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Society Energy Environment SEE
People and power: Heat system dynamics and smart control
Mark Barrett, Catalina Spataru November 2011
Energy Systems Workshop: Integrated energy systems of the future
IEA CERT-ETP20121 7, 8 November 2011, IEA Headquarters, Paris, France
1
Run
presentation
with F5 to see
animations
Society Energy Environment SEE
Contents
• Policy objectives
• Whole system
• Heat
• Demand
• Supply
• Heat, electricity and integration
2
Society Energy Environment SEE
OBJECTIVES OF STRATEGY SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL
• Meet objectives at least cost with social equity
• Avoid irreversible, risky technologies
ENERGY SECURITY
• Reduce dependence on finite fossil and nuclear fuels
• UK 20% of energy from renewables by 2020 => ~35% renewable electricity?
• renewable transport fuels: 5% of by 2010, 10% by 2020
ENVIRONMENT
UK
• Government targets for GHG reduction from 1990: 12-20% by 2010, ~30% by 2020,
80% 1990-2050, including international transport.
• Require >95% GHG reduction for climate control and global equity
Europe 2020
• 20/30% GHG reduction
• 20% renewable energy fraction
3
Society Energy Environment SEE
Policy options
The policy aims are to be met using five classes of option:
• Behavioural change: demand, and choice and use of technologies
– demand substitution, less air travel
– modal shift from car and truck to bus and rail, lower motorway speeds, building
temperatures
– smaller cars
• Demand management
– insulation, ventilation control, recycling, efficient appliances...
• Energy efficient conversion
– cogeneration...
• Fuel switching
– to low/zero emission renewable and other sources
• Emission control technologies
– flue gas desulphurisation, catalytic converters, particulate traps...
4
Society Energy Environment SEE
The whole system animated
5
Society Energy Environment SEE
UK energy, space and time : animated
6
Society Energy Environment SEE
Temporal drivers
7
Use of time - UK average
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
0
3
6
9
12.0
00
15
18
21
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
W/m
2
deg
C;
m/s
Tamb_C
Tmains_C
WindDem1_mps
WindOn1_mps
WindOff1_mps
Tide_GWpGW
Wave_GWpGW
SolSInclined_Wpm2
Weather
Society Energy Environment SEE 8
Heat development – strategic issues
Long development time so need to consider several decades.
Given socioeconomic development and efficiency improvements, what is the ‘end state’ for:
Heat demands in terms of:
• quantity
• temperature
• space
• time
Heat loads:
• Buildings – HW, space
• Industry – process heat
• Fuel synthesis – HT heat
Heat supply:
• Electric heat pumps
• Biomass – availability and spatial distribution
• fuel synthesis (ammonia, hydrocarbons, hydrogen and processing
• Solar, geothermal
• Waste heat
• industry
Society Energy Environment SEE
End use demand
Heat pump
Store
Water
Electricity
Ambient LT Heat
MVHR LT Heat
Space
SolarHeater
Store
Pas
sive
sto
rage
Appliances
Gas? Boiler?
