PERIOD 1 REBECCA ALDRICH LINDSEY WONG MADDISON HILL MIN KIM
MELISSA STELLER Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c.
1900 to the Present
Slide 3
WORLD WAR I The Great War
Slide 4
The Drift Toward War From the Early 1900s there were national
rivalries, colonial conflicts, and economic competition between
European countries, such as Britain and Germany. Aggressive
Nationalism: Ethnic peoples wanted independence, this threatened
empires. Economic competition: National rivalries increased nations
because nations wanted to increase economic predominance such as
the naval race between Britain and Germany. Colonial Conflicts:
Countries wanted to colonize to gain more resources to enhance
their power.
Slide 5
Political Alliances Political alliances grew to become tensions
among global powers. Such as The Central Powers, and the Allies.
1914, The Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Consisted of Germany
and Austria Hungary as a Dual Alliance at first (1879) but Italy
joined (1882) out of fear of France. 1914, The Allies (Triple
Entente): Consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. War Plans:
Alliances were prepared for war, and created plans of attack for
when the time came. The French plan, XVII, was straight forward
attacks. The German plan, Schlieffen, consisted of a swift attack
on France, then defense against Russia.
Slide 6
Archduke Francis Ferdinand The War Begins: With the
assassination of Francis Ferdinand (June 28, 1914), by the Serb
nationalist Gavrilo Princip, the Austro-Hungarian government
declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914. - The formed alliances came
into play, and Russia mobilized against Central Powers, while the
Germans declared war on Russia and France.
Slide 7
The Great War: New Military Technology Mutual Butchery:
Technological advancements made this war especially, more gruesome
than any other. - Trench Warfare: Created stalemates in battle. -
New Weapons: Armored tanks were used to take down trenches, and
barbed wire surrounded the battle fields in areas known as no-mans
land. Poisonous gas (mustard gas) used by both sides causing
massive deaths.
Slide 8
Total War: Struggle on the Home Front Affects on Civilians: -
Countries extended the military draft from ages 16 60. - Civilians
now targets of attack through raids and blockades. - Pressures for
more raw materials and manufactured goods lead to longer work
hours, and less pay for workers. - Women began to join the work
force, and participated in jobs typically meant for men, a
liberating experience, despite dangerous working conditions. -
Propaganda was used to dehumanize the enemy, and maintain spirit,
to create national unity.
Slide 9
Asia Enters World War 1 Japan entered WWI on August 23, 1914 on
the allied side. Japan takes Qingdao, Marshall Islands, Marina
Islands, Palau, and the Carolines, and then issues the 21 Demands
to China. After taking over much of Chinese and German territories,
Japan moved to exploit the pact held with the allied forces. On
January 18 1915 Japan issued 21 demands to China, and if agreed to,
making China a territory of Japan, under complete control by Japan.
However this treaty was leaked to British forces and China was
saved.
Slide 10
European Colonies Europeans took advantages of colonial
resources such as: - Acquired extra soldiers to join their colonial
troops - Used the raw materials to build up their military
technology - Brought battles to the colonies themselves as well.
For example, the battle at Gallipoli, 1915. In Ottoman Turkey, the
British hoped to obtain better access for the Russians, and brought
in other colonial powers (Canadians, Australians, and New
Zealanders). This became a long term battle, which in the end hurt
the Australians the most. - Compulsory services for African
colonies ordered all males ages 18-25 to join the army. - Britain
exploited India in order to get more soldiers for their military
front named Ghurka soldiers.
Slide 11
Revolutions in Russia The March Revolution, 1917: Food
shortages caused uprisings in the streets, as well as the mutiny of
troops, lead to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the rise of
Soviet power. Vladimir Lenin: After the success of the first
revolution, there was a struggle for power between the provisional
government and the Petrograd soviet of Workers and Soldiers
Deputies. During this stressful time, Lenin supported the soviet
powers, and attempted to murder the Tsar, leading to his exile.
Later, he was purposely brought back to Russia by the Germans, and
lead the Bolshevik party.
Slide 12
U.S. Declares War Economic downfall: During the first two years
of the Great War, many businesses began to decline and the number
of unemployment rates started increasing. The British took loans
from the U.S. banks and also bought war materials from the U.S.
Submarine Warfare: On May 7 th, 1915 the Germans sunk a neutral
British passenger liner killing 1,198 lives and 128 U.S. citizens.
The Germans constantly interfered with American shipping while
trying to block the Central Powers. On January 12 th 1917, Wilson
began to prepare the U.S. army to go into war. On April 6 th 1917
the United States declared war against Germany. The entry of the
U.S. helped to break the stalemate in the war.
Slide 13
The End of the War The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Paris
peace settlement was headed by leaders from the France, Britain,
and the US. It consisted of 27 nations; none the Central Powers
were represented, Russians included. The Peace Treaties: The French
fought for the harshest terms, who wanted to permanently weaken the
Germans. The Treaty of Versailles stated limitations for the German
military (air force, army, & navy were limited to a certain
size). The Germans were forced to accept full responsibility and
reparations for the war.
Slide 14
Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points: The president hoped his
proposal for just and enduring postwar peace settlement would pass
at the Paris Peace Conference. He recommended open covenants of
peace openly arrived at, absolute freedom of navigation upon the
seas in peace and war, the removal of all economic borders and the
establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations;
adequate guarantees for reduction in national armaments;
adjustments of colonial disputes and give equal weight to the
interests of the controlling government and the colonial
population.
Slide 15
Post-war Effects: The European power was as a whole weakened,
and revolutionary ideas (self determination). Also some countries
such as the newly separated Austria-Hungary, faced severe
territorial losses. There were increases in nationalistic
movements. In an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts, the
League of Nations was created, the first international security
organization.
Slide 16
Reforms after the Great War The League of Nations: After the
Great War, the League of Nations was the first permanent security
organization that attempted to sustain world peace. The League,
however, was unsuccessful because it had no power over the other
countries and because it relied on collective security to preserve
global peace.
Slide 17
World War I: Affects Japanese Economy and Chinese Culture
Japans economy during and after WWI Japans economy during WWI
experienced a boost as their manufactured products were in great
demand during WWI, once the war ended hyperinflation occurred, and
in combination with the Great Depression of the United States, the
Japanese economy fell. Women began to challenge traditional values
in China Chinese women began to accept radical changes to the
traditional values spurred by the changes of identity and behavior
after the turmoil of The Great War. Social ideals for women began
to change across China.
Slide 18
The Age of Anxiety Post war Pessimism: Many writers reffered to
this as the lost generation (Gertrude Stein), and wrote about the
massive losses that came about because of the war. Religious
Uncertainty: Religious ideas came into question as scientific
reason came to light. Albert Einstein, created the Theory of
Relativity, which caused people to question what was certain and
uncertain. Werner Heisenberg, came up with the Uncertainty
Principle which challenged long held assumptions about truth; cause
and effect. Sigmund Freud, challenged established concepts of
morality when he came up with the theory that identified a conflict
between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the
root of neurotic behavior.
