Perioperative and Consultative Medicine

Pamela J. Pride MD, FHM

Medical University of South Carolina

2/7/2012

Overview Role of consultant Cardiac risk assesment Perioperative beta blockade Preop pulmonary assesment and postop

risk reduction

Objectives Describe the risk factors for perioperative

complication. Explain ACC risk stratification for surgery. Describe the evidence supporting prophylactic

perioperative Beta Blockers. Use algorithms, when available, to assess and risk

stratify patients. Reassess patients for postoperative complications and

make medical recommendations when needed.

Key Messages

Limited role for routine preoperative coronary revascularization

Perioperative beta blockers for high risk pts, need to be titrated

Preoperative PFTs have limited role

Role of the Consultant Evaluate and optimize patient’s medical status Treat modifiable risk factors Estimate and manage cardiac risk Recommend measures to attenuate all

perioperative complications

What Not to Do

Recommend for or against surgery Tell anesthesiologists how to do their job Recommend the obvious “Clear” the patient Say nothing

Pre-operative Cardiac Risk Assessment

To Stress or Not to Stress

ACC/AHA guidelines

ACC Guidelines-Getting Started Define “Active Cardiac Syndromes”

ACS HF (Class 4 or newly found)

Significant arrhythmias (VT, symptomatic bradyarhythmias, rhythms requiring pacing, uncontrolled svts)

Severe Valvular disorders (severe AS, symptomatic MS)

ACC Guidelines-Getting Started Define “Clinical risk factors”

Prior MI CKD Hx of CHF DM CVA

ACC Risk Stratification for Surgery

High: (cardiac risk >5%)-Emergency surgeries, aortic and major vascular, prolonged surgeries with large fluid shifts or blood loss

Intermediate: (cardiac risk <5%)-CEA, ENT, intra peritoneal and intra thoracic, orthopedic, urologic

Low: (cardiac risk <1%)-endoscopic, superficial, breast, cataract

Metabolic Equivalents What is 4 mets?

Walking 3 miles/hour, yoga, water aerobics Scrubbing floors, yardwork Carrying groceries in from car Competitive table tennis Dancing

Copyright ©2009 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

American College of Cardiology Foundation, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:e13-e118

ACC Algorithm for Non-Cardiac Surgery

Estimating Cardiac RiskRevised Cardiac Risk Index

Circulation 1999;100:1043-1049

1. High risk surgery

2. History of CAD

3. CHF

4. CVA

5. DM

6. CKD

# risk factors % complication

0…………………..0.4-0.5%

1…………………..0.9-1.3%

2……………………..4-7%

≥3……………………9-11%

Perioperative Beta BlockersThe Controversy

Multiple early RCTs showed benefit The bandwagon rolls out

AHRQ list ACC recommends ACP recommends

More recent studies equivocal

Perioperative Beta BlockadeNEJM July 28,2005

Perioperative Beta BlockersThe POISE Trial

Lancet May 31, 2008

High risk pts undergoing non cardiac surgery Randomized to perioperative beta blockade vs.

placebo Drug started hours before surgery and

continued for 30 days post op Primary endpoints included cardiac death, non-

fatal mi and non-fatal cardiac arrest

The POISE Trial Results

Poise Trial Results

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30d nonfatal mi all cause mort cva

Placebometoprolol

Peri-operative Beta BlockersWhat should we do?

Continue beta blockers for all pts on them chronically

Start and titrate beta blockers preop for pts with Known CAD + ischemia on stress test High cardiac risk profile

Unclear utility in pts with low cardiac risk profiles Do not use in absence of titration (goal hr 60-80)

What about statins?

Several observational studies suggest benefit from peri-operative statins.

Randomised trials less clear Bottom line-prescribe only if statin is

indicated regardless of surgery

Preoperative Pulmonary Assessment andPostoperative Risk Reduction

Patient Factors Advanced Age Poor functional status COPD CHF Tobacco abuse OSA Low albumin

Surgical Factors Aortic, thoracic, upper

abdominal Prolonged surgery General anesthesia Emergency surgery Routine NG tube placement

Preoperative Pulmonary Function Testing

Indicated for all lung resection patients Fail to consistently predict pulmonary complications

Abnormal exam, CXR, and Goldman risk index more predictive

Low rate of complications in patients with severe obstruction Use the “if they walked into my office” principle

Evaluate unexplained dyspnea Establish baseline for patients with known lung disease

Reducing Postoperative Pulmonary Complications

Incentive Spirometry Selective NG decompression after general surgery Cigarette cessation* Medically optimize COPD Avoid sedating meds Neuraxial anesthesia

Reference List Derivation and Prospective Validation of a Simple Index for Prediction of

Cardiac Risk of Major Noncardiac Surgery . Circulation 1999;100:1043-1049 September 7, 1999

Perioperative Beta-Blocker Therapy and Mortality after Major Noncardiac Surgery. N ENGL J MED 2005; 353:349-361 July 28, 2005

Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 5/31/2008, Vol. 371 Issue 9627, p1839-1847

Risk of Pulmonary Complications After Elective Abdominal Surgery Chest September 1996 110:3 p744-750

2009 ACCF/AHA Focused Update on Perioperative Beta Blockade Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation

and Care for Noncardiac Surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009; 54:13-118