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Issue 1 Summer 2016www.nynas.com
On the right trackWhat is being done to enable current road networks to cope with future demands?
tomorrowReady for
Carl Robertus explains how today’s bitumen binders can meet tomorrow’s traffic demands
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS WITH RESOLUTION Helping customers to achieve sustainable performance in different ways
HARBURG: NEW SUPPLY POINTEnsuring a continued reliable and safe delivery service for our customers
“ As a bitumen supplier we are one single but important link in the process to achieving the required road performance.”
Carl Robertus Technical & Research Director Bitumen,
Nynas
Performance is environmentally friendly. The magazine is printed on paper containing material sourced from responsibly managed forests that are certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC®).
Performance Magazine is published by Nynas, a specialised oil company.
For further information please visit www.nynas.com
Project management:
Eva Näslund Carlsson [email protected]
Johanna Andreasson [email protected]
Editorial management:
Siobhan McKelvey [email protected]
Editorial, design and production: Harleys
For further information on any of the articles, please contact Siobhan McKelvey
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Editorial
Performance Issue 1/2016
@NynasBitumen
Join us online
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2
As an industry, we play a part in creating advanced solutions to maintain our roads, from both an economical and environmental perspective. We should continue to ensure this important message is turned into actions.
This year’s E&E Congress provides an opportunity to do this. In our Talking point interview Ayberk Özcan, President of the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA), and I discuss the importance of the congress, which brings together key European bitumen and asphalt industry stakeholders to discuss investing in and maintaining our road networks.
Nynas is in a great position to showcase how this can be achieved. Our effective products and services provide long-lasting results and address sustainability issues by making it easier to work at reduced temperatures and reuse materials.
We have insight into what is required to meet future demands, and we have invested in new facilities that demonstrate this understanding. For example, you can read about our new truck loading facility in Harburg, Germany on pages 10–11.
Right now, the message is to invest in our most valuable asset: roads! We encourage you to engage in the various activities taking place within the industry, and become a proud advocate for our future.
“ We encourage you to engage in the various activities taking place within the industry, and become a proud advocate for our future.”
Siobhan McKelveyEditor, Marketing Director, Nynas Bitumen
All roads at some point will require maintenance. But the longer this is left, the heavier the price tag.
For this reason, industry stakeholders must unite and invest in our road networks.
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Contents
Performance Issue 1/2016
3
8
Siobhan McKelvey, President of Eurobitume, and Ayberk Özcan, President of EAPA discuss the need to maintain our greatest asset: roads
Talking point
OF ALL GOODS ARE TRANSPORTED BY ROAD
50%
OF PASSENGER JOURNEYS ARE MADE ON THE ROAD
5
From research and development to new performance specifications, there is a continuing interest in innovative road solutions
On the right track
News and updates 4
On the right track 5
Talking point 8
Harburg: new supply point 10
Sustainable solutions with ReSolution 12
Investing in our greatest asset 14
CONTENTS
10
Harburg: new supply pointNynas’ new site brings greater market accessibility and best practice safety procedures
12
Sustainable solutions with ReSolutionMaking it easier for customers to identify products that add value to their business
News and updates
4
NEWS AND UPDATES
Performance Issue 1/2016
Answer: D
Peak season underwayThe month of June marks a busy period of activities for the bitumen and asphalt industries. With the E&E Congress, Via Nordica and Hillhead all taking place within weeks of each other, there will be plenty of opportunities to network and learn about the latest industry insights.
Know your bitumen
In which of these applications can bitumen be used?
a) Newspaper printing ink b) Pond linings c) Wind barriers for buildingsd) All of the above
Answer at the bottom of the page
Nynas representatives have been travelling to key events around Europe to present insights on important industry topics. In March, Carl Robertus, Technical Director, represented Eurobitume as a speaker at the Asphalt & Bitumen Day, organised by Eurobitume
Benelux, in association with the Belgian Association of Asphalt Producers.
Carl was also invited to speak at the Argus Europe Bitumen conference in Barcelona in May. He gave his presentation ‘Bitumen today to meet tomorrow’s traffic’, looking at the experience of modified bitumen performance and performance specifications.
Also flying the flag for Nynas was Wim Teugels, Crude and Feedstock Specialist.