Slide 19
Art, Architecture & Economic Experimentation
Experimentation: - Pablo Picasso: was influenced by African art
forms, expressing anti war sentiments through his art, such as
cubism. Other artists such as Paul Gauguin, and Edgar Degas, also
tested the boundaries of what was accepted in society. - Bauhaus:
Was an institution which brought together artists, architects, and
designers from all over. The first director Walter Gropius, whose
theory of design became the guiding principle of Bauhaus, which
focused on functional designs. Pablo Picassos Guernica, shows the
devastations of war.
Slide 20
Economic Theory John Maynard Keynes: His answer to the economic
depression was to have the government very involved in the economy,
to stimulate the economy by increasing money supply/consumer
demand.
Slide 21
Economic Problems after the Great War The Great Depression:
After the Great War, U.S. loaners loaned money to fund amends to
England and France. In 1928, the U.S. financers began to withdraw
their finances leaving the financial system in Europe in chaos. The
Crash of 1929: After World War I people began to invest money and
began to buy great quantities of stocks. By October 1929, stock
prices became overvalued and people lost their life-savings. This
situation worsened when the loans began to be collected. After the
Crash of 1929, many people lost their money and were not able to
buy merchandise. As a result of this, many stores went bankrupt and
this increased the number of unemployed citizens. Economic
Nationalism: After the Great Depression, the U.S. Congress tried to
reform the U.S. by passing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930, on
imports of U.S. products. Following this, many other nations
followed this example and raised tariffs on U.S. imported goods.
But this declined that world production and trade.
Slide 22
Communism in Russia The Civil War: Opposition to the Bolshevik
Party (now known as the Russian Communist Party) erupted into civil
war; The Reds (Communists) vs. the Whites (anti- communist forces).
The Bolsheviks assassinated Tsar Nicholas II, and later defeated
the Whites. War Communism: An unplanned course of nationalization,
which annulled private property, and the government assumed control
of banks, industry, and other private companies. Landed estates,
monasteries, and churches became national property. These new plans
were generally unaccepted by people. New Economic Plan: Lenin gave
some freedom back to small privately own companies, and created
technological schools to train technicians and engineers.
Slide 23
Joseph Stalin After the death of Lenin, Stalin came into power,
favoring socialism in one country, not internationally. The Five
Year Plan: Stalin replaced Lenins NEP, and replaced it with his
Five Year Plan. The basic aims were collectivization of
agriculture, which seized private farms and created large
collective farms; peasants opposed this. He also emphasized heavy
industry, especially steel and machinery. However his plans were
over ambitious, and the economy could not handle such plans at the
time. The Great Purge: Ruthless rules collectivization led to
doubts about Stalins administration. And in an effort to improve
his image, he created the Congress of Victors (or victims), however
he incited civil war within the party. He removed any person who
was suspected of opposing his authority, who faced execution or
being sent to a labor camp, also known as cleansing.
Slide 24
The Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini of Italy: strongly
supported fascism, ultra-nationalism, and built a fascist state in
Italy, becoming a one party dictatorship. Adolf Hitler & the
Nazi Party: Hitler first became connected to the fascist world when
he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party. He put in
jail when he attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic. After
being released from jail, he further went on his path to Nazi
takeover. Germans at first supported the Nazi party because they
resented the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and wanted to end the
misfortunes that had occurred, which Hitler promised to
resolve.
Slide 25
Hitlers Reforms: Hitler and the Nazis strove to improve the
quality of the German Race, through anti- Semitism. He also
supported racial superiority, and encouraged German women to give
birth to many children, and devote their lives to caring for them.
Hitler tested the quality of the German peoples (Nazi Eugenics),
and cleansed Germany of any mental, or physical disabilities. An
example of these harsh Nazi plans, kristallnacht, became known as
night of broken glass and the Nazis arranged for the destruction of
thousands of Jewish stores and synagogues. These events lead to
WWII.
Slide 26
India Began to Demand Self-Rule India started to rally against
British Rule and searched for an independent sovereign nation.
During World War I India began to search for independence from
British colonial rule. The Indian people began by rallying against
Britain by reading Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points and Lenins Appeal for
United Struggle. Mohandas K. Gandhi steps into India Gandhi returns
to India after earning a degree in Law from London. Gandhi follows
and campaign of Satyagraha and Ahimsa, truth and non-violence. He
reforms the caste system, renaming the untouchables of Indian
Society Children of God.
Slide 27
Gandhi Changes India Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhi pushed
the Indians to boycott British merchandise, disagreed with
industrialization of India, and advocated manual labor and rural
cottage industry. 1919 Amritsar Attack Amritsar is a city in Punjab
in which colonial troops killed 379 unarmed demonstrators proving a
point of the British hegemony over India, and in an effort to put
down the conventions against British rule. Government of India Act
The Indian people were afforded autonomous legislative bodies and
creation of a bicameral national legislature. However they were
controlled by an executive arm under the control of British
government.
Slide 28
Mukden Incident Japanese start the war After the unification of
China under Jieshi, the Japanese forces moved into Manchuria and in
the middle of the night on September 18 1931, created the pretext
for World War II. In the dead of the night they used explosives on
the Japanese built railroad in South Manchuria. Japanese forces
then claimed the Chinese attacked the railroad and proclaimed it
the Mukden Incident, giving the Japanese a reason to invade China.
Manchuria came to under the Japanese regime and was declared the
puppet state of Manchukio. Jiang Jieshi appeals to the League of
Nations Japanese advancements into China worried Jiang Jieshi
greatly, and he turned to the League of Nations for support to keep
from starting a war. League of Nations resisted, so Japanese
withdrew from the League.
Slide 29
African nationalism Ideas concerning self-determination,
articulated by President Wilson and the notion of the
accountability of colonial powers that had been brought about
during the war inspired African nationalists. A new social class
emerged in Africa called the "new elite". This class consisted of
physicians, lawyers, writers and people that studied in Europe.
Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978) spent almost fifteen years studying in
Europe. Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist that led Kenya to
independence from the British. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) a Jamaican
nationalist leader and representative of Pan-Africanism preached
black pride and encouraged all blacks to go, "Back to Africa."
Slide 30
Radical Artistic Visions Diego Rivera:Diego Rivera studied art
in Europe and came back to Mexico during 1921. As a result of
studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by both Renaissance
and Cuban artists. During the late 1920s Diego Rivera was hired to
paint the history of Mexico on public buildings. During the 1930s,
Rivera was hired by the Detroit Institute of Arts to paint murals
for an U.S. audience. In 1933, Rivera was requested to paint
another mural in New York City. He painted a portrait of Vladimir
Lenin which was they destroyed.