Dwellings;
two archetypes
Heat pump
single source
peaks
little storage
District heat
diversity
multiple inputs
cheap storage
implementation
9
District
Heat
End use demand
Heat pump
Store
Water
Electricity supply
Ambient LT Heat
Space
SolarHeater
StoreCHP
Store
Pa
ssiv
e s
tora
ge
Elecdemands
Society Energy Environment SEE
Building dynamics : heating
Winter’s day
Months 1,4,7
10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Wat
ts
De
g C
DHeatAux_W
DApp_W
DHWIncGain_W
DOccGain_W
DSolPassGain_W
Tamb_C
DComftargetT_C
DThermMT_C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
Wat
ts
De
g C
DSpHeatEmit_W
DApp_W
DHWIncGain_W
DOccGain_W
DSolPassGain_W
Tamb_C
DComftargetT_C
DThermMT_C
DHeatToStore_W
Society Energy Environment SEE
Building dynamics: solar heater
Winter’s day
Months 1,4,7
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Lit
res/
hr;
De
g C
Wa
tts
DHWVol_l
DHWHeat_W
DSolCollToTank_W
DSolTankHeatOut_W
DSolTankT_C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
Lit
res/
hr;
De
g C
W
DHWVol_l
SolSInclined_Wpm2
DHWHeat_W
DSolCollToTank_W
DSolTankHeatOut_W
DHWHeatAux_W
DSolTankT_C
Society Energy Environment SEE
Person-Dwelling
Combinations
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
M
New10New8New7New6New5New4New3New2New1Ref10Exi10Ref9Exi9Ref8Exi8Ref7Exi7Ref6Exi6Ref5Exi5Ref4Exi4Ref3Exi3Ref2Exi2Ref1Exi1
Numbers of PDCs
changing with:
• Demolition
• Refurbishment
• New build
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
OilDel
DHDel
EleDel
GasDel
Gradual change in fuel
mix from mainly gas to
electricity
Society Energy Environment SEE
Person-Dwelling
Combinations
13
Heat (space+water) demand of PDCs changing with:
• Demolition
• Refurbishment
• New build
Society Energy Environment SEE
Person-Dwelling
Combinations
14
Numbers of PDCs
changing with:
• Demolition
• Refurbishment
• New build
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
OilDel
DHDel
EleDel
GasDel
Gradual change in fuel
mix from mainly gas to
electricity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
20
40
60
80
100
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
M
Water heat
Space heat
HH_Num
Pop
Society Energy Environment SEE 15
Space heat emission
Delivered electricity
Load curves for Person-Dwelling Combinations – one day for months 1,3,5,7,9,11
Society Energy Environment SEE
Energy demand and time
16
Currently most heat load
met with gas, with a peak
of about 250 GW.
What if this were done
with electricity?
And seasonal variation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TW
h
SSpCool_GW
SSpHeat_GW
SHWHeat_GW
SLightEle_GW
SEqEle_GW
ISpHeat_GW
IProHeat_GW
IProChem_GW
IProEle_GW
DEleAppTot_GW
DHeat_GW
Society Energy Environment SEE 17
Heat supply development - transition
What will happen to the gas grid?
Will it be used for:
• Quantity supply with renewable gas and/or CCS
• Backup to biomass, heat pumps etc?
Will the whole gas system be retained, or just part?
District heating and electric heat pumps
Develop DH networks from:
• Nuclei of large heat loads (office blocks, hospitals etc.) initially with gas CHP input
• Existing urban power stations? Initially fossil, then biomass?
• Suitable heat source for heat pumps - e.g. sea, river (e.g. Stockholm)
• Industrial waste heat
Fuel production – heat load and low temperature waste heat
• Refining: coastal with ports. Currently ~10 GW CHP equivalent
• Fuel synthesis plants: electricity to ammonia, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, biofuels
• Sited near coasts/ports to absorb off-shore wind/biomass and for sea transport or use
(ammonia)
• Sited at filling stations?
Society Energy Environment SEE
Demand – supply matching
High renewable fractions will include a large wind component;
• what will happen when there is a deficit or surplus of renewable energy of perhaps 100
GW?
Demands
• Vary with social activity and weather
• Electric heat supply with heat pumps that vary with weather
Supplies:
• Renewables that vary with weather
• Dispatchable renewables
Matching
• Dispatchable supplies - chemical fossil/biomass
• Storage – heat, chemical, mechanical
• Transmisson
A large fraction of electricity will be used for heat.
