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NAD,ISNATNUKA ABAL,SAK SURA LATOT HURAGNEP
MAHAS AGRAH PADAHRET NAAHASUREP NARUKU nahasureP adaP siripmE idutS( segnarevreB & dooF id tatacreT gnaY kefE asruB
P )IEB( aisenodnI 002 edoire 8- 102 0)
ISPIRKS
isnatnukA nasuruJ adapeK nakujaiD
imonokE satlukaF
asayatriT gnegA natluS satisrevinU
helorepmeM kutnU nataraysreP naigabeS ihunemeM akgnaR malaD
)ES( imonokE anajraS raleG
nakujaiD O hel
ITAWAILIRPA AMHCOR
4792802555
ISNATNUKA NASURUJ
IMONOKE SATLUKAF
ASAYATRIT GNEGA NATLUS SATISREVINU
GNARES
2102
S NAATAYNREP TARU
ayaS itawailirpA amhcoR oN 9 280 2555 awsisahaM kudnI rom 47 isnatnukA nasuruJ
: luduj nagned ispirks awhab aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem huragneP , saK surA latoT
naahasurep narukU nad , isnatnukA abaL padahreT mahaS agraH . P siripmE idutS( ada
nahasureP egnareveB & doof id tatacret gnay E asruB 8002 edoireP )IEB( aisenodnI kef - 102 0
irad )E.S( imonokE anajraS raleg helorepmem kutnu tarays iagabes silut ayaS
.iridnes ayas ayrak lisah nakapurem aynhurules ,asayatriT gnegA natluS satisrevinU adA nup
naigab - nial gnaro ayrak lisah irad pituk ayas gnay ispirks nasilunep malad utnetret naigab
nasilunep akite nad ,hadiak ,amron nagned iauses salej araces aynrebmus naksilutid halet
.haimli ayrak
kS naigabes uata hurules nakumetid irah naidumekid alibapA lisah nakub ini ispir
isknas amirenem aidesreb ayas ,utnetret naigab malad taigalp aynada uata iridnes ayrak
isknas nad gnadnas ayas gnay kimedaka raleg natubacnep apureb - iauses aynnial isknas
gnadnurep narutarep nagned - .ukalreb gnay nagnadnu
,gnareS rebmevoN 2102
itawailirpA amhcoR
2555 9 280 47
iaretaM 0006
NAHABMESREP RABMEL
“ halada pudiH aggnih rukuysreb ulales gnay aisunam paites igab haregunA hisam ini kited aggnih rukuysreB .tws hallA helo napudihek irebid ini kited
d aynhadni gnadnamem ,iratnem gnas tahilem ,safan purihgnem natapmesek irebiatic iapacnem ,ainud - gnaro nagned lupmukreb kutnu utkaw irebid hisam ,atic -
tapad kutnu utkaw irebid hisam atres ,ignayasid nad iatnicid gnay gnarohadabireb nagned asod subenem ”.
