuit boardmanufacturing).[1129]

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Nearly inert to strong sol-vents, including aromatics, aliphatics, and chlorinatedsolvents—chemicals which quickly deteriorate natu-ral rubber, neoprene, and PVC gloves. PVA also of-fers good resistance to snags, punctures, abrasion, andcuts.[1129]

• Applications. Electronics, handlingstrong organic solvents, working withepoxies and prepreg.[1129]

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Good resistance to acidsand bases; no proteins.[2029]

• Applications. Handling chromic acid,caustics, oils, and petroleum sol-vents.[1129]

Key to Permeation Ratings:

BTT Breakthrough Time.

LDL Lowest Detectable Level.

µg/cm2/min Micrograms per square centi-meter per minutes.

Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves © Plastics Design Library

510

Table A01-01. Natural Rubber Glove Film

Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont Canners and Handlers 392; unsupported glove film, 0.48 mm thick.2) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, 0.4572 mm thick.

Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.Key Comments:

L = Low permeation, 0 to ½ eyedropper size drops per hour.P = Poor permeation rate, 501 to 5000 eyedropper size drops per hour.F = Fair permeation rate, 51 to 100 eyedropper size drops per hour.G = Good permeation rate, 6 to 50 eyedropper size drops per hour.V = Very good permeation rate, 1 to 5 eyedropper size drops per hour.N = No permeation detected during a 6 hour test.# = Rate too large to measure.

Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate

(µg/cm2/min) Comment Reference

Acetaldehyde

CAS 75-07-0

23 7

7.4

< 900

115.3

F 1

2

Acetic Acid

CAS 64-19-7 glacial

glacial

50% conc.

23 110

46.6

203

45.4

3.5

1

2

2

Acetone

CAS 67-64-1 23 10

8.5

< 900

158.9

F 1

2

Acetonitrile

CAS 107-13-1

23 4

4 0.01

< 9

> 50

V 1

2

Acrylic Acid 23 80 1

Ammonium Hydroxide

CAS 1336-21-6

29% conc.

concentrated

29 % conc.

23 90

23.1 43.1

1

2

Amyl Alcohol 23 25 < 9 V 1

Anline

CAS 62-53-3

25

>480 0.008

< 9

0

V

N

1

2

Benzaldehyde 23 10 < 9 V 1

Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) amine

CAS 111-42-2

>480 1.1 0 N 2

Bromoproplonic Acid 23 190 1

Butanone (2-)

CAS 78-93-3

7.2 391 2

Butoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 11-76-2

25 77.7 2

Butyl Acetate

CAS 123-86-4

7.81 710.1 2

Butyl Alcohol 23 200 < 9 V 1


511

Table A01-01. (Cont’d.)

Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Butyl Cellosolve

CAS 111-76-2 23 45

25

< 90

77.7

G 1

2

Butyrolactone (γ-) 23 60 < 90 G 1

Carbolic Acid

CAS 108-95-2

111.9 0.81 2

Cellosolve

CAS 110-80-5 solvent 23 10

32

< 90

8.15

G 1

2

Cellosolve Acetate

CAS 111-15-9 23 10

17

< 90

261

G 1

2

Citric Acid 10% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Chromic Acid

CAS 7738-94-5

50% conc. 27 # 2

Cresol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-Cresol

136 14.6 2

Cyclohexane

CAS 110-82-7

23 10

6.3

< 90

>780

G 1

2

Diacetone Alcohol 23 15 < 9 V 1

Diamine

CAS 302-01-2

218 0.7 12 2

Dibutyl Phthalate 23 200 1

Diethanolamine

CAS 111-42-2

> 480 1.1 0 2

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

CAS 67-68-5

DMSO

DMSO

DMSO

23 180

256

< 0.9

3.35

L 1

2

Dimethylacetamide

CAS 127-19-5

DMAC 23 15

47

< 90

53.7

G 1

2

Dimethylacetamide

CAS 127-19-5

DMF

23 25

57

< 9

18.4

V 1

2

Dioxane

CAS 123-91-1

1,4 23 5 < 900 F 1

Electroless Copper MacDemid 9048

23 0.25 0 N 1

Electroless Nickel MacDemid J60/61

23 0.25 0 N 1

Epichlorohydrin 23 5 < 900 F 1


512


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Ethanol

CAS 64-17-5

31.5 5.66 2

Ethoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 110-80-5

32 8.15 2

Ethoxyethyl Acetate (2-)

CAS 111-15-9

17 261 2

Ethyl Acetate

CAS 141-78-6

23 5 < 900 F 1

Ethyl Alcohol

CAS 64-17-5

ethanol

23

31

15 < 9

5.66

V 1

2

Ethyl Alcohol Amine monoethano-lamine

23 50 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Glycol Ether 23 25 < 9 V 1

Ethylene Glycol

CAS 107-21-1 23 0.25

> 480

0 < 9

0

L 1

2

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Etheracetate

CAS 111-15-9

17 261 2

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

CAS 110-80-5

32 8.15 2

Formaldehyde

CAS 50-00-0

37% conc.

37% conc.

23 10

>480

< 90

0

G

N

1

2

Formalin

CAS 50-00-0

solution

> 480 0 N 2

Formic Acid 90% conc. 23 150 1

Furfural 23 15 < 9 V 1

Hexamethylidisilizane 23 15 < 900 F 1

Hydrazine

CAS 302-01-2 65% conc. 23 150

108

< 9

258

V 1

2

Hydrochloric Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

37.5% conc.

concentrated

10% conc.

37.5% conc.

23

23 0.25

290

44.8

0

0.22

N

1

1

2


513


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Hydrofluoric Acid

CAS 7664-39-3

48% conc.

48% conc.

48% conc.

23 190

> 480 0

1

2

Hydrogen Peroxide 30% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Hydroquinone saturated 23 0.25 0 N 1

Hydroxyethyl Amine [bis(2-] > 480 1.1 0 N 1

Isobutyl Alcohol

CAS 78-83-1 23 200

24

< 9

7.3

V 1

2

Isopropyl Alcohol

CAS 67-63-0

isopropanol; IPA 23 200

39.5

< 9

6.74

V 1

2

Lactic Acid 85% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Lauric Acid, with ethylene oxide

36% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Maleic Acid saturated 23 0.25 0 N 1

Methyl Alcohol

CAS 67-56-1

methanol

23 200

30

< 9

0.48

V 1

2

Methyl Cellosolve 23 200 < 9 V 1

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

CAS 78-93-3

MEK

23 5

7.21

< 900

391

F 1

2

Methyl Glycol Ether 23 200 < 9 V 1

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

CAS 108-10-1

MIBK 16 > 50 2

Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (N-)

CAS 872-50-4

NMP 23 75

46.6

< 9

>50

V 1

2

Methylamine 23 55 < 9 V 1

Methylphenol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-methylphenol 136 14.6 2

Morpholine 23 200 < 90 G 1

Muriatic Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

23 290 1


514


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Nitric Acid

CAS 7697-37-2

50% conc.

10% conc.

50% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0 N

N

1

2

Nitrobenzene

CAS 98-95-5

23 10 < 90 G 1

Nitromethane 95.5% conc. 23 10 < 90 G 1

Nitropropane 95.5% conc. 23 5 < 90 G 1

Octyl Alcohol 23 30 < 9 V 1

Oleic Acid 23 0.25 0 N 1

Oxalic Acid saturated 23 0.25 0 N 1

Palmitic Acid saturated 23 5 1

Perchloric Acid 60% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Phenol

CAS 108-95-2

saturated

23 90

111.9 0.81

1

2

Phosphoric Acid

CAS 7664-38-2

85% conc.

concentrated

85% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0

N 1

2

Potassium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-58-3

KOH50% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0

N 1

2

Propyl Alcohol 23 200 < 9 V 1

Pyridine

CAS 110-86-1

23 10

8.6

< 900

361

F 1

2

Sodium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-73-2

NAOH

50% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0

N 1

2

Sulfuric Acid

CAS 7664-93-9

50% conc.

battery acid 47%

50% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0

N 1

Tannic Acid 65% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Toluene Diisocyanate

CAS 584-84-9

TDI

23 7 < 90 G 1

Tricresyl Phosphate TCP 23 45 < 0.9 G 1

Triethanolamine

CAS 102-70-6

TEA

23 0.25

> 480

0 < 0.9

0

L 1

2

Trihydroxythri-

ethylamine

CAS 102-71-6

> 480 0 2


515

Table A01-02. Polychloroprene Rubber (Neoprene)

Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont Neoprene 29–840; unsupported glove film, 0.38 mm thick.2) Ansell Edmont Neox supported (lined) glove film, specified by glove film weight.3) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, 0.750 mm thick.

Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.Key Comments:


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation

Rate(µg/cm2/min)

Comment Reference

Acetaldehyde

CAS 75-07-0 23

23

10

17

39

< 9000

< 9000

106

P

P

1

2

3

Acetic Acid

CAS 64-19-7

glacial

glacial

glacial

50% conc.

23

23

420

> 360

> 480

> 480

N

N

1

2

3

3

Acetone

CAS 67-64-1 23

23

5

10

36

< 900

< 900

295

F

F

1

2

3

Acetonitrile

CAS 107-13-1 23

23

30

90

143

< 9

< 0.9

1.71

V

L

1

2

3

Acrylic Acid 23

23 0.25

70

0 < 0.9 L

1

2

Acrylonitrile

CAS 107-13-1

109 54.9 3

Ammonium Fluoride 40% conc. 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Ammonium Hydroxide

CAS 1336-21-6 concentrated

concentrated

29% conc.

23

23

> 360

> 360

> 480 N

1

2

3

Amyl Alcohol 23

23 0.25

> 360

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2


516


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation

Rate(µg/cm2/min)

Comment Reference

Anline

CAS 62-53-3 23

23

35

180

415

< 9

< 9

8.88

V

V

1

2

3

Aqua Regia 23

23 0.25

45

0 N

1

2

Aroclor 1254 50% TDB

160 3033 3

Benzene

CAS 71-43-2 21 > 704 3

Benzene Chloride

CAS 108-90-7

28 275.8 3


CAS 111-42-2

> 480 N 3

Bromoproplonic Acid 23

23

180

240

1

2

Butanone (2-)

CAS 78-93-3 25 892 3

Butoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 11-76-2 > 480 N 3

Butyl Acetate

CAS 123-86-4 45 577 3

Butyl Alcohol 23

23

240

> 480

< 9

< 0.9

V

L

1

2

Butyl Cellosolve

CAS 111-76-2 23

23 0.25

90

> 480

0

< 9

< 0.9

N

V

L

1

2

3

Butyrolactone (γ-) 23 10 < 9 V 1

Carbolic Acid

CAS 108-95-2 > 480 N 3

Carbon bi-chloride

CAS 127-18-4

carbon di-chloride

40 0.48.7 3

Carbon tetra-chloride

CAS 56-23-5 56 370 3

Cellosolve

CAS 110-80-5 solvent

solvent

23

23

45

240

> 480

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3


517


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate

(µg/cm2/min)Comment Reference

Cellosolve AcetateCAS 111-15-9

23

23

25

75

127

< 90

< 9

236

G

V

1

2

3Chlorobenzene

CAS 108-90-728 275.8 3

Chloroform

13 287 3Chlorothene

CAS 71-55-6 56 1447.3 3O-Chlorotoluene

CAS 95-49-836 305 3

P-Chlorotoluene

CAS 106-43-424 305 3

Chromic Acid

CAS 7738-94-550% conc. > 480 N 3

Citric Acid 10% conc.

10% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2Cresol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4m-cresol

> 480 N 3

Cumene

66 11.4 3Cyclohexane

CAS 110-82-7 184 98 3

Cyclohexyl Alcohol 23

23 0.25

300

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2DiamineCAS 302-01-2

> 480 N 3

Dibutyl Phthalate 23

23

120

300

< 0.9

< 9

L

V

1

21,2 –Dichlorobenzene

CAS 95-50-149 352 3

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

CAS 541-73-142 327 3

Dichlorofluoromethane

CAS 75-71-8

> 480 N 3

1,2 –Dichloroethane

23 10.3 3

Dichloromethane

CAS 75-09-2 12 1703 3Diethanolamine

CAS 111-42-2 > 480 N 3

Diethyl Ether

CAS 60-29-7 28 487.9 3


518


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation

Rate(µg/cm2/min)

Comment Reference

Diethylene Oxide (1,4-)

CAS 123-91-1

74 212 3

Dimethylacetamide

CAS 127-19-5

92 173 3

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

CAS 67-68-5

DMSO

DMSO

DMSO

DMSO

23

23 0.25

> 180

> 480

0

< 90

< 0.9

N

G

L

1

2

3

Dimethylformamide

CAS 62-12-2

DMF

DMF

DMF

23

23

10

60

217

< 90

< 90

21.4

G

G

1

2

3

Dioctyl Phthalate DOP

DOP

23

23

> 360

120

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Dioxane

CAS 123-91-1

1, 4

74 212 3

Electroless Copper MacDemid 9048

MacDemid 9048

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Electroless Nickel MacDemid J60/61

MacDemid J60/61

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Epichlorohydrin 23 10 < 900 F 2

Ethanol

CAS 64-17-5

> 480 N 3

Ethoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 110-80-5 > 480

N

3


CAS 111-15-9 127 136 3

Ethyl Acetate

CAS 141-78-6 23

23

15

200

37

< 90

< 90

443

G

G

1

2

3

Ethyl Alcohol

CAS 64-17-5

ethanol

23

23

90

180

> 480

< 9

< 9

N

V

V

1

2

3

Ethyl Alcohol Amine monoethanolamine 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Ethyl Ether

23

23

10

10

28

< 90

< 90

488

G

G

1

2

3


519


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Ethyl Glycol Ether 23

23

45

240

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Ethylene Di-chloride

CAS 107-06-2 23 10.3 3

Ethylene Glycol

CAS 107-21-1 23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3

Ethylene Glycol MonoethylEtheracetate

CAS 111-15-9127 136 3

Ethylene Glycol MonoethylEther

CAS 110-80-5> 480 N 3

Ethylene Oxide

CAS 75-21-8 45 9 3

Formaldehyde

CAS 50-00-0

37% conc.

37% conc.

23

23

120

120

> 480

< 0.9

< 9

N

L

V

N

1

2

3

Formalin

CAS 50-00-0

solution

> 480 0 N 3

Formic Acid 90% conc. 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Freon 12

CAS 75-71-8 > 480 N 3

Freon TF

CAS 76-13-1 23

23

240

120

> 480

< 0.9

< 9

N

L

V

1

2

3

Furfural

CAS 98-01-1

23

23

200

120

258

< 90

< 90

13.5

G

G

1

2

3

Gasoline

CAS 8006-61-9 41 > 1327 3

Heptane

CAS 142-82-5 186 19.1 3

Hexamethylidisilizane 23

23

50

60

1

2

Hexane

CAS 110-54-3 23

23

45

90

132

< 900

< 90

42.7

F

G

1

2

3


520


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Hydrazine

CAS 302-01-2 65% conc.

65% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

Hydrochloric Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

concentrated

concentrated

10% conc.

10% conc.

37.5%

23

23

23

23

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

0

0

N

N

N

N

N

1

2

1

2

3

Hydrofluoric Acid

CAS 7664-39-3 48% conc.

48% conc.

48% conc.

23

23

60

75

> 480 N

1

2

3

Hydrogen Peroxide 30% conc.

30% conc.

23

23

5

7

N

N

1

2

Hydroquinone saturated

saturated

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L 2

Isoamyl Acetate

CAS 123-93-2 122 168.1 3

Isobutyl Alcohol

CAS 78-83-1

23

23 0.25

10

> 480

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3

Isooctane 23

23

60

360

< 90

< 0.9

G

L

1

2

Isopropyl Alcohol

CAS 67-63-0

Isopropanol; IPA

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3

Isopropyl Benzene

CAS 98-82-8 66 11.4 3

Kerosene

CAS 8008-20-6 23

23 0.25

> 360

> 480

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3

Lactic Acid 85% conc. 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Lauric Acid, with ethyleneoxide

36% conc. 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Maleic Acid saturated 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Methane Di-chloride

CAS 75-09-2 12 1703 3


521


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Methyl Alcohol

CAS 67-56-1

methanol

23

23

60

15

245

< 0.9

< 0.9

0.6

L

L

1

2

3

Methyl Cellosolve 23

23

25

70

< 90

< 9

G

V

1

2

Methyl Chloroform

CAS 71-55-6 56 1448 3

Methyl Cyanide

CAS 75-05-8 143 1.71 3

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

CAS 78-93-3

MEK

25 892 3

Methyl Glycol Ether 23

23

25

70

< 90

< 9

G

V

1

2

Methyl Iodide

CAS 74-88-4 9 342 3


CAS 108-10-1

MIBK 63 251 3

Methylamine 23

23

270

360

< 90

< 0.9

G

L

1

2

n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone

CAS 872-50-4

226 78.5 3

Methylene Chloride

CAS 75-09-2 12 1703 3

Methylphenol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-methylphenol

> 480 N 3

Mineral Spirits

CAS 64475-85-0 Rule 66

Rule 66

23

23 0.25

90

> 480

0

< 9

< 0.9

< 0.1

V

L

1

2

3

Muriatic Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

10% conc.

37.5% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0 N

N

N

1

2

3

Naphtha

CAS 8030-30-6 VM&P

VM&P

23

23 0.25

15

0

< 900

< 0.9

F

L

1

2

Nitric Acid

CAS 7697-37-2

10% conc.

10% conc.

50% conc.

70% conc.

70% conc.

23

23

23

23

0.25

0.25

0.25

> 480

140

0

0

N

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

1

2

Nitrobenzene

CAS 98-95-5 132

104

3


522


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation

Rate(µg/cm2/min)

Comment Reference

Nitromethane 95.5% conc.

95.5% conc.

23

23

60

90

< 9

< 90

V

L

1

2

Nitropropane 95.5% conc.

95.5% conc.

23

23

5

60

< 900

< 90

F

L

1

2

Octyl Alcohol 23

23

420

> 420

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Oleic Acid 23

23

60

150

< 9

< 0.9

V

L

1

2

Oxalic Acid saturated

saturated

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Palmitic Acid saturated

saturated

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Pentachlorophenol 23

23

6

6

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Pentane

CAS 109-66-0 23

23

30

45

122

< 900

< 9

34

F

V

1

2

3

Perchloric Acid 60% conc.

60% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Perchloroethylene

CAS 127-18-4 40 1049 3

Petroleum Ether

CAS 8032-32-4 89 75 3

Phenol

CAS 108-95-2

saturated

23

23

180

390

> 480

< 90

< 0.9

N

G

L

1

2

3

Phosphoric Acid

CAS 7664-38-2

concentrated

concentrated

85% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

Polychlorinated Biphenyls,PCBs;

50% CAS mixture

TCB

161 3.33 3

Potassium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-58-3

KOH

50% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

Propyl Alcohol 23

23 0.25

150

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Pyridine

CAS 110-86-1 36 404 3


523


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Silicone Etch 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

N

N

1

2

Sodium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-73-2

NAOH 50% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

Stoddard Solvents 23

23 0.25

180

0

< 9

< 0.9

V

L

1

2

Sulfuric Acid

CAS 7664-93-9

battery acid 47%

battery acid 47%

50% conc.

95% conc.

95% conc.

23

23

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

180

> 360

0

0

N

N

N

1

2

3

1

2

Tannic Acid 65% conc.

65% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Tetrachloroethane

CAS 79-34-5

52 404 3

Tetrachloroethylene (1,1,2,2-)

CAS 127-18-4

40 1049 3

Toluene

CAS 108-88-3

toluol 1

19 > 740 3


CAS 584-84-9

TDI > 480 N 3

Trichloroethylene

CAS 79-01-6

TCE

12 1517 3

Trichlorotrifluoroethane

CAS 76-13-1

> 480 N 3

Tricresyl Phosphate TCP 23

23

0.25

0.25

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Thiethanolamine

CAS 102-71-6

TEA

TEA, 85% conc.

TEA, 85% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

< 0.9

< 0.9

N

L

L

1

2

3

Trifluoroethanol

CAS 75-89-8

> 480 N 3

Trihydroxytriethylamine

CAS 102-71-6

> 480 N 3

Turpentine

CAS 8006-64-2

> 480 N 3

Vinyl Acetate

CAS 108-05-4

38 170 3

Xylene

CAS 1330-20-7

xylol

24 243 3


524

Table A01-03. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer (Nitrile)

Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont Sol-Vex 37-165; unsupported glove film, 0.54 mm thick.2) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, Stansolv Nitrile, 0.750 mm thick.

Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.# = Rate too large to measure.

Key Comments:L = Low permeation, 0 to ½ eyedropper size drops per hour.P = Poor permeation rate, 501 to 5000 eyedropper size drops per hour.F = Fair permeation rate, 51 to 100 eyedropper size drops per hour.G = Good permeation rate, 6 to 50 eyedropper size drops per hour.V = Very good permeation rate, 1 to 5 eyedropper size drops per hour.N = No permeation detected during a 6 hour test.

PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Acetic Acid

CAS 64-19-7

glacial

50% conc.

