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PENULISANPENELITIAN
Media Anugerah Ayu
Bimtek Kopertis 3 – Penelitian – Juli 2017
A little about me
Media Anugerah Ayu
A happy mum of two lovely boys and currently working as an academician at Sampoerna University-Jakarta.
Prior to that I was an Associate Professor in Faculty of Information and Communication Technology-International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
Education:PhD in Engineering and Information Science from The Australian National University, Canberra-AustraliaMSc from The Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok-ThailandIr from Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor-Indonesia
Web: http://medayu.mandalawangi.net Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
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Outline• Academic writing• Research• Writing a research proposal• Writing your research for publication
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ACADEMIC WRITING
What is the point of academic writing?
The substance of academic writing must be based on solid evidence and logical analysis, and presented as a concise, accurate argument.
Academic writing can allow you to present your argument and analysis accurately and concisely.
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How is it done?
Aim for precision. Don’t use unnecessary words or waffle. Get straight to the point. Make every word count.
If there is any uncertainty about a particular point, use cautious language (such as ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘could’, ‘potentially’).
Unless you are a confident writer, it is best to avoid over-long sentences and to aim for a mixture of long and short sentences for variation and rhythm.
Avoid repeating the same words.
Another important thing Referencing…
When writing an academic piece of work we need to acknowledge any ideas, information or quotations which are the work of other people. This is known as referencing or citing.
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Why should we include references in our work?
We should include references in order to: acknowledge the work of others
provide evidence of your own research
illustrate a particular point
support an argument or theory
allow others to locate the resources you have used
And most importantly: avoid accusations of plagiarism
Referencing while writing
References will be cited in our work in two places:
1) Where a source is referred to in the text (Citation)
2) In a list (the Bibliography/List of references) at the
end of the assignment.
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RESEARCH -PENELITIAN
Research is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions (Tuckman, 1999).
Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events (Best and Kahn, 1998).
Research is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of inquiry (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996).
Research?
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PENELITIAN ILMIAH
Penelitian ilmiah diartikan sebagai kegiatan yang dilandasi oleh
pemikiran ilmiah (didasari konsep ilmiah, teori, ataupun
paradigma ilmiah) untuk menemukan kebenaran ilmiah
(menemukan konsep maupun teori baru)
Penelitian mencari jawab atas masalah yang belum
terpecahkan
Research Process
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The Problem or Question
Start the research with identifying
FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM
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Identifying the Problem
Three categories when selecting a research problem Those who know precisely what they want to do and
have a well conceived problem
Those who have many interest areas and are having difficulty deciding exactly what they want to study
Those who do not have any idea about a worthwhile research problem
Start with a research question or idea…
Research Question /
Idea
Research Question /
Idea
Literature Review
Literature Review
What parts have been
researched by others?
What parts have been
researched by others?
What are the primary
“schools of thought”?
What are the primary
“schools of thought”?
What are the gaps in the
body of knowledge?
What are the gaps in the
body of knowledge?
Where did other research
leave off?
Where did other research
leave off?
Literature Review Theoretical Framework,
State of the art
Literature Review Theoretical Framework,
State of the art
Research Question Research Problem
Research Question Research Problem
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Research problem formulation
A research question/problem allows us to arrive at a research plan
A research question is more complicated than just a question. It is a question that determines the following components:
Research methodology,
Study and sampling design,
Research instrument, and
Type of analysis that will be done
General steps to formulate a research problem
Question of interest:
What do you want to learn about? What is the broader subject area?
Reduce the subject area to smaller, more specific subareas
Select one subarea to focus on
Formulate research questions, maintaining manageability (and double check)
Formulate objectives: main/general and specific
Objectives are action-oriented or verb-specific (“to discover,” “to find,” “to measure,” etc)
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Finding Research Problem and Contribution
1. How to find a strong problem
2. Understanding the Problem Domain
3. Thinking of Contribution
Building the understanding of your research domain
1. Finding Core Research Papers
2. Read Research Paper (understanding “the
‘communication idea’ in the paper”)
3. Writing Critical Report
4. Build a Mind Mapping
5. Positioning: using table comparison (for literature
review)
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Reading papers
The quality of your writing depends on the quality of your reading. Read only ‘strong’ papers.
Failure of understanding the idea in a paper will miss the understanding of problem and solution.
BoK of the research work.
Reading a paper
how to find a consider ‘strong’ paper?
Set-up a framework in our mind (thinking structured) even before we read a paper
Find any piece of structure from each reading paper and build the pattern!
