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PERCEPTIONS OF THE YEMENI PUBLIC ON LIVING CONDITIONS AND SECURITY-RELATED ISSUES
Main findings
May 2017
Funded by the European Union
This survey has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Yemen Polling Center and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. © 2017 Yemen Polling Center. All rights reserved. For further information please contact Hafez Albukari ([email protected]).
Please cite as follows: Yemen Polling Center (2017): Perceptions of the Yemeni public on living conditions and security-related issues. Survey findings, Sanaa/Aden.
YPC Main Principles & Assumptions on SSR
• Local perceptions on the presence or absence of security determine whether security in fact exists. Any measures in SSR in Yemen must thus take the security concerns of the local population into account.
• States in which the central government is unwilling or unable to provide security to all people require innovative approaches to security sector governance that move beyond a state-centered perspective.
• Disarmament and a reduction of the number of SALW (and their free circulation) in such states can only be achieved once security structures have been established that guarantee accountability, transparency, and rule of law.
• Community security in fragile states may be better attained when communities are involved in the design, management, and—under certain conditions—execution of security provision according to their self-identified needs.
• Such approaches to community security must be embedded in a nation-wide strategy to assure accountability and oversight of security providers.
Sample, Aims, Implementation • implemented as part of YPC‘s IcSP-funded project ‘Re-building Peace and
Security in Yemen’ (duration: 03/2016 – 02/2019)
• 4,000 respondents (50% women) in all governorates except Sa‘da and Socotra
• aims: • to understand the impact of the war on the living conditions of Yemenis • to understand the nature of (in)security on the local level • to understand the nature of security provision on the local level • to understand the necessities and opportunities for peace-making and
stabilization on the local level • to understand the role of „the“ security sector on the local level • to understand the attitudes of the public towards gender-related security issues
• implementation: from February 23 to March 30 by 90 interviewers (male and female) and supervisors
• methodology: simple random sample; face-to-face interviews (for more information on YPC survey methodologies, please visit http://www.yemenpolling.org/consultancy/services1)
Distribution of sample by governorate
5
6
How old are you?
7
What is the highest education level that you completed?
Further Information
• Read charts from right to left!
• Acronyms: • DK = Don‘t know
• RF = Refused to Answer
• Terms: • Aqel = neighbourhood representative
Structure
• Living Conditions
• Personal Safety & War Experience
• Experience with Displacement
• Evaluating the Security Situation
• Security Actors
• Experience with Crime
• Experience with the “Police”
• Gender & Police
• Visions for SSR
• General Assessments, Visions & Beliefs Regarding the Current Situation
Living Conditions
First I would like to ask you about your current situation / family situation. How would you rate it on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being ‘very bad’ and 5 being ‘very good’?
11
Only female respondents: First I would like to ask you about your current situation / family situation. How would you rate it on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being ‘very bad’ and 5 being ‘very good’?
12
13
For your personal life, what issue is of greatest concern to you?
14
Only female respondents : For your personal life, what issue is of greatest concern to you?
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Jobs & Economy
15 15
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Jobs & Economy
16 16
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Access to Food
17
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Access to Food
18
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Access to Water
19
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Access to Water
20
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Fight against Corruption
21
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Security Situation
22
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Security Situation
23
24
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Human Rights
25
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Women’s Rights
26
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Women’s Rights
27
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Public Services
28
Only female respondents : I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Public Services
29
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Political Situation
30
I am going to list some issues and I would like you to tell me whether it is getting better or getting worse: Efforts against al-Qa'ida and Daesh
31
Why do you think jobs & economy are getting worse? (n=3331)
32
Only female respondents : Why do you think jobs & economy are getting worse? (n=1566)
Why do you think access to food is getting worse? (n=3069)
33
Only female respondents : Why do you think access to food is getting worse? (n=1453)
34
Why do you think public services are getting worse? (n=2674)
35
Only female respondents : Why do you think public services are getting worse? (n=1177)
36
Personal Safety & War Experience
38
On a scale ranging from 1 to 5 in which “1” means “always very unsafe” and “5” means “always very safe”, how safe do you personally feel?
39
Only female respondents : On a scale ranging from 1 to 5 in which “1” means “always very unsafe” and “5” means “always very safe”, how safe do you personally feel?