23 118

> 480

0.1

0.02

1326

N

1

2

Acetonitrile

CAS 107-13-1

23 30 < 900 F 1

Acrylic Acid 23 120 1

Acrylonitrile

CAS 107-13-1

12 > 50 2

Ammonium Fluoride 40% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Ammonium Hydroxide

CAS 1336-21-6

concentrated

29% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

1.0 N

N 1

2

Amyl Acetate 23 60 < 90 G 1

Amyl Alcohol 23 30 < 9 L 1

Anline

CAS 62-53-3

72 0.001 16.8 2

Aqua Regia 23 0.25 0 N 1

Aroclor 1254

Mixture

50% PCB/50% TDB 343 1.0 216 2

Benzene

CAS 71-43-2 27 0.03 582 2

Benzene Chloride

CAS 108-90-7

42 294.4 2


CAS 111-42-2 > 480 1.1 N 2

Bromoproplonic Acid 23 120 1

Butoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 11-76-2 > 480 0.5 N 2

Butyl Acetate

CAS 123-86-4 164 245.3 2

Butyl Alcohol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1


525


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Butyl Cellosolve

CAS 111-76-2 23 90

> 480 0.5

< 9

N

V 1

2

Carbolic Acid

CAS 108-95-2 255.2 2.85 2

Carbon Disulfide

CAS 75-15-0

23 30

20 0.2

< 900

516

F 1

2

Carbon tetra-chloride

CAS 56-23-5

23 150

341 1.0

< 90

45

G 1

2

Cellosolve

CAS 110-80-5

solvent 23 45

416 0.03

< 0.9

24

L 1

2Cellosolve AcetateCAS 111-15-9

23 900

162 0.1

< 90

72

G 1

2Chlorobenzene

CAS 108-90-742 294.4 2

Chlorothene

CAS 71-55-6276

56

53.6

1447.3 3Chromic Acid

CAS 7738-94-550% conc. 23 240

> 175 0.1

N

#

1

2

Citric Acid 10% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Cresol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4m-Cresol 210 5.0 126 2

Cumene 271 0.03 48 2

Cyclohexane

CAS 110-82-7> 480 0.02 N 2

DiamineCAS 302-01-2

> 480 0.7 N 2

Dibutyl Phthalate 23 0.25 < 0.9 L 1

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

CAS 541-73-1

73 0.3 174 2

Dichlorofluoromethane

CAS 74-71-8

> 480 0.08 N 2

1,2-Dichloroethane

CAS 107-06-2

18 2.94 2

Diethanolamine

CAS 111-42-2 > 480 1.1 N 2

Diethyl Ether

CAS 60-29-7 64 0.1 78 2

Dimethylacetamide

CAS 127-19-5

> 28 0.001 # 2

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

CAS 67-68-5

DMSO

DMSO

23 > 240

> 480

< 9

N

V 1

2


526


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Dimethylformamide

CAS 62-12-2

DMF

35 0.2 246 2

Dioctyl Phthalate DOP 23 > 360 < 0.9 L 1

Electroless Copper MacDemid 9048 23 0.25 0 N 1

Electroless Nickel MacDemid J60/61 23 0.25 0 N 1

Ethanol

CAS 64-17-5

> 480 0.002 N 2

Ethoxyethanol (2-)

CAS 110-80-5 > 416 0.03 24 2


CAS 111-15-9 162 0.1 72 2

Ethyl Alcohol

CAS 64-17-5

ethanol 23 240

> 480 0.002

< 9

N

V 1

2

Ethyl Alcohol Amine monoethanolamine 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Ether 23 120

64 0.1

< 90

78

G 1

2

Ethyl Glycol Ether 23

23

45

240

< 0.9

< 0.9

L

L

1

2

Ethylene Di-chloride

CAS 107-06-2

18 2.94 2

Ethylene Glycol

CAS 107-21-1

23 0.25

> 480

0 < 0.9

N

L 1

2

Ethylene Glycol MonoethylEtheracetate

CAS 111-15-9162 0.1 72 2

Ethylene Glycol MonoethylEther

CAS 110-80-5416 0.03 24 2

Ethylene Oxide

CAS 75-21-8

32

45

0.3 126

9

2

3

Formaldehyde

CAS 50-00-0 37% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

8

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Formalin

CAS 50-00-0

solution

> 480 8 N 2

Formic Acid 90% conc. 23 0.25 240 1

Freon 12

CAS 75-71-8 > 480 N 3

Freon TF

CAS 76-13-1

23 0.25

> 480

0

0.01

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Furfural

CAS 98-01-1

61 > 50 2


527


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Gasoline

CAS 8006-61-9

white 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.1

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Heptane

CAS 142-82-5 > 480 N 2

Hexamethylidisilizane 23 0.25 0 1

Hexane

CAS 110-54-3

23 0.25

> 480

0

0.08

< 0.9

N

1

2

Hydrazine

CAS 302-01-2

65% conc. 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.4 N

N 1

2

Hydrochloric Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

concentrated

10% conc.

37.5% conc.

23

23

0.25

0.25

> 480

0

0

0.4 N

N

N

1

1

2

Hydrofluoric Acid

CAS 7664-39-3

48% conc.

48% conc.

23 120

134 0.001 28.2

1

2

Hydrogen Peroxide 30% conc. 23 5 N 1

Hydroquinone saturated 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L

Isobutyl Alcohol

CAS 78-83-1

23 0.25

> 480

0 < 0.9

N

L 1

2

Isooctane 23 360 < 9 L 1

Isopropyl Alcohol

CAS 67-63-0

isopropanol; IPA 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.05

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Isopropyl Benzene

CAS 98-82-8

271 0.03 48 2

Kerosene

CAS 8008-20-6

23 0.25

> 480

0

0.007

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Lactic Acid 85% conc. 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Lauric Acid, with ethyleneoxide

36% conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Maleic Acid saturated 23 0.25 0 N 1

Methyl Alcohol

CAS 67-56-1

methanol 23 11

148

< 900

43

F 1

2

Methyl Cellosolve 23 11 < 90 G 1

Methyl Chloroform

CAS 71-55-6

276 53.6 2

Methyl Glycol Ether 23 11 < 90 G 1


CAS 108-10-1

MIBK 57 0.01 > 50 2

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether MTBE 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 2


CAS 872-50-4

108 0.01 23.7 2


528


PenetrantPenetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate


Methylamine 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methylphenol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-methylphenol 210 5.0 126 2

Mineral Spirits

CAS 64475-85-0

Rule 66 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Muriatic Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

10% conc.

37.5 % conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0.4

N

N

1

2

Naphtha

CAS 8030-30-6

VM&P 23

> 480

0 < 0.9

N

L 1

2

Nitric Acid

CAS 7697-37-2

10% conc.

50% conc.

23 0.25

341

0

0.43

N 1

2

Nitrobenzene

CAS 98-95-5

45 1 90 2

Nitromethane 95.5% conc. 23 30 < 900 F 1

Octyl Alcohol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Oleic Acid 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Oxalic Acid saturated 23 0.25 0 N 1

Palmitic Acid saturated 23 30 1

Pentachlorophenol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Pentane

CAS 109-66-0

23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Perchloric Acid 60 % conc. 23 0.25 0 N 1

Perchloroethylene

CAS 127-18-4

23 300

> 480

< 9

N

V 1

2

Petroleum Ether

CAS 8032-32-4

> 480 N 2

Phenol

CAS 108-95-2

saturated 255.2 2.85 2

Phosphoric Acid

CAS 7664-38-2

concentrated

85% conc.

23 0.25

> 480

0

0.04 N

N 1

2

Picric Acid, saturated

with ethylene oxide 23 160 < 9 V 1

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

CAS Mixture

PCBs; 50% TCB

343 1.0 216 2

Potassium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-58-3

KOH 50% conc. 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.4 N

N 1

2

Propyl Acetate 23 200 < 90 G 1

Propyl Alcohol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1


529


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Pyridine

CAS 110-86-1

26.3 584 2

Rubber Solvent 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Sodium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-73-2

NAOH 50% conc. 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.1 N

N 1

2

Stoddard Solvents 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 2

Sulfuric Acid

CAS 7664-93-9

battery acid 47% 23 0.25

> 480

0

0.04 N

N 1

2

Tannic Acid 65% conc. 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

CAS 79-34-5

58.5 638 2

Tetrachloroethene 23 30 < 9 1

Tetrachloroethylene (1,1,2,2-)

CAS 127-18-4

> 480 N 2

Tetrahydrofuran

CAS 109-99-9

17 0.08 4026 2

Toluene

CAS108-88-3

toluol 23 10

28 0.002

< 900

150

F 1

2


CAS 584-84-9

TDI > 480 0.3 N 2

Trichloroethane (1,1,1)

CAS 71-55-6

23 10

276

< 900

53.6

F 1

2

Trichloroethylene

CAS 79-01-6

TCE

9 0.002 374.4 2

Trichlorotrifluoroethane

CAS 76-13-1

> 480 0.01 N 2

Tricresyl Phosphate TCP 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Thiethanolamine

CAS 102-71-6

TEA, 85% conc. 23 0.25

> 480

0

5.0

< 0.9

N

L 1

2

Trifluoroethanol

CAS 75-89-8

42.9 1530 2


CAS 102-71-6

> 480 5.0 N 2

Turpentine

CAS 8006-64-2

> 480 0.0009 N 2

Vinyl Acetate

CAS 108-05-4

30 0.08 402 2

Xylene

CAS 1330-20-7

xylol 23 75

92 0.002

< 900

21.6

1

2


530

Table A01-04. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Reference: 1) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, Pylox, 0.50 mm thick.Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.

PenetrantPenetrant

Note

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

PermeationRate

(µg/cm2/min)Reference

Acetic Acid

CAS 64-19-7

glacial 85 0.1 1.56 1

Acetone

CAS 67-64-1

50% conc. 257 0.06 1

Acrylonitrile

CAS 107-13-1

< 4 0.05 > 50 1

Ammonium Hydroxide

CAS 1336-21-6 29% conc. > 480 1.0 N 1

Anline

CAS 62-53-3

> 480 0.009 N 1

Benzene

CAS 71-43-2

6.7 > 320 1

Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)amine

CAS 111-42-2 >480 1.1 N 1

Chromic Acid

CAS 7738-94-5

50% conc. > 480 0.1 N 1

Cresol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-Cresol 150 5.0 36 1

Cyclohexane

CAS 110-82-7

25.9 92.5 1

Diamine

CAS 302-01-2

> 480 0.7 N 1

Diethanolamine

CAS 111-42-2 > 480 1.1 N 1

Dimethylacetamide

CAS 127-19-5

> 20 0.005 # 1

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

CAS 67-68-5

DMSO 60 0.004 0 1

Ethanol

CAS 64-17-5

31.2 11.6 1

Ethylene Glycol

CAS 107-21-1

> 480 0 N 1

Formaldehyde

CAS 50-00-0

37% conc. > 480 0.06 1

Formalin

CAS 50-00-0

solution

> 480 0.06 1

Furfural

CAS 98-01-1

22.6 > 50 1


531


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate

(µg/cm2/min) Reference

Hydrazine

CAS 302-01-2

> 480 0.7 N 1

Hydrochloric Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

37.5 % conc. > 480 4.0 N 1

Hydrofluoric Acid

CAS 7664-39-3

48% conc. 110 1.0 2.16 1

Isobutyl Alcohol

CAS 78-83-1

166.7 2.7 1

Isopropyl Alcohol

CAS 67-63-0

isopropanol; IPA 208 1.98 1


CAS 872-50-4

60 > 50 1

Methylphenol (3-)

CAS 108-39-4

m-methylphenol

150 5.0 36 1

Muriatic Acid

CAS 7647-01-0

37.5% conc. > 480 4.0 N 1

Nitric Acid

CAS 7697-37-2

50% conc. 114 0.08 1.26 1

Phenol

CAS 108-95-2

saturated 76.4 3.29 1

Phosphoric Acid

CAS 7664-38-2

85% conc. > 480 0.04 N 1

Potassium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-58-3

KOH 50% conc. > 480 0.4 N 1

Sodium Hydroxide

CAS 1310-73-2

NAOH 50% conc. > 480 0.04 N 1

Sulfuric Acid

CAS 7664-93-9

50% conc. > 480 0.04 N 1


CAS 584-84-9

TDI > 480 0.06 N 1

Thiethanolamine

CAS 102-71-6

TEA > 480 6.0 N 1


CAS 102-71-6 > 480 6.0 N 1

Turpentine

CAS 8006-64-2

76.1 25.8 1

Xylene

CAS 1330-20-7

xylol 10.3 211 1


532

Table A01-05. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont PVA; supported (lined) glove film, specified by glove weight.Key Comments:


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Acetonitrile 23 150 < 90 G 1

Amyl Acetate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Amyl Alcohol 23 180 < 90 G 1

Anline 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Benzaldehyde 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Benzene benzol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Butyl Acetate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Butyl Alcohol 23 75 < 90 G 1

Butyl Cellosolve 23 120 < 90 G 1

Butyrolactone (γ-) 23 120 < 9 V 1

Carbon Disulfide 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Carbon Tetrachloride 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Cellosolve solvent 23 75 < 90 G 1

Cellosolve Acetate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Chlorobenzene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Chloroform 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Chloronaphthalene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Chlorothene VG 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Citric Acid 10% conc. 23 50 1

Cyclohexyl Alcohol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Diacetone Alcohol 23 150 < 90 G 1

Dibutyl Phthalate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Diisobutyl Ketone DIBK 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1


533


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Dioctyl Phthalate DOP 23 30 < 900 F 1

Epichlorohydrin 23 300 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Acetate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Alcohol Amine monoethanolamine 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Ether 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Ethyl Glycol Ether 23 75 < 90 G 1

Ethylene Dichloride 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Ethylene Glycol 23 120 < 9 V 1

Freon TF 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Freon TMC 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Furfural 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Gasoline white 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Hexamethyldisilizane 23 0.25 0 N 1

Hexane 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Isooctane 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Kerosene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Lactic Acid 85% conc. 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methyl Cellosolve 23 30 < 90 G 1

Methyl Ethyl Ketone MEK 23 90 < 9 V 1

Methyl Glycol Ether 23 30 < 90 G 1

Methyl Iodide 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone MIBK 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methyl Methacrylate 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether MTBE 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methylene Bromide 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Methylene Chloride 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Mineral Spirits Rule 66 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Morpholine 23 90 < 90 G 1

Naphtha VM&P 23 > 420 < 0.9 L 1

Nitrobenzene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Nitromethane 95.5% conc. 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Nitropropane 95.5% conc. 23 > 360 < 0.9 L 1


534


Penetrant Penetrant

Note

Temp.

(°C)

Time

(days)

BTT

(min.)

LDL

(phr)

Permeation Rate


Octyl Alcohol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Oleic Acid 23 60 < 0.9 L 1

Pentachlorophenol 23 5 < 900 F 1

Pentane 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Perchloroethylene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Phenol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Propyl Acatate 23 120 < 9 V 1

Propylene Oxide 23 35 < 90 G 1

Pyridine 23 10 < 900 F 1

Rubber Solvent 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Stoddard Solvents 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Styrene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Tetrachloroethene 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Tetrahydrofuran THF 23 90 < 90 G 1

Toluene toluol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Toluene Diisocyanate TDI 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Trichloroethane 1,1,1-trichloroethane 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Trichloroethylene TCE 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Tricresyl Phosphate TCP 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Triethanolamine TEA; 85% conc. 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Turpentine 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

Xylene xylol 23 0.25 0 < 0.9 L 1

© Plastics Design Library Appendix II: Permeation Rates

535

Appendix II

Permeation Rates

Appendix II is useful for comparing permeation ratesof penetrants through different materials at varioustemperature ranges. The data is sorted by penetrantwith a secondary sort on temperature and a final sorton either permeability coefficient (P) or vapor trans-mission rate (V). Appendix II presents data in the mostconcise form. Only normalized values for permeabil-ity coefficient or vapor transmission rate appear. Sup-

porting test information, except temperature is notincluded. For more detailed information, please referto the chapter containing the appropriate material ge-neric family.

P -Units are cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm.

V -Units are g · mm/m2 · day.

Air

20 - 25°C

TPE, Olefinic (23°C) 240 (P)


Rubber, Styrene Butadiene (23.9°C) 348 (P)

Rubber, EPDM (23.9°C) 461 (P)

Rubber, Latex (NR) (23.9°C) 496 (P)


Rubber, EPDM (23°C) 734 - 907 (P)

>25 - 50°C

Polyethylene, HDPE (30°C) 38.5 (P)

Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (40°C) 51.8 (P)


Rubber, Nitrile (NBR) (40°C) 95.0 (P)

Polyethylene, HDPE (50°C) 111 (P)

Rubber, Styrene Butadiene (40°C) 397 (P)

Rubber, EPDM (40°C) 683 (P)

Rubber, Latex (NR) (40°C) 1020 (P)

Rubber, Polybutadiene (40°C) 2393 (P)

>50 - 75°C

Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (60°C) 156 (P)

Rubber, Nitrile (NBR) (60°C) 354 (P)

Rubber, Chlorobutyl (CIIR) (65.6°C) 364 (P)

Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (65.6°C) 375 (P)










Table A02. Permeation Rates

Acetic Acid

20 - 25°C

Polyphenylene Sulfide (23°C) 0.79 (V)

Acetone

20 - 25°C

Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 3.9 - 15.8 (V)

>25 - 50°C

Polyester, PET (40°C) 0.87 (V)

Air

20 - 25°C

Polyvinylidene Chloride (23°C) 0.03 (P)

HDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA Film (23°C) 0.1 (P)

LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA/LDPE Film (23°C) 0.1 (P)







LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA Film (23°C) 0.24 (P)

Acetal Copolymer 0.87 - 1.3 (P)

Fluoroelastomer, FKM (24°C) 8.6 (P)

Polyphenylene Sulfide 7.9 - 11.8 (P)



Rubber, Chlorobutyl (CIIR) 30.7 (P)

Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (23.9°C) 36.4 (P)

Rubber, Chlorobutyl (CIIR) (23.9°C) 38.7 (P)



TPE, Polyester (21.5°C) 156 (P)

TPE, Olefinic 159 (P)


TPE, Olefinic 216 (P)

Appendix II: Permeation Rates © Plastics Design Library

536

Air

75 - 100°C

Rubber, Nitrile (NBR) (80°C) 855 (P)

Rubber, Chlorobutyl (CIIR) (93.3°C) 1183 (P)

Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (93.3°C) 1195 (P)





Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (80°C) 3974 (P)






Ammonia

< 0°C

Polyethylene, HDPE (-3°C) 32.5 (P)

Fluoropolymer, ECTFE (-1°C) 32.6 (P)

Fluoropolymer, TFE (-3°C) 41.2 (P)


0 - < 20°C

Fluoropolymer, FEP (0°C) 29.0 (P)

20 - 25°C

Fluoropolymer, CTFE (25°C) 1.05 (P)

Polyphenylene Sulfide 5.9 (P)

Fluoropolymer, PVDF (23°C) 6.6 (P)

Fluoropolymer, FEP (25°C) 101 (P)

Fluoropolymer, ECTFE (25°C) 113 (P)


Fluoropolymer, TFE (25°C) 151 (P)


Polysulfone (23°C) 421 (P)

50 - 75°C







Argon

20 -25°C

TPE, Urethane (TPAU) (20°C) 26.3 (P)


TPE, Urethane (TPEU) (20°C) 52.5 (P)





Argon

20 - 25°C

TPE, Urethane (TPAU) (20°C) 105 (P)

TPE, Urethane (TPEU) (20°C) 123 (P)




25 - 50°C



ASTM Fuel Oil B

20 -25°C

Nylon 66 0.2 (V)

Benzene

20 -25°C



> 25 - 50°C

Polyethylene, LDPE (35°C) 236 (V)

Polystyrene (35°C) 472 (V)

Carbon Dioxide

0 - < 20°C

EVOH (5°C) 0.0039 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 0.01 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 0.02 (P)

Nylon 6 (0°C) 0.24 (P)


20 - 25°C

EVOH (23°C) 0.01 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.03 (P)

Polyvinyl Alcohol (24°C) 0.04 (P)

Acrylonitrile (24°C) 0.04 - 0.08 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.08 (P)

Acrylonitrile Co. (AMA) (24°C) 0.2 (P)


Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.55 (P)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer, AMA (22.8°C) 0.64 (P)




Nylon, Amorphous (22.8°C) 1.1 (P)



PE/PVC-PVDC Copolymer Multilayer Film(24°C)

0.39 - 3.2 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 1.8 (P)

Nylon 6 (22.8°C) 1.8 (P)

Polyvinylidene Chloride (24°C) 1.6 - 2.4 (P)


537

Carbon Dioxide

20 - 25°C


Fluoropolymer, ETFE (23°C) 232 (P)

ASA (23°C) 233 (P)

Polyethylene, HDPE (24°C) 236 - 276 (P)



TPE, Vinyl 300 (P)

ABS (23°C) 304 (P)

Polycarbonate (22.8°C) 307 (P)


Polystyrene (24°C) 276 - 433 (P)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 276 - 433 (P)



ABS (24°C) 354 - 472 (P)

Polycarbonate 436 (P)

Polybutylene (22.8°C) 468 (P)



Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 394 - 590 (P)

Polyethylene, MDPE (25°C) 39.4 - 984 (P)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 527 (P)


Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 394 - 787 (P)

TPE, Vinyl (24°C) 39.4 - 1181 (P)





Polyethylene, LDPE 790 (P)

Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (23°C) 811 (P)


Fluoropolymer, PFA (25°C) 890 (P)

Polyvinyl Chloride (25°C) 959 (P)

Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 1013 (P)


Polyethylene, LDPE (25°C) 1063 (P)

Polyethylene, PE/EVA Copolymer 1100 (P)


Polyurethane (25°C) 1181 (P)

TPE, Polyester (23°C) 1267 (P)









TPE, Vinyl 1400 - 2700 (P)

Carbon Dioxide

20 - 25°C





Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 2.9 (P)

Parylene (25°C) 3.0 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 3.1 (P)

Epoxy (25°C) 3.2 (P)

Nylon 6 (22.8°C) 3.2 (P)



Nylon 66 (23°C) 3.5 (P)

Nylon, Amorphous (23°C) 3.8 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 4.1 - 4.6 (P)

Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 4.1 - 4.6 (P)

Fluoropolymer, PVF (25°C) 4.3 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 4.6 (P)

Polyester, PET (25°C) 4.7 (P)



Nylon 66 (23°C) 6.3 (P)




Polyester, PET (25°C) 5.9 - 9.8 (P)


Nylon 66/610 (23°C) 9.4 (P)


Polyvinyl Chloride (24°C) 7.9 - 19.7 (P)


PVC-PVDC Copolymer (25°C) 15.0 - 17.3 (P)

Acetal (23°C) 14.6 - 19.7 (P)

Polypyrrole 22.3 (P)


Polyester, PETG (23°C) 31.5 (P)

Polyethylene, LLDPE 35.6 (P)

Polyester, PCTG (23°C) 50 (P)



Fluoropolymer, ETFE (25°C) 98.4 (P)

ASA (23°C) 101 (P)


Polyester, PBT (23°C) 139 (P)

ASA (23°C) 142 (P)

SAN (24°C) 157 (P)


ABS (24°C) 157 - 236 (P)

ABS (23°C) 202.6 (P)

ASA (23°C) 203 (P)

Polypropylene (25°C) 208 (P)


538

Carbon Dioxide

20 - 25°C

TPE, Styrenic (23°C) 2303 (P)




TPE, Polyamide (23°C) 2758 (P)

TPE, Polybutadiene 2800 (P)








Polymethylpentene (23°C) 5500 (P)






Rubber, EPDM (23°C) 7516 - 8122 (P)


TPE, Polyamide (23°C) 11,753 (P)

TPE, Polyamide (23°C) 17,073 (P)

TPE, Styrenic (23°C) 24,657 (P)

Silicone (25°C) 118,110 (P)

> 25 - 50°C

EVOH (35°C) 0.03 (P)