Slide 31
Evolution of Economic Imperialism Dollar Diplomacy: President
William Howard Taft wanted businesses to trade peacefully and to
develop foreign markets. European investments were substituted with
U.S. investments. The dollar diplomacy also helped foreign policy
aims in Latin America.
Slide 32
The Great Depression in Latin America In Latin America,
economic growth halted for fifty years and led to global economic
problems. Many Latin American states exported agricultural products
or raw materials, therefore, many states were vulnerable to the
Great Depression. Getlio Dornelles Vargas ruled his nation with the
support of the military but not the landowning elite. Vargas nation
was able to successfully rule his nation because he was able to
industrialize iron and steel. Vargas also shielded national
products from foreign countries, which pleased both industrialists
and urban workers.
Slide 33
The New Deal Franklin Roosevelt introduces reform Roosevelt
took steps to re-inflate the economy during the hard bearing times
of the depression. The main objective of the deal was to prevent
the collapse of the banking system, but also to keep people across
the United States with money and jobs. The deal called for policies
in which workers were given the right to organize and bargain
collectively, guarantee minimum wages, and provide social security
as an old age. This program helped somewhat, but it did nothing
compared to the massive spending the U.S. government did during
World War II, causing a boom in global economy.
Slide 34
Good Neighbor Policy The Good Neighbor Policy was a policy of
administration of the United States towards the countries of Latin
America. The Good Neighbor Policy ensured that the U.S. would be a
good neighbor and would participate in a mutual exchange with the
Latin American countries.
Slide 35
Neighborly Cultural Exchanges After the nationalization crisis
in Mexico, the U.S. wanted to improve its relation with Latin
America. Many Mexicans came into the U.S. to look for jobs such as
industrial or agricultural work. Carmen Miranda: Hollywood adopted
a Latin American singing and dancing style to help contribute to
improve the relation with Latin America. Carmen Miranda, a girl
born in Portugal but raised in Brazil, became famous on a radio
station called Rio de Janeiro. United Fruit Company: Another factor
that helped to make the relation between the U.S. and Latin America
better was the United Fruit Company who owned 160,000 acres of land
in the Caribbean.
Slide 36
Jiang Jieshi and China Jiang Jieshi launches the Northern
Expedition Jiang Jieshi launched a military offensive to unify
china under the Guomindang rule, following the basic plan Yatsen.
At the end of his campaign in 1927, he broke the alliance with the
Chinese Communist Party, and set up a central government in
Nanjing. He successfully declared the Guomindang the government of
A unified and sovereign Chinese state. During this time communist
Chinese moved to remote areas of southeastern China to avoid
persecution in the Guomindang government and reorganize their
forces to create a communist state. China manages to avoid Great
Depression China was never a greatly industrialized economy and did
not depend on the American market as heavily as the Japanese did,
so during the great depression they were only marginally affected.
Their few exports out were of tea and silk, and the decline of
these markets did not cause a surge of famine because China was a
country of agrarian economy. However Japanese aggression came
nearer and nearer to China.
Slide 37
Communist Revolution Legendary Long March of 1934 Communists
staged an attack against the Nationalist state of China October
1934 in order to once and for all take over China. Eighty five
thousand troops from southeastern china and the Red Army made a ten
thousand kilometer march towards the Shaanxi province in
Northwestern China. These troops had to go through rough terrain,
hunger, disease, and Guomindang forces, and upon arrival they
fought and established headquarters and Yanan. Maoism At this point
Mao Zedong came to be the leader of the communists and established
the new ideals of Maoism. Maoism was created at a blend of Leninism
and Marxist models that was created on the basic principle that the
foundation for a successful revolution was with the drive of
peasantry. China was once against split in two, communist and
nationalist sides causing the separation.
Slide 38
DADA Art Dadaism Dadaism is a cultural movement spurred by the
horrifying and negative effect World War I had on people. It was
considered the Anti-Art, it was art in which it was anything but
art, but was meant to do so to mock how meaningless societys
perception of the modern world. It was also meant to be a ridicule
on the ideas of capitalism, the art rejected logic and conformity,
embracing chaotic scenes and irrationality. The art was meant to be
controversial and it was meant to offend. It was an artistic
comment on World War I meant to cause people to feel something for
the devastation they just went through.
Slide 39
World War II
Slide 40
Asia For Asians Japan pursues the rest of Asia After Japans win
in Singapore they began their expansion across and coined the term
Asia for Asians putting the Asian people under the belief that they
were going to liberate all of Asia from the European imperialists.
This was popular at first, however this thought was splintered when
much of Asia realized Japan was not working for the countries, but
simply working for their own expansionist propaganda. The term Asia
for Asians was soon turned to Asia for Japanese. Rape of Nanjing
Chinese civilians were the most affected by the expansion of Japan,
Nanjing and Shanhai being the first to fall to Japanese forces in
December 1937. Nanjing was brutally attacked by Japanese forces
fueled by their ideals of racial superiority. Their brutality
including bombings, murders, burning people alive, rape of women,
and the killing of four hundred thousand Chinese soldiers.
Slide 41
Italian and German Aggression Mussolini was upset with the
terms after the Great War, and decided to take matters into his own
hands by conquering Ethiopia through a brutal conquest. Germany
also felt deep resentment for the Treat of Versailles's terms, and
Hitler left the League of Nations. He rebuilt the military, and
European powers did nothing to stop him. The Munich Conference,
1938: Germany was appeased during this meeting when he was given
control over Sudetenland, because France and Britain wanted to
avoid war at all costs. However, the next year he violated this,
and later formed the Russian-German Treaty of Non-aggression,
sending shock through the world. They agreed to attack each other,
and promised neutrality in the event of one of them went to war
with a third party. However, unknown to the public, they had secret
agreements that divided eastern Germany into German and Soviet
spheres of influence.
Slide 42
Total War Blitzkrieg, German War: This was also known as
lighting war, which consisted of aerial attacks on Poland, who were
defeated in one month, and became divided between Germany and the
Soviets. Battle of the Atlantic: The British and Germans faced off
in ocean warfare. The Germans wanted to block the British ships
from carrying food and war materiel, and the German U-boats became
quite effective at stopping them, despite the British knowledge of
their code. The Fall of France, June 1940: Germany had already
taken Denmark, Norway, and then launched a full-scale attack on
western Europe. Belgium and the Netherlands fell, and the French
signed an armistice with Germany
Slide 43
The Blitz in Britain: After the French signed the armistice,
they left Britain as the only member of the Allies, and faced the
Battle of Britain, where the Germans launched this with air force
power. The British were able to keep the Germans from entering, and
left Hitler with no choice but to abandon hopes of taking Britain.