What is the best way to read papers? Find the most important thing in the paper. How?
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Extracting: from Reading to Mind Mapping
Research Question Project Objective Activity Deliverable
What are the various
approaches to block
sniffing attack?
To investigate various
approach to block
sniffing attack.
Literature Review: To
identify the main
methods.
Results of Literature
Review:
Identification
of methods related to
Sniffing prevention
How to adopt and
adapt a method for
securing ad hoc
network against
sniffing attack?
To propose a method
to enhance the security
of ad hoc network
against sniffing attack.
To design a method
for sniffing prevention
in ad hoc network
Proposed method
How to evaluate
efficiency of proposed
method?
To evaluate efficiency of
the proposed method.
Compare different
method
Analysis of the result
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LITERATURE REVIEW…
What is a Literature Review?
A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and it usually has an organizational pattern which combines both summary and synthesis.
A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information.
Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.
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What is a Literature Review?
A literature review is the effective evaluation of selected documents on a research topic.
In the context of a research paper or thesis the literature review is a critical synthesis of previous research.
The evaluation of the literature leads logically to the research question.
What is a Literature Review?
A ‘good’ literature review…..
….. is a synthesis of available research ….. is a critical evaluation ….. has appropriate breadth and depth ….. has clarity and conciseness ….. uses rigorous and consistent methods
A ‘poor’ literature review is…..
…..an annotated bibliography ….. confined to descr iption ….. narrow and shallow ….. confusing and longwinded ….. constructed in an arbitrary way
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What is a Literature Review?
Literature reviews provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers.
The purpose of a literature review is for you to take a critical look at the literature (facts and views) that already exists in the area you are researching.
A literature review is not a shopping list of everything that exists, but a critical analysis that shows an evaluation of the existing literature and a relationship between the different works.
Purpose of a Literature Review
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.
To provide background information
To establish importance
To demonstrate familiarity
To “carve out a space” for further research
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Characteristics of Effective Literature Reviews
Outlining important research trends
Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing research
Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
Establishing a need for current and/or future research projects
How to?
The whole process of reviewing includes:
a. Searching for literature
b. Sorting and prioritising the retrieved literature
c. Analytical reading of papers
d. Evaluative reading of papers
e. Comparison across studies
f. Organising the content
g. Writing the review
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Literature searches take a myriad of forms
Books Integrated body of knowledge Takes longer to write—not as up-to-date
Journals Journals in specific field/subject Articles in diverse subject journals More narrow/specific focus
Conference Proceedings
Others (internet, etc) Less reliable/not peer-reviewed
Searching the literature
Searching literature in the High Impact
Factor Journals (in ISI WoS or Scopus)
or use Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore,
Open Access Journals, etc.
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SJR: Scientific Journal Rankings
ISI WoS – Thomson Reuters
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ISI WoS – Thomson Reuters
Four Analysis Tasks of the Literature Review
TASKS OF LITERATURE
REVIEW
SUMMARIZE SYNTHESIZE CRITIQUE COMPARE
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Summary and Synthesis
In your own words, summarize and/or synthesize the key findings relevant to your study.
What do we know about the immediate area?
What are the key arguments, key characteristics, key concepts or key figures?
What are the existing debates/theories?
What common methodologies are used?
Sample Language for Summary and Synthesis
Normadin has demonstrated…
Early work by Hausman, Schwarz, and Graves was concerned with…
Elsayed and Stern compared algorithms for handling…
Additional work by Karasawa et. al, Azadivar, and Parry et. al deals with…
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Example: Summary and Synthesis
Piaget’s theory of stages of cognitive development and Erikson’s
stages of psychosocial development are commonly used for
educational psychology courses (Borich & Tombari, 1997;
LeFrancois, 1997; Slavin, 1997). Piaget described characteristic
behaviors, including artistic ones such as drawing, as evidence of
how children think and what children do as they progress beyond
developmental milestones into and through stages of development.
Comparison and Critique
Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the work:
How do the different studies relate? What is new, different, or controversial?
What views need further testing?
What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or too limited?
What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?