Polyimide (30°C) 0.03 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.08 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.2 (P)


Nylon 6 (35°C) 2.61 (P)




Nylon 6 (50°C) 17.3 (P)



Fluoroelastomer, FKM (30°C) 510 (P)



> 50 - 75°C


Carbon Monoxide

20 - 25°C


Carbon Tetrachloride

20 - 25°C

Nylon 66 2 (V)

> 25 - 50°C


Chlorine

20 - 25°C


Chloroform

20 - 25°C

EVOH (20°C) 0.0023 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0024 (V)

LDPE/ EVAL Film (20°C) <0.0035 (V)

LDPE/ EVAL Film (20°C) 0.01 (V)

LDPE/ EVAL Film (20°C) 0.02 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.03 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.04 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.06 (V)

Nylon (20°C) 0.13 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.15 (V)

Nylon (20°C) 0.34 (V)


Polypropylene (20°C) 74.8 (V)


Polyethylene, LDPE (20°C) 140.79 (V)

Cologne

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.24 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 1.8 (V)

d-Limonene

20 - 25°C

Polyvinylidene Chloride (25°C) 0.0088 (V)


EVOH (25°C) 0.41 (V)


Polyethylene, HDPE (25°C) 149 (V)

Dichlorodifluoromethane

20 - 25°C

Polysulfone (23°C) 0.23 (P)

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

20 - 25°C



539

Ethane

20 - 25°C



Ethyl Acetate

20 - 25°C

Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 11.8 - 118 (V)

> 25 - 50°C


Ethyl Alcohol

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.1 (V)

Acetal (23°C) 0.59 (V)

Polystyrene (24°C) 0.39 - samplefailed (V)


> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 3.1 (V)

Ethylene

20 - 25°C


Ethylene Oxide

20 - 25°C


TPE, Polybutadiene 25,000 (P)

TPE, Polybutadiene 32,000 (P)

Formaldehyde

20 - 25°C


Polystyrene (24°C) 1.6 - 2.0 (V)

SAN (24°C) 2.0 - 3.9 (V)

Freon 114

20 - 25°C






Freon 115

20 - 25°C


Freon 12

20 - 25°C






Acetal (23°C) 0.08 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 0.17 (V)

Acetal (38°C) 0.21 (V)

Freon 22

20 - 25°C

TPE, Polyester (21.5°C) <17.3 (P)



Freon 318

20 - 25°C


Gasoline

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.04 (V)

HDPE/EVAL Film 1.4 (V)

HDPE/EVAL Film 6.4 (V)

Polyethylene, HDPE 25.4 (V)

Hair Spray

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.31 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 2.4 (V)

Helium

0 - < 20°C

EVOH (5°C) 1.06 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 1.8 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 2.6 (P)

20 - 25°C

EVOH (23°C) 3.7 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 6.5 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 9.37 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 59.1 (P)



Fluoropolymer, CTFE (25°C) 142 (P)



540

Hydrogen

< 0°C







Fluoropolymer, FEP (-16°C) 76.8 (P)



Fluoropolymer, TFE (-18°C) 139 (P)






0 - < 20°C


20 - 25°C





Epoxy (25°C) 43.3 (P)












Polyphenylene Sulfide 165 (P)


Parylene (25°C) 213 (P)











ASA (23°C) 507 (P)

Helium

20 - 25°C















Fluoroelastomer, FKM (24°C) 771 (P)







> 25 - 50°C

EVOH (35°C) 5.4 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 9.4 (P)


EVOH (35°C) 14.0 (P)

Nylon 6 (35°C) 45.7 (P)





> 100°C

Fluoroelastomer, FKM (121°C) 15,034 (P)

Fluoroelastomer, FKM (204°C) 57,888 (P)

Hexane

> 25 - 50°C


Hydrochloric Acid

20 - 25°C


Hydrogen

< 0°C

Fluoropolymer, CTFE (-16°C) 5.1 (P)




541

Hydrogen

20 - 25°C










Silicone (25°C) 17,716 (P)

> 25 - 50°C





> 50 - 75°C



















Hydrogen Sulfide

20 - 25°C



> 25 - 50°C


> 50 - 75°C


Kerosene

20 - 25°C

EVOH (20°C) >0.0004 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0004 (V)

Kerosene

20 - 25°C

EVOH (20°C) <0.0007 (V)

Nylon (20°C) <0.0007 (V)

EVOH (20°C) <0.0009 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.00098 (V)

EVOH (20°C) <0.0015 (V)

LDPE/EVAL Film (20°C) <0.0035 (V)


Nylon (20°C) 0.01 (V)


Nylon 66 0.08 (V)




Methane

20 - 25°C



ASA (23°C) 10.1 (P)

ASA (23°C) 11.1 (P)











Methyl Alcohol

20 - 25°C


Polystyrene (24°C) 0.39 - 2.4 (V)


Methyl Ethyl Ketone

20 - 25°C

LDPE/EVAL Film (20°C) 0.0035 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0047 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.01 (V)

LDPE/EVAL Film (20°C) 0.01 (V)

Nylon (20°C) 0.02 (V)


Nylon (20°C) 0.07 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.08 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.1 (V)




542

Methyl Salicylate

20 - 25°C

Nylon 66 0.08 (V)

Acetal (23°C) 0.12 (V)

Mineral Oils

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0 (V)

> 25 - 50°C


Motor Oils

20 - 25°C


Nylon 66 0.08 (V)

> 25 - 50°C


n-Heptane

20 - 25°C

SAN (24°C) 0.79 - 7.9 (V)

Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 118 - 197 (V)

Naphtha

20 - 25°C

Nylon 66 2.4 (V)

Natural Gas

20 - 25°C


Nitrogen

< 0°C











0 - < 20°C

Nylon 6 (0°C) 0.08 (P)

Fluoropolymer, ECTFE (11°C) 0.48 (P)



Nitrogen

20 - 25°C

EVOH (23°C) 0.00039 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.0016 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.0031 (P)




Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.04 (P)












PE/PVC-PVDC Copolymer Multilayer Film (24°C) 0.04 - 0.2 (P)




Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 0.2 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.28 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.28 (P)



Polyester, PET (25°C) 0.28 - 0.39 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.35 (P)





Nylon 66/610 (23°C) 0.61 (P)






Epoxy (25°C) 1.6 (P)





Polyester, PBT (23°C) 3.0 (P)


Polyethylene, LLDPE 3.8 (P)


543

Nitrogen

20 - 25°C


SAN (24°C) 3.9 (P)


ABS (24°C) 3.9 - 5.9 (P)

ASA (23°C) 6.1 (P)

ASA (23°C) 7.1 (P)

ASA (23°C) 7.6 (P)


ASA (23°C) 10.1 (P)

ABS (23°C) 10.1 (P)

Polycarbonate 10.6 (P)


ABS (24°C) 9.8 - 13.8 (P)




Rubber, Chlorohydrin (CO) (21.1°C) 14.7 (P)



Rubber, Nitrile (NBR) (21.1°C) 15.6 (P)



Polypropylene (25°C) 16.5 (P)

Fluoroelastomer, FKM (21.1°C) 17.3 (P)


Polystyrene (24°C) 15.8 - 19.7 (P)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 15.8 - 19.7 (P)

Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 15.7 - 19.7 (P)


Polyethylene, HDPE (24°C) 15.8 - 23.6 (P)

ABS (23°C) 20.3 (P)



Rubber, Butyl (IIR) (21.1°C) 21.6 (P)

Polystyrene (24°C) 19.7 - 23.6 (P)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 19.7 - 23.6 (P)



Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 25.3 (P)

TPE, Polyester (23°C) 25.6 (P)



Polyurethane (25°C) 31.5 (P)





Nitrogen

20 - 25°C




Rubber, Nitrile (NBR) (21.1°C) 39.7 (P)

Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 40.5 (P)

Polybutylene (22.8°C) 43.3 (P)


Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (23°C) 45.6 (P)


Rubber, Chlorohydrin (ECO) (21.1°C) 57 (P)

Rubber, Polysulfide (T) (21.1°C) 57 (P)

Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 39.4 - 78.7 (P)

Fluoropolymer, TFE (25°C) 68.6 (P)



Rubber, Chlorosulf. PE (CSM) (21.1°C) 60.5 - 77.8 (P)

Polyethylene, LDPE (25°C) 70.9 (P)

Polyvinyl Chloride (25°C) 70.9 (P)

Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (23°C) 70.9 (P)


Rubber, EACM (21.1°C) 76 (P)

Rubber, Neoprene (CR) (21.1°C) 77 (P)

Rubber, Propylene Oxide (PO) (21.1°C) 77.8 (P)


EU (21.1°C) 82.1 (P)
















Polyisoprene Rubber (21.1°C) 529 (P)



Rubber, EPM (21.1°C) 553 (P)

Rubber, EPDM (23°C) 533 - 648 (P)




544

Nitrogen

20 - 25°C


AU (21.1°C) 1382 (P)

Rubber, Polybutadiene (21.1°C) 1728 (P)

Silicone, FVMQ (21.1°C) 14,256 (P)

Silicone (21.1°C) 17,280 (P)

> 25 - 50°C

EVOH (35°C) 0.00079 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.0031 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.01 (P)



Nylon 6 (50°C) 4.7 (P)




> 50 - 75°C




















Nitrous Oxide

20 - 25°C


Oxygen

< 0°C






Oxygen

< 0°C






0 - < 20°C

EVOH (5°C) 0.00039 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 0.0012 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 0.0024 (P)



EVOH (5°C) 0.01 (P)

Nylon MXD6 (5°C) 0.02 (P)

EVOH (5°C) 0.03 (P)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer, AMA (5°C) 0.06 (P)

Nylon 6 (5°C) 0.19 (P)

Nylon 6 (0°C) 0.2 (P)



Nylon 6 (5°C) 0.57 (P)

20 - 25°C

Multilayer, LIM Structure non-detectable(P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0002 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.0024 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0024 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0026 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.003 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.0031 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.004 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.01 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.01 (P)


PP/EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.01 (P)

Acrylonitrile (24°C) 0.02 (P)

EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.02 (P)

EVOH (23°C) 0.02 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.02 (P)

Liquid Crystal Polymer (23°C) 0.02 (P)

PET/EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.02 (P)


Polyvinyl Alcohol 0.02 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.024 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.026 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.028 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.03 (P)


Polyvinylidene Chloride (22.8°C) 0.03 (P)




545

Oxygen

20 - 25°C

EVOH (20°C) 0.24 (P)

Multilayer, LIM Structure 0.24 (P)


PP/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.25 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.26 (P)


PC/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.26 (P)


PS/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.26 (P)

Nylon 6 (20°C) 0.24 - 0.3 (P)

Cellulosic Plastic (20°C) 0.28 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.28 (P)

Nylon (20°C) 0.28 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.29 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.30 (P)

Polyimide 0.3 (P)



Nylon MXD6 (22.8°C) 0.32 (P)




Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.3 - 0.41 (P)


EVOH (20°C) 0.39 (P)

EVOH (22.8°C) 0.39 (P)







HDPE/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.42 (P)

Laminar, EVOH/HDPE (23°C) 0.42 (P)


PS/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.42 (P)





PE/PVC-PVDC Copolymer Multilayer Film (24°C) 0.2 - 0.79 (P)

PET/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.52 (P)





HDPE/EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.6 (P)

PP/EVAL/PC Film (20°C) 0.6 (P)

PP/EVAL/PC Film (20°C) 0.62 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.63 (P)

Oxygen

20 - 25°C




EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.04 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.04 (P)

Nylon/EVAL/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.04 (P)


EVOH (23°C) 0.05 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.05 (P)



EVOH (20°C) 0.06 (P)

Nylon MXD6 (23°C) 0.06 (P)



EVOH (20°C) 0.07 (P)

Nylon MXD6 (22.8°C) 0.07 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.079 (P)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer (AMA) (24°C) 0.08 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.08 (P)


EVOH (20°C) 0.09 (P)



EVOH (20°C) 0.1 (P)





Nylon (20°C) 0.14 (P)


EVOH (20°C) 0.15 (P)


PP/EVAL/PET Film (20°C) 0.15 (P)

PP/EVAL/PS Film (20°C) 0.15 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.16 (P)


PP/EVAL/HDPE Film (20°C) 0.16 (P)




PET/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.18 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.2 (P)

Nylon (20°C) 0.2 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.2 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.2 (P)






546

Oxygen

20 - 25°C



Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.61 - 0.71 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.61 - 0.71 (P)

Nylon 6 (20°C) 0.57 - 0.8 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.7 (P)

HDPE/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 0.71 (P)



Nylon (20°C) 0.76 (P)

Nylon 66 (20°C) 0.76 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.79 (P)


Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.79 (P)


EVOH (20°C) 0.83 (P)

Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 0.81 - 0.91 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 0.87 (P)





Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.94 (P)

Nylon 6/66 0.94 (P)


Nylon (20°C) 0.98 (P)


Nylon/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 1 (P)

EVOH (20°C) 1.02 (P)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 1.02 (P)

LDPE/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 1.1 (P)




Nylon 6 (22.8°C) 1.2 (P)

Nylon (20°C) 1.3 (P)

Nylon/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 1.3 (P)


Nylon 66 (23°C) 1.4 (P)

Nylon 6 (22.8°C) 1.4 (P)

HDPE/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

LDPE/EVAL/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

LDPE/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

Nylon/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

PC/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

PET/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

PP/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)

PS/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.4 (P)



Oxygen

20 - 25°C


HDPE/PVDC/LDPE Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

Polyester, PET (25°C) 1.2 - 2.4 (P)

PP/PVDC/HDPE Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

PP/PVDC/LDPE Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

PP/PVDC/PC Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

PP/PVDC/PET Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

PP/PVDC/PP Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

PP/PVDC/PS Film (20°C) 1.8 (P)

Nylon 6/LDPE Film (20°C) 1.6 - 2.0 (P)




Nylon 6 (23°C) 2 (P)


Nylon (20°C) 2.1 (P)


Polypyrrole 2.3 (P)






Nylon 6 (22.8°C) 2.8 (P)

Nylon 66/610 (23°C) 2.8 (P)

Polyester, PET (22.8°C) 2.8 (P)


Epoxy (25°C) 2.0 - 3.9 (P)

Polyvinyl Chloride (22.8°C) 3.2 (P)

Nylon (20°C) 3.6 (P)

Nylon 66/610 3.8 (P)

Nylon 66/610 (23°C) 3.8 (P)




Polyvinyl Chloride (24°C) 2.0 - 7.9 (P)


Acetal (23°C) 4.7 - 6.7 (P)


Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 5.9 (P)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 6.3 (P)

Polyphenylene Sulfide 5.9 - 7.9 (P)

Nylon (20°C) 7.5 (P)

Polyimide 8.0 (P)

Polyimide 8.7 (P)

HDPE/EAA/Nylon/EAA Film (23°C) 9.5 (P)



Polyester, PETG (22.8°C) 10.0 (P)



547

Oxygen

20 - 25°C



Nylon (20°C) 12.4 (P)


Laminar, Nylon/HDPE (23°C) 13.4 (P)

Laminar, Nylon/PP (23°C) 14.2 (P)

Laminar, Nylon/HDPE (23°C) 15.0 (P)

ASA (23°C) 15.2 (P)

Polyester, PBT (23°C) 15.2 (P)



ASA (23°C) 18.2 (P)

SAN (24°C) 15.8 - 27.6 (P)

SAN (23°C) 20.3 - 30.4 (P)


Laminar, Nylon/LDPE (23°C) 35.4 (P)

SAN (24°C) 31.5 - 39.4 (P)

SAN (23°C) 20.3 - 50.7 (P)




ABS (23°C) 45.6 (P)




ABS (23°C) 50.7 (P)

ASA (23°C) 50.7 (P)

ABS (24°C) 47.2 - 55.1 (P)


ASA (23°C) 55.7 (P)


Polyethylene, HDPE (24°C) 39.4 - 78.7 (P)







Polyethylene, LDPE (20°C) 68.5 (P)





Polyethylene, HDPE (22.8°C) >75.8 (P)


Polyethylene, MDPE (23°C) 78.7 (P)


Polyurethane (25°C) 78.7 (P)

ABS (23°C) 81.1 (P)


Oxygen

20 - 25°C

ABS (24°C) 78.7 - 102 (P)



TPE, Vinyl 93 (P)

Polypropylene (22.8°C) >99.7 (P)


Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 101 (P)

Polycarbonate (22.8°C) 102 (P)


Polystyrene (23°C) 102 (P)




Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 98.4 - 138 (P)

Polystyrene (24°C) 98.4 - 138 (P)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 98.4 - 138 (P)



TPE, Polyester (23°C) 127 (P)

Ionomer 130 (P)

Polyethylene, LLDPE (23°C) 132 (P)

Ionomer 134 (P)



Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 118 - 157 (P)

Ionomer 138 (P)

Polystyrene (22.8°C) >140 (P)


Ionomer 142 (P)

Ionomer 146 (P)


Ionomer 150 (P)




Ionomer 158 (P)

PE Ionomer Copolymer (23°C) 159 (P)

Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 162 (P)


Ionomer 170 (P)

Ionomer 174 (P)


PE-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (23°C) 178 (P)





Polyethylene, LLDPE 199 (P)




548

Oxygen

20 - 25°C

Ionomer 209 (P)




Ionomer 229 (P)


Ionomer 233 (P)




Polyethylene, ULDPE 256 (P)




TPE, Vinyl 190 - 360 (P)






Polyethylene, ULDPE 378 (P)


TPE, Vinyl (24°C) 11.8 - 787 (P)





















Rubber, EPDM (23°C) 1641 - 1901 (P)







Oxygen

20 - 25°C

Silicone (25°C) 19,685 (P)

> 25 - 50°C

EVOH (30°C) 0.01 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.01 (P)


EVOH (50°C) 0.02 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.02 (P)



EVOH (50°C) 0.03 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.05 (P)

EVOH (30°C) 0.05 (P)

EVOH (30°C) 0.06 (P)


EVOH (50°C) 0.07 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.07 (P)

EVOH (35°C) 0.08 (P)

Nylon MXD6 (35°C) 0.11 (P)


EVOH (30°C) 0.13 (P)

EVOH (50°C) 0.14 (P)


EVOH (50°C) 0.16 (P)


Nylon MXD6 (50°C) 0.36 (P)

Nylon (35°C) 0.41 (P)






Nylon 6 (35°C) 1.3 (P)

Nylon (35°C) 1.6 (P)




Nylon 6 (35°C) 3.94 (P)



Nylon 6 (50°C) 5.5 (P)










549

Oxygen

> 25 - 50°C





> 50 - 75°C













Perchloroethylene

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.08 (V)

Propane

20 - 25°C

TPE, Polyester (21.5°C) <17.3 (P)







Propylene

20 - 25°C


Road Oil Remover

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.01 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 0.07 (V)

Shampoo

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.94 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 3.4 (V)

Sulfur Dioxide

20 - 25°C



Sulfur Hexafluoride

20 - 25°C


Tar Remover

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 0.01 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 0.07 (V)

Tetrachloroethylene

20 - 25°C

Polyethylene, LDPE (24°C) 197 - 295 (V)

Toluene

20 - 25°C

Nylon 66 0.08 (V)

Acetal (23°C) 0.24 (V)

Trichloroethylene

20 - 25°C

Acetal (23°C) 9.8 (V)

> 25 - 50°C

Acetal (38°C) 22.0 (V)

Vegetable Oils

20 - 25°C


> 25 - 50°C


Water

20 - 25°C

TPE, Polyester (25°C) 207,360 (P)

TPE, Polyester (25°C) 267,840 (P)


Nylon 66 1.2 - 2.4 (V)

Water Vapor

20 - 25°C

Fluoropolymer, CTFE (25°C) 0.005 (V)

Liquid Crystal Polymer (23°C) 0.03 (V)

Polyethylene, HDPE (20°C) 0.03 (V)



550

Water Vapor

20 - 25°C

Nylon 6 (20°C) 1.1 - 1.8 (V)

Nylon 66 (20°C) 1.5 (V)

Polyester, PETG 1.5 (V)

Polycarbonate (23°C) 1.5 (V)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 1.5 - 1.6 (V)

Polyethylene, PE/EVA Copolymer 1.6 (V)

Nylon 6/66 (23°C) 1.5 - 1.8 (V)

Polyimide 1.67 (V)


Polyester, PCTG 1.8 (V)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer, AMA (22.8°C) 2.0 (V)

Polyimide 2.13 (V)

SAN (23°C) 2 - 2.5 (V)

Polystyrene 0.79 - 3.9 (V)

Polystyrene, GP 0.79 - 3.9 (V)

Polystyrene, IPS 0.79 - 3.9 (V)

Polyester, PBT (23°C) 2.5 (V)

Polyethylene, LDPE 2.5 (V)

Polymethylpentene (23°C) 2.5 (V)

ABS (23°C) 2.7 (V)


ASA (23°C) 3 (V)

Polymethylpentene (23°C) 3 (V)

ABS (23°C) 3.1 (V)

Polymethylpentene (23°C) 3.25 (V)

ASA (23°C) 3.5 (V)

Polystyrene (24°C) 3.5 (V)

Polystyrene, GP 3.5 (V)

SAN 1.97 - 5.51 (V)


ABS 2.0 - 6.3 (V)



Polypyrrole 5.4 (V)

TPE, Polybutadiene 7 (V)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 7.5 (V)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 7.9 (V)

TPE, Polybutadiene 9.8 (V)

TPE, Vinyl 10 (V)

TPE, Vinyl 7.9 - 12.9 (V)

TPE, Styrenic (23°C) 47 (V)

TPE, Styrenic (23°C) 54.8 (V)









Water Vapor

20 - 25°C

Rubber, EPDM (23°C) 0.06 (V)

PE Ionomer Copolymer (23°C) 0.08 (V)

PE-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (23°C) 0.08 (V)

PE/PVC-PVDC Copolymer Multilayer Film(24°C)

0.06 - 0.16 (V)

Polyvinylidene Chloride (24°C) 0.1 - 0.12 (V)


TPE, Olefinic (25°C) 0.16 (V)

Nylon 6/LDPE Film (20°C) 0.21 (V)




Acrylonitrile (24°C) 0.24 (V)

Nylon 6 (23°C) 0.24 (V)


Polyethylene, LLDPE 0.28 (V)

Polyimide 0.3 (V)


Polyethylene, ULDPE 0.31 (V)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer (AMA) (24°C) 0.35 (V)

Nylon, Amorphous 0.35 (V)


Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.39 (V)


Ionomer 0.47 (V)


Polyethylene, ULDPE 0.47 (V)



Ionomer 0.51 (V)