TWS hallA taridaheK rukuys napacu nad ulales a’od gnirireT : kutnu ini uklicek ayrak nakhabmesrepuk
,naka’odnem ulales gnay atnicret kapaB nad ubI akaK k- ignayas uk gnay aumes ukakak
TCARTSBA
urA latoT rehtehw enimreted ot smia yduts sihT naahasureP eziS,isnatnukA abaL,saK s
8002 doirep eht ni )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB ni detsil ni sdnuf ecirP kcotS no - .0102
si yduts siht ni elbairav naahasureP eziS,isnatnukA abaL,saK surA latoT tnednepednI
.ecirP kcotS eht si elbairav tnedneped
ts sihT aisenodnI kefE asruB ni detsil segnareveB & dooF seinapmoc 21 sesu ydu
8002 doirep eht gnirud )IEB( - saw sisehtopyh sihT .snoitavresbo 63 htiw elpmas eht sa 0102
abaL,saK surA latoT fo tceffe eht enimreted ot sisylana noisserger raenil elpitlum gnisu detset
.ecirP kcotS no naahasureP narukU,isnatnukA
= t( ecirP kcotS no stceffa ton saK surA latoT )1( :taht dewohs stluser ehT - ; )550,1
narukU )3( ,)200,0= .giS ;094,3 = t( ecirP kcotS no tceffe isnatnukA abaL )2( .)423,0 = .giS
rP kcotS no tceffa naahasureP = t( eci - .)100,0 = .gis ; 787,3
naahasureP narukU,)KAL ( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT ( saK surA latoT : sdrowyeK
.)PKU(
RATNAGNEP ATAK
bW .rW mukiala’umalassA
halet gnay .TWS hallA taridahek rukuys ijup nakpacugnem nagned halliludmahlA
amhar nakhapmilem ainurak nad t - nad nusuynem tapad aggnihes silunep adapek ayn
atik nagnujnuj adapek nakharucret asaitnanes malas nad tawalahS .ini ispirks nakiaseleynem
.WAS dammahuM ibaN
ludujreb gnay ispirks nasiluneP “ nad isnatnukA abaL, saK surA latoT huragneP
P narukU naahasure padahreT mahaS agraH . nahasureP adaP siripmE idutS( & dooF
id tatacreT gnaY segnareveb 8002 edoireP )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB - .”0102 nakijas silunep
adap imonoke anajras raleg iapacnem malad rihka sagut utas halas ipakgnelem anug
uS satisrevinU .asayatriT gnegA natl
aynutkaw adap tapet nakiaselesret naka kadit aynutnet ini ispirkes nanusuynep malaD
natapmesek adap uti kutnU .kahip iagabreb irad nagnukud nad nautnab aynada aynapnat akij
: adapek hiask amiret nakpacugnem silunep ini
.1 heloS .rD .forP ;asayatrirT gnegA natluS satisrevinU rotkeR ukales .dP.M ,tayadiH
.2 natluS satisrevinU imonokE satlukaF nakeD ukales .MM ,ES ,nawaiharP nawaW .H
;asayatriT gnegA
.3 satlukaF isnatnukA idutS margorP nasuruJ auteK ukales ,iS.M ,ES ,itawailzU aiL
isrevinU imonokE ;asayatriT gnegA natluS sat
.4 isnatnukA idutS margorP nasuruJ siraterkeS ukales ,cS.M ,.kA ,ES ,israunaJ ineY
;asayatriT gnegA natluS satisrevinU imonokE satlukaF
.5 aynutkaw nakgnaulem kaynab halet gnay I gnibmibmeP ukales ,iS.M ,ES ,itawamsI siI
irebmem malad nanusuynep malad nagnibmib nad naharagnep ,nauhategnep umli nak
;silunep adapek ispirks
.6 aynutkaw nakgnaulem kaynab halet gnay II gnibmibmeP ukales ,iS.M,ES,hasniddurrabaS
adapek ispirks nanusuynep malad nagnibmib nad nahara ,umli nakirebmem malad
;silunep
.7 .silunep adapek umli kaynab nakirebmem halet gnay isnatnukA nasuruJ nesoD huruleS
;isnatnuka nasuruj nawayrak nad fats arap kutnu aguj apul kaT
.8 gnay tirips atres lirom kiab aynalages nakirebmem ulales gnay atnicret ukaut gnaro audeK
itneh hanrep kat – tneh ;kiab nagned ayniduts nakiseleynem tapad silunep aggnihes ,ayni
.9 kat gnay tirips atres lairetaM nad lirom kiab aynalages nakirebmem ulales gnay ayas ilaW
itneh hanrep – ;kiab nagned ayniduts nakiseleynem tapad silunep aggnihes ,aynitneh
.01 kidA - tnicret ukkidA tagnames nad aod nakirebmem ulales gnay ,uk raseb agraulek atres a
;ayniduts nakiaseleynem tapad silunep aggnihes
.11 nameT - ;ayntagnames atres aod ,nautnab sata hiskamiret ,8002 takgna namet
nakpacu silunep ,utasrep utas naktubesid kadit gnay kahip aumes ateS aynab – kaynab
.aynacabmem gnay kahip aumes igab taafnamreb tapad ini ispirks agomeS .hiskamiret
2102 sutsugA ,gnareS
siluneP
ISI RATFAD
namalaH