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Sample Language for Comparison and Critique
In this ambitious but flawed study, Jones and Wang…
These general results, reflecting the stochastic nature
of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by
Rosenblatt and Roll…
Example: Comparison and Critique
The critical response to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley often registers
disappointment or surprise. Some critics have complained that the
verse of this African American slave is insecure (Collins 1975, 78),
imitative (Richmond 1974, 54-66), and incapacitated (Burke 1991,
33, 38)—at worst, the product of a “White mind” (Jameson 1974,
414-15). Others, in contrast, have applauded Wheatley’s critique of
Anglo-American discourse(Kendrick 1993,222-23), her revision of
literary models…
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Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
Review isn’t logically organized
Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study
Review doesn’t relate literature to the study
Too few references or outdated references cited
Review isn’t written in author’s own words
Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries
Review doesn’t argue a point
Recent references are omitted
Extracting: from reading to the literature reviews and take the stand-point
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Writing a Literature Review:In Summary
As you read, try to see the “big picture”—your literature review should provide an overview of the state of research.
Include only those source materials that help you shape your argument. Resist the temptation to include everything you’ve read!
Balance summary and analysis as you write.
Keep in mind your purpose for writing:
How will this review benefit readers?
How does this review contribute to your study?
Be meticulous about citations.
Example
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are statistical tools that have been used successfully in modelling difficult tasks such as speech recognition [15] or biological sequence analysis [16]. Inspired by a similar speech application, Hidden Markov model (HMM) has also been applied to activity recognition. The first approach for the human movements based on HMMs was described in [13]. It distinguished between six different tennis strokes. This system divided the image into meshes and counted the number of pixels representing the person for each mesh. The numbers were composed to a feature vector that was converted into a discrete label by a vector quantizer. The labels were classified based on discrete HMMs. In [8], an HMM is used as a representation of simple actions which are recognized by computing the probability that the model produces the visual observation sequence. In [14] layered HMMs were proposed to model single person office activities at various time granularities.
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Supporting tools
Tools to support in writing related to referencing and
literature review:
- EndNote
- Mendeley
- Zotero
A peek on Mendeley
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A peek on Mendeley
A peek on Mendeley
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A peek on Mendeley
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Every successful research project requires two things:
a meaningful research question, and
an appropriate way to answer that question
What are presented in it?
The HOW of the research done !
- The research design- Process of data collection- Techniques for data analysis
Research Plan
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Methodology Section
Ultimately, your methodology section(s) should:
Define and explain your method, your theoretical
approach, naming your instrument (e.g. Case
study, interview, etc.)
Show links between your method and others
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Methodology Section
Ultimately, your methodology section(s) should:
Justify your choice of methods
Report what you plan to do
Show how you will select and analyse the data and
how you will document it
Say what you expect to find
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Organising the methodology section(s)
How will you logically organise the information in
this section?
How will you organise your text in each section?
Will you organise the methods around the
questions? Or around the methodological type?
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Questions your methodology section should answer
Why will the data be admissible?
Why is your choice of measuring instrument appropriate
to your context / to the data you are aiming to retrieve?
By what criteria will you measure the validity of your
measuring instruments?
How do we know that your method will yield reliable
data?
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Valid, reliable information
“Sometimes there is universal agreement that a particular
instrument provides a valid instrument for measuring a
particular characteristic. We could all agree that a ruler
measures length, a thermometer measures temperature,
and a barometer measures air pressure. But whenever we
do not have such universal agreement, we must provide
evidence that an instrument we are using has validity for
our purpose” (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005: 92).
• Problem formulation and the processes used to solve the
problem, prove or disprove the hypothesis
• Use illustrations to clarify ideas
TablesPresent representative data or when exact values are
important to show
FiguresQuickly show ideas/conclusions
that would require detailed explanations
Methodology
Fig. A
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WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Writing a Research Proposal
The proposal:- Lays out the problem for research- Describes exactly how the research will be conducted- Outlines in precise detail the resources the researcher will use to achieve the desired results
(Source: Leedy & Omrod, 2010)
A good research proposal is based on scientific facts and on the art of clear
communication.
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How to write research proposal?
A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it.
Readers’ Evaluation: The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.
Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
What you plan to accomplishWhy you want to do it How you are going to do it
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Research Question Project Objective Activity Deliverable
What are the various
approaches to block
sniffing attack?
To investigate various
approach to block
sniffing attack.
Literature Review: To
identify the main
methods.
Results of Literature
Review:
Identification
of methods related to
Sniffing prevention
How to adopt and
adapt a method for
securing ad hoc
network against
sniffing attack?
To propose a method
to enhance the security
of ad hoc network
against sniffing attack.
To design a method
for sniffing prevention
in ad hoc network
Proposed method
How to evaluate
efficiency of proposed
method?
To evaluate efficiency of
the proposed method.