Nylon, Amorphous (25°C) 0.51 (V)

Ionomer 0.55 (V)

Ionomer 0.59 (V)

Ionomer 0.63 (V)

Fluoropolymer, ETFE (25°C) 0.65 (V)

Polyphenylene Sulfide 0.65 (V)


Nylon 66/610 (23°C) 0.7 (V)

Ionomer 0.79 (V)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 0.8 (V)


Ionomer 0.95 (V)

Nylon 6 (20°C) 0.8 - 1.2 (V)

Fluoropolymer, PVDF (23°C) 1.02 (V)

Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (23°C) 1.1 (V)

Nylon 66 (23°C) 1.1 - 1.2 (V)

Polystyrene, GP (23°C) 1.2 (V)


Polystyrene, IPS (23°C) 1.3 (V)




551

Water Vapor

> 25 - 50°C


PVC-PVDC Copolymer (37.8°C) 0.08 - 0.24 (V)



Polyethylene, MDPE (38°C) 0.22 (V)

Nylon 66 (38°C) 0.23 (V)

HDPE/EAA/Nylon/EAA Film (38°C) 0.24 (V)


Polyethylene, MDPE (37.8°C) 0.28 (V)


Nylon 66 (38°C) 0.34 (V)

Polyethylene, LLDPE (38°C) 0.38 (V)

Cellulosic Plastic (40°C) 0.39 (V)

Nylon (40°C) 0.39 (V)



Polypropylene (40°C) <0.39 (V)

Polypropylene (37.8°C) 0.4 (V)

Polyester, PET (37.8°C) 0.39 - 0.51 (V)



Nylon, Amorphous (37.8°C) 0.47 (V)

Polybutylene (37.8°C) 0.47 (V)


Polyethylene, LDPE (37.8°C) 0.39 - 0.59 (V)



EVOH (40°C) 0.55 (V)

Nylon, Amorphous (40°C) 0.55 (V)

Polyimide (38°C) 0.56 (V)

Parylene (37°C) 0.59 (V)

Polypropylene (37.8°C) 0.59 (V)




Polyester, PET (37.8°C) 0.71 (V)

Polybutylene (37.8°C) 0.74 (V)


EVOH (40°C) 0.79 (V)


Epoxy (37°C) 0.7 - 0.94 (V)

EVOH (40°C) 0.83 (V)

EVOH (40°C) 1.2 (V)


Polyvinyl Chloride (40°C) 1.18 (V)

Polyvinyl Chloride (38°C) 1.18 (V)

EVOH (40°C) 1.2 (V)

Polyester, PETG (37.8°C) 1.6 (V)


Water Vapor

20 - 25°C


> 25 - 50°C

Fluoropolymer, CTFE (37.8°C)0.0082 - 0.0112

(V)


Fluoropolymer, CTFE (37.8°C) 0.0077 - 0.0158(V)


(V)


(V)


(V)





LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA/LDPE Film (38°C) 0.04 (V)

Polyimide (38°C) 0.04 (V)



Liquid Crystal Polymer (38°C) 0.05 (V)

HDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA Film (38°C) 0.06 (V)



CTFE/PVC Film (37.8°C) 0.08 (V)


Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 0.08 (V)


CTFE/PE/PVC Film (37.8°C) 0.09 (V)


LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA Film (38°C) 0.1 (V)


Polyethylene, HDPE (37.8°C) 0.1 (V)



CTFE/PE/PVC Film (37.8°C) 0.12 (V)

Polyethylene, HDPE (37.8°C) 0.12 (V)





EVOH (40°C) 3.15 (V)

Polystyrene (40°C) 3.35 (V)

Polycarbonate (37.8°C) 3.8 (V)

Polystyrene (37.9°C) 4.0 (V)


Fluoropolymer, FEP (37.8°C) 0.16 (V)



552

Water Vapor

> 25 - 50°C

Nylon MXD6 (40°C) 1.3 (V)

Fluoropolymer, PVF (37.8°C) 1.3 (V)

EVOH (40°C) 1.5 (V)


Polyvinyl Chloride (37.8°C) 1.7 (V)


Polyurethane (37°C) 0.94 - 3.4 (V)

EVOH (40°C) 2.4 (V)

Acrylonitrile Copolymer, AMA (40°C) 2.4 (V)

Silicone (37°C) 1.7 - 3.1 (V)


Nylon 6 (40°C) 4.02 (V)

Polycarbonate (40°C) 4.33 (V)

Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 5.6 - 5.9 (V)

Nylon (40°C) 6.7 (V)

Polysulfone (38°C) 7.1 (V)

Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 7.1 - 7.7 (V)

Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 7.5 - 7.9 (V)

Nylon 6/66 (37.8°C) 8.7 (V)

Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 9.2 (V)

Nylon 6 (37.8°C) 9.8 (V)

Rubber, Polybutadiene (39°C) 17.7 (V)

TPE, Polyester (38°C) 19.4 (V)

Polyvinyl Alcohol (40°C) 27.9 (V)

TPE, Polyamide (38°C) 31 (V)





> 50 - 75°C


Polysulfone (71°C) 27.2 (V)

Water Vapor

> 75 - 100°C


Xylene

20 - 25°C

EVOH (20°C) <0.0015 (V)



EVOH (20°C) 0.007 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.01 (V)

Nylon (20°C) 0.01 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.02 (V)

Nylon (20°C) 0.02 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.022 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.028 (V)

EVOH (20°C) 0.03 (V)


Polypropylene (20°C) 7 (V)




> 50 - 75°C

Laminar, Nylon/HDPE (60°C) 0.39 (V)

Laminar, EVOH/HDPE (60°C) 0.79 (V)

Laminar, Nylon/HDPE (60°C) 3.5 (V)

Laminar, Nylon/LDPE (60°C) 4.7 (V)

Laminar, Nylon/PP (60°C) 7.1 (V)

Polyethylene, HDPE (60°C) 283 (V)

Polypropylene (60°C) 984 (V)


© Plastics Design Library Appendix III: Permeability Units Conversion

553

Appendix III

Permeability Units Conversion

There are two related properties derived from Fick’sfirst law and measured to assess the barrier propertiesof plastic films and similar materials. These proper-ties are the permeability coefficient and the vaportransmission rate.

Fick’s first law states that the volume (V) of a sub-stance that penetrates a barrier wall is directly pro-portional to the area (A) of the wall, partial pressuredifferential (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and in-versely proportional to the wall thickness (s), if thewall is homogeneous in the direction of penetration.The coefficient P in the equation representing Fick’sfirst law, V = P · (A · p · t)/s, is the permeability coef-ficient.

Fick’s first law applies only to permanent gases thatobey Henry’s law on proportionality of penetrant solu-bility in the barrier to the partial pressure of the pen-etrant. Therefore, the permeability coefficient can bemeasured only for permanent gases, i.e., gases thatbecome liquid at pressures and temperatures far fromnormal (1 atm and 0°C, respectively). These gasesinclude air, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.

The permeability coefficient can be measured accord-ing to ASTM D1434. A convenient unit of measure-ment for the permeability coefficient in the metricsystem is cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm. Since the perme-ability coefficient is dependent on temperature, a testtemperature must be reported.

The vapor transmission rate (VTR) is measured forthe vapors of substances, such as water and acetone,that are liquid at pressures and temperatures close to

normal. Vapors do not obey Henry’s law, and the va-por transmission rate is not proportional to the pres-sure differential in Fick’s first law. To account forthis fact, Fick’s first law for vapors is expressed asW = VTR · (A · t)/s, where W is the weight of thepenetrant.

The vapor transmission rate can be measured accord-ing to ASTM standard D3985. A convenient unit ofmeasurement for the vapor transmission rate in themetric system is g · mm/m2 · day. Since the vapor trans-mission rate is not proportional to the pressure differ-ential, the latter must be stated to make test values ofthe vapor transmission rate meaningful. It is custom-ary to substitute a pressure differential with a relativehumidity differential in reporting the water vapor trans-mission rate. A test temperature must also be reportedfor the vapor transmission rate because of its depen-dence on temperature. The vapor transmission rate isinfluenced by the affinity between the vapor and thebarrier material, and by processes that may occur dur-ing permeation, such as swelling of the barrier mate-rial. Vapor transmission rate values cannot be con-verted into permeability coefficient values.

The following table gives conversion factors for thecommon units of measurement of the permeabilitycoefficient and the vapor transmission rate. To con-vert a value from a common unit to the convenientmetric unit for the permeability coefficient, cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm, or for the vapor transmission rate, g ·mm/m2 · day, multiply this value by a factor providedin the corresponding column, taking into account in-structions in the Note column.

Appendix III: Permeability Units Conversion © Plastics Design Library

554

Table A03-01. Permeability Unit Conversions

Source Document Unit Permeability Coefficient Unit(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

Vapor Permeation Rate Unit(g · mm/m2 · day) Notes

1x10-10 cm3 (STP) · cm/cm2 · sec · cm Hg 6.566397e+01 9

1x10-10 cm3 · mm/cm2 · sec · cm Hg 6.566397e+00 2, 9

1x10-18 m2/sec · Pa 8.754480e+18

1x10-20 kg · m/m2 · sec · Pa 8.640000e-10 3

1x10-8 cm2/sec · atm 8.640000e+01

1x10-8 cm3· cm/cm2 · sec · atm 8.640000e+01

cm3 (STP) · cm/cm2· sec · atm 8.640000e+09

cm3 (STP) · mil/100 in2/day 3.937008e-01

cm3 (STP) · mm/m2/day 1.000000e+00

cm3 · 0.1 mm/m2 · atm · day 1.000000e-01

cm3 · 0.5 mm/100 in2 · day 7.750015e+00 4

cm3 · 100 mm/m2 · day · bar 1.013250e+00

cm3 · 15m/m2 · atm · day 1.500000e-02

cm3 · 20m/m2 · day · atm 2.000000e-02

cm3 · 25m/m2 · atm · day 2.500000e-02

cm3 · mil/100 in2 · atm · day 3.397008e-01

cm3 · mil/cm2 · sec · atm 2.194560e+07

cm3 · mil/m2 · atm · day 2.540000e-02

cm3 · mm/cm2 · atm · day 1.000000e+01

cm3 · mm/cm2 · kPa · sec 8.754480e+10

cm3 · mm/m2 · atm · day 1.000000e+00

cm3 · mm/m2 · bar · day 1.013250e+00

cm3 · mm/m2 · day · bar 1.013250e-03

cm3 · mm/m2 · Pa · day 1.013250e+05

cm3 · mm/m2 · sec · atm 8.640000e+04

cm3 · mm/m2 · sec · cm Hg 6.566397e+06

cm3 · N/m2 · bar · day 1.013250e+00 1

cm3/100 in2 · atm · day 1.550003e+01 1

cm3/m2 · atm · day 1.000000e+01 1, 4

cm3/m2 · day 1.000000e+00 1, 4

cm3/m2 · day · bar 1.013250e+00 1

cm3/m2 · day · bar · 100 1.013250e-02 1

cm3· mil/100 in2 · bar · day 3.989173e-01

ft3 · mil/ft2 · psi · day 1.137749e+05

g · 0.5 mm/m2 · day 5.000000e-01

g · 100 mm/m2 · day 1.000000e-01

g · 25m/m2 · day 2.500000e-02

g · 30m/m2 · day 3.000000e-02

g · mil/100 in2 · atm · day 3.937008e-01 3

g · mil/100 in2 · bar · day 3.989173e-01 3

© Plastics Design Library Appendix III: Permeability Units Conversion

555

Notes To Table

General Note: Values for the permeability coefficientand the vapor transmission rate in most of the aboveunits may be in the range of several powers of magni-tude. However, these values are usually given in aneasy-to-read decimal format (practical units), with themagnitude factor stated in a table or graph title or inthe notes. Care should be taken, when converting, toaccount for this factor.

1. The conversion factor is applicable onlyif the film thickness is known; multiplythe value-factor product by the filmthickness (N) in mm.

2. The original unit, 1 × 10 (to the power of10) cm3/cm2/mm/sec/cm Hg, is incor-rect, it should be 1 × 10 (to the powerof 10) cm3 · mm/cm2/sec/cmHg or 1 ×1010 · cm3 · mm/cm2 · sec · cm Hg.

3. Unit of pressure (e.g., atm) in the origi-nal unit can be ignored for the measure-ments conducted at normal pressure (1atm); otherwise the conversion factor isnot valid and the value cannot be con-verted.

4. The conversion factor is applicable onlyif the pressure differential is known; di-vide the value-factor product by the pres-sure in atm.

Source Document Unit Permeability Coefficient Unit(cm3 · mm/m2 · day · atm)

Vapor Permeation Rate Unit(g · mm/m2 · day) Notes

g · mil/100 in2 · day 3.397008e-01

g · mil/100 in2 · hr 9.448820e+00

g · mil/100 in2· mm Hg · day 2.992125e+02 3

g · mil/day/100 in2 3.937008e-01 7

g · mil/m2 · atm · day 2.540000e-02 3

g · mm/cm2 · day 1.000000e+01

g · mm/day/m2 1.000000e+00 6

g · mm/m2 · day 1.000000e+00

g · mm/m2 · day 1.000000e-03

g/100 in2 · day 1.550003e+01 1

g/m2 · day 1.000000e+00 1

grains/ft2 · hr 1.673975e+01 1

in3 · mil/100 in2 · atm · day 6.451600e+00

mg · mil/in2 · day 3.937008e-02

mg · mm/m2 · Pa · day 1.013250e+02 3

ml · mil/m2 · atm · day 2.540000e-02

mm3 · mm/m2 · Pa · day 1.013250e+02

mm3 · mm/m2 · s · Pa 8.754480e-03

mm3/m · MPa · day 1.013250e-01

N · cm3/m2 · bar · day 2.540000e-02 8

Appendix III: Permeability Units Conversion © Plastics Design Library

556

5. The original unit, g/mil/100 in2/day, is in-correct, it should be g · mil/100 in2/dayor g · mil/100 in2 · day.

6. The original unit, g/day/m2/mm, is incor-rect, it should be g · mm/day/m2.

7. The original unit, g/day/100 in2/mil, isincorrect, it should be g · mil/day/100 in2.

8. The original unit, g/m2/mil, is incorrect,it should be g · mil/m2; the conversionfactor is applicable only if the time isknown; divide the value-factor productby the time in days.

9. The original unit has a factor compris-ing a real number with a positive powerof magnitude, which is incorrect. Thepower of magnitude should be negative.The conversion factor has been revisedto account for this error.

© Plastics Design Library Glossary of Terms

557

Glossary of Terms

A

ABS: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer.

ABS Nylon Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Sty-rene Polymer Nylon Alloy.

ABS PC Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyrenePolymer Polycarbonate Alloy.

ABS Resin: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Poly-mer.

Accelerant: See Accelerator.

Accelerator: A chemical substance that accelerateschemical, photochemical, biochemical, etc., reactionor process, such as cross-linking or degradation ofpolymers, that is triggered and/or sustained by an-other substance, such as a curing agent or catalyst, orenvironmental factor, such as heat, radiation, or amicroorganism. Also called accelerant, promoter, co-catalyst.

Acetal resins: Thermoplastics prepared by polymer-ization of formaldehyde or its trioxane trimer. Acetalshave high impact strength and stiffness, low frictioncoefficient and permeability, good dimensional sta-bility and dielectric properties, and high fatiguestrength and thermal stability. Acetals have poor acidand UV resistance and are flammable. Processed byinjection and blow molding and extrusion. Used inmechanical parts such as gears and bearings, automo-tive components, appliances, and plumbing and elec-tronic applications. Also called acetals.

Acetals: See Acetal Resins.

Acetone: A volatile, colorless, highly flammable liq-uid with molecular formula CH3COCH3. Acetone hasautoignition temperature 537°C, mixes readily withwater and some other solvents, and is moderatelytoxic. Acetone dissolves most thermoplastics and

some thermosets. Used as organic synthesis interme-diate, e.g., in the manufacture of bisphenol A and an-tioxidants, as solvent in paints and acetate fiber spin-ning and for cleaning of electronic parts. Also calleddimethyl ketone, 2-propanone.

Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer: Acrylicrubber-modified thermoplastic with high weatherabil-ity. ASA has good heat and chemical resistance, tough-ness, rigidity, and antistatic properties. Processed byextrusion, thermoforming, and molding. Used in con-struction, leisure, and automotive applications suchas siding, exterior auto trim, and outdoor furniture.Also called ASA.

Acrylic Resins: Thermoplastic polymers of alkyl acry-lates such as methyl methacrylates. Acrylic resins havegood optical clarity, weatherability, surface hardness,chemical resistance, rigidity, impact strength, and di-mensional stability. They have poor solvent resistance,resistance to stress cracking, flexibility, and thermalstability. Processed by casting, extrusion, injectionmolding, and thermoforming. Used in transparentparts, auto trim, household items, light fixtures, andmedical devices. Also called polyacrylates.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: ABS res-ins are thermoplastics comprised of a mixture of sty-rene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and SAN-graftedbutadiene rubber. They have high impact resistance,toughness, rigidity, and processability, but low dielec-tric strength, continuous service temperature, and elon-gation. Outdoor use requires protective coatings insome cases. Plating grades provide excellent adhesionto metals. Processed by extrusion, blow molding,thermoforming, calendaring, and injection molding.Used in household appliances, tools, nonfood pack-aging, business machinery, interior automotive parts,extruded sheet, pipe and pipe fittings. Also called ABS,ABS resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer NylonAlloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection mold-ing, with properties similar to ABS but higher elon-gation at yield. Also called ABS Nylon Alloy.

Glossary of Terms © Plastics Design Library

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Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycar-bonate Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injec-tion molding and extrusion, with properties similar toABS. Used in automotive applications. Also calledABS PC alloy.

Acrylonitrile Copolymer: A thermoplastic preparedby copolymerization of acrylonitrile with smallamounts of other unsaturated monomers. Has goodgas barrier properties and chemical resistance. Pro-cessed by extrusion, injection molding, andthermoforming. Used in food packaging.

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymer: SeeAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer.

Activation Energy: An excess energy that must beadded to an atomic or molecular system to allow aprocess, such as diffusion or chemical reaction, to pro-ceed.

Adsorption: Retention of a substance molecule onthe surface of a solid or liquid.

Alcohols: A class of hydroxy compounds in which ahydroxy group(s) is attached to a carbon chain or ring.Alcohols are produced synthetically from petroleumstock, e.g., by hydration of ethylene, or derived fromnatural products, e.g., by fermentation of grain. Thealcohols are divided in the following groups: mono-hydric, dihydric, trihydric and polyhydric. Used inorganic synthesis, as solvents, plasticizers, fuels, bev-erages, detergents, etc.

Amorphous Nylon: Transparent aromatic polyamidethermoplastics. Produced by condensation ofhexamethylene diamine, isophthalic and terephthalicacid.

Annulus Test: An ozone resistance test for rubbersthat involves a flat-ring specimen mounted as a bandover a rack, stretched 0 to 100%, and subjected toozone attack in the test chamber. The specimen isevaluated by comparing to a calibrated template todetermine the minimum elongation at which crackingoccurred.

Anthraquinone: An aromatic compound comprisingtwo benzene rings linked by two carbonyl (C= O)groups, C6H4(CO)2C6H4. Combustible. Used as anintermediate in organic synthesis, mainly in the manu-facture of anthraquinone dyes and pigments. One

method of preparation is by condensation of 1,4-naph-thaquinone with butadiene.

Antioxidant: A chemical substance capable of inhib-iting oxidation or oxidative degradation of another sub-stance such as plastic in which it is incorporated. An-tioxidants act by terminating chain-propagating freeradicals or by decomposing peroxides, formed duringoxidation, into stable products. The first group of an-tioxidants include hindered phenols and amines; thesecond group includes sulfur compounds, such as thi-ols.

Ar: See argon.

Area Factor: The ratio between the total area of poreopenings on the surface of a membrane that is in con-tact with the incoming flow of a penetrant, to the areaof this surface.

Argon: A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, non-combustible monoatomic gas. Argon is often used tocharacterize permeability of polymeric films, such ascarrier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shieldin welding, in electric bulbs such as neon, lasers, andas a process environment. Also called Ar.

Aroma Barrier: A plastic film or its component pre-venting the escape of aromatic volatiles from food-stuffs or cosmetics seal-packaged in the film.

Aromatic Polyester Estercarbonate: A thermoplas-tic block copolymer of an aromatic polyester withpolycarbonate. Has higher heat distortion temperaturethan regular polycarbonate.

Aromatic Polyesters: Engineering thermoplasticsprepared by polymerization of aromatic polyol witharomatic dicarboxylic anhydride. They are tough withsomewhat low chemical resistance. Processed by in-jection and blow molding, extrusion, and thermo-forming. Drying is required. Used in automotive hous-ings and trim, electrical wire jacketing, printed cir-cuit boards, and appliance enclosures.

ASA: See acrylate styrene acrylonitrile polymer.

ASTM D96: An American Society for Testing of Ma-terials (ASTM) standard test method for determiningwater vapor transmission of materials such as paper,plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products,etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basic


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methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Methodare used. The specimens have either one side wettedor one side exposed to high humidity and another tolow humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the specimenis placed air-tight on a test dish with a desiccant thatis weighed to determine the gain of weight due to watervapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water isplaced in the dish that is weighed to determine theloss of water due to evaporation through the speci-men.

ASTM D471: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard method for determiningthe resistance of nonporous rubber to hydrocarbon oils,fuels, service fluids, and water. The specimens areimmersed in fluids for 22–670 hours at -75 to 250°C,followed by measuring of the changes in mass, vol-ume, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness forsolid specimens and the changes in breaking strength,burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion for rubber-coated fabrics.

ASTM D570: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard method for determiningrelative rate of water absorption of immersed plas-tics. The test applies to all kinds of plastics: molded,cast, laminated, etc. The specimens are immersed for2 to 24 hours or until saturation at ambient tempera-ture, or for 1/2 to 2 hours in boiling water. The ab-sorption is calculated as a percentage of weight gain.

ASTM D1434: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard test method for determin-ing gas transmission rate, permeance and permeabil-ity (for homogeneous materials) of plastic film, sheet-ing, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or fabricsunder steady-state conditions. The sample is mountedin a gas transmission cell to form a barrier betweentwo chambers. One chamber contains the test gas at ahigh pressure, and the other chamber receives gas at alower pressure. The transmission rate is monitoredeither by the increase in pressure in the receiving cham-ber (Method M) or by a change in volume of gas(Method V).

ASTM D3985: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard test method for determin-ing the steady-state transmission rate of oxygen gasthrough a plastic film, sheeting, laminates, co-extru-sions, or plastic-coated paper or fabric.