LUDUJ NAMALAH
GNIBMIBMEP NAAHASEGNEP RABMEL
NAATAYNREP TARUS
NAHABMESREP RABMEL
KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ... i
RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ................ iii
ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ............................... iv
LEBAT RATFAD ................................ ................................ ....................... ix
RABMAG RATFAD ................................ ................................ .................. x
NAULUHADNEP I BAB
gnakaleB rataL 1.1 ................................ ................................ ....................... 1
naitileneP halasaM nasumuR 2.1 ................................ ................................ . 4
naitileneP naujuT nad duskaM 3.1 ................................ ............................... 4
naitileneP taafnaM 4.1 ................................ ................................ .................. 5
AKATSUP NAUAJIT II BAB
1.2 eT haaleT iro ................................ ................................ ............................ 6
1.1.2 yroehT gnillngiS ................................ ................................ .......... 6
2.1.2 nagnaueK naropaL ................................ ................................ ...... 7
3.1.2 saK surA latoT ................................ ................................ ............ 8
.1.2 isnatnukA abaL 4 ................................ ................................ ........... 11
.1.2 naahasureP narukU 5 ................................ ................................ ...... 21
.1.2 6 mahaS agraH ................................ ................................ ............. 31
2.2 uluhadreT naitilenep nauajniT ................................ ................................ 71
lautpesnoK akgnarek 3.2 ................................ ................................ ............... 71
nabmegneP 4.2 sisetopih nag ................................ ................................ ......... 81
.2 4. 1 huragneP isarepO sak surA mahaS agraH adap ........................ 81
.2 4. 2 huragneP satsevnI saK surA mahaS agraH adap ...................... 91
.2 4. 3 huragneP naanadnep saK surA mahaS agraH adap ................... 02
mahaS agraH adaP isnatnukA abaL huragneP 4.4.2 ............................. 02
mahaS agraH adaP naahasureP narukU huragneP 5.4.2 ...................... 12
NAITILENEP IGOLODOTEM III BAB
lepmeS nad isalupoP 1.3 ................................ ................................ .............. 32
naitileneP ataD 2.3 ................................ ................................ ........................ 42
naitileneP nalupmugneP edoteM 3.3 ................................ ............................ 52
4.3 T ataD isilanA kinke ................................ ................................ ............... 52
kisalK ismusA 1.4.3 ................................ ................................ ............. 25
satilsamroN ijU 1.1.4.3 ................................ .............................. 52
.3 2.1.4 satisitsadeksoreteH ijU ................................ ................... 62
.1.4.3 3 satiraeinolokitluM ijU ................................ .................... 72
.3 1.4 isalerokotuA ijU 4. ................................ ............................. 72
.3 2.4 adnagreB reiniL isergR ijU ................................ ........................ 82
.3 1.2.4 isanimirteD sisilanA ................................ ....................... 92
.3 1.4 2. t kitsitatS ijU ................................ ................................ ... 92
.3 .1.4 3 kitsitatS ijU F ................................ ................................ . 03
NAITILENEP NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH VI BAB
.4 1 naitileneP lisaH ................................ ................................ ...................... 53