He spoke about the influence of bitumen properties from the viewpoint of a refinery at the Eurobitume Switzerland Bitumen Day in Bern in April.
Mark your calendar
October 18–20 European Road Infrastructure Congress Leeds, UK www.eric2016.eu
December 7 Vejforum Nyborg, Denmark www.vejforum.dk
Find out more: www.eecongress2016.org
Taking place June 1–3 in Prague, Czech Republic, the E&E Congress, which is held every four years, returns for its sixth edition. It will be a unique opportunity for around 1,000 stakeholders to exchange ideas, with high level presentations, over 200 papers and poster sessions contributing to the theme ‘Investing in our greatest asset: Roads’. Visit Nynas at our stand in the exhibition hall.
Discover more: www.vianordica2016.no
The following week the spotlight is on Trondheim, Norway, where the Nordic Road Association (NVF) is organising Via Nordica. From June 8–10, a series of discussions around the theme ‘Our climate – your environment’ will be underway. Topics will include safe, eco-friendly and quality and resource-optimal transport systems.
Learn more: www.hillhead.com
Closing out the month is Hillhead, the world’s largest working exhibition of quarrying, which returns June 28–30 at the Hillhead Quarry in Buxton, England. Nynas is excited to sponsor the event once again, and will have representatives present throughout the three days to discuss how our products and expertise can benefit your business.
Voices and places
Wim Teugels
OF ALL GOODS IN EUROPE ARE TRANSPORTED BY ROAD
50%
MORE PASSENGER KILOMETRES TRAVELLED IN THE EU FROM 1995-2015
20%
OF ALL PASSENGER DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN EUROPE IS ON THE ROAD
85%
Feature article
5
Performance Issue 1/2016
On the right
trackThe extensive research and development work into bitumen that is taking place now will be essential to cope with future road demands
Roads bring together people and goods across cities, countries and continents. They are the arteries of the transport network that keep us connected and moving. Needless to say we rely on them – in Europe approximately 85 percent of all passenger distance travelled is on the road and 50 percent of all goods are transported by road. Total passenger distances and goods transported keep increasing – from 1995–2015 people travelled 20 percent more within the EU and the amount of goods being transported increased nearly 20 percent.
Feature article
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Performance Issue 1/2016
ReSolution, which is a part of Performance Programme, helps customers to select specific products that offer ways to reduce temperature, reinforce durability and reuse material. Read more in our Guide article on pages 12–13.
are: Regular, which consists of binders that fulfil industry standards; Extra, which is for circumstances that require specific performance criteria; and Premium, which is designed to meet the toughest challenges and provide the highest performance.
A growing knowledge base Specialist bitumen companies like Nynas are well positioned to lead the way in developing new materials and solutions to meet specific challenges. And as Carl Robertus notes, there is an expanding interest in innovation. “A lot of research and development is taking place and it’s not just the prerogative of bitumen producers. Asphalt producers, road contractors, as well as technology institutes, universities and private laboratories have taken a keen interest in studying road materials. There is certainly collaboration and that’s quite positive – the E&E congress is a good example.”
Thanks to advances in different types of analytical and spectroscopic techniques, bitumen can be examined on new levels. For example, by looking at its chemistry, its microstructure and
As the demands we place on roads increase, it is up to us to maintain them and develop solutions that ensure they are suited to meet the challenges of tomorrow. Modern asphalt roads can last several decades, and if looked after and maintained properly, their lifetimes can be extended.
Using modified bitumen is one way to help cope with more demanding traffic conditions and preserve pavements. “Today we have a number of modified bitumen products that are being used in situations where there is extreme traffic. Those binders will help cope with the demands from the increased, heavy traffic of the future,” explains Carl Robertus, Technical & Research Director Bitumen for Nynas.
Responding to demand Today, on average, only around 10 percent of roads in Europe are made using modified bitumen, but overall demand for this material is gaining momentum. In some European countries this figure already exceeds 30 percent. Nynas’ Performance Programme and ReSolution marketing initiatives are two examples that demonstrate how the company has recognised these growing needs. They also take into account the increased interest in different levels of higher performance in products as well as other market demands.
The Performance Programme aligns Nynas products into three categories, based on a customer’s end requirements. These categories
“ Today we have a number of modified bitumen products that are being used in situations where there is extreme traffic. Those binders will help cope with the demands from the increased, heavy traffic of the future.”
