Perfect Tense

Translates: “has verbed,” “verbed,” “did verb”

Review: Present, Imperfect, and Future Tense• So far, we have formed our verbs by taking

the 2nd principal part, aka the INFINITIVE– Present tense• 2nd prin.part – (-re) + (o,s,t,mus,tis,nt) = verbs, is

verbing does verb

– Imperfect tense• 2nd prin.part– (-re) + (-ba-) + (m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) = verbed,

was verbing, did verb

– Future tense• 2nd prin.part – (-re) + (bo,bis,bit,bimus,bitis,bunt OR

am,es,et,emus,etis,ent) = will verb

Formula for Translating Principal Parts

• Amo, amare, amavi, amatus = love– Amo = I love– Amare = to love– Amavi = I HAVE loved– Amatus . . . We’ll deal with that later

• So, the first 3 principal parts of any verb translate like so:– I verb, to verb, I have verbed

Different Principal Part for Perfect!

• Present, imperfect and future tense all come from the 2nd principal part because they are UNFINISHED actions and the second principal part has an unfinished meaning

• Perfect is a FINISHED action, so we use the principal part with a FINISHED meaning – the 3rd principal part

Perfect Endings

• Perfect has its own set of endings. Yes, you need to memorize them.– ī -imus– istī -istis– it -ērunt

• N.B. mnemonic device -ērunt sounds like a foghorn

• Eeeeruuuuunt

Amo, amare, amavi, amatus - love

Present• Amo -

– I love, am loving, do love• Amas

– you love, are loving, do love• Amat -

– he loves, is loving, does love• Amamus -

– we love, are loving, do love• Amatis –

– y’all love, are loving, do love• Amant –

– they love, are loving, do love

Perfect• Amavi –

– I have loved, I loved, I did love• Amavisti –

– you have loved, you loved, you did love• Amavit –

– He has loved, he loved, he did love• Amavimus –

– We have loved, we loved, we did love• Amavistis –

– Y’all have loved, y’all loved, y’all did love• Amaverunt –

– they have loved, they loved, they did love

Habeo, Habere, Habui, Habitus - have

Present• Habeo-

– I Have, am having, do Have• habes

– you Have, are having, do Have• habet -

– he Has, is having, does Have• habemus -

– we Have, are having, do Have• habetis –

– y’all Have, are having, do Have• habent –

– they Have, are having, do Have

Perfect• Habui –

– I have had, I had, I did have• Habuisti –

– You have had, you had, you did have• habuit –

– He has had, he had, he did have• habuimus –

– We have had, we had, we did have• habuistis –

– Y’all have had, y’all had, y’all did have• habuerunt –

– They have had, they had, they did have

Rego, regere, rexi, rectus - rule

Present• Rego -

– I rule, am ruling, do rule• regis

– you rule, are ruling, do rule• regit -

– he rules, is ruling, does rule• regimus -

– we rule, are ruling, do rule• regitis –

– y’all rule, are ruling, do rule• regunt –

– they rule, are ruling, do rule

Perfect• Rexi–

– I have ruled, I ruled, I did rule• Rexisti–

– you have ruled, you ruled, you did rule• Rexit–

– He has ruled, he ruled, he did rule• Reximus–

– We have ruled, We ruled, We did rule• Rexistis–

– Y’all have ruled, Y’all ruled, Y’all did rule• Rexerunt–

– They have ruled, they ruled, They did rule

Capio, capere, cepi, captus - capture

Present• Capio-

– I capture, am capturing, do capture• capis -

– you capture, are capturing, do capture• capit -

– he captures, is capturing, does capture• capimus -

– we capture, are capturing, do capture• capitis –

– y’all capture, are capturing, do capture• capiunt –

– they capture, are capturing, do capture

Perfect• Cepi–

– I have captured, I captured, I did capture• Cepisti–

– You have captured, You captured, You did capture

• Cepit– – He has captured, He captured, He did capture

• Cepimus– – We have captured, We captured, We did capture

• Cepistis– – Y’all have captured, Y’all captured, Y’all did

capture• Ceperunt–

– They have captured, They captured, They did capture

Audio, Audire, Audivi, Auditus - hear

Present• audio -

– I hear, am hearing, do hear• audis

– you hear, are hearing, do hear• audit -

– he hears, is hearing, does hear• audimus -

– we hear, are hearing, do hear• auditis –

– y’all hear, are hearing, do hear• audiunt –

– they hear, are hearing, do hear

Perfect• Audivi–

– I have heard, I heard, I did hear• Audivisti–

– You have heard, You heard, You did hear• Audivit–

– He has heard, He heard, He did hear• Audivimus–

– We have heard, we heard, We did hear• Audivistis–

– Y’all have heard, Y’all heard, Y’all did hear• Audiverunt–

– They have heard, They heard, They did hear

To Form Perfect Conjugation

• 3rd principal part – (-ī) + (ī,isti,it,imus,istis,erunt)• Translates: has/have verbed, verbed, did verb• Key Word: HAS/HAVE indicates finished

action

Clues to recognize 3rd principal part

• V, S, U, X, stem change– Portavi– Misit (from mitto, mittere, misi, missus)– Habuisti– Reximus– Ceperunt

Translation Practice• Portavi– I have carried

• Viderunt– They have seen

• Dedisti– You have given

Homework

• Conjugate and translate each form for the verbs in the perfect tense

• Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus• Do, dare, dedi, datus• Doceo, docere, docui, doctus• Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus - lead• Mitto, mittere, misi, missus