Operation Barbarossa: The Germans set their sights on Russia, which
he planned to be an easy victory. But his troops were unprepared
for winter in Russia, as well as the Russians industrial capacity.
The Battle of Stalingrad, is where the Russians defeated the
Germans and made an Allied victory.
Slide 44
Pearl Harbor Japan breaks WWI settlements Japan broke WW1
settlements by invading China and occupying Indochina. U.S. placed
and oil embargo in response Japan Bombs The Pacific Coast On the 7
th on December 1941 six Japanese aircrafts flew over the Pacific
Naval Base with 350 bombs and devastated the Air Base and
destroying U.S. naval capacity. Japan swept through the
Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and British
Malaya. Eventually even the British held province of Singapore fell
to the Japanese on February 1942.
Slide 45
Magic Meets Kamikaze Magic On June 4 th 1942 the American dive
bombers attacked the Japanese naval fleet and sunk three carriers.
They soon had enough front to move towards Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
The American forces were able to do so by attaining Magic the
secret weapon that could decipher Japanese radio frequencies. They
learned of the planned attack on Midway from the Japanese and beat
them to the punch on June 4 th. Kamikaze In the cities of Okinawa
and Iwo Jima the fighting was long, brutal, and deadly. The
Japanese forces created a new kind of military mission in which a
pilot would fly a plane with just enough gas to reach an enemy ship
and dive bomb it. This and the fact that 110,000 Okinawas people
went down with a strong fight and refused to let the U.S. forces
win, led the United States to the idea that they would never win.
The U.S. felt that new measures needed to be taken in order to win
against Japan.
Slide 46
The Holocaust This even shows the Nazis extreme anti Semitism,
when they annihilated millions of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies,
homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, and communists for Hitlers Final
Solution. Hitler suffered from Xenophobia which is a fear of
foreign races. At the Wansee Conference Nazi leaders agreed to
evacuate Jews from Europe to labor camps, like the most well known
camp, Auschwitz. There was Jewish Resistance, like the Warsaw
Ghetto Uprising, where the few Jews that were left rose up against
the Germans, however they were crushed. About 5.7 million Jews
altogether were killed during the Holocaust.
Slide 47
Allied Victory in Europe The Allies had continued success in
Europe, and Italy joined the Allies. In an attempt to take western
Europe, the Germans were overwhelmed by British, French, and US
troops, and two fronts collapsed due to around the clock bombing.
Hitler committed suicide during this time, April 30.
Slide 48
The Atomic Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki The American Forces
created the brand new technology of the Atomic Bomb, and only
tested it once, before deploying it upon Japan to end the war. The
Bombs hit on August 6 th and 9 th 1945. They devastated the people
of Japan, causing long lasting unforeseen effects.
Slide 49
Life During the War The Germans forced many of their conquered
peoples into labor camps, similar to the Japanese. There was
resistance to this occupation, where they committed sabotage, armed
assaults on occupation forces, and assassinations. Other resisters
chose to gather information and hid and protected refugees. There
were also smaller acts of resistance, such as graffiti. There were
harsh punishments however for such resistance. Life for Women: Like
WWI, women joined the war effort, and experienced liberation once
again. Over half a million British women joined auxiliary services.
In an effort to support the soldiers in WWII, Coca Cola sent
shipments to troops all over the world.
Slide 50
Drink Up!
Slide 51
Women in War: Japan Comfort Women Unlike the U.S. World War II
was not liberating or filled with feminists movements for Asian
women. The Japanese government forcibly recruited upwards of
300,00o women to serve as comfort women for the soldiers as a gift
from their Prime Minister during the war. The women were abused and
raped as they served in Comfort Houses and Consolation Centers. The
women were recruited from all over, including Korea, Taiwan, and
Manchuria, however the good lot of them came from Korea.
Slide 52
Postwar Settlements and the Cold War The Soviets and US emerged
as superpowers post war. Yalta and Potsdam: The settlements for the
war were established. Each Allied power was to occupy and control
territories, liberated by its armed forces. The Warsaw Pact: Formed
by Soviets in response to NATO, where seven communist European
countries joined forces in defense of NATO. The United Nation,
1945: Established to maintain international peace security. The
plans for the UN were finalized at the United Nations Conference in
San Francisco. However it became clear that these global issues
would not go away so easily.
Slide 53
The Truman Doctrine On March 12 th, 1947 the Truman Doctrine
was declared. The Truman Doctrine preserved the U.S. awareness of a
divided world between free and enslaved people. They would have a
strong interventionist foreign policy, which was centered on the
containment of communism. For example, they sent large sums of
money to Greece and Turkey. The world became divided into two
parts, each lead by a superpower, who gave economic and military
aid to nations within their spheres of influence.
Slide 54
The Marshall Plan: The Marshall Plan was an European Recovery
Program that was named after the U.S. secretary of state, George C.
Marshall. George C. Marshall proposed to rebuild Europeans
economies. The Marshall plan helped Western European Economies to
rebuild more than 13 dollars worth of reconstruction. The United
Nations: The United Nations was formed by a supranational
organization to maintain world peace. In 1944, the proposals for
the organization was finalized at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington,
D.C. by representatives from China, Great Britain, the Soviet
Union, and the United States.
Slide 55
The Cold War After WW2, Europe was divided into competing
political, military, and economic blocs that were dependent to the
U.S. or USSR. These blocs were separated by what Winston Churchill
called and iron curtain. - European nations tied to the U.S. had
capitalist economic systems and parliamentary political systems. -
Eastern European nations embraced Soviet political and economic
institutions.
Slide 56
Germany in The Cold War A Divided Germany: U.S., Soviet Union,
Britain, and France occupied Germany and Berlin and had it
separated into four different zones. Britain, U.S., and France
merged their occupation zones and created a new currency, this
worried the Soviet Union. Blockade and Airlift: In response to the
combining of the western forces, Soviets blockading road, rail, and
water links between Berlin and West Germany. Stated that Allies had
no jurisdiction in Berlin. Americans and British responded by using
and airlift to provide the city with supplies. The blockade failed
and eventually the U.S., British, and French zones merged to form
the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). The Soviet
occupation zone became the German Democratic Republic (East
Germany). Berlin Wall: Communists is East Germany built wall to
keep East Germans from moving to West Germany. The Nuclear Arms
Race: U.S. and Soviet Union formed military Pacts (NATO and
Warsaw). Both sides had acquired the capacity for mutual assured
destruction (MAD).