ASTM E96: An American Society for Testing of Ma-terials (ASTM) standard test method for determiningwater vapor transmission of materials such as paper,plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products,etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basicmethods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Methodare used. The specimens have either one side wettedor one side exposed to high humidity and another tolow humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the specimenis placed air-tight on a test dish with a desiccant thatis weighed to determine the gain of weight due to watervapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water isplaced in the dish that is weighed to determine theloss of water due to evaporation through the speci-men.

ASTM E398: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard test method for the deter-mination of water vapor transmission rate of sheetmaterials with at least one side being hydrophobic,such as plastic film, by a rapid dynamic method. Thespecimen is mounted between two chambers, one ofknown relative humidity and another of dry air. Theresponse of an electrical sensor capable of detectingwater vapor accumulation in the dry chamber is re-corded and used, with the help of a calibrating curve,to determine the water vapor transmission rate. Alsocalled ASTM E398-70.

ASTM E398-70: See ASTM E398.

ASTM F1249: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard test method for determin-ing water vapor transmission rate through plastic filmand sheeting up to 3 mm in thickness using a pres-sure-modulated infrared sensor. In addition, thismethod provides for the determination of the per-meance of the film to water vapor and the water vaporpermeability coefficient. The specimen is placed as asealed semi-barrier between two chambers at ambientatmospheric pressure. One chamber is wet and anotheris dry. As water vapor penetrates through the film fromthe wet chamber into the dry one it is carried by airinto the sensor. It measures the fraction of infraredenergy absorbed by the vapor and produces an elec-tric signal that is proportional to water vapor concen-tration

ASTM F372: An American Society for Testing ofMaterials (ASTM) standard test method for the rapiddetermination of water vapor transmission rate of flex-ible barrier films and thin sheeting consisting of single


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or multilayer synthetic or natural polymers and metalfoils including coated materials. The specimen ismounted between two chambers, one of known rela-tive humidity and another of dry air. The time for agiven increase in water vapor concentration of the drychamber is measured by monitoring the differentialbetween two bands in the infrared spectral region, onein which water molecules absorb and the other wherethey do not. The values obtained are used to calculatethe water vapor transmission rate.

Atm: See Atmosphere.

Atmosphere: A metric unit of measurement of pres-sure equal to 1.013250 × 1.0E+06 dynes/cm2 or1.013250 × 1.0E+05 pascals, which is the air pres-sure measured at mean sea level. It has a dimension ofunit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pres-sure of gases, vapors and liquids. Also called Atm,Standard Atmosphere, and Std Atm.

Azo: A prefix indicating an organic group of two ni-trogen atoms linked by a double bond, -N= N-, or aclass of chemical compounds containing this group,like azo dyes.

B

Bar: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equalto 1.0E+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.0E+05 pascals. It has adimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used todenote the pressure of gases, vapors and liquids.

Barrier Material: Materials such as plastic films,sheeting, wood laminates, particle board, paper, fab-rics, etc., with low permeability to gases and vapors.Used in construction as water vapor insulation, foodpackaging, protective clothing, etc.

Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-atomcarbon ring, C6H6. Highly toxic and flammable(autoignition point 562°C). A colorless or yellowishliquid under normal conditions (b.p.80.1°C), solublein many organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone,tetrachlorocarbon, etc. Used for synthesis of organiccompounds.

Bisphenol A Polyester: A thermoset unsaturated poly-ester based on bisphenol A and fumaric acid.

Blow-up Ratio: In extrusion blowing of film, it is theratio of the extrusion die diameter and the diameter ofthe tubular film. In blow molding, it is the ratio be-tween the diameter of a parison and the maximum di-ameter of the mold cavity.

Blown Film: A plastic film produced by extrusionblowing, wherein an extruded plastic tube is continu-ously inflated by internal air pressure, cooled, col-lapsed by rolls, and wound up. The thickness of thefilm is controlled by air pressure and rate of extru-sion.

Bubbling: The presence of bubbles of trapped air and/or volatile vapors in nonmetallic coating or plasticspecimen or article. Bubbling is often caused by im-proper application or excessive mixing of paints ordegassing.

C

CA: See Cellulose Acetate.

CAB: See Cellulose Acetate Butyrate.

Carbon Black: A black colloidal carbon filler madeby the partial combustion or thermal cracking of natu-ral gas, oil, or another hydrocarbon. There are severaltypes of carbon black depending on the starting mate-rial and the method of manufacture. Each type of car-bon black comes in several grades. Carbon black iswidely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers andplastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to UVlight, and reduces static charging.

Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO2,found in the atmosphere. It is produced as a result ofmetabolism (e.g., oxidation of carbohydrates) and isused by plants in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide haslow toxicity and is noncombustible. Derived industri-ally from synthesis gas in ammonia production andfrom cracking of hydrocarbons. Used widely in re-frigeration, carbonated beverages, chemical synthe-sis, water treatment, medicine, fire extinguishing, andas inert atmosphere.

Carbon Monoxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO.Highly flammable (liquid autoignition point 609°C)and toxic. Found in automobile exhaust gases and is a


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major air pollutant. Manufactured from coke by ac-tion of oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam. Used inorganic synthesis, synthetic fuels, and metallurgy.

Cast Film: Film produced by pouring or spreadingresin solution or melt over a suitable temporary sub-strate, followed by curing via solvent evaporation ormelt cooling and removing the cured film from thesubstrate.

Cellulose Acetate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulosewith acetic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity,processability, stiffness, hardness, and dielectric prop-erties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance andcompressive strength. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steer-ing wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames,brushes, and sheeting. Also called CA.

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate: Thermoplastic mixed es-ters of cellulose with acetic and butyric acids. Hasgood toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimen-sional stability, weatherability, and dielectric proper-ties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance andcompressive strength. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steer-ing wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames,brushes, and sheeting. Also called CAB.

Cellulose Propionate: Thermoplastic esters of cellu-lose with propionic acid. Has good toughness, gloss,clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weather-ability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical,fire and water resistance and compressive strength.Processed by injection and blow molding and extru-sion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens,handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, andsheeting. Also called CP.

Cellulosic Plastics: Thermoplastic cellulose esters andethers. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, process-ability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical,fire, and water resistance and compressive strength.Processed by injection and blow molding and extru-sion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens,handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, andsheeting.

Centimeter of Mercury: See cm Hg.

Chain Scission: Breaking of the chainlike moleculeof a polymer as a result of chemical, photochemical,

etc., reaction such as thermal degradation or photoly-sis.

Chalking: Formation of a dry, chalk-like, loose pow-der on or just beneath the surface of paint film or plas-tic caused by the exudation of a compounding ingre-dient such as pigment, often as a result of ingredientmigration to the surface and surface degradation.

Channel Black: Carbon black made by impingementof a natural gas flame against a metal plate or channeliron, from which a deposit is scraped. Used as a rein-forcing filler in rubbers. Also called Gas Black.

Chemical Saturation: Absence of double or triplebonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of mostpolymers, usually between carbon atoms. Saturationmakes the molecule less reactive and polymers lesssusceptible to degradation and cross-linking. Alsocalled Chemically Saturated Structure.

Chemical Unsaturation: Presence of double or triplebonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of somepolymers, usually between carbon atoms. Unsaturationmakes the molecule more reactive, especially in free-radical addition reactions such as addition polymer-ization, and polymers more susceptible to degrada-tion, cross-linking, and chemical modification. Alsocalled Polymer Chain Unsaturation.

Chemically Saturated Structure: See ChemicalSaturation.

Chlorendic Polyester: A chlorendic anhydride-basedunsaturated polyester.

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic pro-duced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. Has in-creased glass transition temperature, chemical and fireresistance, rigidity, tensile strength, and weatherabil-ity as compared to PVC. Processed by extrusion, in-jection molding, casting, and calendering. Used forpipes, auto parts, waste disposal devices, and outdoorapplications. Also called CPVC.

Chloroethyl Alcohol(2-): See Ethylene Chlorohydrin.

Chloroform: Trichloromethane, CHCl3. Chloroformis a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid withcharacteristic pungent smell. It is toxic and carcino-genic. Derived by chlorination of methane. Formerly


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used as an anesthetic, it is now used mainly as a sol-vent and in organic synthesis to manufacture fluoro-carbon plastics and insecticides.

Chlorohydrins: Halohydrins with chlorine as a halo-gen atom. One of the most reactive of halohydrins.Dichlorohydrins are used in the preparation of epichlo-rohydrins, important monomers in the manufacture ofepoxy resins. Most chlorohydrins are reactive color-less liquids, soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols.

Note: Chlorohydrins are a class of organic com-pounds, not to be mixed with a specific member ofthis class, 1-chloropropane-2,3-diol sometimes calledChlorohydrin.

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber: Thermo-setting elastomers containing 20–40% chlorine. Hasgood weatherability and heat and chemical resistance.Used for hoses, tubes, sheets, footwear soles, and in-flatable boats.

cm Hg: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equalto 13332.2 dynes/cm2 or 1333.22 pascals at 0°C. Onecentimeter of mercury is the pressure that would sup-port a column of mercury of length one centimeter anddensity 12,595 kg/m3 under the standard accelerationof free fall. Used to denote the pressure of gases, va-pors, and liquids. Also called Centimeter of Mercury.

Cocatalyst: See Accelerator.

Co-extruded Film: A film made by co-extrusion oftwo or more different or similar plastics through asingle die with two or more orifices arranged so thatthe extrudates merge and weld together into a laminarfilm before cooling. Each ply of co-extruded film im-parts a desired property, such as impermeability orresistance to some environment and heat-sealability,usually unattainable with a single material.

Color: The wavelength composition of light, specifi-cally of the light reflected or emitted by the materialand its visual appearance (red, blue, etc.). Also calledHue, Tint, Coloration.

Color Change: See Discoloration.

Coloration: See Color.

Compatibilizer: A chemical compound used to increasethe compatibility or miscibility and to prevent the sepa-ration of the components in a plastic composition,such as the compatibility of a resin and a plasticizeror of two polymers in a blend. Block copolymersbearing blocks similar to the polymers in the blend areoften used as compatibilizers in the latter case.

Concentration Units: The units for measuring thecontent of a distinct material or substance in a me-dium other than this material or substance, such assolvent.

Note: The concentration units are usually ex-pressed in the units of mass or volume of substanceper one unit of mass or volume of medium. When theunits of substance and medium are the same, the per-centage is often used.

Conditioning: Process of bringing the material or ap-paratus to a certain condition, e.g., moisture contentor temperature, prior to further processing, treatment,etc. Also called Conditioning Cycle.

Conditioning Cycle: See Conditioning.

Corona Discharge Treatment: Treating the surfaceof an inert plastic such as polyolefin with corona dis-charge to increase its affinity to inks, adhesives, orcoatings. Plastic films are passed over a groundedmetal cylinder with a pointed high-voltage electrodeabove it to produce the discharge. The discharge oxi-dizes the surface, making it more receptive to finish-ing. Also called Corona Treatment.

Corona Treatment: See Corona Discharge Treat-ment.

Covulcanization: Simultaneous vulcanization of ablend of two or more different rubbers to enhance theirindividual properties such as ozone resistance. Rub-bers are often modified to improve covulcanization.

CP: See Cellulose Propionate.

CPVC: See Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride.

Cracking: Appearance of external and/or internalcracks in the material as a result of stress that exceedsthe strength of the material. The stress can be external


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and/or internal and can be caused by a variety of ad-verse conditions: structural defects, impact, aging, cor-rosion, etc., or a combination thereof. Also calledCracks. See also Processing Defects.

Cracks: See Cracking.

Crazes: See Crazing.

Crazing: Appearance of thin cracks on the surface ofthe material or, sometimes, minute frost-like internalcracks, as a result of stress that exceeds the strengthof the material, impact, temperature changes, degra-dation, etc. Also called Crazes.

Cross-linked Polyethylene: Polyethylene thermo-plastics partially photochemically or chemically cross-linked. Has improved tensile strength, dielectric prop-erties, and impact strength at low and elevated tem-peratures.

Cross-linking: Reaction of formation of covalentbonds between chain-like polymer molecules or be-tween polymer molecules and low-molecular com-pounds such as carbon black fillers. As a result ofcrossslinking, polymers, such as thermosetting resins,may become hard and infusible. Cross-linking is in-duced by heat, UV or electron-beam radiation, oxida-tion, etc. Cross-linking can be achieved either betweenpolymer molecules alone as in unsaturated polyestersor with the help of multifunctional cross-linking agentssuch as diamines that react with functional side groupsof the polymers. Cross-linking can be catalyzed bythe presence of transition metal complexes, thiols, andother compounds.

Crystal Polystyrene: See General Purpose Polysty-rene.

Crystalline Melting Point: The temperature of melt-ing of the crystallite phase of a crystalline polymer. Itis higher than the temperature of melting of the sur-rounding amorphous phase.

CTFE: See Polychlorotrifluoroethylene.

Cycle Time: See Processing Time.

Cyclic Compounds: A broad class of organic com-pounds consisting of carbon rings that are saturated,

partially unsaturated, or aromatic, in which some car-bon atoms may be replaced by other atoms such asoxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

D

d-Limonene: One of two optical isomers of limonene,a naturally occurring terpene closely related to iso-prene. Limonene is a colorless liquid that oxidizes tofilm in air. Derived from lemon, orange, and other es-sential oils. Used as flavoring, fragrance, solvent, andwetting agent.

DAP: See Diallyl Phthalate Resins.

Decoloration: Complete or partial loss of color of thematerial as a result of degradation or removal of col-ored substances present. Also called Decoloring.

Decoloring: See Decoloration.

Defects: See Processing Defects.

Deflection Temperature Under Load: See HeatDeflection Temperature.

Degradation: Loss or undesirable change in the prop-erties, such as color, of a material as a result of aging,chemical reaction, wear, exposure, etc. See also Sta-bility.

Diallyl Phthalate Resins: Thermosets supplied asdiallyl phthalate prepolymer or monomer. Has highchemical, heat and water resistance, dimensional sta-bility, and strength. Shrinks during peroxide curing.Processed by injection, compression, and transfermolding. Used in glass-reinforced tubing, auto parts,and electrical components. Also called DAP.

Diffusion: Spontaneous slow mixing of different sub-stances in contact without influence of external forces.

Diffusion Coefficient: Weight of a substance diffus-ing through a unit area in a unit time per a unit con-centration gradient. Also called Diffusivity.

Diffusivity: See Diffusion Coefficient.

Dihydric Alcohols: See Glycols.


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Dihydroxy Alcohols: See Glycols.

Dimethyl Ketone: See Acetone.

DIN 53122: A German Standards Institute (DeutschesInstitut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method fordetermining water vapor transmission of flat materi-als such as plastic film and sheeting.

DIN 53380: A German Standards Institute (DeutschesInstitut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method fordetermining gas permeability of flat materials such asplastic film and sheeting.

Discoloration: A change in color due to chemical orphysical changes in the material. Also called ColorChange.

Disperse Dyes: Nonionic dyes insoluble in water andused mainly as fine aqueous dispersions in dying ac-etate, polyester, and polyamide fibers. A large sub-class of disperse dyes comprises low-molecular-weightaromatic azo compounds with amino, hydroxy, andalkoxy groups that fix on fibers by forming van derWaals and hydrogen bonds.

Displacement: Process of removing one object, e.g.,a medium in an apparatus, or its part, and replacing itwith another. Also called Displacement Cycle.

Displacement Cycle: See Displacement.

E

ECTFE: See Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Co-polymer.

Embrittlement: A reduction or loss of ductility ortoughness in materials such as plastics resulting fromchemical or physical damage.

EPDM: See EPDM Rubber.

EPDM Rubber: Sulfur-vulcanizable thermosettingelastomers produced from ethylene, propylene, and asmall amount of nonconjugated diene such ashexadiene. Has good weatherability and chemical andheat resistance. Used as impact modifiers and forweather stripping, auto parts, cable insulation, con-veyor belts, hoses, and tubing. Also called EPDM.

Epoxides: Organic compounds containing three-mem-bered cyclic group(s) in which two carbon atoms arelinked with an oxygen atom as in an ether. This groupis called an epoxy group and is quite reactive, allow-ing the use of epoxides as intermediates in prepara-tion of certain fluorocarbons and cellulose derivativesand as monomers in preparation of epoxy resins. Alsocalled Epoxy Compounds.

Epoxies: See Epoxy Resins.

Epoxy Compounds: See Epoxides.

Epoxy Resins: Thermosetting polyethers containingcross-linkable glycidyl groups. Usually prepared bypolymerization of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrinor reacting phenolic novolaks with epichlorohydrin.Can be made unsaturated by acrylation. Unmodifiedvarieties are cured at room or elevated temperatureswith polyamines or anhydrides. Bisphenol A epoxyresins have excellent adhesion and very low shrink-age during curing. Cured novolak epoxies have goodUV stability and dielectric properties. Cured acrylatedepoxies have high strength and chemical resistance.Processed by molding, casting, coating, and lamina-tion. Used as protective coatings, adhesives, pottingcompounds, and binders in laminates and composites.Also called Epoxies.

EPR: See Ethylene Propene Rubber.

ETFE: See Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer.

Ethane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon)with two carbon atoms, CH3CH3. A colorless, odor-less, flammable gas. Relatively inactive chemically.Obtained from natural gas. Used in petrochemical syn-thesis and as fuel.

Ethanediol(1,2-): See Ethylene Glycol.

Ethanol: See Ethyl Alcohol.

Ethene: See Ethylene.

Ethers: A class of organic compounds in which anoxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atomsin a chain or a ring. Ethers are derived mainly by cata-lytic hydration of olefins. The lower molecular weightethers are dangerous fire and explosion hazards.

Note: Major types of ethers include aliphatic, cy-clic, and polymeric ethers.


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Ethyl Acetate: An ethyl ester of acetic acid,CH3CO2CH2CH3. A colorless, fragrant, flammableliquid (autoignition temperature, 426°C). Toxic by in-halation and skin absorption. Derived by catalytic es-terification of acetic acid with ethanol. Used as sol-vent in coatings and plastics, organic synthesis, artifi-cial flavors, and pharmaceuticals.

Ethyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH3CH2OH. Acolorless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignition tem-perature, 422°C). Toxic by ingestion at high concen-trations. Derived by catalytic hydration of ethylene,fermentation of biomass such as grain, or enzymatichydrolysis of cellulose. Used as automotive fuel ad-ditive, in alcoholic beverages, as solvent for resinsand oils, in organic synthesis, cleaning compositions,cosmetics, antifreeze, and antiseptic. Also called Etha-nol.

Ethylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocar-bon) with two carbon atoms, CH2= CH2. A colorless,highly flammable gas with sweet odor (autoignitiontemperature, 543°C). Derived by thermal cracking ofhydrocarbon gases or from synthesis gas. Used asmonomer in polymer synthesis, refrigerant, and anes-thetic. Also called Ethene.

Ethylene Acrylic Rubber: Copolymers of ethyleneand acrylic esters. Has good toughness, low tempera-ture properties, and resistance to heat, oil, and water.Used in auto and heavy equipment parts.

Ethylene Alcohol: See Ethylene Glycol.

Ethylene Copolymers: See Ethylene Polymers.

Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer: Thermoplas-tic copolymers of ethylene with < 40% methyl acry-late. Has good dielectric properties, toughness, ther-mal stability, stress crack resistance, and compatibil-ity with other polyolefins. Transparency decreaseswith increasing content of acrylate. Processed byblown film extrusion and blow and injection mold-ing. Used in heat-sealable films, disposable gloves,and packaging. Some grades are FDA-approved forfood packaging. Also called EMAC.

Ethylene Polymers: Ethylene polymers include eth-ylene homopolymers and copolymers with other un-saturated monomers, most importantly, olefins suchas propylene and polar substances such as vinyl ac-etate. The properties and uses of ethylene polymers

depend on the molecular structure and weight. Alsocalled ethylene copolymers.

Ethylene Propene Rubber: Stereospecific copoly-mers of ethylene with propylene. Used as impact modi-fiers for plastics. Also called EPR.

Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer: Thermo-plastic alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetra-fluoroethylene. Has good impact strength, abrasionand chemical resistance, weatherability, and dielec-tric properties. Processed by molding, extrusion, andpowder coating. Used in tubing, cables, pump parts,and tower packing in a wide temperature range. Alsocalled ETFE.

Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer: Thermoplasticsprepared by hydrolysis of ethylene-vinyl acetate poly-mers. Has good barrier properties, mechanicalstrength, gloss, elasticity, weatherability, clarity, andabrasion resistance. Barrier properties and process-ibility improve with increasing content of ethylene dueto lower absorption of moisture. Ethylene content ofhigh barrier grades range from 32 to 44 mol%. Pro-cessed by extrusion, coating, blow and blow filmmolding, and thermoforming. Used as packaging filmsand container liners. Also called EVOH.

Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer: A flexible ther-moplastic with water and chemical resistance and bar-rier properties similar to those of low-density poly-ethylene and enhanced adhesion, optics, toughness,and hot tack properties, compared to the latter. Con-tains 3–20% acrylic acid, with density and adhesionto polar substrates increasing with increasing acrylicacid content. FDA-approved for direct contact withfood. Processed by extrusion, blow, film methods, andextrusion molding, and extrusion coating. Used in rub-ber-like small parts such as pipe caps, hoses, gaskets,gloves, hospital sheeting, diaper liners, and packag-ing film.

EVOH: See Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer.

Extenders: Relatively inexpensive resin, plasticizer,or filler such as carbonate used to reduce cost and/orto improve processing of plastics, rubbers, or nonme-tallic coatings.

Extrusion Coating: Coating by extruding a layer ofmolten resin onto a substrate with sufficient pressureto bond. Used in coating paper and fabrics with


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polyolefins by extruding a web directly into the rollernip through which the substrate is passing.

Extrusion Temperature: Temperature of the moltenthermoplastic maintained in the extruder barrel dur-ing the extrusion by means of barrel heating and in-ternal friction of the melt pushed along by a screw ora ram. The temperature may vary along the length ofthe barrel.

F

FEP: See Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copoly-mer.

Fick’s First Law: A physics law that states that thevolume (V) of a penetrant, such as gas, that penetratesa barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A)of the wall, partial pressure differential (p) of the pen-etrant, and time (t); and inversely proportional to thewall thickness (s), if the wall is homogeneous in thedirection of penetration. The coefficient P in the equa-tion representing Fick’s first law, V = P · (A · p · t)/s,is the permeability coefficient.

