PENYUSUN MOLEKULAR SEL: Biomolekul
PENYUSUN MOLEKULAR [email protected] Air Protein Karbohidrat
LipidaAsam NukleatGaram dan Ion VitaminKOMPONEN MOLEKULAR
SEL}BIOMOLEKUL
H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism ARTI
PENTING MEMAHAMI MAKROMOLEKUL PENYUSUN SEL:
Carbohydrates, which supply and store energy and serve as
structural building blocks, include sugars and polymers of
sugars.Proteins, which catalyze reactions and are structural
building blocks, are polymers of amino acids.The nucleic acids DNA
and RNA, which code and express genetic information, are polymers
of nucleotides. Lipids are membrane components consisting mainly of
carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from acetates and other
molecules.Secondary metabolites such as phenolics, alkaloids, and
terpenoids often protect or strengthen plants.
Fatty acid
TriglyserideDiglyseride
Konsep 1: Monomers and PolymersEach cell assembles its own
polymers by joining appropriate monomers together with the
production of water
Konsep 2: Classes of BiomoleculesThe four major classes of
biomolecules each have their own characteristic monomers and
corresponding polymers. Monomer PolymerFatty aciddehydration
synthesis *Diglyceride, triglycerideMonosaccharide dehydration
condensationPolysaccharideAmino acidPolypeptide
(protein)NucleotideNucleic acid (DNA, RNA)Konsep 3: LipidsLipids
include various biomolecules whose common property is their
insolubility in water. Lipids do not form large polymers. Two or
three fatty acids are usually polymerized with glycerol, but other
lipids, such as steroids, do not form polymersImportant functions:
contributing to the structure of membranes that enclose cells and
cell compartments protecting against dessication (drying out)
storing concentrated energy insulating against cold regulating cell
activities by hormone actionsSteroids function both as hormones
(such as the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone) and as
structural material (such as cholesterol, an integral part of
animal cell membranes)
The simplest lipidssaturated fatty acids are linked entirely by
single C-C bondsunsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double
bondsFatty acids do not accumulate in large amounts inside cells;
instead, they serve as monomers for the assembly of triglycerides
and phospholipids.
Fatty acids are typically linked to glycerol, forming glycerides
with one, two, or three attached fatty acids.
Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, which generate
biological membranes.
Steroids, built from fused ring-shaped molecules, include
cholesterol and a number of hormones.Konsep 4:
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates, which include the sugars and
polysaccharides, have many important functions in biological
systems.
serving as precursors for building many polymers storing
short-term energy providing structural building materials serving
as molecular "tags" to allow recognition of specific cells and
molecules
Konsep 5: ProteinsThe most abundant and diverse molecules found
in living cells are proteins.
Proteins typically make up about half the total weight of
biomolecules in a cell (excluding water). enzymes as catalysts,
such as ribonuclease, that accelerate specific chemical reactions
up to 10 billion times faster than they would spontaneously occur;
one cell may contain some thousand different types of enzymes at
one time structural materials, including keratin (the protein found
in hair and nails) and collagen (the protein found in connective
tissue) specific binding, such as antibodies that bind specifically
to foreign substances to identify them to the body's immune system
specific carriers, including membrane transport proteins that move
substances across cell membranes, and blood proteins, such as
hemoglobin, that carry oxygen, iron, and other substances through
the body contraction, such as actin and myosin fibers that interact
in muscle tissue signaling, including hormones such as insulin that
regulate sugar levels in bloodFungsi ProteinConcept 6: Nucleic
AcidsNucleic acids, built by polymerizing nucleotides, function
primarily asinformational molecules for the storage and retrieval
of information about the primary sequence of polypeptides.
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Phosphate Groups and NucleotidesNucleotides can have one, two,
or three phosphate groups. Nucleotides with two or three phosphate
groups are good energy donors.
Phosphate groups can be joined together to form phosphodiester
bonds. Phosphate groups can also be joined to other molecules, such
as sugar.Fungsi selular beberapa
ionElementFunctionMolybdenumKofaktor/aktivator enzim (fiksasi N,
metabolisme asam nukleat, oksidasi aldehid)CobaltPenyusun vitamin
B12CopperPenyusun plastosianin, kofaktor enzim
respirasiIodinePenyusun tiroksin dan hormon lainBoronAktivasi enzim
arabinose isomeraseZincKofaktor/Aktivator enzim (carbonic
anhidrase, carboxypeptidase)Fungsi selular beberapa
ionManganeseKofaktor/Aktivator enzim (kinase, isositrat
dekarboksilase)IronPenyususn hemoglobin &
sitokromMagnesiumPenyusun klorofil, aktivasi ATPaseSulfurPenyusun
koenzim A, biotin, thiamin, proteinPhosphorusPenyususn lipid,
protein, asam nukleat, gula phosphat, nukleosida
phosphatCalciumPenyusun dinding sel tanaman, komponen matriks
jaringan tulang, kofaktor enzim koagulasiPotassiumKofaktor piruvat
kinase dan K+-stimulated ATPaseVITAMIN DAN KOENZIMVITAMINKOENZIM
TERKAITFUNGSIVitamin A11-cis-RetinalVisual cycle reactionsVitamin
B1 (Thiamin)Thiamin pirophosphatReaksi dekarboksilasi, oksidase,
transketolaseVitamin B6 (Piridoksin)Piridoksal phosphatMetabolisme
asam amino (dekarboksilasi & transaminasi)Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamin)CyanocobalaminMemecah ikatan C-C, C-O, C-NVitamin
D1,25-Dihydroxychole-calciferolMetabolisme kalsium dan
phosphatVitamin E -Aktivitas antioksidanViamin K-Sintesis prekursor
enzim koagulasi darah (prothrombin)VITAMIN DAN
KOENZIMVITAMINKOENZIM TERKAITFUNGSIBiotinBiocytinReaksi
karboksilasiAsam folatAsam tetrahidrofolatReaksi transfer karbon
tunggalAsam lipoatLipollysineDehidrogenasi, transfer gugus
acylNiacinNicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+, NADP+)Reaksi
oksidasi/reduksi oleh enzim dehidrogenaseAsam pantothenatCoenzym A
(CoASH)Transfer gugus asetilVitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Koenzim flavin
(FMN, FAD)Reaksi oksidasi/reduksi oleh enzim dehidrogenase