Slide 57
Korea The 38 th Parallel After WWII the Soviet Union and U.S.
both had partitions over Korea, and since they were unable to come
to an agreement on how to unify the country (Communist or
Capitalist) the two countries agreed to separate it into North and
South Korea. They became the official states of the Republic of
Korea in the south with Seoul as the capital, and in the North the
Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea with Pyongyang as the capital
in 1948. South Korea was put under the power of the anticommunist
Syngman Rhee, while the north was under the control of the
revolutionary communist Kim Il Sung. However this peace agreement
did not last long
Slide 58
Korean War Kim Il Sung makes advancements on South Korea On the
25 th of June 1950 North Korean forces cross the 38 th parallel,
push back Korean Forces, and take over Seoul. The U.S. responded
immediately assuming the USSR sanctioned the action, back by the
precarious relationship between the two countries. The United
States army entered but suffered many losses, and finally came up
with a risky, but smart plan, operation at Incheon. At Incheon U.S.
forces went on the offensive behind North Korean lines and pushed
North Koreans back to the 38 th parallel. The Americans saw the
success of this plan as an opportunity to unify Korea and chose to
do so by occupying Pyongyang and moving to the Yalu River. This
encroachment on Chinese border caused China to start to worry, and
when American forces showed no signs of backing off, Chinese
Soldiers leaped into action. North Koreans and Chinese work
together When the Americans refused to back off Chinese soldiers
poured across the Yalu River and combined forces with the North
Koreans to fend of the American troops. Each sid continued this
fighting for two years until the whole thing came to a bloody
stalemate.
Slide 59
SEATO North and South Korea cease fire July 1953 After both
sides were worn out from fighting, their combined losses close to 3
million people, both agreed to cease fire in July. The two sides
did not choose to draw up a peace treaty. United States creates
SEATO The United States saw North Korea as a communist threat after
the Korean War, and became convinced of the Domino Theory stating
that if one country became communist, the rest were only close
behind. Therefore the U.S. set up the Southeast Asian Treaty
Organization that promised to bring protection and economic aid to
non communist countries. This idea was soon spread to communist
threats in Central and South America and Africa.
Slide 60
Confrontations in Cuba Nuclear Flashpoint: The Cuban Missile
Crisis almost brought the superpowers to a nuclear war. In 1959,
Fidel Castro Ruz led a revolutionary movement that overthrew
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, who had put effort into creating a
harmonious relationship with the U.S, who feared the friendly
Soviet-Cuba relationship. Bay of Pigs: The tension between Cuba and
the U.S. increased when Castro supported the USSRs foreign policy.
Therefore, President John F. Kennedy allowed the invasion of Cuba.
However, the U.S. invasion quickly faded when the promised American
air support failed to appear. The Cuban Missile Crisis: JFK learned
of missile launchers in Cuba and he ordered them to be gone.
Slide 61
Cold War Societies Women: Women in the Soviet Union worked more
as opposed to American women who were encouraged to stay home with
their families. French writer Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second
Sex in 1949, which reflected the discontent of women. Cold War
Consumerism: Soviet Union couldnt match U.S. in the provision of
material wealth. - Kitchen Debate: Nixon and Krushchev argued over
consumerism and capitalism vs. communism. The Space Race: Soviets
launched first satellite into space, Sputnik. Soviets also put the
first man in space, Yuri Gagarin. These advances worried the U.S.
Peaceful Coexistence: Krushchev visited the U.S. and showed signs
of peace between the two superpowers.
Slide 62
Black Nationalism Bob Marley's reggae music became popular
around the world. His song "Get Up Stand Up" spoke to millions of
blacks fighting for their freedom. This shows how popular culture
reflected the changing times around people.
Slide 63
Challenges to Superpowers France: French president Charles de
Gaulle wanted Europe to be free of superpower dominance. He pursued
independent policies. - French rejected a partial nuclear test ban
treaty. In 1964 France detonated first atomic bomb. Yugoslavia:
Marshal Tito ruled Yugoslavia and resisted Soviet control, causing
Yugoslavia to be expelled from the Soviet bloc. Refused to take a
side during the war.
Slide 64
Hungary: Hungary was most serious challenge to Soviets.
Hungarian citizens demanded democracy. Imre Nagy gained power and
announced Hungarys neutrality and withdrawal form the Warsaw Pact.
Uprising was crushed, Nagy was executed, and Janos Kadar was put in
place as ruler by the Soviets. Czechoslovakia: Alexander Dubcek
launched democratic socialist revolution and supported the liberal
movement Prague Spring. Brezhnev doctrine justified Ilyich Brezhnev
crushing the revolution.
Slide 65
China Reorganizing Constitution of 1954 The new political
institutions of China were set in stone by the drawn up new
constitution of 1954, guaranteeing Maos reforms. Five Year Plan
China followed their first Five Year Plan in 1955, designed to
imitate the 1929 Soviet Five Year Plan. This plan confiscated
private farming in farming communities so that every person was
granted an equal amount of land, and instilled collective farming
across the nation. Along with this the plan outlined a push for
industrial power and extended social services such as education and
healthcare. It challenged strong traditional Chinese ideals by
giving women equal rights, eliminated arranged marriage, gave equal
access to divorce, and finally dropped the discriminatory practice
of foot binding.
Slide 66
French and Vietnamese French try to take Vietnam Vietnam was
ruled by the nationalist communist leader Ho Chi Minh, who was a
great advocate of an independent state of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh
issued the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, modeled after
the U.S. declaration, in order to maintain independence after World
War II ended and Japanese control waned. However the French felt
disgrace having lost so easily and demanded reclaim of the
Vietnamese territory. The French invaded and took over Saigon in
1945, and when faced with hostility from the northern nationalist
communists, they brutally attacked. The French dropped bombs all
over Hanoi and Haiphong killing ten thousand, if not more,
civilians. By 1947 the French appeared to have completely taken
over.
Slide 67
Geneva Peace Conference French Sued for Peace in Vietnam The
French forces went to the Geneva conference to sue for peace in
Vietnam because of their loss. The conference came to the
conclusion that Vietnam would be split that the 17 th parallel,
creating a communist north under the rule of Ho Chi Minh and a non
communist south under the rule of Ngo Dinh Diem. National
Liberation Front The National Liberation Front was created by the
south Vietnamese, in 1960, angered by the rule of the democratic
reforms, seeking freedom from the U.S. style government. The lack
of support in southern Vietnam and the north Vietnamese attacks
upon the south government meant the strong influence of nationalist
communism was being accepted. This angered the U.S. and the
government slowly became more and more involved in southern
Vietnam. In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson ordered bombings against
north Vietnam and began the stalemate between the two sides of the
country.