.4 1.1 segnareveB & dooFnahasureP mahaS agraH .............................. 63
.4 2.1 segnarevreb & doof aahasureP saK surA latoT ......................... 83
.4 3.1 segnarevreb & dooF naahasureP isnatnukA abaL ..................... 93
.4 4.1 segnarevreb 7 dooF naahasureP narukU ................................ .... 14
.4 5.1 lebairaV fitpirkseD kitsitatS ................................ ....................... 24
6.1.4 kisalK ismusA ................................ ................................ ............. 34
6.1.4 satilsamroN ijU 1. ................................ .............................. 34
2.6.1.4 satiraeinolokitluM ijU ................................ .................... 54
3.6.1.4 satisitsadeksoreteH ijU ................................ ................... 64
1.4 . .6 isalerokotuA ijU 4 ................................ ............................. 84
7.1.4 P sisetopiH naijugne ................................ ................................ .... 94
1.7.1.4 adnagreB reiniL isergR edoteM ................................ ..... 94
2.7.1.4 isanimirteD neisifeoK ................................ .................... 15
7.1.4 . 3 kitsitatS ijU f ................................ ................................ .. 25
4.7.1.4 kitsitatS ijU t ................................ ................................ ... 25
nasahabmeP 2.4 ................................ ................................ ............................ 45
1.2.4 saK surA latoT X( 1 )Y( mahaS agraH padahreT ) ...................... 45
2.2.4 abaL isnatnukA X( 2 )Y( mahaS agraH padahreT ) ..................... 55
3.2.4 naahasureP narukU X( 3 padahreT ) mahaS agraH )Y( .............. 65
1.2.4 saK surA latoT X( 1), isnatnukA abaL X( 2) ,
naahasureP narukU X( 3) )Y( mahaS agraH padahreT ........... 65
NARAS NAD NALUPMIS V BAB
nalupmiseK 1.5 ................................ ................................ ............................. 75
naitileneP nasatabreteK 1.5 ................................ ................................ .......... 85
naraS 3.5 ................................ ................................ ............................... 85
nahasurep igab naraS 1.2.5 ................................ ................................ ... 85
rotsevni naraS 2.2.5 ................................ ................................ .............. 95
itileneP naraS 2.2.5 ................................ ................................ ............... 95
AKATSUP RATFAD
NARIPMAL - NARIPMAL
LEBAT RATFAD
1.2 lebaT uluhadret naitileneP ................................ ................................ .... 71
1.3 lebaT lebairav lanoisarepO ................................ ................................ ... 33
1.4 lebaT lepmeS ................................ ................................ ........................ 42
.4 lebaT 2 ratfaD agraH nahasureP adap mahaS segnareveB & dooF ....... 24
.4 lebaT 3 ratfaD saK surA latoT nahasureP adap segnareveB & dooF ..... 83
.4 lebaT 4 ratfaD isnatnukA abaL nahasureP adap segnareveB & dooF .... 93
5.4 lebaT ratfaD naruku naahasureP nahasureP adap segnareveB & dooF ...... 14
.4 lebaT 6 scitsitatS evitpircseD ................................ ................................ .. 24
7.4 lebaT enO - vorogomloK elpmaS - tseT vonrimS ................................ .... 54
.4 lebaT 8 satiraeinolokitlum ijU ................................ ................................ . 64
9.4 lebaT rejelG ijU ................................ ................................ ..................... 84
01.4 lebaT isalerokotua ijU ................................ ................................ ......... 94
11.4 lebaT reP ijU adnagreB isergeR namas ................................ ................. 15