Fireproofing Agent: See Flame Retardant.

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: A classof heterocyclic compounds containing rings that con-sist of five atoms.

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Nitrogen Com-pounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds contain-ing rings that consist of five atoms, some of which arenitrogen.

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Oxygen Compounds:A class of heterocyclic compounds containing ringsthat consist of five atoms, some of which are oxygen.

Flame Retardant: A substance that reduce the flam-mability of materials such as plastics or textiles inwhich it is incorporated. There are inorganic flameretardants such as antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) and or-ganic flame retardants such as brominated polyols. Themechanisms of flame retardation vary depending onthe nature of material and flame retardant. For ex-ample, some flame retardants yield a substantial vol-ume of coke on burning, which prevents oxygen from

reaching inside the material and blocks further com-bustion. Also called fireproofing agent, flame retar-dant chemical additives, and ignition resistant chemi-cal additives.

Flame Retardant Chemical Additives: See FlameRetardant.

Flaw: See Processing Defects.

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer: Ther-moplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene andhexafluoropropylene. Has decreased tensile strengthand wear and creep resistance, but good weatherabil-ity, dielectric properties, fire and chemical resistance,and friction. Decomposes above 204°C (400°F), re-leasing toxic products. Processed by molding, extru-sion, and powder coating. Used in chemical appara-tus liners, pipes, containers, bearings, films, coatings,and cables. Also called FEP.

Fluoro Rubber: See Fluoroelastomers.

Fluoroelastomers: Fluorine-containing synthetic rub-ber with good chemical and heat resistance. Used inunderhood applications such as fuel lines, oil and cool-ant seals, and fuel pumps, and as a flow additive forpolyolefins. Also called Fluoro Rubber.

Fluoroplastics: See Fluoropolymers.

Fluoropolymers: Polymers prepared from unsatur-ated fluorine-containing hydrocarbons. Has goodchemical resistance, weatherability, thermal stability,antiadhesive properties, low friction, and flammabil-ity, but low creep resistance, strength, and poorprocessibility. The properties vary with the fluorinecontent. Processed by extrusion and molding. Usedas liners in chemical apparatus, in bearings, films,coatings, and containers. Also called Fluoroplastics.

Fluorosilicones: Polymers with chains of alternatingsilicon and oxygen atoms and trifluoropropyl pendantgroups. Most are rubbers.

FMQ: See Methylfluorosilicones.

Formaldehyde: The simplest aldehyde, H2CO. Areadily polymerizable, toxic, skin irritating, carcino-genic gas with strong, pungent odor (autoignition tem-perature, 430°C). Derived by oxidation of methanol


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or low-boiling olefins. Used as monomer in manufac-ture of phenolic, acetal, and amino resins; as fertil-izer, disinfectant, reducing agent, biocide, sterilant,corrosion inhibitor; in wood products such as plywood,foam insulation, and organic synthesis as an interme-diate.

Fractional Melt Index Resin: Thermoplastics hav-ing a low melt index of < 1. These resins have highermolecular weights and are harder to extrude becauseof lower rate and greater force requirements comparedto the lower molecular weight resins. They are mainlyused for heavy duty applications such as pipe.

FTIR Analysis: See Fourier-transform infrared spec-trometry.

Furnace Black: The most common type of carbonblack made by burning vaporized heavy oil fractionsin a furnace with 50% of the air required for completecombustion. It comes in high abrasion, fast extrusion,high modulus, general purpose, semireinforcing, con-ducting, high elongation, reinforcing, and fast-extrud-ing grades, among others. Furnace black is widely usedas a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It rein-forces, increases the resistance to UV light, and re-duces static charging.

G

Gas Black: See Channel Black.

Gas Permeability Coefficient: A measure of gas per-meability of a barrier wall such as plastic film. Gaspermeability coefficient, P, is a coefficient in Fick’sfirst law that states that the volume (V) of a substancethat penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportionalto the area (A) of the wall, partial pressure differen-tial (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and inverselyproportional to the wall thickness (s), if the wall ishomogeneous in the direction of penetration. Gas per-meability coefficient depends on the test temperature.

General Purpose Polystyrene: General purpose poly-styrene is an amorphous thermoplastic prepared byhomopolymerization of styrene. Has good tensileand flexural strengths, high light transmission, ad-equate resistance to water, detergents, and inorganicchemicals. It is attached by hydrocarbons and has a

relatively low impact resistance. Processed by injec-tion molding and foam extrusion. Used to manufac-ture containers, health care items such as pipettes,kitchen and bathroom housewares, stereo and cameraparts, and foam sheets for food packaging. Also calledCrystal Polystyrene.

Glycols: Aliphatic alcohols with two hydroxy groupsattached to a carbon chain. Can be produced by oxi-dation of alkenes followed by hydration. Also calledDihydric Alcohols and Dihydroxy Alcohols.

H

H: See Hydrogen.

Halogen Compounds: A class of organic compoundscontaining halogen atoms such as chlorine. A simpleexample is halocarbons but many other subclasses withvarious functional groups and of different molecularstructure exist as well.

Halohydrins: Halogen compounds that contain a halo-gen atom(s) and a hydroxy (OH) group(s) attached toa carbon chain or ring. Can be prepared by reaction ofhalogens with alkenes in the presence of water or byreaction of halogens with triols. Halohydrins can beeasily dehydrochlorinated in the presence of a base togive an epoxy compound.

Hard Clays: Sedimentary rocks composed mainly offine clay mineral material without natural plasticity,or any compacted or indurated clay.

Haze: The percentage of transmitted light which, inpassing through a plastic specimen, deviates from theincident beam via forward scattering more that 2.5°on average (ASTM D883).

HDPE: See High Density Polyethylene.

HDT: See Heat Deflection Temperature.

He: See Helium.

Heat Seal Temperature: Temperature of a thermo-plastic film or sheet required to join two or more filmsor sheets in contact by fusion.


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Helium: A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, non-combustible monoatomic gas. Helium is often used tocharacterize permeability of polymeric films, as car-rier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shield inwelding, in electric bulbs such as neon, as heat-trans-fer medium, in lasers, and as a process environment.Also called He.

Henry’s Law: A law that states that the weight of thegas that dissolves in a given quantity of liquid is pro-portional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.The law holds true only for equilibrium conditions.

Heptane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon)with six carbon atoms, CH3(CH2)4CH3. A volatile, col-orless, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature,222°C). Toxic by inhalation. Obtained by fractionationof petroleum. Used as a solvent and in organic syn-thesis. Also called n-Heptane.

n-Heptane: See Heptane.

Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of cyclic com-pounds containing rings with some carbon atoms re-placed by other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and ni-trogen.

High Density Polyethylene: A linear polyethylenewith density 0.94–0.97 g/cm3. Has good toughness atlow temperatures, chemical resistance, dielectric prop-erties, and high softening temperature, but poor weath-erability. Processed by extrusion, blow and injectionmolding, and powder coating. Used in houseware con-tainers, food packaging, liners, cable insulation, pipes,bottles, and toys. Also called HDPE.

High Impact Polystyrene: See Impact Polystyrene.

High Molecular Weight Low Density Polyethylene:Thermoplastic with improved abrasion and stress crackresistance and impact strength, but poor processibilityand reduced tensile strength. Also called HMWLDPE.

HIPS: See Impact Polystyrene.

HMWLDPE: See High Molecular Weight Low Den-sity Polyethylene.

HotFill: A process in which containers are filled witha hot liquid. Containers suitable for hot filling shouldbe heat resistant. If they are made of plastic, it shouldbe of a hot-fill grade.

Hot Tack Strength: The force required to separate amolten seal in heat-sealable thermoplastic films. Itdetermines the rate at which the film can be sealed.Also called Ultimate Hot Tack Strength.

Hydrogen: A highly flammable diatomic gas, H2. Oc-curs on earth mainly in combined form, e.g., with oxy-gen in water (autoignition temperature, 580°C). De-rived by steam reforming, gasification of coal, andother methods. Used as hydrogenating and reducingagent in chemical processes and as rocket fuel. Alsocalled H.

Hydrophilic Starch Surface: See Hydrophilic Sur-face.

Hydrophilic Surface: Surface of a hydrophilic sub-stance that has a strong ability to bind, adsorb, or ab-sorb water; a surface that is readily wettable with water.Hydrophilic substances include carbohydrates such asstarch. Also called hydrophilic starch surface.

Hydroxy Compounds: A broad class of organic com-pounds that contain a hydroxy (OH) group(s) that isnot part of another functional group such as carboxy-lic group. Also called Hydroxyl-Containing Com-pounds.

Hydroxy Group: See Hydroxyl Group.

Hydroxyl Group: A combination of one atom of hy-drogen and one atom of oxygen, -OH, attached by asingle covalent bond to another atom, such as carbon,in a molecule of an organic or inorganic substance. Itis a characteristic group of alcohols and hydroxides.Hydroxyl groups on the surface of a material usuallymake it hydrophilic. Hydroxyl groups are quite reac-tive, e.g., they readily undergo etherification or es-terification. Also called Hydroxy Group.

Hydroxyl-Containing Compounds: See HydroxyCompounds.

I

Ignition Resistant Chemical Additives: See FlameRetardant.

Impact Polystyrene: A thermoplastic produced bypolymerizing styrene dissolved in butadiene rubber.


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Impact polystyrene has good dimensional stability, highrigidity, and good low temperature impact strength, butpoor barrier properties, grease resistance, and heat re-sistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding,thermoforming, and structural foam molding. Used infood packaging, kitchen housewares, toys, small ap-pliances, personal care items, and audio products. Alsocalled IPS, High Impact Polystyrene, HIPS, and Im-pact PS.

Inch of Mercury: See in Hg.

in Hg: An English unit of measurement of pressureequal to 3.3864 × 1e+04 dynes/cm2 or 249.089 pas-cals at 0°C (32°F). One inch of mercury is the pres-sure that would support a column of mercury of lengthone inch and density 12,595 kg/m3 under the standardacceleration of free fall. Used to denote the pressureof gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called Inch of Mer-cury.

Initial Tear Resistance: The force required to ini-tiate tearing of a flexible plastic film or thin sheetingat very low rates of loading, measured as maximumstress usually found at the onset of tearing. Also calledTear Resistance, initial.

Ionomers: Thermoplastics containing a relatively smallamount of pendant ionized acid groups. Has good flex-ibility and impact strength in a wide temperature range,puncture and chemical resistance, adhesion, and dielec-tric properties, but poor weatherability, fire resistance,and thermal stability. Processed by injection, blow, androtational molding, blown film extrusion, and extru-sion coating. Used in food packaging, auto bumpers,sporting goods, and foam sheets.

IPS: See Impact Polystyrene.

Isophthalate Polyester: An unsaturated polyesterbased on isophthalic acid.

Izod: See Izod Impact Energy.

Izod Impact: See Izod Impact Energy.

Izod Impact Energy: The energy required to break aspecimen equal to the difference between the en-ergy in the striking member of the Izod-type impactapparatus at the instant of impact and the energy re-maining after complete fracture of the specimen. Alsocalled Izod Impact, Izod Impact Strength, and Izod.

Izod Impact Strength: See Izod Impact Energy.

J

JIS Z0208: A Japanese Standards Association(Nippon Kikaku Kyokai) standard test method for de-termining water vapor transmission of flat materialssuch as plastic film and sheeting.

K

Kinetic Coefficient of Friction: The ratio of tangen-tial force, which is required to sustain motion withoutacceleration of one surface with respect to another, tothe normal force, which presses the two surfaces to-gether. Also called Coefficient of Friction, and Coef-ficient of Friction, kinetic.

L

Lamellar Injection Molding: Injection molding ofindividual thermoplastics or their blends, e.g., withliquid-crystal polymers, that produces a lamellar(platelike crystallite) skin texture of the molding fordecorative purposes or enhanced surface properties.

LCP: See Liquid Crystal Polymers.

LDPE: See Low Density Polyethylene.

Linear Low Density Polyethylene: Linear polyeth-ylenes with density 0.91–0.94 g/cm3. Has better ten-sile, tear, and impact strength, and crack resistanceproperties, but poorer haze and gloss than branchedlow-density polyethylene. Processed by extrusion atincreased pressure and higher melt temperatures com-pared to branched low-density polyethylene, and bymolding. Used to manufacture film, sheet, pipe, elec-trical insulation, liners, bags, and food wraps. Alsocalled LLDPE, and LLDPE Resin.

Linear Polyethylenes: Linear polyethylenes arepolyolefins with linear carbon chains. They are pre-pared by copolymerization of ethylene with smallamounts of higher α-olefins such as 1-butene. Linearpolyethylenes are stiff, tough, and have good resis-tance to environmental cracking and low temperatures.


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Processed by extrusion and molding. Used to manu-facture film, bags, containers, liners, profiles, and pipe.

Liquid Crystal Polymers: Thermoplastic aromaticcopolyesters with highly ordered structure. Has goodtensile and flexural properties at high temperatures,chemical, radiation and fire resistance, and weather-ability. Processed by sintering and injection molding.Used to substitute ceramics and metals in electricalcomponents, electronics, chemical apparatus, andaerospace and auto parts. Also called LCP.

LLDPE: See Linear Low Density Polyethylene.

LLDPE Resin: See Linear Low Density Polyethyl-ene.

Low Density Polyethylene: A branched-chain ther-moplastic with density 0.91–0.94 g/cm3. Has good im-pact strength, flexibility, transparency, chemical re-sistance, dielectric properties, and low water perme-ability and brittleness temperature, but poor heat, stresscracking, fire resistance, and weatherability. Processedby extrusion coating, injection and blow molding, andfilm extrusion. Can be cross-linked. Used in packag-ing and shrink films, toys, bottle caps, cable insula-tion, and coatings. Also called LDPE.

M

Macroscopic Properties: See Thermodynamic Prop-erties.

Mass Spectrometry: A method of substance struc-ture analysis based on sending an ionized beam of sub-stance molecules or molecular fragments through amagnetic field to achieve a separation depending onthe mass-electric charge ratio of the particles.

MBT: See 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole.

Mechanical Properties: Properties describing the re-action of physical systems to stress and strain.

Melamine Resins: Thermosetting resins prepared bycondensation of formaldehyde with melamine. Havegood hardness, scratch and fire resistance, clarity, col-orability, rigidity, dielectric properties, and tensilestrength, but poor impact strength. Molding gradesare filled. Processed by compression, transfer, and

injection molding, impregnation, and coating. Used incosmetic containers, appliances, tableware, electricalinsulators, furniture laminates, adhesives, and coatings.

Mercaptobenzothiazole (2-): A nitrogen- and sulfur-containing polyheterocyclic organic thiol used as vul-canization accelerator for rubber. Requires zinc oxideas an activator. Its vulcanizates have a good aging re-sistance. A yellowish powder with distinctive odor.Combustible. Also called MBT.

Methane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocar-bon) with one carbon atom, CH4. A colorless, odor-less, highly flammable gas (autoignition temperature,537°C). Reacts with chlorine in light. Occurs as natu-ral and coal gas. Can be obtained synthetically from amixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen from steamtreatment of hot coal. Used in petrochemical synthe-sis, for manufacture of carbon black and chlorinatedsolvents, and as fuel.

Methanol: See Methyl Alcohol.

Methyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH3OH. A col-orless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignition point,464°C). Toxic by ingestion. Derived by catalytic hy-drogenation of carbon monoxide, oxidation of natu-ral gas, or gasification of wood. Used as fuel, as sol-vent for cellulosic and other resins, and in organicsynthesis for manufacture of formaldehyde and pro-teins. Also called Methanol.

Methylfluorosilicones: Silicone rubbers containingpendant fluorine and methyl groups. Has good chemi-cal and heat resistance. Used in gasoline lines, gas-kets, and seals. Also called FMQ.

Methylphenylsilicones: Silicone rubbers containingpendant phenyl and methyl groups. Has good resis-tance to heat, oxidation, and radiation, and compat-ibility with plastics.

Methylsilicone: Silicone rubbers containing pendantmethyl groups. Has good heat and oxidation resistance.Used in electrical insulation and coatings. Also calledMQ.

Methylvinylfluorosilicone: Silicone rubbers contain-ing pendant vinyl, methyl, and fluorine groups. Canbe additionally cross-linked via vinyl groups. Has goodresistance to petroleum products at elevated tempera-tures.


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Methylvinylsilicone: Silicone rubbers containing pen-dant methyl and vinyl groups. Can be additionallycross-linked via vinyl groups. Vulcanized to high de-grees of cross-linking. Used in sealants, adhesives,coatings, cables, gaskets, tubing, and electrical tape.

Micron: A unit of length equal to 1E-06 meter. Itssymbol is Greek small letter mu (µ) or µm.

Migration: A mass-transfer process in which the mat-ter moves from one place to another usually in a slowand spontaneous fashion. In plastics and coatings,migration of pigments, fillers, plasticizers and otheringredients via diffusion or floating to the surface orthrough interface to other materials results in variousdefects called blooming, chalking, bronzing, flooding,bleeding, etc.

Mineral Acid: An inorganic, usually strong, acid suchas sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Mineral Salt Medium: A corrosive medium such asaqueous solution, containing mineral or inorganic saltsuch as sodium chloride (NaCl). Used in material test-ing, especially of anticorrosive properties.

Modified Polyphenylene Ether: Thermoplasticpolyphenylene ether alloys with impact polystyrene.Has good impact strength, resistance to heat and fire,but poor resistance to solvents. Processed by injec-tion and structural foam molding and extrusion. Usedin auto parts, appliances, and telecommunication de-vices. Also called MPE, MPO, and Modified Poly-phenylene Oxide.

Modified Polyphenylene Oxide: See ModifiedPolyphenylene Ether.

Molding Defects: Structural and other defects in ma-terial caused inadvertently during molding by usingwrong tooling, process parameters, or ingredients.Also called molding flaw. See also Design, etc. Usu-ally preventable.

Molding Flaw: See Molding Defects.

Molecular Weight: The sum of the atomic weightsof all atoms in a molecule. Also called MW.

Molecular Weight Distribution: The relativeamounts of polymeric molecules of different weightsin a specimen.

Note: The molecular weight distribution can be ex-pressed in terms of the ratio between weight- and num-ber-average molecular weights. Also called Polydis-persity, MWD, and Molecular Weight Ratio.

Molecular Weight Ratio: See Molecular Weight Dis-tribution.

MPE: See Modified Polyphenylene ether.

MPO: See Modified Polyphenylene ether.

MQ: See Methylsilicone.

Mulch Film: A film, usually dark colored PVC film,used instead of mulch in agriculture, e.g., to preventfruit rot, runners, and weed growth in cultivation ofstrawberrys.

Multilayer Film: A thermoplastic film consisting oftwo or more different or similar films jointed together,e.g., by co-extrusion or lamination, to attain specialproperties uncharacteristic for a conventional film.

MW: See Molecular Weight.

MWD: See Molecular Weight Distribution.

N

N: See Nitrogen.

Neoprene Rubber: Polychloroprene rubbers withgood resistance to petroleum products, heat, ozone,weatherability, and toughness.

Nitrile Rubber: Rubbers prepared by free-radical po-lymerization of acrylonitrile with butadiene. Has goodresistance to petroleum products, heat, and abrasion.Used in fuel hoses, shoe soles, gaskets, oil seals, andadhesives.

Nitroarylamine: A class of aromatic amines contain-ing benzene ring(s) with nitro (NO2 groupsubstituent(s), such as nitroanline (O2NC6H4NH2).Used as organic intermediates (e.g., in dye synthesis)and antioxidants in propellants and plastics.

Nitrogen: A colorless, odorless, combustible diatomicgas, N2. The major component (about 78 vol%) of


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earth’s atmosphere. Derived from air by fractionation.Used in organic and inorganic synthesis, as inert me-dium, for food freezing and freeze drying, as foodantioxidant, in fertilizers and as a pressurizing gas.Also called N.

Nonelastomeric Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: SeeRigid Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

Nonelastomeric Thermosetting Polyurethane: Cur-able mixtures of isocyanate prepolymers or monomers.Has good abrasion resistance and low-temperaturestability, but poor heat, fire, and solvent resistance andweatherability. Processed by reaction injection andstructural foam molding, casting, potting, encapsula-tion, and coating. Used in heat insulation, auto panelsand trim, and housings for electronic devices.

Notch effect: The effect of the presence of specimennotch or its geometry on the outcome of a test such asan impact strength test of plastics. Notching results inlocal stresses and accelerates failure in both static andcycling testing (mechanical, ozone cracking, etc.).

Nylon: Thermoplastic polyamides often prepared byring-opening polymerization of lactam. Has good re-sistance to most chemicals, abrasion, and creep, goodimpact and tensile strengths, barrier properties, andlow friction, but poor resistance to moisture and light.Has high mold shrinkage. Processed by injection, blow,and rotational molding, extrusion, and powder coat-ing. Used in fibers, auto parts, electrical devices, gears,pumps, appliance housings, cable jacketing, pipes, andfilms.

Nylon 11: Thermoplastic polymer of 11-aminoun-decanoic acid. Has good impact strength, hardness,abrasion resistance, processability, and dimensionalstability. Processed by powder coating, rotationalmolding, extrusion, and injection molding. Used inelectric insulation, tubing, profiles, bearings, and coat-ings.

Nylon 12: Thermoplastic polymer of lauric lactam.Has good impact strength, hardness, abrasion resis-tance, and dimensional stability. Processed by pow-der coating, rotational molding, extrusion, and injec-tion molding. Used in sporting goods and auto parts.

Nylon 46: Thermoplastic copolymer of 2-pyrrolidoneand caprolactam.

Nylon 6: Thermoplastic polymer of caprolactam. Hasgood weldability and mechanical properties but rap-idly picks up moisture which results in strength losses.Processed by injection, blow, and rotational moldingand extrusion. Used in fibers, tire cord, and machineparts.

Nylon 610: Thermoplastic polymer of hexameth-ylenediamine and sebacic acid. Has decreased melt-ing point and water absorption and good retention ofmechanical properties. Processed by injection mold-ing and extrusion. Used in fibers and machine parts.

Nylon 612: Thermoplastic polymer of 1,12-dode-canedioic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Has gooddimensional stability, low moisture absorption, andgood retention of mechanical properties. Processed byinjection molding and extrusion. Used in wire jack-ets, cable sheath, packaging film, fibers, bushings, andhousings.

Nylon 66: Thermoplastic polymer of adipic acid andhexamethylenediamine. Has good tensile strength,elasticity, toughness, heat resistance, abrasion resis-tance, and solvent resistance, but low weatherabilityand color resistance. Processed by injection moldingand extrusion. Used in fibers, bearings, gears, rollers,and wire jackets.