Slide 68
Vietnam U.S. in South Vietnam During the Cold War the U.S. was
still extending help to Vietnam, and after Vietnam managed to avoid
colonial control by France and China, it entered a war between
communist and non communist Vietnam. More than half a million
American troops got involved in the Vietnam war, but this
unfortunately only left each side at a stalemate. Nixon pledged to
end the war so he heavily bombed Cambodia. Paris Peace Accords The
war did not end in 1968 and U.S. troops ended their involvement in
1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. North Vietnam and the NLF signed
this agreement, but it did not last long within Vietnam. The war
restarted in 1975 and in 1976 North Vietnam forcibly unified
Vietnam through military defeat.
Slide 69
The End of the Cold War In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal from the war. End of
Communism: Came first in Poland followed by Bulgaria, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia. East Germany leader Erich Honecker was removed from
power and the two Germanys united. Gorbachevs Reforms: Tried to
save the economy using perestroika (restructuring), and glasnost
(opening of Soviet society and admitting past mistakes). Despite
reforms, Soviet economy disintegrated. This caused Estonians,
Latvians, and Lithuanians to declare independence. Boris Yeltsin
dismantled the Communist party and USSR ended.
Slide 70
Global Reconstruction After the Cold War NATO: NATO was
established by the U.S. in order to form an regional military
alliance against the Soviet hostility. The original member in NATO
included the U.S., Portugal, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg,
Italy, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Denmark, Canada, and
Belgium; these countries allied themselves to maintain peace within
postwar Europe though collective defense.
Slide 71
Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah creates the Muslim League The
only solution to Indias problem is Pakistan. Gandhi and Jawaharlal
Nehru Fight Separate States Gandhi condemned the separation of
India as vivisection or live dissection. Nehru and Gandhi believed
if India was separated they would lose their nationalist movement
front, and never be able to fully attain and self- ruled
politically stable state.
Slide 72
Independence for India and Pakistan August 1947 India and
Pakistan become sovereign states Britain could no longer afford to
hold up the Indian economy as well as their failing economy during
the aftermath of and expensive second war, and chose to let India
separate. India and Pakistan are set free from British colonial
rule and celebrations are seen all over India. However Gandhi
prophesied the damnation of the Indian state caused by the deep set
sects between religion. This grim prophecy came to be true when an
estimated one million people died in the migrations to Muslim
Pakistan and Hindu India.
Slide 73
Bandung conference Leaders of African and Asian countries first
discussed nonalignment at the Bandung Conference. In 1955 leaders
from twenty three Asian and six African nations met in Bandung,
Indonesia to discuss an alternative of choosing between the United
States and the Soviet Union. It was the first international
conference of colored peoples in the history of mankind. The
Bandung Conference was the introduction to the Nonalignment
Movement whose primary goal was to maintain neutrality.
Slide 74
The Creation of Israel The Arabs and Jews were competing for
Palestine. The United Nations General Assembly debated the idea of
dividing Palestine into two states, one Arab and the other Jewish.
The United States and Soviet Union supported this idea so the
General Assembly proposed the division of Palestine into two
different states. Outside Palestine didn't like this solution and
civil war broke out. Arab and Jewish troops battled one another
until the Jews created the independent state of Israel.
Slide 75
Arab nationalism The geographic convergence of the Arab and
Muslim worlds in southwest Asia and North Africa encouraged the
development of Arab nationalism. It linked the religious forces of
Islam and were admired by many nations that wished to fend off
European and US influence. Gamal Abdel Nasser provided leadership
for Arab nationalism in North Africa. He developed Egypt
economically and militarily to make it the fountainhead of pan-Arab
nationalism. He saw the bipolar world as an opportunity to be
exploited for the advancement of Egypt. He was able to acquire
military assistance from both the United States and the Soviet
Union.
Slide 76
Green Belt Movement Environmental Conservation The Green Belt
Movement is an organization that originated in Nairobi, Kenya that
focused on environmental conservation, community development and
capacity building. Professor Wangari Maathai created the
organization in 1977 with the National Council and Women of Kenya
parties. The group has planted over 40 million trees and over
30,000 women have been trained in forestry, bee keeping, and other
environmentally helpful trades. The movement has improved
communities in Kenya, warding off deforestation, and helping the
environment of Kenya improve.
Slide 77
Suez Crisis The Suez crisis erupted in 1956 when Gamal Abdel
Nasser decided to nationalize the canal and use the money earned to
build a dam at the Nile river in Aswan. After the crisis, Egypt
solidified its position as leader against the charge of imperial
holdovers. Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted to promote economic
development in Egypt so the canal was crucial to him.
Slide 78
Forcing the French out of North Africa While France focused on
Algeria, it let all of its other colonies in Africa become
independent. Morocco, Tunisia, and thirteen other French colonies
gained their independence. All of these colonies gained their
independence in the year 1960 which became known as "the year of
Africa." While the French were determined to control Algeria at all
costs, Algeria was becoming more Nationalistic and sought to gain
independence from French colonial rule. In 1945 French colonial
police fired shots at peaceful Algerian and Arab nationalists in
the town of Setif. This event started a revolution. The Algerian
war of liberation began in 1954 under command of the Front de
Liberation Nationale (National Liberation Front, or FLN). They
fought using guerrilla tactics; many people on both sides were
killed. Algeria didn't gain independence until 1962.
Slide 79
Negritude African intellectuals established a movement to
promote Negritude. In order to revive Africa's traditions and
cultures, poets and writers expressed a widely shared pride in
Africa. In many of the poems the poets encouraged Africans to turn
away from European culture and colonial rule. An example would be
Bernard Dadie's poem, "Dry Your Tears, Africa!" Along with this
celebration of African culture, there were protests against
European imperialism.
Slide 80
The Civil Rights Movement: In 1955, a African woman name Rosa
Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks
accelerated a major civil rights movement lead by Martin Luther
King, for blacks in the U.S. and many African- Americans refused to
ride city busses until they were desegregated. King used methods
similar to Gandhi, of non violence, despite the violence that
followed him. He lead numerous protests, and marches until his
assassination in 1968.
Slide 81
Ghana's Independence After Ghana became independent in 1957, it
inspired other African nationalist movements. Kwame Nkramah
(1909-1972) led Ghana to independence from colonial rule and became
a spokes person for African unity. To prepare for Queen Elizabeth
II's visit in Ghana in 1961, they created a huge poster of Nkramah
and the Queenside by side. This poster showed new found equality
and distinctiveness.
Slide 82
Anti-colonial Rebellion in Kenya The rebellion in Kenya became
violent with the conflict between powerful white settlers and
nationalists. In 1947 Kikuyu rebels, one of Kenya's largest ethnic
groups, began a violent campaign against Europeans and traitorous
Africans. Resistance in Kenya began in the 1940's with labor
strikes and violent direct action campaigns intended to scare white
settlers away. As oppositions became more violent, British moved to
suppress all nationalist groups and jailed it's leaders. In 1956
the British destroyed all military resistance. Despite the defeat,
Kikuyu fighters gained international recognition and African
grievances. Finally in 1963, Kenya was able to negotiate its
independence.