21.4 lebaT isanimirteD ijU ................................ ................................ ........... 15
31.4 lebaT F namasreP ijU ................................ ................................ ........... 25
1.4 lebaT 4 t kitsitats iju ijU ................................ ................................ .......... 35
RABMAG RATFAD
1.2 rabmaG narikimeP akgnarK amekS ................................ ................... 81
1.4 rabmaG rabmaG margortsiH ................................ .............................. 44
.4 rabmaG 2 satilamron tolp rabmaG ................................ ........................ 44
.4 rabmaG 3 rabmaG satisitsaeksoreteH ijU ................................ ............. 84
I BAB
NAULUHADNEP
1.1 gnakaleB rataL
nataigek malad gnitnep pukuc gnay nanarep awabmem ladom rasap nagnabmekreP
naimonokerep . sidnok rtemorab utas halas iagabes gnadnapid tapad aguj ladom rasaP i
gnadnamem nikames takaraysam ,ini rihkaret asrawasad malaD .aragen utaus naimonokerep
.ikilim akerem gnay anad nakisatsevnignem malad fitanreta utas halas iagabes ladom rasap
nataigek aynkaram nikames nagned itkubret ini laH - .ladom rasap id nataigek
evnI nagnabmitrep nakulremem ladom rasap id isatsevnireb kutnu rots - bmitrep a gnay nagn
utauses nakapurem ladom rasap isidnok nagned naveler gnay isamrofni aggnihes ,gnatam
nasutupek nalibagnep nakukalem ayapu malad ladom rasap ukalep arap iracid ulales gnay
evni arap ayntabika ,agrahreb gnay isamrofni nakapurem isamrofni aumes kadit numaN .isats
isamrofni hilimem tapet araces surah ladom rasap ukalep - )naveler( kayal gnay isamrofni
.nasutupek nalibagnep malad nagnabmitrep nakidajid kutnu
urem aguj igur abal naropaL ajrenik naktahilrepmem gnay isamrofni utas halas nakap
abal,rotok abal utiay,abal akgna kaynab taumem igur abal naropal malad,naahasurep utaus
iaynupmem aynaumes gnay isnatnuka abal lanenem aguj atik uti niales,isarepo abal,hisreb
ep utiay amas gnay naujut tesiR .naahasurep alolegnem malad reganam isnaisive narukugn
nruter nupuam mahas agrah nagned abal akgna nagnubuh iracnem gnay amaturet isnatnuka
akgna nakanuggnem gnutihid gnay SPE uata isarepo abal akgna nakanuggnem ulales mahas
ay gnaraj nad hisreb abal itilenep ini naitilenep adaP .rotok abal akgna nakanuggnem gn
naitilenep lisah padahret aynhuragnep tahilem kutnu rotok abal akgna nakanuggnem
nad rotok abal awhab nakitkubmem gnay ) 6002 ( iriahuS nad anniN malad ) 5002 ( otnairbeF
d gnay lanoisarepo abal upmam hibel nad ,fitarepo hibel ,igur abal naropal malad nakijasi
.mahas agrah nad abal aratna nagnubuh gnatnet kiab hibel gnay narabmag nakirebmem
saib aguj naahasurep naruku ezis ,) rotok abal nad sak sura naropal ( sataid lah aud iraD
ni iagabes libmaid .isatsevni nakukalem kutnu rotsevni nagnabmitrep nahab igab isamrof
mahas agrah tahilem hadus anerak ini lah igal nakitahrepemem kadit rotsevni arap gnadakreT
naahasurep ezis anerak tahilid kutnu gnitnep aguj naahasurep naruku lahadap ,ladom rasapid
urunem nanuhat naropal malad napakgnugnep saul ihuragnepmem itkubret 2991 ekooC t
huragnep gnatnet ) 6002 ( iriahuS nad anniN nalad )9991 ( otnawsiM naitileneP .naahasurep
nakumenem sinsib okiser padahret naahasurep naruku nad ,ytilacilcyc ,egarevel gnitarepo
hab .licek evitaler sinsib okiser padahret ytilacilcyc huragnepreb kadit egarevel gnitarepo aw
sinsib okiser padahret fitisop huragnep ikilimem gnay naahasurep naruku nagned aynlah niaL
p itrareb ini lah ,sinsib okisir padahret huragnepreb alup itrareb ini lah huragnepreb alu
.isatsevni nruter padahret
laurka abal nad sak sura aratna nagnubuh ijugnem gnay )0991( niworaZ nad tanviL
nagned nruter lamronba nakitkubmem lisahreb adnagreb iserger sisilana nagned naijugneP .
nagnubuh iaynupmem sak narila nenopmok awhab nagned tauk hibel fitisop nruter lamronba
nagned laurka abal uata latot sak narila nagned nakgnidnabid mahas nruter lamronba .
