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CHAPTER 2
Perceiving the Self and Others
Perception
A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings
The Perception Process
Selecting
Organizing
Interpreting
Schemas: Organizing Perceptions
• Mental structures that put together related bits of information
• Help you understand how things work and how they should proceed
• Evolve and change over time
Challenges with Schemas
• Mindlessness• Selective perception• Undue influence• Bar pickup schema• Good Will Hunting• Hitch, as we’ve seen
Attributions: Interpreting Perceptions
• Using personal characteristics to explain others’ behavior
• Can change over time(Interaction appearance
theory)• Can be problematic
(Fundamental attribution error)
Improving Your Perceptions
Verify your perceptions
Be thoughtful when seeking explanations
Look beyond first impressions
Perception in a Diverse World
Culture affects how we perceive ourselves & others
Perceptual Barriers The narrow perspective
(Cultural myopia)
Stereotyping
Prejudice
Removing Perceptual Barriers
Be mindful Consider multiple identities and co-
cultures Expand your perspective Deconstruct your schemas
Cognition: Perceiving Ourselves
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Self-Concept
Who you think you are Influenced by thoughts, actions,
abilities, values, goals, ideas… Influences how you communicate Comes from how others
communicate with you Direct & indirect evidence Social comparison theory
Self-Esteem
A set of attitudes you hold about your own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills, behavior, and beliefs.
Linked to Self-Concept: Must know yourself to have attitudes about self.
Self-Efficacy
Ability to predict actual success based on yourself-concept and self-esteem
Affects your ability to cope with failure and success
Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
Assessing Our Perceptions of Self
Self-Actualization The feelings & thoughts you get when you
know you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could
Leads to sense of satisfaction & fulfillment
Assessing Our Perceptions of Self
Self-Adequacy Assessing your communication competence
as sufficient or acceptable
Can lead to contentment or self-improvement
Assessing Our Perceptions of Self
Self-Denigration A negative assessment about a
communication experience.
Self-criticism
Often unwarranted. Often occurs when communicators place undue importance on weaknesses
Behavior:Managing Our Identities
Self-presentation Intentional communication designed to show
elements of self for strategic purposes
Occurs through various channels
Requires self-monitoring
Behavior:Managing Our Identities
Self-disclosure Revealing yourself to others by sharing
personal information Must not be information easily known to
others Sharing must be voluntary
Behavior:Managing Our Identities
Technology:Managing the Self Online
Self-presentation can be more controlled Make conscious choices about what to
reveal to others Allows for experimentation with identity