Electricity is expensive to store, heat is cheap to store
18
Society Energy Environment SEE 19
National system – storage
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
10000D
om
est
ic
Serv
ice
s
Ind
ust
ry
Dis
tric
t h
eat
EV
bat
teri
es
Ele
c. s
yste
m s
tore
Syn
the
tic
liqu
id
Dw
elli
ng
fab
ric
Oth
er
bu
ildin
g fa
bri
c
GW
GW
h
System total storage
Storage/average output
Input power (max)
Input elec. power
Domestic Services
Industry
District heat
EV batteries
Elec. system store
Synthetic liquid
Dwelling fabric
Other building fabric
Society Energy Environment SEE
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
LiqSynEleInp_GW
DHHPEleIn_GW
TEle_GW
SEle_GW
IEle_GW
DEle_GW
EleSuppReq_GW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
De
g C
GW
SSpCool_GW
SSpHeat_GW
SHWHeat_GW
SLightEle_GW
SEqEle_GW
SHeatToStore_GW
SHeatStoreT_C
SHPCOP
SHPCoolCOP0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
h
GW
TRail_GW
TEVBattOut_GW
TEVBattIn_GW
TEVBatt_GWh
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
DEleAppTot_GW
DEleForHeatTot_GW
DEle_GW
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
Deg
C
GW
ISpHeat_GW
ILiq_GW
IProHeat_GW
IProChem_GW
IProEle_GW
IHeatToStore_GW
IHeatStoreT_C
20
Domestic
National energy deliveries – one day for months 1,4,7 ; modelled at 15 min intervals
Industry
Transport Services
Total delivered
Society Energy Environment SEE 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
De
g C
GW
DHDel_GW
DHHeatToStore_GW
CHPHeat_GW
CHPEle_GW
CHPFuel_GW
DHHeatStoreT_C
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
h
GW
LiqSyn_GW
LiqSynIntoStore_GW
LiqSynEleInp_GW
LiqStore_GWh
DISTRICT HEAT/CHP
National system supply – 1 day for months 1,4,7 ; modelled at 15 min intervals
SYNTHETIC FUELS
Society Energy Environment SEE
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
ImportEle_GWWaveEle_GWSolarPVEle_GWWindOff1Ele_GWWindOn1Ele_GWTideEle_GWHydroEle_GWSupEleDisp_GWLiqEle_GWSolEle_GWGasEle_GWNucEle_GWEleSysStoreOut_GWCHPEle_GWEleSuppReq_GWEleSysStoreIn_GWEleWasted_GWExportEle_GWEleGen_GW
22
Electricity:
• Demand
• Renewables
• Trade
National electricity supply – 1 day for months 1,4,7; modelled at 15 min intervals
Renewable
and CHP
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
GW
WaveEle_GW
SolarPVEle_GW
WindOff1Ele_GW
WindOn1Ele_GW
TideEle_GW
HydroEle_GW
CHPEle_GW
EleSuppReq_GW
Smart grid algorithm
applied to match
demand and supply with
storage
Society Energy Environment SEE
Monthly flows
23
Domestic
Services
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
W
De
g C
DSpHeatEmit_W
DSolPassGain_W
DOccGain_W
DApp_W
DHWIncGain_W
Tamb_C
DComftargetT_C
DThermMT_C
DSpHeatEmitReqT_C
DHeatToStore_W
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TWh
DEleAppTot_GW
DHeat_GW
DEleForHeatTot_GW
DGas_GW
DOil_GW
DEle_GW
DDH_GW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
De
g C
TWh
SSpCool_GW
SSpHeat_GW
SHWHeat_GW
SLightEle_GW
SEqEle_GW
SHeatToStore_GW
SHeatStoreT_C
Society Energy Environment SEE 24
Conclusions
Energy efficiency and renewable electricity are major options for meeting policy objectives
Electrification of heat produces major challenges in terms of peaks and demand-supply
matching
Robust, least cost system designs will integrate all demands and supplies
Electricity demand-supply matching will require the extensive use of a mix of:
• heat storage
• chemical storage of synthetic fuels
• dispatchable biomass CHP plant
• heat pump inputs to district heating
• long distance transmission
Society Energy Environment SEE 25
Electricity supply:
Renewable and CHP
National system scenario
Deliveries
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
TW
h
DHDel_GW
EleDel_GW
SolDel_GW
LiqDel_GW
GasDel_GW
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
TWh
WaveEle_GW
SolarPVEle_GW
WindOff1Ele_GW
WindOn1Ele_GW
TideEle_GW
HydroEle_GW
CHPEle_GW
EleSuppReq_GW
Society Energy Environment SEE
Heat and DH
National context for DH
A.Heat demand
1.domestic, industry, services, refineries etc.:
• quantities, load density, temperatures, temporal pattern
B. Fundamental technical and economic analysis
1.What fraction of heat demand to be met by DH? What densities of heat loads and total size
2.What heat inputs to DH: technologies - boiler/CHP/heat pumps/solar; fuels - biomass, gas.?
• What configurations? How much heat storage?
3.How will DH fit in to the national energy system and meet constraints like carbon and biomass
availability?
4.How will DH system operate dynamically in high renewable energy systems?
C. Policy specific to DH
1.Implementation: Building regulations/ standards, local planning, utility requirements.