naataynreP( KASP ) 8002 ( iifayS damahuM malad ) 0002 ( otnayigoj nad onoyirT
ragnep iaynupmem 2.oN ) nagnaueK nisnatnukA radnatS adebreb gnay hu - padahret adeb
.mahas nruter
aynnagnabmekrep anerak segnareveb& doof naahasurep itilenem kutnu kiratret itileneP
.tasep pukuc gnay padahret namunim nad nanakam irtsudni aynhuragnepret kadit nagneD
adap mahas akam idajret gnay labolg sisirk kaynab hibel namunim nad nanakam naahasurep
nalajes habmatreb nikames naka takaraysam ismusnok takgnit anerak rotsevni tanim kiranem
.skelpmok nikames gnay aisunam nahutubek natutnut nagned
( IMMPAG ataD nagnubaG enodnI huruleS namuniM nad nanakaM ahasugneP .)ais
nad nanakam irtsudni nahubmutrep dnert nakkujnunem aguj nagnaueK & sinsiB : kirbuR
383 pR iapacnem 7002 nuhatid nalaujnep emuloV .kiab pukuc gnay iregen malad namunim
irT 555 .pR iapacnem 9002 nuhat id ,nuylirT 505 .pR iapacnem 8002 nuhat id ,nuylirT nuyl
nupiksem ,aynsinorI .nuylirT 506 .pR iapacnem kutnu halada 0102 nuhat id isatkepske nad
malad rasebret rotubirtnok utas halas nakapurem namunim nad nanakam irtsudni
muleb hisam gnay hatniremep nakajibek kusamret rotkaf kaynab hisam ,nahubmutrep
unepes aratnemeS .iridnes uti namunim nad nanakam irtsudni nagnabmekrep gnukudnem aynh
naimonokerep isargetni nagned nalajes habmatreb suret ropmi nimam kudorp irad namacna
.labolg nad lanoiger naimonokerep nagned aisenodnI
ini naitileneP nakapurem irad isakilper gnay inek helo taubid gnay isnatnuka lanruj
naahasureP mahaS agraH padahreT isnatnukA abaL naD saK surA huragneP“ ludujreb
id naitilenep naadebrep nupadA .”aisenodnI kefE asruB iD ratfadreT gnaY aimiK yrtsudni
lada nakukal ayas gnay naitilenep nagned sata edoirep ,aynnaitilenep asam edoirep ha
002 nuhat irad halada nakukal ayas gnay naitilenep 8 nad 0102 nuhat nagned iapmas
utiay nednepedni lebairav utas nahabmanep aynada halada aynnial naadebrep naruku
naahasurep ilenep anerak nasala nagned t ukalid gnay nai ada ) 6002( itainad anin helo nak
itilenem kutnuabocnem itilenep aggnihes mahas nruter detcepxe padahretfitisop huragnepreb
naD .mahas agrah padahret aguj huragnepreb naka naahasurep naruku hakapa tujnal hibel
lah nakitahrepmem nagned - ep akam ,sataid lah : utiay ini naitilenep luduj irebmem silun
“ huragneP saK surA latoT , agraH padahreT naahasureP eziS nad ,isnatnukA abaL
kefE asruB id tatacret gnay segnareveb & doof naahasurep adap siripme iduts( mahaS
002 edoirep ) IEB ( aisenodnI 8- ”) 0102
2.1 nasumuR alasaM h
kokop ,sata id nakiaruid halet gnay nahalasamrep gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB
:tukireb iagabes naksumurid tapad ini naitilenep nahalasamrep
.1 mahas agrah padahret huragnepreb sak suraa latot hakapA .
.2 .mahas agrah padahret huragnepreb rotok abal hakapA
.3 hakapA .mahas agrah padahret huragnepreb naahasurep naruku
3.1 naitileneP naujuT nad duskaM
.1 mahas agrah padahret sak sura latot huragnep iuhategnem kutnU .
.2 iuhategnem kutnU huragnep .mahas agrah padahret rotok abal
.3 iuhategnem kutnU huragnep padahret naahasurep naruku agrah .mahas
malad naveler gnay isamrofni itilenem kutnu nakduskamid aguj ini naitileneP
ini naitileneP.aisenodnI id nagnauek naropal iakamep helo imonoke nasutupek nalibmagnep
akukalid gnay naitilenep naktujnalem nad isakifidomem nagned isakilperem kutnu anin helo n
hibel ahasureb ini naitilenep halada uluhadret naitilenep nagned naadebreP.)6002( itainad
sak sura iskiderp padahret kiab hibel huragnepreb nakumetid gnay sak sura isamrofni icnirem
.naped asamid
4.1 naitileneP taafnaM
rahid ini naitileneP : igab anugreb nakpa
.1 lanoisarepO naanugeK nagned natiakreb gnay amaturet ,isnatnuka gnadib iD rasaP
ladoM gnadib malad aynsusuhk ,nagnauek isnatnuka nad ladoM rasaP .