40
What is the main threat that endangers your personal security? (open question, code one answer) (n=1597)
41
Only female respondents : What is the main threat that endangers your personal security? (open question, code one answer) (n=812)
42
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: One of you was killed or injured
43
(Interviewer: only ask if the answer was “1” in Q9A: ‘One of you was killed or injured’) First case: What happened? Briefly explain (n=271)
(Interviewer: only ask if the answer was “1” in Q9A : ‘One of you was killed or injured’) Second case: What happened? Briefly explain (n=36)
44
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: One of you was disappeared/kidnapped
45
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: Your house was completely/partially destroyed
46
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: One of you was displaced to another area
47
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: Your property or business were destroyed
48
Please tell me whether you or your family experienced the following as a result of the war: Loss of job or income
49
Have you received any kind of assistances since the beginning of the war?
50
How many times have you received assistances since the beginning of the war? (n=1860)
51
What was the name of the organization/s or entity/ies that provided you with such assistances? (open question, code three answers) First answer (n=1860)
52
How sufficient were the assistances to you to meet your needs? (n=1860)
Experience with Displacement
54
Did people flee TO or FROM this area during the war?
55
Regarding your residence in this area, has your family…
56
What was the main reason for your displacement? (n=799)
57
Did your family move from…? (n=799)
58
Have you received any kind of assistance during your displacement period? (n=799)
59
During the period of your displacement, how many times did you receive assistance? (n=266)
60
What kind of assistance? (open question, code one answer) (n=266(
How sufficient was the assistance to you to meet your needs? (n=266(
61
What was the name of the organization/entity that provided you with such assistance? (open question) First answer (n=266)
Evaluating the Security Situation
63
Generally, how would you rate the security situation in your area?
64
Only female respondents : Generally, how would you rate the security situation in your area?
In your opinion, what are the biggest three security threats in your area? (open question, code three answers) First Answer
65
Only female respondents : In your opinion, what are the biggest three security threats in your area? (open question, code three answers) First Answer
66
Are there any landmines in your area?
67
68
Who is dealing with this issue? (n=83)
Have you traveled outside this area during war?
69
When you traveled outside this area, have you encountered security problems or any kind of harassments on your way? (n=1474)
70
71
What kind of problems/harassments did you encounter? Explain (open question) First answer (n=325)
72
Which news source do you trust most in regard to news about war developments and what is going on at the war fronts?
73
Only female respondents : Which news source do you trust most in regard to news about war developments and what is going on at the fronts of the conflicts?
74
Which source you access first to get information about the security developments (airstrikes, conflicts, assassinations, bombings) in your area? (open question, code one answer)
75
Only female respondents : Which source you access first to get information about the security developments (airstrikes, conflicts, assassinations, bombings) in your area?
Security Actors
According to your opinion, is the local council active in your area in...
77
According to your opinion, are political parties active in your area in…
78
According to your opinion, is the police active in your area in...
79
According to your opinion, are NGOs/CSOs active in your area in...
80
According to your opinion, are local community groups active in your area in...
81
According to your opinion, are tribes active in your area in...
82
According to your opinion, are tribal leaders active in your area in...
83
According to your opinion, are religious groups active in your area in...
84
In reality, when a problem or security incident occurs in this area, which actor deals with it first? (open question, code one answer)
85
86
In reality, who ruins security in this area? (open question, code three answers) First Answer
In reality, who brings security to this area? (open question, code three answers) First Answer
87
In the case of a crime or a security problem, whom will you inform first? (open question, code one answer)
88
Experience with Crime
90
Have you or any member of your household been the victim of a crime in the past two years that is not directly related to the war?
91
If there was more than one crime, what was the most significant one? (n=243) (open question)
92
To protect yourself and your family, what procedures do you rely on? (open question, code one answer)
Experience with “Police”
Is there a police station in this area?
94
Is there a police station in this area?
95
96
Is the police station functioning or not? (n=2126)
97
Are there any female police officers in the police station? (n=2126)
98
Are there any female police officers in the police station? (n=2126)
99
How would you assess the effectiveness of the police in your area in preventing crimes? (n=2126)
100
How would you assess the effectiveness of the police in your area in resolving conflict /crimes? (n=2126)
How would you assess the effectiveness of the police in your area in maintaining law & order in general? (n=2126)
101
102
How would you assess the effectiveness of the police in your area in protecting women & children? (n=2126)
103
Only female respondents : How would you assess the effectiveness of the police in your area in protecting women & children? (n=906)
104
To what extent are police officers respected in this area? (n=2126)
105
Do the police officers in your area always wear uniform when on duty? (n=2126)
106
If a woman reports a crime alone, without being accompanied by a male family member, do you think the police in this area .. (n=2126)
107
Only female respondents : If a woman reports a crime alone, without being accompanied by a male family member, do you think the police in this area… (n=906)
108
Please tell me if you would feel more or less secure if here was more police in this area?