Carl Robertus Technical & Research Director Bitumen, Nynas
also the bitumen polymer mixtures we can better understand how different factors affect pavement performance.
“There is so much research going on that there is in fact a greater understanding of bitumen and how it sits in asphalt than ever, and this will help us to design materials for the future,” adds Carl Robertus.
From research to roads Putting new understanding and insights into bitumen will be vital for the future. New specifications are being developed around performance properties, with two key bitumen specifications EN 12591 and EN 14023 close to formal consultation. But Carl Robertus points out that whilst the standards are beneficial for ensuring good quality materials are used, they may not be suitable for all applications. “Standards will generally only guarantee a certain level of quality. This is good enough for many projects, but perhaps not for those which require extra performance to carry tomorrow’s traffic.”
Along with bitumen, several other factors contribute to the performance of the asphalt pavement, meaning superior bitumen alone does not result in superior roads. “As a bitumen supplier we are one single but important link in the process to achieving the required road performance. A good understanding between all parties involved is a crucial factor for success, ensuring that material and pavement design are in tune with each other,” he adds.
Feature article
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Performance Issue 1/2016
The research, collaboration and thriving interest in bitumen puts society in a strong position to create road networks that meet the challenges of the future. Although there is still much to learn about this essential material, we are on the right track to protecting the valuable asset that is our roads.
• More vehicles on the road
• More journeys being made
• Heavier loads
• Extreme weather
Future road challenges
What is being done by your industry to make our roads more efficient?
AÖ: There are many examples but let me highlight a couple – smooth road surfaces with optimised macro texture can reduce vehicle fuel consumption by lowering rolling resistance. By building long-life pavements with durable surface layers, maintenance activities can be reduced, thus resulting in more efficient roads.
Are there any important new industry initiatives currently underway?
AÖ: EAPA and Eurobitume created a promotional campaign supported by its own website (www.asphaltadvantages.com). The website contains argumentation to support the use of asphalt under four different themes (Sustainability, Comfort, Safety and Economics).
In parallel, EAPA is stimulating the use of warm mix asphalt, as well as the reuse of asphalt. Several companies are developing techniques to harvest energy (e.g. solar) from roads. New surface layers are also being developed for higher noise reduction and lower rolling resistance.
Siobhan McKelvey, President of Eurobitume, and Ayberk Özcan, President of the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA), share their expectations for the upcoming E&E Congress 2016, which brings together stakeholders from around the world
Interview
8
Performance Issue 1/2016
Talking point
Why was ‘Investing in our greatest asset: Roads’ chosen as the theme for the congress?
AÖ: We wanted to draw attention to the maintenance of our main asset – roads. When governments open new roads, they often don’t consider the future maintenance they require. The longer maintenance is left, the more it will cost – this must be dealt with in a more economical way.
SM: As an industry, we have invested in developing new products and technologies to meet the changing demands of the road and its user requirements. We share best practices and encourage education/training; however, there is also a need for decision makers to invest money in maintaining the road network to benefit from the solutions that we as an industry can provide.
What can those attending look forward to at the event?
SM: The congress will open with a series of keynote speeches that will highlight the challenges in our business environment and provide insights from various stakeholders. This year, a professional moderator will help to tell the story and ensure that important key messages are clearly stated and reinforced.
Attendees can expect high quality technical sessions that cover key issues of development and innovation. There will also be two new sessions that have been created around important themes where we have specifically invited speakers rather than technical paper submissions.
Interview
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Performance Issue 1/2016
What do you expect will be achieved by the congress?
AÖ: During the congress many new ideas and new technologies will be presented. I hope to see these being utilised in the future. The Public Procurement Regulation (PPR) enables good ideas to be rewarded and I hope that the asphalt industry will reap these benefits. When they give us the incentive to innovate, we will make a real step forward.
SM: I hope participants will understand the story and the role they can play. We aim to communicate a clear message about the need to invest and how to get the most from that investment.
If we manage to recruit new or create stronger asphalt advocates with shared knowledge and common objectives, that would be a great achievement and, for the industry, the congress will have been a great success.
Personally speaking, I would like to grow our engagement and power of communication through the various social media platforms that are active within our industry – the congress itself has a website, Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter accounts. It’s about bringing together and empowering the whole community.