.2 kahip adap sitkarp isubirtnok nakirebmem inkay ,ladom rasap rotaluger igaB
negnem MAPEPAB kitkarp aynidajret nanikgnumek padahret aynnaitahrep ia rasaP
ladoM .aisenodnI id
.3 acabmep igaB
nakirebmem tapad nad,taafnamreb tapad ini naitilenep lisah agomes parahreb siluneP
.ayntujnales itilenep igab nauhategnep nad narikimep nahabmat
BAB II
AKATSUP NAUAJNIT
iroeT haleT 1.2
yroehT gnillngiS 1.1.2 )layniS iroeT(
nagned naanadnep sak sura aratna nagnubuh naksalejnem yroeht gnillangiS
aratna ikilimid gnay sirtemisa isamrofni ismusa nakrasadreB .mahas nruter
otsevni nad nemejnam nakapurem gnatu natibrenep ,naahasurep raul kahip uata r
naknahatrepmem tapad kilimep anerak sak sura riskanem kutnu kiab gnay laynis
naka rasap ,ini iroet rasadreB .mahas naktibrenem adap irad aynnakilimepek isroporp
p namumugnep padahret fitisop iskaereb )934:7991,la te mahgirB( gnatu naatibrene
.itawotpijt malad
naahasurep nasala naksalejnem laynis iroet )1002( .la te ,kloW turuneM
kutnu isamrofni nakijaynem ladom rasap aynis iroeT . irtemisa aynada nakkujnunem l
kahip nad naahasurep nemejanam aratna isamrofni - nagned nagnitnepekreb gnay kahip
aynsurahes anamiagab gnatnet nakakumegnem laynis iroeT .tubesret isamrofni
laynis nakirebmem naahasurep - .nagnauek naropal anuggnep adap laynis
eM )8002( na’amaJ turun yroehT gnilangiS anamiagab gnatnet nakakumegnem
naropal anuggnep adapek laynis nakirebmem naahasurep haubes aynsurahes
y apa ianegnem isamrofni apureb ini layniS .nagnauek helo nakukalid hadus gna
uata isomorp apureb tapad layniS .kilimep nanigniek nakisasilaerem kutnu nemejanam
adapirad kiab hibel tubesret naahasurep awhab nakataynem gnay nial isamrofni
ukalid laynis nairebmep awhab naksalejnem laynis iroeT .nial naahasurep helo nak
iulalem isamrofni nakirebmem rejanaM .isamrofni irtemisa ignarugnem kutnu rejanam
nakparenem akerem awhab nagnauek naropal nakajibek gnay emsitavresnok isnatnuka
lisahgnem naahasurep hagecnem ini pisnirp anerak satilaukreb hibel gnay abal nak
rasebmem nakadnit nakukalem - naropal anuggnep utnabmem nad abal nakraseb
.etatsrevo kadit gnay avitka nad abal nakijaynem nagned nagnauek
utupek satilauk )6002( attalucammI airaM turuneM nas rotsevni ihuragnepid
.nagnauek naropal malad naahasurep nakpakgnuid gnay isamrofni satilauk helo
gnay isamrofni irtemisa ignarugnem kutnu naujutreb tubesret isamrofni satilauK
m akitek lubmit id naahasurep kepsorp nad lanretni isamrofni iuhategnem hibel rejana
apureb gnay isamrofnI .naahasurep lanretske kahip gnidnabid gnatadnem asam
tapad nakparahid nakisakilbupid gnay naahasurep isagilbo takgnirep nairebmep
rep nagnauek isidnok laynis idajnem nakrabmaggnem nad utnetret naahasu
.ikilimid gnay gnatu nagned tiakret idajret gnay nanikgnumek
langis iroeT kilimep ,)tnega( naahasurep kahip utnabmem tapad aguj
p raul kahip nad ,)lapisnirp( nagned isamrofni irtemisa ignarugnem naahasure
nakitsamem kutnU .nagnauek naropal isamrofni satirgetni uata satilauk naklisahgnem
