Perforating 1

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PERFORATING 1PERFORATING 1


Explosives Application in Oil fieldExplosives Application in Oil field

PerforationPerforation CuttingCutting SettingSetting PunchingPunching Sample takerSample taker

-Formation Sample-Formation Sample-Cased hole formation pressure test-Cased hole formation pressure test


PerforatingPerforating


PERFORATIONPERFORATION Perforation MethodsPerforation Methods

Method of perforation (conveyed)Method of perforation (conveyed)Method of perforation (Well bore pressure)Method of perforation (Well bore pressure)

Perforation for productivityPerforation for productivity Explosives systemExplosives systemShaped chargesShaped chargesDetonation ProcessDetonation Process

DetonatorsDetonatorsThrough-Tubing GunsThrough-Tubing Guns

Gun selectionGun selectionCasing GunsCasing Guns

High Shot Density GunsHigh Shot Density Guns

LoggingLogging

Perforation SafetyPerforation Safety


Perforation MethodsPerforation Methods

Method of perforation (conveyed)Method of perforation (conveyed) Wireline Tubing /drill pipe Coil tubing

Method of perforation (Well bore pressure)Method of perforation (Well bore pressure)- Over-balance - Under balance


Perforation for productivityPerforation for productivity

Why do we have Over-balance?Why do we have Over-balance? Why do we have Under-balance?Why do we have Under-balance? What is a strategy of drilling oil well?What is a strategy of drilling oil well?



Permeability (κ) Permeability (κ)

κκ Permeability Unit D (Darcy) Permeability Unit D (Darcy)

Q Volume CCQ Volume CC

μ Viscosity cp (centipoises)μ Viscosity cp (centipoises)A Area cmA Area cm22 P Pressure atmP Pressure atm

A medium with a permeability ofA medium with a permeability of 1 1 Darcy permits a flow ofDarcy permits a flow of 1 1 cmcm//s of a fluid with viscositys of a fluid with viscosity 1 1cp under a pressure gradient cp under a pressure gradient ofof 1 1 atmatm//cmcm

ΔΡ)(A)μ(Qκ L



κc/κ




EXPLOSIVES

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Difference- High and Low ExplosivesDifference- High and Low Explosives

Physics High Explosive Low Explosive

Nature Of Ignition Detonates IgnitesTime To Gas Microsecond MillisecondVelocity Of Reaction ~5 miles/sec ft/secPressure (psi) ~4 million ~50 thousand

EXPLOSIVES

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Classification of ExplosivesClassification of Explosives

RDX, HMX,HNS, PETN(Shaped Charges andDet. Cord)

ChemicalExplosivesChemicalExplosives

FlammableSolids

FlammableSolids

Low (Rapid Burning)

Low (Rapid Burning)

Baker Charges Black PowderAmerican HT(Igniter needles,CST cartridges, andCPST charges)

Lead Azide(Detonators)

Primary HighPrimary High

High (Detonating)

High (Detonating)

Secondary HighSecondary High

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High and Low ExplosivesHigh and Low Explosives

High Explosives

Secondary HighExplosives

Detonating Explosives:High rates of reactionsand pressure build-up.

Extremely sensitive.Detonation can beinitiated by any smalldisturbance.

Normally requires adetonator to set off. Maydetonate if heated inconfinement.

Low Explosives

Deflagrating Explosives:Slower reaction time andless pressure build-up.

Primary High orInitiating Explosives

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Low ExplosivesLow Explosives

Black PowderBlack Powder Composition:Composition:

Saltpeter KN03, Sulfur, Charcoal

Characteristics:Characteristics: Fine black powder Flash point 500oF approx. One hour rating: 450oF

Applications:Applications: Primer igniters, squibs BST/CPST power cartridges

American High TempAmerican High Temp Composition:Composition:

86% Ammonium Perchlorate/14% Carbazole

Characteristics:Characteristics: White Powder Flash point: 550oF One hour rating: 450oF

Applications:Applications: Sample Taker (CST)

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Primary High Explosive - Lead AzidePrimary High Explosive - Lead Azide

Composition: Composition: Pb(NPb(N33))22

Characteristics:Characteristics: Very sensitive to friction Self-detonates when heated sufficiently at atmospheric

pressure Flash Point: 625oF Temp. rating depends on purity and confinement effects

Application:Application: Detonators only


Application of Pressure Tight DetoApplication of Pressure Tight Deto

Pressure tight: Exposed GunsEnerjetPivot

No holes

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Fluid Desensitized DetonatorFluid Desensitized Detonator

Note: This type should not be exposed to well fluid.


Application of Fluid DesensitizedApplication of Fluid Desensitized

Fluid Desensitized: CARRIER gunsHSDHEGSHyperdome Scallop

Advantages of fluid de-sensitized detos are best achieved when they are run at the bottom of the gun.Need a cork or rubber shield over the detonator to optimize fluid desensitization.


Primachord Types (Detonating Cord)Primachord Types (Detonating Cord)

Function: to propagate detonating shock and transfer it to the shaped chargesExp lo sive

Le a d J a c ke te dDe to na tingC o rd s

Pla sticTe xtile Bra id


BoosterBooster

Function: to transfer detonating train in between guns

Shell HSD Upper End HSD Lower EndRDX(H448841),

HMX(H447381),

NONA(HP10-H447624)

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Shaped Charge IdentificationShaped Charge Identification

34J ULTRAJET, HMXLiner Diameter (mm)

Liner Material– A= pressed powder (copper, lead, tungsten)– B= pressed powder (copper, lead)– C= solid copper– D= solid zinc– E= solid aluminum– F= titanium powder– J= pressed powder (copper, lead, tungsten)

Charge Type– Deep Penetrating (DP) HyperJet, Ultrajet– Big Hole (BH) Ultrapack– Clean Shot (CS) Low debris Deep Penetator– Clean Pack (CP) Low debris Big Hole

Explosive


Types of Shaped ChargesTypes of Shaped Charges

•Liner design and material determines charge performance

•Deep penetration–Ultrajet

–Hyperjet

–Powerjet

•Big holes–Ultrapack

–Powerflow


Why selectivity ?Why selectivity ?