What does the future hold for the bitumen and asphalt industries?
AÖ: A lot of exciting developments are taking place in the automotive industry. We also need to become greener. Another important item will be to better understand the rejuvenation of bitumen in reclaimed asphalt.
SM: We are confident that we have the right portfolio of products and are developing new technologies in the right direction for future requirements. The need for better planned maintenance will grow across Europe – we are already seeing some positive signs, and the messages are not going unheard. When the demand grows, we are ready to work together with stakeholders to deliver the right products and services.
Join the discussion
Siobhan McKelvey President of Eurobitume
Ayberk Özcan President of EAPA
Use #eecongress2016 to tweet about the congress
Visit www.eecongress2016.org to find out more
RESPONSES STORED IN A DATABASE
AUTOMATIC CUT OFF TO PREVENT OVERSPILL
SAFETY FEATURES INCLUDE
WEIGH BRIDGE ENSURES LEGAL MAXIMUM WEIGHT
SITE SAFETY TRAINING AND INDUCTION FOR ALL NEW DRIVERS
SITE SAFETY TRAINING AND INDUCTION FOR ALL NEW DRIVERS
ACCESS TO THE BITUMEN DISPATCH AREA
DRIVER MUST ANSWER SAFETY QUESTIONS
DRIVER ENTERS UNIQUE ORDER NUMBER
TRUCK LOADING SOFTWARE SAVES TIME AND MAXIMISES OUTPUT
TRUCK LOADING BEGINS
DRIVER CAN AUTOMATICALLY LOAD BITUMEN IF ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
TRUCK LOADING PROCESS DISPATCH
AREA
max
Focus on
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Performance Issue 1/2016
Following a 24-month conversion project, a new truck loading facility will open its doors at the Nynas Harburg refinery site this summer, enabling Nynas to improve its accessibility to various markets in Europe, and Germany in particular. The aim is to supply customers with special product needs in other markets whenever possible.
Team effort Julian Peake is a consultant for Nynas Bitumen Western Europe and is responsible for coordinating all activities relating to inland supply of bitumen from the Harburg refinery. He says: “A lot of work has gone into this project, and many areas of the business have been involved. The technical team has provided expert advice to Harburg lab personnel and they have received training in bitumen testing from the laboratory in Nynäshamn. HSSE from the UK has provided health and safety advice on truck loading; supply chain and customer service have provided significant input into the IT control systems for the truck loading.”
Site reliabilityOn arrival, all new drivers will be required to complete site safety training and an induction in order to access the bitumen dispatch area. The site’s four loading bays will be universal, meaning that they can all supply the many grades of bitumen that Nynas will offer from Harburg.
The driver will need to enter a unique order number to start the loading into the truck. This number relates to an exclusive customer order for a certain volume and grade of bitumen, which will have been recorded by the Bitumen WE Customer Service Centre and given to the driver before arriving at the site.
Finally, the driver will be required to answer a series of safety questions regarding the vehicle, their own qualifications and the last load carried, among others. Responses are stored on the database, and, if answered correctly, the driver will be able to automatically load the agreed quantity and grade of bitumen into the truck.
Harburg:
Ensuring reliable and safe deliveries
supply pointnew
The construction of a new truck loading facility in Harburg, Germany, will allow Nynas to supply bitumen reliably and safely to customers in Western Europe
Performance Issue 1/2016
RESPONSES STORED IN A DATABASE
AUTOMATIC CUT OFF TO PREVENT OVERSPILL
SAFETY FEATURES INCLUDE
WEIGH BRIDGE ENSURES LEGAL MAXIMUM WEIGHT
SITE SAFETY TRAINING AND INDUCTION FOR ALL NEW DRIVERS
SITE SAFETY TRAINING AND INDUCTION FOR ALL NEW DRIVERS
ACCESS TO THE BITUMEN DISPATCH AREA
DRIVER MUST ANSWER SAFETY QUESTIONS
DRIVER ENTERS UNIQUE ORDER NUMBER
TRUCK LOADING SOFTWARE SAVES TIME AND MAXIMISES OUTPUT
TRUCK LOADING BEGINS
DRIVER CAN AUTOMATICALLY LOAD BITUMEN IF ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
TRUCK LOADING PROCESS DISPATCH
AREA
max
Focus on
11
Performance Issue 1/2016
Learn more about handling bitumen with Nynas’ safety toolkit: ‘Safe Handling of Bitumen’ www.nynas.com
Increasing efficiency The opening of the new facility will provide Nynas the opportunity to maintain a high level of supply reliability as they will have the option to control the process – from crude oil to the finished product. This gives Nynas the flexibility to load bitumen at the site.
