Periodic TableLarry Scheffler

Lincoln High SchoolIB Chemistry 1-2

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Periodic Table

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3.1 The periodic table

3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number.

3.1.2 Distinguish between the terms group and period.

3.1.3 Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the periodic table up to Z = 20. 3.1.4 Apply the relationship between the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level for an element and its position in the periodic table.

The Periodic Table-Key Questions• What is the periodic table ?• What information does the table provide ?• How can one use the periodic table to predict the

properties of the elements?

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Periodic Table• The development of the periodic table brought a

system of order to what was otherwise an collection of thousands of pieces of information.

• The periodic table is a milestone in the development of modern chemistry. It not only brought order to the elements but it also enabled scientists.

to predict the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered .

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Early Attempts to Classify Elements

• Dobreiner’s Triads (1827)• Classified elements in sets of three having

similar properties.• Found that the properties of the middle

element were approximately an average of the other two elements in the triad.

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Dobreiner’s Triads

Element Atomic Mass(amu)

Average Density(g cm-3)

Average

ClBrI

35.579.9126.9

81.21.563.124.95

3.25

CaSrBa

40.187.6137.3

88.71.552.63.5

2.53

Note: In each case, the numerical values for the atomic mass and density of the middle element are close to the averages of the other two elements

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Newland’s Octaves -1863• John Newland attempted to classify

the then 62 known elements of his day.

• He observed that when classified according to atomic mass, similar properties appeared to repeat for about every eighth element

• His Attempt to correlate the properties of elements with musical scales subjected him to ridicule.

• In the end his work was acknowledged and he was vindicated with the award of the Davy Medal in 1887 for his work.

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Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Mendeleev is

credited with creating the modern periodic table of the elements.

He gets the credit because he not only arranged the atoms, but he also made predictions based on his arrangements His predictions were later shown to be quite accurate.

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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• Mendeleev organized all of the elements into one comprehensive table.

• Elements were arranged in order of increasing mass.

• Elements with similar properties were placed in the same row.

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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev left some blank spaces in his periodic table. At the time the elements gallium and germanium were not known. He predicted their discovery and estimated their properties. .11

Mendeleev’s Periodic TableHere is what he predicted and estimated properties of Germanium along with the actual data.

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The Modern Periodic Table

The Periodic Table has undergone several modifications before it evolved in its present form. The current form is usually attributed to Glenn Seaborg in 1945

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Periodic Table Expanded View•The Periodic Table can be arranged by energy sub levels

•The s-block is Group IA and & IIA,

•the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA

•The d-block is the transition metals,

•and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals

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Periodic Table Expanded View

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The way the periodic table usually shown is a compressed view. The Lanthanides and actinides (F block) are cut out and placed at the bottom of the table.

The Periodic tableAlkali Metals

Alkaline Earths

Transition Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

Lanthanides and Actinides

Periodic Table: Metallic Arrangement

1IA

18VIIIA

12IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

Metals

Nonmetals

• Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals.

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The Three Broad Classes are the Representative, Transition, & Rare Earth

• Main (Representative), • Transition metals, • lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

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Additional Groupings in the Periodic Table

• Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

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Periodic Table: The electron configurations are inherent in the periodic table

•B•2p1

1IA

18VIIIA

12IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

H1s1

Li2s1

Na3s1

K4s1

Rb5s1

Cs6s1

Fr7s1

Be2s2

Mg3s2

Ca4s2

Sr5s2

Ba6s2

Ra7s2

Sc3d1

Ti3d2

V3d3

Cr4s13d5

Mn3d5

Fe3d6

Co3d7

Ni3d8

Zn3d10

Cu4s13d10

B2p1

C2p2

N2p3

O2p4

F2p5

Ne2p6

He1s2

Al3p1

Ga4p1

In5p1

Tl6p1

Si3p2

Ge4p2

Sn5p2

Pb6p2

P3p3

As4p3

Sb5p3

Bi6p3

S3p4

Se4p4

Te5p4

Po6p4

Cl3p5

Be4p5

I5p5

At6p5

Ar3p6

Kr4p6

Xe5p6

Rn6p6

Y4d1

La5d1

Ac6d1

Cd4d10

Hg5d10

Ag5s14d10

Au6s15d10

Zr4d2

Hf5d2

Rf6d2

Nb4d3

Ta5d3

Db6d3

Mo5s14d5

W6s15d5

Sg7s16d5

Tc4d5

Re5d5

Bh6d5

Ru4d6

Os5d6

Hs6d6

Rh4d7

Ir5d7

Mt6d7

Ni4d8

Ni5d8

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Periodic Table Organization------ Groups or Families

Vertical columns in the periodic table are known as groups or families The elements in a group have similar electron configurations

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Periodic Table Organization ---- Periods

Horizontal Rows in the periodic table are known as Periods The Elements in a period undergo a gradual change in properties as one proceeds from left to right

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