Situation requires more Situation requires more than one interval to be than one interval to be perforated.perforated.

Gun 2

(top)

Gun 1(botto

m)

If guns are fired at the If guns are fired at the same time, holes will be same time, holes will be in different places. in different places.

A switch is required to A switch is required to activate detonators one activate detonators one by one.by one.

4 mt

2.5 mt

Distance is different !!

X

2.5 mt

4.0 mt

Well sketch

Y

9/8/97

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Pressure Actuation of Selective SwitchPressure Actuation of Selective Switch


Guns – thru tubingGuns – thru tubing


GunGunHigh shot density gun (HSD)High shot density gun (HSD)


Shaped chargeShaped charge


Shaped charge performanceShaped charge performance

Specimen perforate by shaped chargeSpecimen perforate by shaped charge


PERFORATION SAFETYPERFORATION SAFETY

THERE IS NO SECOND CHANCETHERE IS NO SECOND CHANCE WITH WITH FAILURE ON EXPLOSIVE OPERATIONFAILURE ON EXPLOSIVE OPERATION

REMEMBERREMEMBER

YOU MUST RETURN HOMEYOU MUST RETURN HOME SAFELYSAFELY


PERFORATION SAFETYPERFORATION SAFETY

WHAT SHOULD I DO?WHAT SHOULD I DO?

WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?

SHOULD THEY DO IT ALSO?SHOULD THEY DO IT ALSO?

WHO CARE? WHO CARE?

EVERYONE MUST DO FOLLOW ALL EVERYONE MUST DO FOLLOW ALL

SAFETY REGURATIONSSAFETY REGURATIONS


Safety ComponentSafety Component

AttitudeAttitude EducateEducate InspectionInspection Correct procedureCorrect procedure Organization CommunicationOrganization Communication Reporting and CorrectionReporting and Correction AccountabilityAccountability


Safe AttitudeSafe Attitude

We are a Company Who work togetherWe are a Company Who work together

If If WEWE do not have a safe attitude do not have a safe attitude

ALLALL

the rules will not be followed the rules will not be followed

WEWE may Die and Fiasco may Die and Fiasco


EducationEducation

-Safety training-Safety training

Basic safetyBasic safety

Effect of incidentEffect of incident

-Operation training-Operation training

-Improve knowledge course-Improve knowledge course


InspectionInspection

Personal ReadinessPersonal Readiness

• Physical• Mention

EquipmentEquipment

• Age• Maintenance• Quarterly ,Yearly or correct

interval


Correct procedureCorrect procedure

Instruction manualInstruction manual OPMOPM PTWPTW


Organization CommunicationOrganization Communication

TimeTime PlacePlace Co-WorkerCo-Worker MeetingMeeting ProcedureProcedure LeaderLeader


Reporting and CorrectionReporting and Correction

Incident reportIncident report Stop workStop work Advised by supervisorAdvised by supervisor


AccountabilityAccountability

SupervisorSupervisor

Well RepresentativeWell Representative

ContactorContactor


Cause of AccidentCause of Accident

Human ErrorHuman Error Human decision Human decision

Take risk Shot cut Carelessness

Fault EquipmentFault Equipment EnvironmentEnvironment


PREJOB PreparationPREJOB Preparation

Review perforation proposalReview perforation proposal Review the emergency respondReview the emergency respond Announcement to all departmentAnnouncement to all department PTWPTW Well control equipmentWell control equipment


At well SiteAt well Site

Secure siteSecure site Gas checkGas check Pre-job meeting Pre-job meeting Control wellControl well Make sure contactor representative follow Make sure contactor representative follow

the standard procedurethe standard procedure


Secure SiteSecure Site

Check for hazardsCheck for hazards Transmitter towerTransmitter tower Road next to the well site.Road next to the well site. CAOCAO


PRE-Job meetingPRE-Job meeting

Following Following JHAJHA Handling stepping Pressure Explosive Placard (Eng , Thai, Titan) Hydrocarbon Lifting Work at height

Cross check byCross check by

follow the perforation check listfollow the perforation check list


Contractor OperationContractor Operation Loading Area Loading Area

No fire fighting No fire fighting No source of energyNo source of energy

PressurePressureElectricElectricStaticStaticMechanical Mechanical HeatHeat

Barricade the areaBarricade the areaLoading area SignLoading area Sign


Arming/disarming procedureArming/disarming procedure

Follow Contactor arming/disarming procedureFollow Contactor arming/disarming procedure Safety must be outside logging unit before Safety must be outside logging unit before

arming procedure start arming procedure start

The Safety key can be returned into The Safety key can be returned into logging cab when gun depth over 200 m.logging cab when gun depth over 200 m.


Contractor OperationContractor Operation

Storing ExplosivesStoring Explosives Never store Primary explosive (detonator) with other

explosive All bunker always locked after get or return Barricade and Sign Grounding At lease 20 m from flammable material Always locked


Explosive storage

Primary high explosiveBunker

Detonator only

Secondary high Low explosive bunker

Charge, cutter, Det-cord power charge, igniter

Documents

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