In addition, in terms of the software design for truck loading, the practicalities of issuing documentation to drivers has been reviewed to minimise the time a truck spends under the loading bay, and to maximise the output of the whole truck loading system. Recent improvements to this process will also allow for greater volumes to be loaded in the future.
Safety is key Commenting on the safety precautions of the site, Julian Peake adds: “There’s overspill protection on the loading arms, and the database will already contain the volume capacity of the trucks so that the bitumen cannot be overfilled and the flow will cut off before that volume is exceeded. In addition, the weighbridge on which the truck stands whilst loading will also cut off the supply if the truck approaches the legal gross maximum weight. Nynas is all about safety, security and compliance and Harburg is no different,” he concludes.
Performance Issue 1/2016
Guide
12
Performance Issue 1/2016
Nynas has made it easier for customers to find products that offer ways to reduce temperature, reinforce durability and reuse material
By continually developing bitumen and its performance within the framework of the Performance Programme, Nynas is carrying out its commitment to provide products, solutions and services that add value to businesses. Nynas ReSolution is the latest initiative that communicates about how our products can help customers to achieve sustainable performance in different ways. The concept highlights a selection of our products and solutions that offer specific added value around three main benefits: reduced temperature, reinforced durability and reused material.
The advantages of using products with these features are numerous. What’s more, the benefits go beyond the short term. Take for instance reducing temperature – this not only improves working conditions when laying the mixture, but also lowers energy consumption, saving on costs and helping the environment in the long term.
REUSE MATERIAL
• Improved recyclability• Lower costs
REINFORCE DURABILITY
• Increased product lifetime• Less material needed
REDUCE TEMPERATURE
• Lower energy consumption• Improved work environment
Savings in terms of reducing resources and costs can also be achieved in other ways. For instance, using high-performing products can increase durability, ensuring that roads last longer and require less maintenance. As a result, less material is used during the road’s lifetime. Improving the ability to use recycled asphalt pavements (RAP) in a mix is another method of increasing savings in terms of resource use.
ADDING VALUE
solutions with
ReSolutionSustainable
Guide
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Performance Issue 1/2016
What product characteristics are important for your business to achieve sustainable performance?
Robert Doherty, Technical Development Manager, Breedon Aggregates
“The Nytherm range of binders has extended the products’ workable life, and helped reduce the associated performance issues. In addition, laboratory research has identified a marked improvement in aggregate/binder affinity which will enhance the long-term durability of these bituminous materials. We have found that supplying Breedon Lower Temperature Asphalt has many benefits, including fuel and energy savings and a safer, healthier environment for employees and the public. These improvements ensure Breedon Aggregates and Nynas continue to maintain their excellent reputation for innovative quality products.”
Karl-Johan Aksell, Plants & Materials Manager, NCC Industry
“When producing asphalt containing recycled material we have used Nygen 910. The resulting asphalt mixes have exhibited technical properties that are equivalent to those of mixes that do not contain any recycled material.”
Johan Bolander, Plants & Materials Manager, PEAB
“We used Nynas’ binder for both the bond course and the top layer at Landvetter Airport. For the bond course, we wanted to maximise stability to avoid permanent deformations. This was also true for the surface layer. In addition, we wanted asphalt with high resistance to chemicals, specifically in this case the de-icing agents used at the airport. Nynas Endura Z3 has enabled us to combine great performance while providing both workability and compactability during production and placement of the asphalt.”
Kurt Andres, CEO, Aeschlimann AG
“We use Nynas Endura in our Gussasphalt which we formulate and prepare ourselves and apply on projects in Switzerland and abroad with our rail mounted pavers. The stability and life of the poured asphalt layers perform very well. The service life of Gussasphalt on bridges is about 25–30 years. Another very positive factor is the bond between the different layers, including the waterproofing and also the chip adhesion on the Gussasphalt surface. We definitely plan to use Nynas products in the future because we have just completely modernised our plant. The usage of Nynas Endura also supports production in ecological terms. We add project-specific additives to the Gussasphalt to achieve even better performance on the decisive indicators.”