Slide 83
Mao Zedong Maos Reforms Mao reunified China for the first time
since the Qing Dynasty fell, and created a communist state. In 1958
he instituted the Great Leap Forward, which lasted until 1961, a
plan meant to collectivize industrial production and catch up to
the more developed nations of the globe. This plan abolished
private farming and demanded that everyone work to meet a quota of
production. He also organized the Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution. Both plans werent very successful.
Slide 84
Dengs Revolution Deng takes over In 1976 Mao Zedong died and
his heir Deng Xiaoping took over and normalized relations between
the U.S. He opened China to capitalist and foreign values. In 1989
students of China held a Pro- Democracy movement in Beijings
Tiananmen square, however Deng was wary of revolutionists movements
and demanded the bloodly crushing of the movement. To make things
worse, Hong Kong who was in the middle of their own democratic
revolution came under the control of China in 1997.
Slide 85
Islamism Islamism desired for the reassertion of Islamic values
in Muslim politics. It believed that the Muslim world was slipping
into a state of decline due to the abandonment of Islamic
traditions. Many Muslims blamed European and American models of
economic development for their economic and political failure.
Muslims grew angry and the Islamists solution was in a revival of
Islamic identities, values, and power. Some sought to bring about
change by peaceful means while others were more violent. Extremists
used the concept of jihad the right to defend Islam from unjust
attack, this idea often resulted to terrorism.
Slide 86
Iran-Iraq War In the late 1970's Iraq built up a strong
military due oil revenues and president Saddam Hussein. Hussein
launched an attack on Iran in 1980 believing it would be a quick
victory making him the new leader of a revived pan-Arab
nationalism. Although they were successful, it was not quick and
easy; the Iranian forces were determined and the conflict became a
war that did not end until 1988.
Slide 87
Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India
Under Indira Gandhi's rule the Indian people were pulled down the
path of a Green Revolution created to increase Indias agriculture
in order to provide more food for the increasingly overpopulated
state. The new agricultural policies however did not end up making
a difference for poor farmers, and simply pushed them into deeper
poverty. Indira Gandhi had a state that was now beleaguered with
religious sects but also overpopulation. National Emergency Indira
Gandhi declared a national emergency on India and had to government
forcibly sterilize women and men. She was faced with political
ridicule for her harsh birth control policies, but was eventually
reelected in 1980. She was eventually assassinated by her Sikh body
guards.
Slide 88
Politics and Economics in Latin America Mexico: President
Lazaro Cardenas applied reforms guaranteed to Mexico by the
Constitution of 1917. He returned 45 million acres to peasants and
gained control of the oil industry from foreign investors.
Argentina: During WW2 military leaders gained power in Latin
America. In 1946 Juan Peron was elected president. He promoted
nationalism, industrialization, support of the working class, and
protection of economy from foreign control. Perons wife, Eva Person
greatly contributed to his success. She acquired the nickname Evita
and gained the support of the people of Argentina by accommodating
the need of the poor. Guatemala: In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was
elected president. He seized land owned by the United Fruit Company
which belonged to the US. In response the US sent the CIA to
overthrow his government. Arbenz was assassinated and Guatemalans
plunged into a civil war. Military dictatorship in Chile: General
Augusto Pinochet was the military dictator of Chile from 1973-1990.
During this time he suppressed political parties and persecuted
dissidents.
Slide 89
Nicaragua and the National Guard Augusto Csar Sandino, a
nationalist and a liberal general refused and demanded the removal
of the U.S. marines from Nicaragua. Juan Batista Sacasa became
president during the elections of 1932, which was supervised by the
U.S. After becoming a president, the U.S. troops departed
Nicaragua. On 1934, officers in the National Guard murdered Sandino
and Somoza soon became president. Somoza was able to prove himself
loyal to the National Guard and a good neighbor to the United
States. Somoza was also able to gain the largest amount of wealth
in Nicaragua's history.
Slide 90
OAU The Organization of African Unity was created in 1963 by
thirty two member states. Their goal was prevent conflicts that
could lead to intervention by former colonial powers. Pan- African
unity was also promoted as another way to resist interference.
Slide 91
South Africa There was a large number of white settlers present
in South Africa wish delayed black freedom. The majority of the
population ere was black but they were still being taken advantage
of. It was the struggle against internal colonialism, and the
oppressive white regime that denied basic human and civil rights to
South Africans.
Slide 92
Apartheid Growth in the industrial sector opened many jobs for
blacks which gave them a chance to move up in status. This struck
fear in white South Africans so they formed the Afrikaner Party in
1948, there goal was to destroy any move toward black independence.
Under the National Party the government issued a new set of laws to
control the black population, these laws were called apartheid or
"separateness." The African National Congress (ANC) that formed in
1912 inspired direct action campaigns to protest the apartheid. In
1955 the ANC published its Freedom Charter which promoted the idea
of multiracial democratic rule for South Africa. In 1961 South
Africa declared itself a republic. When F. W. de Klerk became
president of South Africa in 1989, he and the National Party began
dismantling the apartheid system.
Slide 93
Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was a leader in the ANC who
inspired direct action campaigns to protest apartheid. When the
white regime banned ANC, Mandela was sentenced to life in prison.
When F.W. Klerk became president of South America he legalized the
ANC and released Mandela. He became this first black president of
South America.
Slide 94
Economic Globalization GATT and WTO: U.S. politicians and
businessmen wanted to create a worldwide trading organization that
suited their interests, therefore they created GATT, the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This organization was signed by 23
noncommunist nations. Members of the GATT organization had debated
on whether to remove or loosen the barriers to free trade. Members
of the nations of GATT signed an agreement to establish the WTO or
World Trade Organization. The WTO developed a opportunity for
settling trade disagreements. Since then, world trade has been
increasing.
Slide 95
The European Union One of the strongest regional blocs was the
European Union which included: France, West Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. They all signed the Treaty of
Rome which established the European Economic Community. Their goal
was to dismantle tariffs and other barriers to free trade among the
member nations. Other political institutions arose soon, such as
the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament, their goal
was greater European political integration. This organization grew
to become a super national organization with goals of economic and
political integration, which can be seen clearly in The Treaty of
Maestricht, which established the European Union. Eleven members
have adopted a common currency.
Slide 96
Four Little Tigers Japans Economic Development Japans economy
began to slowly change when their industrial societies slowly
accepted capitalism on a higher level, and by the 1960s Japan began
creating state of the art exports. By the 1980s Japan was poised to
overtake America as the largest economy in the world. However their
post war rates were unsustainable and the Japanese economy boom
unfortunately came to an end. Japanese Influence The Japanese
economys boom became a precept and success story in which other
Asian countries strived to follow. The countries following in their
footsteps were Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea. Their
expansion and growth rates in the Global Market were so remarkable
they were proclaimed the Four Little Tigers, all competing for
World Market dominance.