2.Public infrastructure investment
3.Heat, gas and electricity market structures: contracts, pricing etc.
4.Foreign experience
26
Society Energy Environment SEE
Demography
27
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041 2046 2051 2056Year
Mil
lio
ns
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
Principal Mortality variants
Migration variants Fertility variants
High/Low combination variants
Projected
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
M
Pop age 120Pop age 115Pop age 110Pop age 105Pop age 100Pop age 95Pop age 90Pop age 85Pop age 80Pop age 75Pop age 70Pop age 65Pop age 60Pop age 55Pop age 50Pop age 45Pop age 40Pop age 35Pop age 30Pop age 25Pop age 20
Society Energy Environment SEE
Households and Dwellings - UK DEMOGRAPHY
28
y = 7.2857e-0.37x
R² = 0.90680
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5
CO
2 (
t/p
ers
on
/yr)
Persons / household
CO2 (t/person)
Expon. (CO2 (t/person))
More people;
Smaller households;
More dwellings;
More energy per person
More carbon per person in small
households
Society Energy Environment SEE
People: energy service demands, system use and control
29
Behaviour and energy services
Use of appliances
Control of systems
Monitoring – indoor environ imposes difficult challenges on location discovery due to the dense
multipath effect and building material
Model occupancy patterns and energy consumption (OPEC)
Intention to extend to other sectors – especially transport
Society Energy Environment SEE
People: energy service demands, system use and control
30
Patterns of occupancy & Individual appliances energy usage = Individual energy
load profiles
Load curves:
Lighting & appliances
and
occupants’ patterns
Society Energy Environment SEE
Building dynamics
Occupancy
Walls
31
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
He
at in
pu
t
Deg
C
Heater input
Solar radiation
Inc gains
Occupancy
Tcomfort
Tair
Plaster
Brick
Insulation
Insulation
Brick
Tambient
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
He
at in
pu
t
Deg
C
Heater input
Solar radiation
Inc gains
Occupancy
Tcomfort
Tair
Plaster
Brick
Insulation
Insulation
Brick
Tambient
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
De
g C
DOccN
DOcc
DSpConAdv_h
DComftargetT_C
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
De
g C
DOccN
DOcc
DSpConAdv_h
DComftargetT_C
Society Energy Environment SEE
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
De
g C
DOccN
DOcc
DSpConAdv_h
DComftargetT_C
Heat pump and
storage dynamics
Winter’s day
modelled at 5 min
intervals
32
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
CO
P
De
g C
Tamb_C
DThermMT_C
DHeatStoreT_C
DHPCOP
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
CO
P
Wat
ts
DHeatAux_W
DHeatToStore_W
DEleForHeat_W
DHPCOP
Society Energy Environment SEE
Load curves for Person-Dwelling Combinations – one day for months 1,3,5,7,9,11
33
Appliances
Water heat demand
Society Energy Environment SEE 34
CO2
National system scenario
Primary
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Mt
LiqEleCO2_t
SolEleCO2_t
GasEleCO2_t
CHPCO2_t
TIntCO2_t
TLandCO2_t
SGasCO2_t
ISolCO2_t
ILiqCO2_t
IGasCO2_t
DLiqCO2_t
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
TW
h
BioPri_GW
SolPri_GW
OilPri_GW
GasPri_GW
WaveEle_GW
SolarPVEle_GW
WindOff1Ele_GW
WindOn1Ele_GW
TideEle_GW
HydroEle_GW
Society Energy Environment SEE 35
District heat – economics and developing the market
Central problem:
•High capital cost and long development times means DH suppliers need long contracts and
high take-up of consumers.
• This restricts consumer choice in end use energy supply type (e.g. gas or DH),
and frequency with which fuel switches can be made (say, increasing from 1 month to
15 years); but it increases consumer flexibility and security in primary fuel mix
Economics of DH must be comparative;
•What are capital costs compared to alternatives? E.g. increasing the capacity of dispatchable
generation and low voltage electricity distribution to accommodate individual heat pumps in
dwellings.
•What are the variable fuel and operating costs of alternatives? E.g. individual heat pumps or
gas boilers?
•What are the economic benefits of DH in terms of:
• multi-fuelling (CHP+HPs+…) that may be adjusted instantly or in long term with no
consumer impact?