Compare different
method
Analysis of the result
Guidelines in writing a research proposal
- Present the research problem at the beginning part the problem is at the very
center to drive the entire project
- Provide a context for your research problem to help the readers understand why
the problem to be investigated is a problem in need of solution
- Convince the readers of the importance of your research project
- Assume that your reader know nothing whatsoever about your proposed project
- Communicate that you have an open mind about what you will find. (‘The proposed
research project is designed to investigate the possible effect of …’)
- Describe your proposed methodology with a much detail and precision as possible
- If you intend to use data that already exist, describe where the data are located and
how you plan to obtain them
- Describe how you will use the data to answer your research problem
- Use appendices to present informed consent letters, specific measurement
instruments, and other detailed materials.
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Components of research proposal
Title
A good title should contain the fewest possible words that adequately
describe the contents of a paper.
Effective titles
Identify the main issue of the paper
Begin with the subject of the paper
Are accurate, unambiguous, specific, and complete
Are as short as possible
Articles with short, catchy titles are often better cited
Do not contain rarely-used abbreviations
Attract readers
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GoodTitle
BadTitle
VS.
Title
An effective title should…
•Answer the reader’s question:
“Is this article relevant to me?”
•Grab the reader’s attention
•Describe the content of a paper
using the fewest possible words
• Is crisp, concise
• Uses keywords
• Avoids jargon
Informative but catchy
A Human Expert-based Approach to Electrical Peak Demand Management
VS
A better approach of managing environmental and energy sustainability via a study of different methods of electric load forecasting
GoodTitle
BadTitle
VS.
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“English needs help. The title is nonsense.
All materials have properties of all varieties.
You could examine my hair for its electrical
and optical properties! You MUST be
specific. I haven’t read the paper but I
suspect there is something special about
these properties, otherwise why would you
be reporting them?”
– the Editor-in-Chief
Electrospinning of
carbon/CdS coaxial
nanofibers with
optical and
electrical
properties
Fabrication of
carbon/CdS coaxial
nanofibers
displaying optical
and electrical
properties via
electrospinning
carbon
Titles should be specific.
Think to yourself: “How would I search for
this piece of information?” when you
design the title.
Inhibition of growth
of mycobacterium
tuberculosis by
streptomycin
Action of antibiotics
on bacteria
Long title distracts readers.
Remove all redundancies such as
“observations on”, “the nature of”, etc.
Effect of Zn on
anticorrosion of
zinc plating layer
Preliminary
observations on the
effect of Zn element
on anticorrosion of
zinc plating layer
RemarksRevisedOriginal Title
Examples
GoodTitle
BadTitle
VS.
Abstract
Tell readers what you want to do, why and how
One-two paragraphs (between 50-300 words)
Advertisement for your proposal – first impression
A clear abstract will strongly influence if your proposed work is
considered further
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Necessary background or context
Placement of research question
a current "hot" area, or an older area that remains viable.
State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study
Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance
Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worthdoing
Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study
Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
Provide definitions of key concepts (This is optional).
Introduction
The objective of the proposed study should be stated very
clearly The objective stated should be specific, achievable and
measurable Too many objectives to be avoided
Even just one clearly stated relevant objective for a study
would be good enough If there is more than one objective the objectives can be
presented in the appropriate order of importance
Objective(s)
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Reinventing the wheel / Credits to deserved ones
Demonstration of knowledge and understanding of the theoretical
and research issues
Demonstration of ability to critically evaluate
Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing
literature
Development of a new model as the conceptual framework
Convinces reader regarding significance and substantial
contribution to the literature
Literature Review
The Method section is very important because it tellson how you plan to tackle your
research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary
for the completion of your project
The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain
sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound
Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in
qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborative than what is
required for traditional quantitative research
More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far
greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research.
Methods
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Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question
Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research
Failure to cite landmark studies
Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by
other researchers
Failure to stay focused on the research question
Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed
research
Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues
Too much rambling -- going "all over the map" without a clear sense of
direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a
seamless river.)
Too many citation lapses and incorrect references
Basic research proposal outline
Title
AbstractIntroduction
Topic area Research question
Significance to knowledge
Literature review
Previous research others & yours
Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions
Your preliminary work on the topic The remaining questions and inter-locking logic
Reprise of your research question(s) in this context
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Methodology
Approach
Data needs
Analytic techniques
Plan for interpreting results
Expected results
Budget
Bibliography (or References)
Basic research proposal outline
ACADEMIC WRITING FOR PUBLICATION
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Determine if you are ready to publish
This could be in the form of:
Presenting new, original results or methods
Rationalizing, refining, or reinterpreting published results
Reviewing or summarizing a particular subject or field
If you are ready to publish, a strong manuscript is
what is needed next
You should consider publishing if you have information that advances the understanding in a certain scientific field
What is a strong manuscript?