Nylon 6/66: Thermoplastic polymer of adipic acid,caprolactam, and hexamethylenediamine. Has goodstrength, toughness, abrasion, and fatigue resistance,and low friction, but high moisture absorption and lowdimensional stability. Processed by injection moldingand extrusion. Used in electrical devices and auto andmechanical parts.

Nylon MXD6: Thermoplastic polymer of m-xyly-leneadipamide. Has good flexural strength and chemi-cal resistance but decreased tensile strength.

O

O: See Oxygen.

Olefin Resins: See Polyolefins.

Olefinic Resins: See Polyolefins.


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Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers: Blends ofEPDM or EP rubbers with polypropylene or polyeth-ylene, optionally cross-linked. Has low density, gooddielectric and mechanical properties, and processibilitybut low oil resistance and high flammability. Processedby extrusion, injection and blow molding,thermoforming, and calendering. Used in auto parts,construction, wire jackets, and sporting goods. Alsocalled TPO.

OPP: See Oriented Polypropylene.

Organic Compounds: See Halogen Compounds.Also called Organic Substances.

Organic Substances: See Organic Compounds.

Orientation: A process of drawing or stretching ofas-spun synthetic fibers or hot thermoplastic films toorient polymer molecules in the direction of stretch-ing. The fibers are drawn uniaxially and the films arestretched either uni-axially or bi-axially (usually lon-gitudinally or longitudinally and transversely, respec-tively). Oriented fibers and films have enhanced me-chanical properties. The films will shrink in the di-rection of stretching, when reheated to the tempera-ture of stretching.

Oriented Polypropylene: A grade of polypropylenefilm hot stretched uni-axially or bi-axially (usually lon-gitudinally or longitudinally and transversely, respec-tively) to orient polymer molecules in the direction ofstretching. Oriented films have enhanced mechanicalproperties. They will shrink in the direction of stretch-ing when reheated, e.g., during heat sealing. Alsocalled OPP.

Oxazolines: Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings in which one carbon is replaced withan oxygen atom and another with a nitrogen atom.Oxazolines are colorless liquids soluble in organic sol-vents and water. Used as intermediates, e.g., in syn-thesis of surfactants.

Oxygen: A colorless, odorless diatomic gas, O2. Amajor component (about 20 vol%) of earth’s atmo-sphere, it is required for cellular respiration and ac-tively supports combustion. Derived mainly by pass-ing air through a molecular sieve to remove nitrogen.Used in metallurgy, synthetic gas manufacture, as oxi-dizing agent for rocket fuel, in wastewater treatment,in medicine, and coal gasification. Also called O.

Ozone: An allotropic form of oxygen, O3. Unstablegas formed naturally, in air by lightening, in strato-sphere by the UV portion of solar radiation, or formedas a result of combustion of fossil fuels, i.e., in ex-haust gases from automobiles. O3 is an active oxidiz-ing agent that accelerates deterioration of rubber.

P

Pa: See Pascal.

PABM: See Polyaminobismaleimide resins.

Paraffinic Plasticizer: Plasticizers for plastics com-prising liquid or solid long-chain alkanes or paraffins(saturated linear or branched hydrocarbons).

Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exertedby a gas in a gas mixture if it were present alone.

Parts Per Hundred: A relative unit of concentration,parts of one substance per 100 parts of another. Partscan be measured by weight, volume, count, or anyother suitable unit of measure. Used often to denotecomposition of a blend or mixture, such as plastic, interms of the parts of a minor ingredient, such as plas-ticizer, per 100 parts of a major, such as resin. Alsocalled phr.

Parts Per Hundred Million: A relative unit of con-centration, parts of one substance per 100 million partsof another. Parts can be measured by weight, volume,count, or any other suitable unit of measure. Used of-ten to denote very small concentration of a substance,such as impurity or toxin, or in a medium, such as air.Also called pphm.

Parylene: Thermoplastics made by vapor-phase po-lymerization of p-xylene. Hot p-xylene vapors arecooled to condense the monomer and deposit it as apolymer in the form of a thin, uniform coating on asubstrate such as paper or fabric.

Pascal: An SI unit of measurement of pressure equalto the pressure resulting from a force of one newtonacting uniformly over an area of one square meter.Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, or liq-uids and the strength of solids. Also called Pa.

PBI: See Polybenzimidazoles.


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PBT: See Polybutylene Terephthalate.

PC: See Polycarbonates.

PCT: See Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephtha-late.

PCTG: See Glycol Modified Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate.

PE Copolymer: See Polyethylene Copolymer.

PEEK: See Polyetheretherketone.

PEI: See Polyetherimides.

PEK: See Polyetherketone.

Pendant Aromatic Rings: Aromatic (conjugated un-saturated rings such as those of benzene, C6H6) ringsattached to the main chain of a polymer molecule.

Penetrant: A substance such as gas that penetrates oris capable of penetrating through another substance,usually a solid barrier wall such as plastic film. Alsocalled Permeant.

Pentaerythritol: A polyol, C(CH2OH)4, prepared byreaction of acetaldehyde with an excess formaldehydein alkaline medium. Used as plasticizer and as mono-mer in alkyd resins.

Perchloroethylene: See Tetrachloroethylene.

Perfluoroalkoxy Resins: Thermoplastic polymers ofperfluoroalkoxyethylenes. Has good creep, heat, andchemical resistance and processibility but low com-pressive and tensile strengths. Processed by molding,extrusion, rotational molding, and powder coating.Used in films, coatings, pipes, containers, and chemi-cal apparatus linings. Also called PFA.

Perm: An English unit of measurement of permeabil-ity of material in terms of the permeability coefficient.It is equal to the volume of penetrant in cubic feet thatpenetrates an area of one square foot of a barrier wallone foot thick per day at a pressure differential of onepound-force per square inch.

Permanent Gas: Gases that become liquid at pres-sures and temperatures far from normal (1 atm and

0°C, respectively). These gases include air, oxygen,argon, and carbon dioxide.

Permeant: See Penetrant.

PES: See Polyethersulfone.

PET See Polyethylene terephthalate.

PETG: See Polycyclohexylenedimethylene EthyleneTerephthalate.

PFA: See Perfluoroalkoxy Resins.

Phase Transition: See Phase Transition Properties.

Phase Transition Point: The temperature at which aphase transition occurs in a physical system such asmaterial.

Note: An example of phase transition is glass tran-sition. Also called Phase Transition Temperature,Transition Point, and Transition Temperature.

Phase Transition Properties: Properties of physicalsystems such as materials associated with their tran-sition from one phase to another, e.g., from liquid tosolid phase. Also called Phase Transition.

Phase Transition Temperature: See Phase Transi-tion Point.

Phenolic Resins: Thermoset polymers of phenols withexcess or deficiency of aldehydes, mainly formalde-hyde, to give resole or novolak resins, respectively.Heat-cured resins have good dielectric properties,hardness, thermal stability, rigidity, and compressivestrength, but poor chemical resistance and dark color.Processed by coating, potting, compression, transfer,or injection molding and extrusion. Used in coatings,adhesives, potting compounds, handles, electrical de-vices, and auto parts.

phr: See Parts Per Hundred.

Phthalocyanine: A nitrogen-containing heterocyclicorganic compound, (C6H4C2N)2(C6H4C2NH)2N4, be-longing to the group of benzoporphyrins and compris-ing four isoindole groups jointed by four nitrogen at-oms. Readily forms salt complexes with copper, chro-mium, iron, etc., that are important green and bluedyes and pigments. Has high light and chemical sta-bility. Used in coatings, plastics, and textiles.


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PI: See Polyimides.

Plasticizer: A substance incorporated into a materialsuch as plastic or rubber to increase its softness,processability, and flexibility via solvent or lubricat-ing action or by lowering its molecular weight. Plasti-cizers can lower melt viscosity, improve flow and in-crease low-temperature resilience of material. Mostplasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids or low-melting-point solids, such as dioctyl phthalate orstearic acid. They have to be non-bleeding, nontoxic,and compatible with material. Sometimes plasticizersplay a dual role as stabilizers or cross-linkers.

Plastics: See Polymers.

PMMA: See Polymethyl Methacrylate.

PMP: See Polymethylpentene.

Polyacrylates: See Acrylic Resins.

Polyallomer: Crystalline thermoplastic block copoly-mers of ethylene, propylene, and other olefins. Hasgood impact strength, flex life, and low density.

Polyamide Thermoplastic Elastomers: Copolymerscontaining soft polyether and hard polyamide blocks.Has good chemical, abrasion, and heat resistance, im-pact strength, and tensile properties. Processed by in-jection and blow molding and extrusion. Used in sport-ing goods, auto parts, and electrical devices. Alsocalled Polyamide TPE.

Polyamide TPE: See Polyamide Thermoplastic Elas-tomers.

Polyamides: Thermoplastic aromatic or aliphaticpolymers of dicarboxylic acids and diamines, of aminoacids, or of lactams. Has good mechanical properties,chemical resistance, and antifriction properties. Pro-cessed by extrusion and molding. Used in fibers andmolded parts. Also called PA.

Polyaminobismaleimide Resins: Thermoset poly-mers of aromatic diamines and bismaleimides. Hasgood flow and thermochemical properties and flameand radiation resistance. Processed by casting andcompression molding. Used in aircraft parts and elec-trical devices. Also called PABM.

Polyarylamides: Thermoplastic crystalline polymersof aromatic diamines and aromatic dicarboxylic an-hydrides. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resistance,property retention at high temperatures, dielectric andmechanical properties, and stiffness, but poor light re-sistance and processibility. Processed by solution cast-ing, molding, and extrusion. Used in films, fibers, andmolded parts.

Polyarylsulfone: Thermoplastic aromatic polyether-polysulfone. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resis-tance, impact strength, resistance to environmentalstress cracking, dielectric properties, and rigidity. Pro-cessed by injection and compression molding and ex-trusion. Used in circuit boards, lamp housings, pip-ing, and auto parts.

Polybenzimidazoles: Mainly polymers of 3,3',4,4'-tetraminonbiphenyl (diaminobenzidine) and diphenylisophthalate. Has good heat, fire, and chemical resis-tance. Used as coatings and fibers in aerospace andother high-temperature applications. Also called PBI.

Polybutylene Terephthalate: Thermoplastic polymerof dimethyl terephthalate and butanediol. Has goodtensile strength, dielectric properties, and chemical andwater resistance, but poor impact strength and heatresistance. Processed by injection and blow molding,extrusion, and thermoforming. Used in auto body parts,electrical devices, appliances, and housings. Alsocalled PBT.

Polycarbodiimide: Polymers containing -N= C= N-linkages in the main chain, typically formed by cata-lyzed polycondensation of polyisocyanates. They areused to prepare open-celled foams with superior ther-mal stability. Sterically hindered polycarbodiimidesare used as hydrolytic stabilizers for polyester-basedurethane elastomers.

Polycarbonate: See Polycarbonates.

Polycarbonate Polyester Alloys: High-performancethermoplastics processed by injection and blow mold-ing. Used in auto parts.

Polycarbonate resins: See Polycarbonates.

Polycarbonates: Polycarbonates are thermoplasticsprepared by either phosgenation of dihydric aromaticalcohols such as bisphenol A or by transesterification


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of these alcohols with carbonates, e.g., diphenyl car-bonate. Polycarbonates consist of chains with repeat-ing carbonyldioxy groups and can be aliphatic or aro-matic. Has very good mechanical properties, especiallyimpact strength, low moisture absorption and goodthermal and oxidative stability. They are self-extin-guishing and some grades are transparent. Polycar-bonates have relatively low chemical resistance andresistance to stress cracking. Processed by injectionand blow molding, extrusion, and thermoforming atrelatively high processing temperatures. Used in tele-phone parts, dentures, business machine housings,safety equipment, nonstaining dinnerware, food pack-aging, etc. Also called Polycarbonate, PC, and Poly-carbonate Resins.

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene: Thermoplastic polymerof chlorotrifluoroethylene. Has good transparency, bar-rier properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance,modest dielectric properties and solvent resistance, andpoor processibility. Processed by extrusion, injectionand compression molding, and coating. Used in chemi-cal apparatus, low-temperature seals, films, and inter-nal lubricants. Also called CTFE.

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Tereph-thalate: Thermoplastic polymer of cyclohexylene-dimethylenediol, ethylene glycol, and terephthalicacid. Has good clarity, stiffness, hardness, and low-temperature toughness. Processed by injection andblow molding and extrusion. Used in containers forcosmetics and foods, packaging film, medical devices,machine guards, and toys. Also called PETG.

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate:Thermoplastic polymer of cyclohexylenedimeth-ylenediol and terephthalic acid. Has good heat resis-tance. Processed by molding and extrusion. Also calledPCT.

Polydispersity: See Molecular Weight Distribution.

Polyester Resins: See Polyesters.

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers: Copolymerscontaining soft polyether and hard polyester blocks.Has good dielectric strength, chemical and creep re-sistance, dynamic performance, appearance, and re-tention of properties in a wide temperature range, butpoor light resistance. Processed by injection, blow,and rotational molding, extrusion casting, and film

blowing. Used in electrical insulation, medical prod-ucts, auto parts, and business equipment. Also calledPolyester TPE.

Polyester TPE: See Polyester Thermoplastic Elas-tomers.

Polyesters: A broad class of polymers usually madeby condensation of a diol with dicarboxylic acid oranhydride. Polyesters consist of chains with repeat-ing carbonyloxy group and can be aliphatic or aro-matic. There are thermosetting polyesters, such asalkyd resins and unsaturated polyesters, and thermo-plastic polyesters such as PET. The properties, pro-cessing methods, and applications of polyesters varywidely. Also called polyester resins.

Polyetheretherketone: Semi-crystalline thermoplas-tic aromatic polymer. Has good chemical, heat, fire,and radiation resistance, toughness, rigidity, bearingstrength, and processibility. Processed by injectionmolding, spinning, cold forming, and extrusion. Usedin fibers, films, auto engine parts, aerospace compos-ites, and electrical insulation. Also called PEEK.

Polyetherimides: Thermoplastic cyclized polymersof aromatic diether dianhydrides and aromatic di-amine. Has good chemical, creep, and heat resistance,and dielectric properties. Processed by extrusion,thermoforming, and compression, injection, and blowmolding. Used in auto parts, jet engines, surgical in-struments, industrial apparatus, food packaging, cook-ware, and computer disks. Also called PEI.

Polyetherketone: Thermoplastic; has good heat andchemical resistance and thermal stability. Used in ad-vanced composites, wire coating, filters, integratedcircuit boards, and bearings. Also called PEK.

Polyethersulfone: Thermoplastic aromatic polymer;has good heat and fire resistance, transparency, dielec-tric properties, dimensional stability, rigidity, andtoughness, but poor solvent and stress cracking resis-tance, processibility, and weatherability. Processed byinjection, blow, and compression molding and extru-sion. Used in high temperature applications, electri-cal devices, medical devices, housings, and aircraftand auto parts. Also called PES.

Polyethylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic polymersof ethylene with other olefins such as propylene.


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Processed by molding and extrusion. Also called PECopolymer.

Polyethylene Terephthalate: Thermoplastic polymerof ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid. Has goodhardness, wear and chemical resistance, dimensionalstability, and dielectric properties. High-crystallinitygrades have good tensile strength and heat resistance.Processed by injection and blow molding and extru-sion. Used in fibers, food packaging (films, bottles,trays), magnetic tapes, and photo films. Also calledPET.

Polyimides: Thermoplastic aromatic cyclized poly-mers of trimellitic anhydride and aromatic diamine.Has good tensile strength, dimensional stability, di-electric and barrier properties, and creep, impact, heat,and fire resistance, but poor processibility. Processedby compression and injection molding, powder sin-tering, film casting, and solution coating. Thermosetuncyclized polymers are heat curable and have goodprocessability. Processed by transfer and injectionmolding, lamination, and coating. Used in jet engines,compressors, sealing coatings, auto parts, and busi-ness machines. Also called PI.

Polymer Chain Unsaturation: See ChemicalUnsaturation.

Polymers: High-molecular-weight organic or inor-ganic compounds, the molecules comprise linear,branched, cross-linked, or otherwise shaped chains ofrepeating molecular groups. Synthetic polymers areprepared by polymerization of one or more monomers.The monomers are low-molecular-weight substanceswith one or more reactive bonds or functional groups.Also called resins, plastics.

Polymethyl Methacrylate: Thermoplastic polymer ofmethyl methacrylate.Has good transparency, weather-ability, impact strength, and dielectric properties. Pro-cessed by compression and injection molding, casting,and extrusion. Used in lenses, sheets, airplane cano-pies, signs, and lighting fixtures. Also called PMMA.

Polymethylpentene: Thermoplastic stereoregularpolyolefin obtained by polymerizing 4-methyl-1-pentene based on dimerization of propylene; has lowdensity, good transparency, rigidity, dielectric and ten-sile properties, and heat and chemical resistance. Pro-cessed by injection and blow molding and extrusion.

Used in laboratory ware, coated paper, light fixtures,auto parts, and electrical insulation. Also called PMP.

Polyolefin Resins: See Polyolefins.

Polyolefins: A broad class of hydrocarbon-chain elas-tomers or thermoplastics usually prepared by addition(co)polymerization of alkenes such as ethylene. Thereare branched and linear polyolefins and some arechemically or physically modified. Unmodifiedpolyolefins have relatively low thermal stability anda nonporous, nonpolar surface with poor adhesiveproperties. Processed injection, blow, and rotationalmolding and extrusion. Polyolefins are used more andhave more applications than any other polymers. Alsocalled Olefinic Resins, Olefin Resins, and PolyolefinResins.

Polyphenylene Ether Nylon Alloys: Thermoplastics;has improved heat and chemical resistance and tough-ness. Processed by molding and extrusion. Used inauto body parts.

Polyphenylene Sulfide: High-performance engineer-ing thermoplastic; has good chemical, water, fire, andradiation resistance, dimensional stability, and dielec-tric properties, but decreased impact strength and poorprocessibility. Processed by injection, compression,and transfer molding and extrusion. Used in hydrau-lic components, bearings, electronic parts, appliances,and auto parts. Also called PPS.

Polyphenylene Sulfide Sulfone: Thermoplastic; hasgood heat, fire, creep, and chemical resistance anddielectric properties. Processed by injection molding.Used in electrical devices. Also called PPSS.

Polyphthalamide: Thermoplastic polymer of aro-matic diamine and phthalic anhydride. Has good heat,chemical, and fire resistance, impact strength, reten-tion of properties at high temperatures, dielectric prop-erties, and stiffness, but decreased light resistance andpoor processibility. Processed by solution casting,molding, and extrusion. Used in films, fibers, andmolded parts. Also called PPA.

Polypropylene: Thermoplastic polymer of propylene.Has low density and good flexibility and resistance tochemicals, abrasion, moisture, and stress cracking,but decreased dimensional stability, mechanicalstrength, and light, fire, and heat resistance. Processedby injection molding, spinning, and extrusion. Used


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in fibers and films for adhesive tapes and packaging.Also called PP.

Polypyrrole: A polymer of pyrrole, a five-memberedheterocyclic substance with one nitrogen and fourcarbon atoms and with two double bonds. The poly-mer can be prepared via electrochemical polymeriza-tion. Polymers thus prepared are doped by electrolyteanion and are electrically conductive. Polypyrrole isused in lightweight secondary batteries, as electromag-netic interference shielding, anodic coatings,photoconductors, solar cells, and transistors.

Polystyrene: Thermoplastics produced by polymer-ization of styrene with or without modification (e.g.,by copolymerization or blending) to make impact re-sistant or expandable grades. Has good rigidity, highdimensional stability, low moisture absorption, opti-cal clarity, high gloss, and good dielectric properties.Unmodified polystyrenes have poor impact strengthand resistance to solvents, heat and UV radiation. Pro-cessed by injection molding, extrusion, compressionmolding, and foam molding. Used widely in medicaldevices, housewares, food packaging, electronics, andfoam insulation. Also called Polystyrenes, PS, andPolystyrol.

Polystyrenes: See Polystyrene.

Polystyrol: See Polystyrene.

Polysulfones: Thermoplastics, often aromatic withether linkages; has good heat, fire, and creep resis-tance, dielectric properties, transparency, but poorweatherability, processibility, and stress cracking re-sistance. Processed by injection, compression, andblow molding and extrusion. Used in appliances, elec-tronic devices, auto parts, and electric insulators. Alsocalled PSO.

Polytetrafluoroethylene: Thermoplastic polymer oftetrafluoroethylene; has good dielectric properties,chemical, heat, abrasion, and fire resistance,antiadhesive properties, impact strength, and weath-erability, but decreased strength, processibility, bar-rier properties, and creep resistance. Processed by sin-ter molding and powder coating. Used in nonstickcoatings, chemical apparatus, electrical devices, bear-ings, and containers. Also called PTFE.

Polyurethane Resins: See Polyurethanes.

Polyurethanes: A broad class of polymers consistingof chains with a repeating urethane group, preparedby condensation of polyisocyanates with polyols, e.g.,polyester or polyether diols. PUs may be thermoplas-tic or thermosetting, elastomeric or rigid, cellular orsolid, and offer a wide range of properties dependingon composition and molecular structure. Has high abra-sion resistance, good retention of properties at low tem-peratures, and good foamability, but poor heat resis-tance, weatherability, and resistance to solvents. PUsare flammable and can release toxic substances. Ther-moplastic PUs are not cross-linked and are processedby injection molding and extrusion. Thermosetting PUscan be cured at relatively low temperatures and givefoams with good heat insulating properties. They areprocessed by reaction injection molding, rigid and flex-ible foam methods, casting, and coating. PUs are usedin load bearing rollers and wheels, acoustic clampingmaterials, sporting goods, seals and gaskets, heat in-sulation, potting, and encapsulation. Also calledPUR, PU, Urethane Polymers, Urethane Resins, Ure-thanes, and Polyurethane Resins.

Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic polymer of vinylchloride, available in rigid and flexible forms. Hasgood dimensional stability, fire resistance, and weath-erability, but decreased heat and solvent resistance andhigh density. Processed by injection and blow mold-ing, calendering, extrusion, and powder coating. Usedin films, fabric coatings, wire insulation, toys, bottles,and pipes. Also called PVC.

Polyvinyl Fluoride: Crystalline thermoplastic poly-mer of vinyl fluoride; has good toughness, flexibility,weatherability, and low-temperature and abrasion re-sistance. Processed by film techniques. Used in pack-aging, glazing, and electrical devices. Also called PVF.