• lower carbon emissions?
• Role in the energy system with dynamic fuel mix changing and storage, so as to
integrate, for example, a large wind component?
To overcome problem
•What financial incentives?
•What changes to regulation of energy market, buildings, planning, etc. are required?
Society Energy Environment SEE 36
District heat development – possible drivers
• Building regulations: zero carbon, energy supply
• Planning regulations: e.g. Merton type rule
• Energy supply drivers.
• E.g. offshore wind->HP+DH, renewable target to absorb wind (inc. CHP, HPs?)
• RHI etc
• Energy system coherence. Role of DH as system balancer.
• Carbon target.
• Power stations; old and new. CHP mandate. IPPC. LCPD.
Society Energy Environment SEE 37
District heat : foreign success
60% Danish houses have DH
Stockholm has DH with inputs from CHP, waste heat, large heat pumps using sea heat
Gothenburg DH:
•offers consumers the choice between DH and ground source HPs
•extends its DH system to very low density housing on rocky terrain
•has inputs from waste incineration, fossil plant etc.
How do they do it?
Organise seminars to bring successful practice to the UK. Advice on technical, economic,
regulatory, local political, social aspects of DH. Attendees: DECC, LAs, industry, consultants
etc.
Aim for lead demonstration UK DH systems small/medium scale with Scandinavian aid. New
schemes and/or extensions of existing (from nuclei) e.g. Southampton, Woking, Pimlico. Build
on existing initiatives. Consider dominant building/industrial loads, proximity to heat sources
such as existing power stations.
.
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/dhchp.pdf
Society Energy Environment SEE 38
Smart grid
PRIMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ENERGY DEMAND ENERGY CONVERSION PRIMARY ENERGY
Finite energy
Fossil
Income energy
Finite energy
Fission
Geothermal
Sun
Moon
Gas
Oil
Coal
Heat
Kinetic
Heat
Electricity
Kinetic
Light
Chemical
Cool
Waste heat
ChemicalNuclear
Transp
Waste heat
ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT
Tidal
Wave
Wind
Hydro
Heat
Biomass
Light
Domestic
Services
Industry
Impact Impact
Fusion
E
Food
Motor Generator
Fuel cell
Heat engine
Heater
Heat pump
Society Energy Environment SEE 39
Smart grid
Liquid
Gas
synt
elec
Hydro
Solar PV
CHP
biomass
synt
District HeatingCooling
Heat pump
liq
gas
Hea
coal
Wind
Heat
Tide
Solar
H
H
Services
Dwellings
Nuclear
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Industry
Transport
Society Energy Environment SEE 40
Smart grid
UK PUBLIC SUPPLY
Primary
UK END USE
Demands Heat
Solar thermal
G
Heater
Hydro
Wind
Light
Hydro
Solar PV
CHP
Elec
Elec only
RenewRenew
Liq
Wind
Water
Space
CHP
Motor
Appliance
Light
Cook
Sun
high volt
low volt
Elec only
Transport
Variou
Motor Liq
Elec
Heat
Cooker
Social patterns & weather
Process
Process
Syn Gas
TRADE(EU
WORLD)
Coal
Nuclear
NatGas
Liquid
Biomass
Society Energy Environment SEE 41
Smart grid
ENERGY SYSTEM
Sources Transmission / storage Demands
CONTROL SYSTEM: Human / Information technology
Sensors Actuators
Learn, devise and implement control stategy
Buildings
IndustryTransportGas
Fossil
Heat
Nuclear
Renewable
Elec
Liquid
Society Energy Environment SEE 42
Smart grid