Has a novel, clear, useful, and exciting message
Presented and constructed in a logical manner
Reviewers and editors can grasp the scientific significance easily
Editors and reviewers but also authors are all
busy scientists –
make things easy to save their time
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A scientific paper is not a research report, but a contribution to the scientific discussions
A review is not an overview of the literature (as often in the introduction of a thesis) but a discussion of the literature bringing a new message
Before writing:
Define what it is you want to make clear
What is a strong manuscript?
Identify the right audience for your paper
Identify the sector of readership/community for which a paper is meant
Identify the interest of your audience
Is your paper of local or international interest?
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Choose the right journal
Do not just “descend the stairs”
Top journals
Nature, Science, Lancet, NEJM, ......
Field-specific top journals
Other field-specific journals
National journals
Choose the right journal
Ask help from your supervisor or colleagues The supervisor (who is sometimes the corresponding author) has at least co-responsibility for
your work. You are encouraged to chase your supervisor if necessary.
Articles in your references will likely lead you to the right journal.
DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more than one journal at a time. International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneous submissions, and editors DO
find out! (Trust me, they DO!)
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Multiple submissions save you time but waste editor’s and reviewer’s time.
The editorial process of your manuscripts will be completely stopped if the duplicated submissions are discovered.
“It is considered to be unethical…We have thrown out a paper when an author was caught doing this. I believe that the other journal did the same thing. ” James C. Hower Editor, the International Journal of Coal Geology
Do not send your manuscript to a second journal UNTIL you receive the final decision of the first journal
Read the ‘Guide for Authors’! Again and again!
Stick to the Guide for Authors in your manuscript, even in the first draft (text layout, nomenclature, figures & tables, references etc.).In the end it will save you time, and also the editor’s.
Editors (and reviewers) do not like wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. It is a sign of disrespect.
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Scientific Language – Overview
Key to successful scientific writing is to be alert for common errors: Sentence construction
Incorrect tenses
Inaccurate grammar
Not using English
Check the Guide for Authors of the target
journal for language specifications
Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity.
Scientific Language – Sentences
Write direct and short sentences
One idea or piece of information per sentence is sufficient
Avoid multiple statements in one sentence
An example of what NOT to do:“If it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has
higher intravenous administration retention concentration, but which is not in
accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation
should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from
emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it is
probably difficult for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as
freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel
aperture is smaller.”
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Title
Results/Discussions/Findings
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Methodology
References
Conclusion
Elements of a manuscript/research article
Make them easy for
indexing and
searching!
(informative,
attractive, effective)
Journal space is not
unlimited.
Make your article as
concise as possible.
Keywords
In an “electronic world”, keywords determine whether your article is found or not!
Avoid to make them too general (“drug delivery”, “mouse”, “disease”, etc.)
too narrow (so that nobody will ever search for it)
Effective approach: Look at the keywords of articles relevant to your manuscript
Play with these keywords, and see whether they return relevant papers, neither too many nor too few
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Use in the Title and
Abstract for enhanced
Search Engine Optimization
Keywords
Appropriate
Applicable
Specific
Searchable
Logical
Introduction
The place to convince readers that you know why your work is relevant, also for them
Answer a series of questions: What is the problem?
Are there any existing solutions?
Which one is the best?
What is its main limitation?
What do you hope to achieve?
100
General
SpecificState its contribution
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Results – what have you found?
The following should be included
the main findings
Thus not all findings
Findings from experiments described in the Methods section
Highlight findings that differ from findings in previous publications, and unexpected findings
Results of the statistical analysis
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"One Picture is Worth a
Thousand Words"
Sue Hanauer (1968)
Results – Figures and tables
Illustrations are critical, because Figures and tables are the most efficient way to present results
Results are the driving force of the publication
A figure/table should convey the message besides giving the data of the experiment
Results – Appearance counts!
Un-crowded plots 3 or 4 data sets per figure; well-selected scales; appropriate
axis label size; symbols clear to read; data sets easily distinguishable.
Each photograph must have a scale markerof professional quality in a corner.
Text in photos / figures in English Not in French, German, Chinese, ...