Slide 97
Trading Blocs NAFTA: The United States, in 1993,entered a
regional alliance called NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement) with Mexico and Canada (1993). This alliance established
the second largest free trade zone. This was a much looser bloc,
and not at coordinated as the European bloc, however, there is
plans to expand NAFTA to all noncommunist countries.
Slide 98
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was
an economic alliance produced in 1960 by the oil producing states
of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, and were later
joined by more countries. Their policies contributed to the global
recession and debt crisis that hurt many developing nations.
Although their influence diminished in the 1980's and 1990's due to
overproduction.
Slide 99
Falun Gong The Law Wheel Practice Falun Gong translates most
closely to the Law Wheel Practice and was introduced to China in
1992 by Li Hongzi. The spiritual practices combines the practice of
meditation and moral values such as compassion and virtue. While
the religion was at first considerably supported, it was put down
in the late 1990s by the Chinese Communist Party, viewing it as a
threat for its size. Its size was estimated to be close to a
million followers. It is said to be practiced in 70 countries world
wide.
Slide 100
Pakistan and Vietnam Today Womens Equality, Poverty, Religious
and Political Sects Both Vietnam and Pakistan struggle with gender
rights, both held under the strong patriarchal ideals of woman and
man roles. Both countries however have made leaps for education of
women and job market throughout their separate countries. Poverty
however rids both countries and causes for a large amount of crime.
Religious and Political divisions cause the countries to
individually be at constant ends.
Slide 101
The Olympics Modern Olympics Olmypics originated at a sport
from Ancient Roman times, a sport that the gods were said to have
played. However in 1896 is was reinvented as an international
festival of athletic strength held every four years. However it
simply turned into a political athleticism, each country competing
for Gold Medals against their political enemies. The Olympics were
not even granted political immunity outside the competing itself.
In 1916, 1940, and 1944, the Olympics were canceled due to global
conflicts. The U.S. boycotted the Moscow Olympics in retaliation to
the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan in 1980. The Soviet Union
then boycotted the summer Olympics of 1984 in retaliation to the
U.S. boycott. The Olympics are still held today every four
years.
Slide 102
Mass Tourism The industrial society gave birth to mass tourism
by providing safer and fast transportation, allowing travel to
become easier. Tourism had started out as travel for recreation or
study, and started to grow in Europe and America. In England
(1808-1892) James cook established the first travel agency, which
gave tours of Europe and the United States. In Germany, Karl
Baedeker (1801 1859) and his son established a published firm that
specialized in travel guides in German, French, and English
editions.
Slide 103
Effects of Tourism Travel and tourism has grown to be the
single largest industry on the planet. The total economic value of
goods and services in 1996 was $3.6 trillion. Tourism has also
facilitated jobs for 255 million people, attracting money and jobs.
Governments have also promoted tourism. On the downside, tourism
has created mostly low paying jobs, where the most profits mostly
effect where the business are located. Tourism has acted as a
globalizing influence, at time creating irreversible changes within
cultural traditions. Religious rituals, ethnic rites, and festivals
have been reduced to a form of entertainment for tourist.
Slide 104
Creation of Afghanistan In 1996 the Islamic state of
Afghanistan was created by the Taliban movement. The Taliban grout
about a strict type of Islam that required women to be completely
veiled in burkas, and required men to grow full beards. It also
banned television, movie theaters, photographs, and most styles of
music.
Slide 105
Environmental Effects The Planets Carrying Capacity: The Club
of Rome attempted to specify the limits of both economic and
population growth in relation to the capacity of the planet to
support humanity. Environmental Impact: Global warming is a rise in
global temperature, caused by atmospheric pollution, which had
begun to take place. Habitats and animal species are now becoming
extinct, and environmental resources are being used up.
Biodiversity relates to the maintenance of multiple species of
plants and animals. Some threats to biodiversity are urbanization,
extension of agricultural activity, and exploitation of mineral,
and timber resources.
Slide 106
Al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden Osama Bin Laden created the terrorist
group of Al-Qaeda and it soon turned into the core of global
terrorism. Bin Laden was the seventeenth of fifty two children and
fought in the Gulf War. However he became increasingly angry at
American Troops when they stationed on holy soil in Saudi Arabia
and bombed Iraq. Osama Bin Laden was under the deep set impression
that the Americans had committed crimes that were so bad they were
basically a war against God. In 1998 Osama Bin Laden publicly
announced and advocated the killing of any American and American
allies. 9\11 On September 11 2001 four planes were hijacked and
became full on missles aimed towards the world trade centers. The
planes hit the Twin Towers and caused thousands of casualties. The
third plane crashed into the pentagon and the fourth landed right
outside Pittsburgh. George W. Bush declared war upon Osama Bin
Laden and Global Terrorism.
Slide 107
Global Terrorism September 11, 2001: New York City and
Washington D.C. because the targets of a corresponding terrorist
attack. Two planes crashed into the World Trade Town Centers
causing the towers to collapse. After this devastating incident
another plane crashed into the Pentagon and the fourth jet crashed
into a field outside Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. After researching,
the U.S. government identified Osama Bin Laden as the director of
the attacks. U.S. President George W. Bush declared war on Osama
Bin Laden and global terrorism before the ashes on the towers had
settled.
Slide 108
Global Diseases Many epidemics are now under control, and the
last major epidemic was the flu, which killed twenty to forty
million. Other epidemics include HIV/AIDS. AIDS was first
identified in San Francisco in 1981. AIDS is a threat throughout
the world but Africa has been hit the hardest by the deadly
disease. 35.7 million people are identified with AIDS worldwide and
25 million of them live in sub- Saharan Africa. Treatments are very
expensive and most African families cannot afford them. In 1921
outbreaks of Polio were plaguing America and in 1952 Dr. Jonas Salk
developed the first successful Polio vaccine.
Slide 109
Cholera is a disease that effects the small intestine and it
occurs in places with high poverty. Poor sanitation, crowding,
wars, and famine help spread this disease and you can get the
infection by eating/drinking contaminated food/water. Alzheimers
disease is a form of dementia that has no cure and leads to death.
In 1906 it was named after Alois Alzheimer and there still isnt a
proven cause of the disease. Symptoms include confusion and long
term memory loss and eventually death. There are treatments but no
way to reverse the disease. Red Cross Organization: The Red Cross
was originally dedicated to helping wounded soldiers. In 1864 at
the Geneva Conference, the convention adopted a red cross as their
symbol and now they extend their mission to peacetime, and helping
victims of natural disasters.