By marketing our products under this concept within the overall Performance Programme and highlighting these three specific benefits, we believe it will be easier for our customers to find the solution that meets their exact needs. As new products become available that meet the criteria, they will also be promoted using the ReSolution concept.
Many of our customers are already taking advantage of our products within ReSolution to achieve great results, as is evident from the testimonials above.
Performance Issue 1/2016
Knowledge
14
KNOWLEDGE
Investing in our greatest assetThe sixth edition of the E&E Congress kicks off on June 1 and a number of Nynas experts have been chosen to showcase their knowledge and latest research
The bitumen and asphalt industries will come together at the congress in Prague, Czech Republic, to exchange ideas and stimulate debate around this year’s theme ‘Investing in our greatest asset’. The three day congress includes a technical programme, which consists of over 250 papers presented under themes such as health and safety, sustainability, cost efficiency, maintenance techniques, smart infrastructure and asset management.
Helene Odelius is Nynas’ representative on the E&E technical committee. The role of the committee is to ensure that abstracts and papers are reviewed and approved before the congress and to provide information to authors on deadlines. Committee members also decide which papers will be presented during the technical sessions.
“Warm mix and cold mix techniques are topics that will be discussed, and investigations into products and application techniques will take place. The demands to contribute to a more sustainable industry will also increase and the interest in reduced temperatures, reuse of materials and reinforced durability is growing throughout the industry,” she adds, highlighting the importance of events such as these to investing in R&D, and ultimately, the future of our roads.
Performance Issue 1/2016
Knowledge
15
Keeping cool on heavily trafficked roadsThe research paper ’Production and durability of cold mix asphalt’ by Roger Lundberg, NCC Roads and Torbjörn Jacobson, Trafikverket, with Per Redelius and Jenny-Ann Östlund, Nynas, sought to understand the benefits of cold mix technology on heavily trafficked roads. Technical understanding of the technology has improved, making future production easier and more reliable. A test stretch was successfully made with AADT 3000 and is now being evaluated. Overall, the asphalt made with cold technology showed high durability, and energy use and CO2 emissions were halved during manufacture and paving compared to hot mix.
Putting modified asphalt to the testA recently developed device for determining an asphalt mixture’s resistance to permanent deformation has been tested by the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) and Nynas. The paper, ‘Shear box tester for characterization of polymer modified bituminous mixtures’ by Abubeker Ahmed and Safwat Said of VTI and Xiaohu Lu, Nynas, analyses several types of conventional and polymer modified asphalt specimens from a test road using the new tester. The results showed that the device is a reliable means of measuring the shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt mixtures over a broader range of temperatures and loading frequencies.
KnowledgeSeveral research papers that Nynas has been involved with are included in the official proceedings of the E&E Congress.
Per Redelius Jenny-Ann Östlund
Henrik Arnerdal
Xiaohu Lu
Helene Odelius
Xiaohu Lu
Bengt Sandman
Resisting the elementsThe long-term durability of polymer modified bitumen in bridge deck pavements has been the focus of research by Nynas experts Xiaohu Lu, Bengt Sandman, Henrik Arnerdal and Helene Odelius. The High Coast Bridge in Sweden was constructed in 1997 with PMBs used in all asphalt layers. Fifteen years on, performance of the pavements was excellent, and asphalt samples were collected to study the durability of the modified binder. Despite high traffic and extreme environmental conditions, the modified binder remained very elastic and retained good low and high temperature properties. The binder also showed great resistance to aging.
Dr Ian Martin Lancaster
Mr Ian Michael Lancaster
Measuring water sensitivity‘The effect of binder composition and properties on the water sensitivity of asphalt mixtures’ by Dr Ian Martin Lancaster and Mr Ian Michael Lancaster of Nynas compares two standard methods frequently used in the UK to determine asphalt’s resistance to the effects of water. The Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) of the field-exposed asphalt samples was evaluated over a two year period and compared to those obtained under the standard methods. There was little correlation in the results from the standard methods to those from the field aged samples.
No part of this publication may be produced in any form whatsoever without the express written permission of Nynas. Contributors are encouraged to express their personal and professional opnions in this publication and accordingly views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of Nynas or Harleys.
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