109
Please tell me if you would feel more or less secure if there were more army units in this area?
110
Are there non-police people in your area doing police duties in the present time?
111
In the last two years, have you visited a police station to report a crime / resolve a problem?
In the last two years, have you visited a police station for administrative purposes?
112
113
In the last two years, have you visited a police station to obtain information?
Interviewer: Ask only if the answer was “1” in Q59 (administrative purposes), otherwise skip to the instructions before Q65 (Only female respondents: Would you report a crime alone?).
In the past two years, have you faced any problems obtaining personal documents? (n=168)
114
Interviewer: If reply was 'no', 'don't know', or 'refused to answer' to all three questions, skip to the instructions before Q65 (Only female respondents: Would you report a crime alone?).
What was your overall impression of the police station? (n=364)
Only female respondents: Would you report a crime alone? (n=2000)
115
116
Only female respondents: If there was a women's unit (police women only) in the police station closest to your home, would you report a crime alone? (n=2000)
117
Only male respondents: Would you allow your wife/daughter/female relative to report a crime alone? (n=2000)
118
Only male respondents: If there was a women's unit (police women only) in the police station closest to your home, would you allow your daughter/wife/female relative to report a crime alone? (n=2000)
119
Do you think the police deal fairly with people?
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Women
120
Only female respondents: More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Women
121
122
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Youth / young men
123
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Marginalized groups (e.g. akhdam)
124
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? The elderly
125
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? The poor
126
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Refugees
127
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? IDPs
128
More precisely, to what extent do you think the police treat the following groups fairly? Foreigners who are not refugees
129
Imagine that you have a complaint about a police officer. Where would go to complain?
130
Do you think that wages paid to regular police officers are…
131
If the police were better paid by the government, do you think they would be less corrupt?
Gender & Police
133
If a male member of your family was interested in joining the police, would you…
134
If a male member of your family was interested in joining the police, would you…
135
If a female member of your family was interested in joining the police, would you …
136
If a female member of your family was interested in joining the police, would you …
137
In general, do you support the idea of having female police officers in Yemen?
138
In general, do you support the idea of having female police officers in Yemen?
139
Why do you support it? (open question, code one answer) (n=2289)
140
Why do you support it? National (n=2289), Female (n=1102)
141
Why do you not support it? (open question, code one answer) (n=1468)
142
Why do you not support it? National (n=1468), Female (n=799)
143
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I will report a crime if the police officer is a woman.
144
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I will report a crime if the police officer is a woman.
145
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer to fairly resolve a crime.
146
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer to fairly resolve a crime.
147
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer to treat arrestees, detainees, minorities fairly.
148
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer to treat arrestees, detainees, minorities fairly.
149
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer not to take bribes.
150
Please tell me whether you agree or not: I trust a female police officer not to take bribes.
Visions for Security Sector Reform
152
In general, do you believe that the provision of security should rest in the hands of the state alone?
153
In this area specifically, do you believe that the provision of security should rest in the hands of the state alone?
154
Should the state involve non-state security actors in the resolution of security issues?
155
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Community groups / NGOs (n=2137)
156
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Women’s groups / NGOs (n=2137)
157
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Popular Committees (n=2137)
158
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Resistance factions (n=2137)
159
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Tribal shaykhs (n=2137)
160
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Local councils (n=2137)
161
Which group should be involved in rebuilding stability and security in your area? Other powerful people in this area (n=2137)
162
For what should these groups be involved? (n=2137)
General Assessments, Visions & Beliefs Regarding the Current Situation
164
In your opinion, do you think that things in Yemen are going into a direction of peace and end of war or in a direction of more conflict and fighting?
165
If you were asked to name the three most necessary actions that should be initiated to end the war, what would you propose? (open question, code one answer) First answer
166
Do you support or oppose the following? Separation of the south from the north
167
Only female respondents : Do you support or oppose the following? Separation of the south from the north
168
Do you support or oppose the following? Dividing Yemen into six regions
169
Do you support or oppose the following? The state form stays as it was before
170
Do you support or oppose the following? Dividing Yemen into two regions
171
According to your opinion, how has the following institution they been affected by the war? Hospitals
172
According to your opinion, how has the following institution they been affected by the war? Judiciary
173
According to your opinion, how has the following institution they been affected by the war? Prisons
174
If answer was "negatively" for ‘prisons’: How? (open question, code one answer) (n=1569)
175
According to your opinion, how has the following institution they been affected by the war? Schools
www.yemenpolling.org
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