Polyvinylidene Chloride: Stereoregular thermoplas-tic polymer of vinylidene chloride; has good abrasionand chemical resistance and barrier properties. Vi-nylidene chloride (VDC) content always exceeds 50%.Processed by molding and extrusion. Used in foodpackaging films, bag liners, pipes, upholstery, fibers,and coatings. Also called PVDC.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride: Thermoplastic polymer ofvinylidene fluoride; has good strength, processibility,wear, fire, solvent, and creep resistance, and weath-erability, but decreased dielectric properties andheat resistance. Processed by injection and transfer


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molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in elec-trical insulation, pipes, chemical apparatus, coatings,films, containers, and fibers. Also called PVDF.

PP: See Polypropylene.

PPA: See Polyphthalamide.

pphm: See Parts Per Hundred Million.

ppm: A unit for measuring small concentrations ofmaterial or substance as the number of its parts (arbi-trary quantity) per million parts of medium consistingof another material or substance.

PPS: See Polyphenylene Sulfide.

PPSS: See Polyphenylene Sulfide Sulfone.

Pressure: Stress exerted equally in all directions.Alsocalled Processing Pressure.

Pressure Differential: See Pressure Gradient.

Pressure Gradient: The rate of decrease of pressurein space at a fixed time, or the magnitude of this de-crease. The permeation coefficient of gases through abarrier wall such as plastic film increases with increas-ing pressure gradient, which is a driving force of theprocess, and, therefore, should be stated for the coef-ficient values to be meaningful. Also called PressureDifferential.

Prevulcanization: See Scorching.

Process Characteristics: See Processing Parameters.

Process Conditions: See Processing Parameters.

Process Media: See Processing Agents.

Process Parameters: See Processing Parameters.

Process Pressure: See Processing Pressure.

Process Rate: See Processing Rate.

Process Speed: See Processing Rate.

Process Time: See Processing Time.

Process Velocity: See Processing Rate.

Processing Additives: See Processing Agents.

Processing Agents: Agents or media used in themanufacture, preparation, and treatment of a materialor article to improve its processing or properties. Theagents often become a part of the material. Also calledProcess Media, Processing Aids, and Processing Ad-ditives.

Processing Aids: See Processing Agents.

Processing Defects: Structural and other defects inmaterial or article caused inadvertently during manu-facturing, preparation, and treatment processes by us-ing wrong tooling, process parameters, ingredients,part design, etc. Usually preventable. Also called Pro-cessing Flaw, Defects, and Flaw. See also Cracking.

Processing Flaw: See Processing Defects.

Processing Methods: Method names and designationsfor material or article manufacturing, preparation, andtreatment processes.

Note: Both common and standardized names areused. Also called Processing Procedures.

Processing Parameters: Measurable parameters suchas temperature prescribed or maintained during mate-rial or article manufacture, preparation, and treatmentprocesses. Also called Process Characteristics, Pro-cess Conditions, and Process Parameters.

Processing Pressure: Pressure maintained in an ap-paratus during material or article manufacture, prepa-ration, and treatment processes. Also called ProcessPressure. See also Pressure.

Processing Procedures: See Processing Methods.

Processing Rate: Speed of the process in manufac-ture, preparation, and treatment of a material or ar-ticle. It usually denotes the change in a process pa-rameter per unit of time or the throughput speed ofmaterial in a unit of weight, volume, etc., per unit oftime. Also called Process Speed, Process Velocity, andProcess Rate.

Processing Time: Time required for the completionof a process in the manufacture, preparation, and treat-ment of a material or article. Also called Process Time,and Cycle Time. See also Time.


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Promoter: See Accelerator.

Propane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon)with three carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH3. A colorless,flammable gas (autoignition temperature, 467°C).Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from petro-leum or natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis,as fuel, aerosol propellant, and refrigerant.

Propanone (2-): See Acetone.

Propene: See Propylene.

Propylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydro-carbon) with three carbon atoms, CH2= CHCH3. A col-orless, highly flammable gas (autoignition tempera-ture, 497°C). Derived by thermal cracking of ethyl-ene or from naphtha. Used as monomer in polymerand organic synthesis. Also called Propene.

PS: See Polystyrene.

PSO: See Polysulfones.

PTFE: See Polytetrafluoroethylene.

PU: See Polyurethanes.

Puncture Force: The minimum force required topuncture a flat plastic material, such as film, or textilewith a pointed member, such as pyramid, at a slowrate of loading.

PUR: See Polyurethanes.

PVC: See Polyvinyl Chloride.

PVDC: See Polyvinylidene Chloride.

PVDF: See Polyvinylidene Fluoride.

PVF: See Polyvinyl Fluoride.

PVT Relationship: Pressure (P), volume (V), andtemperature (T) relationship of Boyle’s law stating thatthe product of the volume of a gas times its pressureis a constant at a given temperature, PV/T= R, whereR is Boltzmann constant.

R

Ra: See Roughness Average.

Reaction Injection Molding System: Liquid com-positions, mostly polyurethane-based, of thermoset-ting resins, prepolymers, monomers, or their mixtures.Has good processibility, dimensional stability, andflexibility. Processed by foam molding with in-moldcuring at high temperatures. Used in auto parts andoffice furniture. Also called RIM.

Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual vapor pres-sure of the air to the saturation vapor pressure. Alsocalled RH.

Relative Humidity Gradient: The rate of decreaseof relative humidity in space at a fixed time, or themagnitude of this decrease. The transmission rate ofwater vapor through a barrier wall such as plastic filmincreases with increasing relative humidity gradient,which is a driving force of the process, and, therefore,should be stated for the rate values to be meaningful.

Relative Viscosity: The ratio of solution viscosity tothe viscosity of the solvent.

Resins: See Polymers.

Resorcinol Modified Phenolic Resins: Thermoset-ting polymers of phenol, formaldehyde, and resorci-nol; has good heat and creep resistance and dimen-sional stability.

Retort: Laboratory glassware comprising a sphericalcontainer with a long tube in which substances aredistilled, an apparatus for extraction or gasificationby heating, or an apparatus for sterilization by heat-ing.

RH: See Relative Humidity.

Rigid Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: Rigid thermo-plastic polyurethanes are not chemically cross-linked.Has high abrasion resistance, good retention of prop-erties at low temperatures, but poor heat resistance,weatherability, and resistance to solvents. Rigid ther-moplastic polyurethanes are flammable and can re-lease toxic substances. Processed by injection mold-ing and extrusion. Also called Rigid Thermoplastic


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Urethanes and Nonelastomeric Thermoplastic Polyure-thanes.

Rigid Thermoplastic Urethanes: See Rigid Thermo-plastic Polyurethanes.

RIM: See Reaction Injection Molding System.

S

SAN: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer.

SAN Copolymer: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copoly-mer.

SAN Resin: See Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer.

Seal Initiation Temperature: The lower limit of aheat-seal temperature range at which a thermoplasticmaterial such as film is beginning to fuse and adhereto itself or other thermoplastic materials.

Service Life: The period of time required for the speci-fied properties of the material to deteriorate undernormal use conditions to the minimum allowable levelwith material retaining its overall usability.

Shelf Life: Time during which a physical system, suchas a material, retains its storage stability under speci-fied conditions. Also called Storage Life.

Silicone: There are rigid thermoplastic and liquid sili-cones and silicone rubbers consisting of alternatingsilicone and oxygen atom chains with organic pen-dant groups, prepared by hydrolytic polycondensationof chlorosilanes, followed by cross-linking. Siliconerubbers have good adhesion, flexibility, dielectricproperties, weatherability, barrier properties, and heatand fire resistance, but decreased strength. Rigid sili-cones have good flexibility, weatherability, soil repel-ling properties, and dimensional stability, but poorsolvent resistance. Processed by coating, casting, in-jection compression, and transfer molding. Used incoatings, electronic devices, diaphragms, medicalproducts, adhesives, and sealants. Also called Silox-ane.

Siloxane: See Silicone.

Slip Factor: A property that characterizes the lubric-ity of a material such as plastic sliding in contact withanother material that is reciprocal of the friction coef-ficient.

SMA: See Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer.

SMA PBT Alloy: See Styrene Maleic Anhydride Co-polymer PBT Alloy.

Softening Point: Temperature at which the materialchanges from rigid to soft or exhibits a sudden andsubstantial decrease in hardness. Also called Soften-ing Temperature and Softening Range.

Softening Range: See Softening Point.

Softening Temperature: See Softening Point.

Solubility: A capacity of one substance to be fullydissolved in another without any phase separation, e.g.,precipitation. Usually expressed as a percentage ofdissolved substance.

Solubility Coefficient: The volume of a gas that canbe dissolved by a unit volume of solvent at a fixedpressure and temperature.

Stability: The ability of a physical system, such as amaterial, to resist a change or degradation under ex-posure to outside forces, including mechanical force,heat, and weather. See also Degradation.

Standard Atmosphere: See Atmosphere.

Starch: A polysaccharide, consisting of amylose andamylopectin, found in plants such as potatoes. Gels inwater. Used in adhesives, textile sizes, and thicken-ers, and in manufacture of biodegradable polymerssuch as polyesters. The grades include technical andedible.

Starch Modified Low Density Polyethylene: Bio-degradable thermoplastic starch-grafted low-densitypolyethylene.

Starch Modified Polypropylene: Biodegradable ther-moplastic starch-grafted polypropylene.

Starch Modified Polyurethane: Biodegradable ther-moplastic starch-grafted polyurethane.


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Static Coefficient of Friction: The ratio of the forcethat is required to start the friction motion of one sur-face against another to the force, usually gravitational,acting perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact.Also called Coefficient of Friction, static.

Std atm: See Atmosphere.

Storage Life: See Shelf Life.

Storage Stability: The resistance of a physical sys-tem, such as a material, to decomposition, deteriora-tion of properties or any type of degradation in stor-age under specified conditions.

STP: Standard temperature and pressure equal to 1atmosphere and 0°C, respectively. Used in measure-ment of permeability coefficient and other propertiesdependent on temperature and pressure.

Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer: SAN resins arethermoplastic copolymers of about 70% styrene and30% acrylonitrile with higher strength, rigidity, andchemical resistance than polystyrene. Characterizedby transparency, high heat deflection properties, ex-cellent gloss, hardness, and dimensional stability. Haslow continuous service temperature and impactstrength. Processed by injection molding, extrusion,injection-blow molding, and compression molding.Used in appliances, housewares, instrument lenses forautomobiles, medical devices, and electronics. Alsocalled Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer, SAN, SANResin, and SAN Copolymer.

Styrene Butadiene Block Copolymer: Thermoplas-tic amorphous block polymer of butadiene and sty-rene having good impact strength, rigidity, gloss, com-patibility with other styrenic resins, water resistance,and processibility. Used in food and display contain-ers, toys, and shrink wrap.

Styrene Butadiene Copolymer: Thermoplastic poly-mers of butadiene and > 50% styrene having goodtransparency, toughness, and processibility. Processedby extrusion, injection and blow molding, andthermoforming. Used in film wraps, disposable pack-aging, medical devices, toys, display racks, and officesupplies.

Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer: Thermo-plastic copolymer of styrene with maleic anhydride.Has good thermal stability and adhesion, but decreased

chemical and light resistance. Processed by injectionand foam molding and extrusion. Used in auto parts,appliances, door panels, pumps, and business machines.Also called SMA.

Styrene Maleic Anhydride Copolymer PBT Alloy:Thermoplastic alloy of styrene maleic anhydride co-polymer and polybutylene terephthalate. Has improveddimensional stability and tensile strength. Processedby injection molding. Also called SMA PBT alloy.

Styrene Plastics: See StyrenicResins.

Styrene Polymers: See StyrenicResins.

Styrene Resins: See StyrenicResins.

Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer: See Styrene Acry-lonitrile Copolymer.

Styrenic Resins: Styrenic resins are thermoplasticsprepared by free-radical polymerization of styrenealone or with other unsaturated monomers. The prop-erties of styrenic resins vary widely with molecularstructure, attaining the high performance level of en-gineering plastics. Processed by blow and injectionmolding, extrusion, thermoforming, film techniques,and structural foam molding. Used heavily for themanufacture of automotive parts, household goods,packaging, films, tools, containers, and pipes. Alsocalled Styrene Resins, Styrene Polymers, and StyrenePlastics.

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers: Linear orbranched copolymers containing polystyrene endblocks and elastomer (e.g., isoprene rubber) middleblocks. Has a wide range of hardnesses, tensilestrength, and elongation, and good low-temperatureflexibility, dielectric properties, and hydrolytic stabil-ity. Processed by injection and blow molding and ex-trusion. Used in coatings, sealants, impact modifiers,shoe soles, medical devices, tubing, electrical insula-tion, and auto parts. Also called TES.

Sulfur Dioxide: A colorless, noncombustible gas orliquid with pungent odor, SO2. Toxic by inhalation,strong irritant. Derived from pyrites or burning sul-fur. Used in paper pulping, inorganic synthesis, asbleaching agent for oils, for fumigation, as antioxi-dant, bactericide, and metal refining.


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Surface Roughness: Relatively fine spaced surface ir-regularities, the heights, widths, and directions of whichestablish the predominant surface pattern.

Surface Tack: Stickiness of a surface of a materialsuch as wet paint when touched.

Syndiotactic: A polymer molecule in which pendantgroups and atoms attached to the main chain are ar-ranged in a symmetrical and recurring fashion rela-tive to it in a single plane.

T

TAPPI T511: See ASTM D2176.

Tear Propagation Resistance: The force required topropagate a slit in a flexible plastic film or thin sheet-ing at a constant rate of loading, calculated as an av-erage between the initial and the maximum tear-propa-gation forces. Also called Tear Resistance, propagated.

Tear Resistance, initial: See Initial Tear Resistance.

Tear Resistance, propagated: See Tear PropagationResistance.

Temperature: Property which determines the direc-tion of heat flow between objects.

Note: The heat flows from the object with highertemperature to that with lower.

Terephthalate Polyester: Thermoset unsaturatedpolymer of terephthalic anhydride.

TES: See Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers.

Test Methods: Names and designations of materialtest methods. Also called Testing Methods.

Test Variables: Terms related to the testing of mate-rials such as test method names.

Testing Methods: See Test Methods.

Tetrachloroethylene: Other names for tetrachloroet-hylene include perchloroethylene, PCE, andtetrachloroethene. It is a nonflammable liquid at roomtemperature. It evaporates easily into the air and has asharp, sweet odor. Tetrachloroethylene is widely used

for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. Itis also used to make other chemicals and is used insome consumer products.

Tetrafluoroethylene Propylene Copolymer: Thermo-setting elastomeric polymer of tetrafluoroethylene andpropylene. Has good chemical and heat resistance andflexibility. Used in auto parts.

Thermal Properties: Properties related to the effectsof heat on physical systems such as materials and heattransport. The effects of heat include the effects onstructure, geometry, performance, aging, stress-strainbehavior, etc.

Thermal Stability: The resistance of a physical sys-tem, such as a material, to decomposition, deteriora-tion of properties or any type of degradation in stor-age under specified conditions.

Thermodynamic Properties: A quantity that is ei-ther an attribute of the entire system or is a functionof position, which is continuous and does not varyrapidly over microscopic distances, except possibil-ity for abrupt changes at boundaries between phasesof the system. Also called Macroscopic Properties.

Thermoplastic Polyesters: A class of polyesters thatcan be repeatedly made soft and pliable on heatingand hard (flexible or rigid) on subsequent cooling.

Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: A class of polyure-thanes including rigid and elastomeric polymers thatcan be repeatedly made soft and pliable on heatingand hard (flexible or rigid) on subsequent cooling. Alsocalled Thermoplastic Urethanes, TPUR, and TPU.

Thermoplastic Urethanes: See Thermoplastic Poly-urethanes.

Three-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: Aclass of heterocyclic compounds containing rings thatconsist of three atoms.

Three-Membered Heterocyclic Oxygen Com-pounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds contain-ing rings that consist of three atoms, one or two ofwhich is an oxygen.

Time: One of basic dimensions of the universe desig-nating the duration and order of events at a given place.See also Processing Time.


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Toughness: Property of a material indicating its abil-ity to absorb energy by plastic deformation rather thancrack or fracture.

TPO: See Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers.

TPU: See Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

TPUR: See Thermoplastic Polyurethanes.

Transition Point: See Phase Transition Point.

Transition Temperature: See Phase Transition Point.

Tribasic Lead Maleate: A salt of maleic acid, highlyeffective as heat stabilizer for polymeric materials.Limited to use in applications where toxicity and lackof clarity can be tolerated.

Turbidity: The cloudiness in a liquid caused by a sus-pension of colloidal liquid droplets, or fine solids.

U

UHMWPE: See Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly-ethylene.

Ultimate Hot Tack Strength: See Hot Tack Strength.

Ultimate Seal Strength: Maximum force that a heat-sealed thermoplastic film can sustain in a tensile testwithout seal failure per unit length of the seal.

Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene: Ther-moplastic linear polymer of ethylene with molecularweight in the millions. Has good wear and chemicalresistance, toughness, and antifriction properties, butpoor processibility. Processed by compression mold-ing and ram extrusion. Used in bearings, gears, andsliding surfaces. Also called UHMWPE.

Uniaxially Oriented: A state of material such as poly-meric film or composite characterized by the perma-nent orientation of its components such as polymermolecules or reinforcing fibers in one direction. Theorientation is achieved by a number of different pro-cesses, e.g., stretching, and is intended to improve themechanical properties of the material.

Units: See Units of Measurement.

Units of Measurement: Systematic and nonsystematicunits for measuring physical quantities, including met-ric and US pound-inch systems. Also called Units.

Urea Resins: Thermosetting polymers of formaldehydeand urea. Has good clarity, colorability, scratch, fire,and solvent resistance, rigidity, dielectric properties,and tensile strength, but decreased impact strength andchemical, heat, and moisture resistance. Must be filledfor molding. Processed by compression and injectionmolding, impregnation, and coating. Used in cosmeticcontainers, housings, tableware, electrical insulators,countertop laminates, adhesives, and coatings.

Urethane Polymers: See Polyurethanes.

Urethane Resins: See Polyurethanes.

Urethane Thermoplastic Elastomers: Block poly-ether or polyester polyurethanes containing soft andhard segments. Has good tensile strength, elongation,adhesion, and a broad hardness and service tempera-ture ranges, but decreased moisture resistance andprocessibility. Processed by extrusion, injection mold-ing, film blowing, and coating. Used in tubing, pack-aging film, adhesives, medical devices, conveyor belts,auto parts, and cable jackets. Also called TPU.

Urethanes: See Polyurethanes.

UTS: See Tensile Strength.

V

Veneer: In rubber industry, a thin film applied on arubber article to protect it against oxygen and ozoneattack, acts as a migration barrier or for decorativepurposes.

Vicat Softening Point: The temperature at which aflat-ended needle of prescribed geometry will pen-etrate a thermoplastic specimen to a certain depth un-der a specified load using a uniform rate of tempera-ture rise.

Note: Vicat softening point is determined accord-ing to ASTM D1525 test for thermoplastics such aspolyethylene which has no definite melting point. Alsocalled Vicat Softening Temperature.


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Vicat Softening Temperature: See Vicat SofteningPoint.

Vinyl Ester Resins: Thermosetting acrylated epoxyresins containing styrene reactive diluent. Cured bycatalyzed polymerization of vinyl groups and cross-linking of hydroxy groups at room or elevated tem-peratures. Has good chemical, solvent, and heat resis-tance, toughness, and flexibility, but shrinks duringcure. Processed by filament winding, transfer mold-ing, pultrusion, coating, and lamination. Used in struc-tural composites, coatings, sheet molding compounds,and chemical apparatus.

Vinyl Resins: Thermoplastics polymer of vinyl com-pounds such as vinyl chloride or vinyl acetate. Havegood weatherability, barrier properties, and flexibil-ity, but decreased solvent and heat resistance. Pro-cessed by molding, extrusion, and coating. Used infilms and packaging.

Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomers: Vinyl resin alloyshaving good fire and aging resistance, flexibility, di-electric properties, and toughness. Processed by ex-trusion. Used in cable jackets and wire insulation.

Vinylidene Fluoride Hexafluoropropylene Copoly-mer: Thermoplastic polymer of vinylidene fluorideand hexafluoropropylene. Has good antistick, dielec-tric, and antifriction properties, and chemical and heatresistance, but decreased mechanical strength, creepresistance, and poor processibility. Processed by mold-ing, extrusion, and coating. Used in chemical appara-tus, containers, films, and coatings.

Vinylidene Fluoride Hexafluoropropylene Tetra-fluoroethylene Terpolymer: Thermosetting elasto-meric polymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropro-pylene, and tetrafluoroethylene. Has good chemicaland heat resistance and flexibility. Used in auto parts.

Vulcanizate: Rubber that had been irreversibly trans-formed from predominantly plastic to predominantlyelastic material by vulcanization (chemical curing orcross-linking) using heat, vulcanization agents,accelerants, etc.

Vulcanizate Cross-links: Chemical bonds formed be-tween polymeric chains in rubber as a result of vulca-nization.

W

Warpage: See Warping.

Warping: Dimensional distortion or deviation fromthe intended shape of a plastic or rubber article as aresult of nonuniform internal stress, e.g., caused byuneven heat shrinkage. Also called warpage.

Water Swell: Expansion of material volume as a re-sult of water absorption.

Water Vapor Transmission Rate: A measure of wa-ter vapor (moisture) permeability of a barrier wall suchas plastic film.Vapor transmission rate, VTR, is a co-efficient in modified Fick’s first law that states thatthe weight (W) of a vapor that penetrates a barrierwall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the walland time (t), and is inversely proportional to the wallthickness (s); or W = VTR · (A · t)/s. The water vaportransmission rate is a characteristic constant for thewall material that is homogeneous in the direction ofpenetration. It depends on the temperature and rela-tive humidity gradient. Also called WVTR.

Weight: The gravitational force with which the earthattracts a body.

Wettability: The degree or extent to which somethingabsorbs or can be made to absorb moisture.

Whiting: A finely divided form of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) obtained by milling high-calcium limestone,marble, shell, or chemically precipitated calcium car-bonate. Used as an extender filler in plastics and rub-bers.

WVTR: See Water Vapor Transmission Rate.

X

Xylene: An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising ben-zene ring containing two methyl substituent groups,C6H4Me2. It is a colorless, flammable, toxic liquidusually consisting of a mixture of three isomers:ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene. Derived from coal tarand petroleum. Used in aviation fuel, solvent for alkydresins and coatings, and in the synthesis of phthalicacids.

Documents

Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers 2003