Use colour ONLY when necessary. If different line styles can clarify the meaning,
then never use colours or other thrilling effects.
Colour must be visible and distinguishablewhen printed in black & white.
Do not include long boring tables!
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Discussion – what do the results mean?
Check for the following: How do your results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section?
Do you provide interpretation for each of your results presented?
Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported? Or are there any differences? Why?
Are there any limitations?
Does the discussion logically lead to your conclusion?
Do not Make statements that go beyond what the results can support
Suddenly introduce new terms or ideas
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Discussion
Results
Results/discussion
Demonstrate that you
solved the problem or
made significant advances
Results: Summarizes the Data
• Should be clear and concise
• Use figures or tables with narrative
to illustrate findings
Discussion: Interprets the Results
• Why your research offers
a new solution
• How can it benefit other researchers
professionals
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• Explain what the research has
achieved
• As it relates to the problem stated
in the Introduction
• Revisit the key points in each section
• Include a summary of the main findings and
implications for the field
• Provide benefits and shortcomings of:
• The solution presented
• Your research and methodology
• Suggest future areas for research
Conclusion
Conclusions
The conclusion is not a summary of the paper and is no outlook to future work
Present global and specific conclusions as a clear take home message
Avoid judgments about impact
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations must be defined on the first use in both abstract and main text.
Some journals even forbid the use of abbreviations in the abstract.
Abbreviations that are firmly established in the field do not need to be defined, e.g. DNA.
Never define an abbreviation of a term that is only used once.
Avoid acronyms, if possible Abbreviations that consist of the initial letters of a series of words
Can be typical “lab jargon”, incomprehensible to outsiders
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Another important element that needs to be considered in academic publication Ethics
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Publish AND Perish! – if you break ethical rules
International scientific ethics have evolved over centuries and are commonly held throughout the world.
Scientific ethics are not considered to have national variants or characteristics – there is a single ethical standard for science.
Ethics problems with scientific articles are on the rise globally.
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M. Errami & H. Garner
A tale of two citations
Nature 451 (2008): 397-399
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Ethics Issues in Publishing
Scientific misconduct Falsification of results
Publication misconduct Plagiarism
Different forms / severities
The paper must be original to the authors
Duplicate publication
Duplicate submission
Appropriate acknowledgement of prior research and researchers
Appropriate identification of all co-authors
Conflict of interest
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Plagiarism includes (Galvan, pg. 89):
1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation
2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation
3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks
4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source
5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper
6. Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper
Plagiarism Detection Tools
Plagiarism detection schemes: Turnitin (aimed at universities)
Ithenticate (aimed at publishers and corporations)
Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20 million peer reviewed articles which
have been donated by 50+ publishers.
Editors and reviewers
Your colleagues
"Other“ whistleblowers “The walls have ears", it seems ...
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116
The article of which the authors committed plagiarism: it won’t be
removed from ScienceDirect. Everybody who downloads it will see
the reason of retraction…
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Data fabrication and falsification
Fabrication: Making up data or results, and recording or reporting them
“… the fabrication of research data … hits at the heart of our responsibility to society, the reputation of our institution, the trust between the public and the biomedical research community, and our personal credibility and that of our mentors, colleagues…”
“It can waste the time of others, trying to replicate false data or designing experiments based on false premises, and can lead to therapeutic errors. It can never be tolerated.”
Professor Richard HawkesDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy
University of Calgary
“The most dangerous of all falsehoods is a slightly distorted truth.”
G.C.Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
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CONTOH MEMBUAT METODE RISET
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CONTOH MEMBUAT METODE RISET
CONTOH MEMBUAT METODE RISET
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Research Process:Formulating the research idea
Source of idea for project Scientific literature, own observations, discuss with peers, etc.
Literature review Stated the idea from the reference and involve
Integrate & cross reference ideas
Critically evaluate & discuss ideas
Formulate the contribution identify and construct the idea
Develop the Methodology/Framework/Design/ Architecture/Protocol
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Title and Content Layout with SmartArt
Task description
Task description
Task description
Task description
Step 1 TitleStep 1 Title Task
description
Task description
Task description
Step 2 TitleStep 2 Title Task
description
Task description
Step 3 TitleStep 3 Title Task
description
Task description
Step 4 TitleStep 4 Title
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Picture with Caption Layout
Caption
ADD A SLIDE TITLE - 1
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ADD A SLIDE TITLE - 2
Add a Slide Title - 3
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Add a Slide Title - 4
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Add a Slide Title - 5