Current Projected
Demand Service demand weather dependent space heating input
lighting input
independent water heating input
appliances input
Stores storage levels heat stores end use input output
electricity stores system output
Supply Thermal stations elec only input output
CHP input output
Renewables uncontrolled wind input
wave input
solar input
with storage biomass input output
hydro input output
tidal input output
geothermal input output
Trade output
Society Energy Environment SEE 43
Smart grid
EleServe Scenario: Efficiency + CHP + renewables 2030 Winter day : Summer day
-5
15
35
55
75
95
115
135
155
1 25
GW
hrs
System
System demand
Essential generation
Dem Net E
Trade
Dem Net ET
Store
Dem Net ETS
Optional generation
Reserve requirement
Reserve store+hydro
Res req. Net Store
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0
GW
hrs
Demand (LM) T:Rai:Mot: T:PHc:Mot:PH
T:EV:Mot:EV R:Coo:Spa:Air
R:HP:Spa:HP R:Off:Spa:Res
R:Unr:Spa:Res R:Hot:Wat:HP
R:Hot:Wat:Res R:Lig:Lig:Lig
R:Mis:Gen:Gen R:Tel:App:Tel
R:Dis:Was:Dis R:Clo:Was:Clo
R:Was:Was:Was R:Coo:Coo:Coo
R:Fre:Ref:Fre R:Fri:Ref:Ref
S:All:Wat:HP S:All:Wat:Res
S:All:Spa:HP S:All:Spa:Res
S:All:Gen:Gen S:All:Lig:Lig
S:All:Coo:Coo S:All:Spa:Air
S:All:Ref:Ref O:Pub:Lig:Lig
O:Far:Gen:Gen I:Ind:LT :HP
I:Ind:LT :Res I:Ind:HT :Res
I:Ind:Pro:Pro I:Ind:Gen:Gen
I:Ind:Mot:Mot I:Ind:Lig:Lig
E:Fue:Syn:Ele E:Fue:Gen:Gen
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0 0
p/k
Wh
hrs
Marginal costs
Distribution
Startup energy
Generation energy
-9
11
31
51
71
91
111
131
151
171
0 0
GW
hrs
Generation PS30: Ogt PS20: O
PS26: G PS21: O
PS18: G PS27: G
PS28: G PS19: G
PS23: Gcc PS24: Gcc
PS25: Gcc PS22: Gcc
PS15: C PS12: C
PS11: C PS10: C
PS17: C PS13: C
PS9: C PS8: C
PS16: C PS14: C
PS7: N PS6: N
PS5: Gchp PS4: RSolPV
PS3: RWav PS2: RAer
PS1: RTid
System before load management
Society Energy Environment SEE 44
Smart grid
EleServe Scenario: Efficiency + CHP + renewables 2030 Winter day : Summer day
-5
15
35
55
75
95
115
135
155
1 25
GW
hrs
System
System demand
Essential generation
Dem Net E
Trade
Dem Net ET
Store
Dem Net ETS
Optional generation
Reserve requirement
Reserve store+hydro
Res req. Net Store
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0
GW
hrs
Demand (LM) T:Rai:Mot: T:PHc:Mot:PH
T:EV:Mot:EV R:Coo:Spa:Air
R:HP:Spa:HP R:Off:Spa:Res
R:Unr:Spa:Res R:Hot:Wat:HP
R:Hot:Wat:Res R:Lig:Lig:Lig
R:Mis:Gen:Gen R:Tel:App:Tel
R:Dis:Was:Dis R:Clo:Was:Clo
R:Was:Was:Was R:Coo:Coo:Coo
R:Fre:Ref:Fre R:Fri:Ref:Ref
S:All:Wat:HP S:All:Wat:Res
S:All:Spa:HP S:All:Spa:Res
S:All:Gen:Gen S:All:Lig:Lig
S:All:Coo:Coo S:All:Spa:Air
S:All:Ref:Ref O:Pub:Lig:Lig
O:Far:Gen:Gen I:Ind:LT :HP
I:Ind:LT :Res I:Ind:HT :Res
I:Ind:Pro:Pro I:Ind:Gen:Gen
I:Ind:Mot:Mot I:Ind:Lig:Lig
E:Fue:Syn:Ele E:Fue:Gen:Gen
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0 0
p/k
Wh
hrs
Marginal costs
Distribution
Startup energy
Generation energy
-9
11
31
51
71
91
111
131
151
171
0 0
GW
hrs
Generation PS30: Ogt PS20: O
PS26: G PS21: O
PS18: G PS27: G
PS28: G PS19: G
PS23: Gcc PS24: Gcc
PS25: Gcc PS22: Gcc
PS15: C PS12: C
PS11: C PS10: C
PS17: C PS13: C
PS9: C PS8: C
PS16: C PS14: C
PS7: N PS6: N
PS5: Gchp PS4: RSolPV
PS3: RWav PS2: RAer
PS1: RTid
System after load management