kahip - gnay nagnauek isamrofni naladnaek inikayem nagnitnepekreb gnay kahip
apadnem ulrep ,)tnega( naahasurep kahip nakiapmasid gnay nial kahip irad inipo nakt
.)8002 ,na’amaJ( nagnauek naropal gnatnet tapadnep nakirebmem sabeb
2.1.2 nagnaueK naropaL
naropaL .isnatnuka nataigek uata sesorp irad lisah haladA nagnaueK naropaL
aahasurep nagnauek isamrofni gnatnet isireb nagnauek ,acareN : irad iridret gnay n
abal naropal - naropal sata natatac nad ,ladom nahaburep naropal ,sak sura naropal ,igur
.nagnauek
nakapurem gnay naahasurep utaus helo naktibretid gnay nagnauek naropaL
samrofni nakijaynemkutnu nakkusamid isnatnuka sesorp lisah tapad gnay nagnauek i
malad 8791,sedenoG( .nretske kahip iagabreb nahutubek ihunemem kutnu nakanugid
.)itawamhar nad idnaB
nagnauek naropal ,inek malad )7002( aisenodnI isnatnukA natakI turuneM
nauek naropaL.nagnauek naropalep sesorp irad naigab nakapurem pakgnel gnay nag
sisisop nahaburep naropaL,igur abal naropal,acareN itupilem aynasaib
naigab nakapurem gnay nasalejnep iretam atres nial naropal nad natatac,nagnauek
.nagnauek naropal irad largetni
aisenodnI isnatnukA natakI turunem nagnauek naropal naujuT malad )7002(
atres ajrenik,nagnauek isisop tukgnaynem gnay isamrofni nakaideynem halada inek
raseb halmujes igab taafnamreb gnay naahasurep utaus nagnauek isisop nahaburep
aguj nagnauek naropaL.imonoke nasatupek nalibmagnep malad anuggnep
apa nakkujnunem gnay ayad rebmus sata nemejanam nakukalid halet gnay
.aynadapek nakayacrepid
naped asam sak sura iskiderpmem halada nagnauek naropal isgnuf utas
.) itawamhaR nad idnaB malad 1.oN CAFS(
.1.2 3 latoT saK surA
nagnauek naropal nakapurem sak sura naropaL sak narila isamrofni isireb gnay
utnetret edoirep amales naahasurep utaus irad raulek sak narila nad kusam
halada sak sura naropal, inek malad ) 1002 ( notsuoH nad mahgirB turuneM
aibmep nad isatsevni,isarepo sativitka irad kapmad naksalejnem gnay naropal naay
( aisenodnI isnatnukA natakI.isnatnuka edoirep amales sak sura padahret naahasurep
naropal nakijaynem nad nusuynem surah naahasurep paites awhab nakataynem ) 7002
paites kutnu nagnauek nnaropal irad nakhasipret kat gnay naigab iagabes sak sura
edoirep naknikgnumem gnay isamrofni nakirebmem tapad surah sak sura naropaL.
rutkurts,naahasurep hisreb avitka malad nahaburep isaulavegnem kutnu iakamep arap
malad sak sura utkaw atres halmuj ihuragnepmem kutnu naupmamek nad nagnauek
nahaburep nagned isatpadagnem kutnu.gnaulep nad naadaek
nakanugid tapad sak sura naropal malad tapadret gnay sak sura isamrofnI
nad nagnauek rutkurts ,naahasurep hisreb avitka malad nahaburep isaulavegnem kutnu
pada akgnar malad sak sura utkaw atres halmuj ihuragnepmem kutnu naupmamek isat
ialinem kutnu anugreb sak sura isamrofnI.gnaulep nad naadaek nahaburep nangned
aguj ini isamrofnI.sak arates nad sak naklisahgnem malad naahasurep naupmamek
anerak naahasurep iagabreb isarepo ajrenik naropalep gnidnab ayad naktakgninem
akadainem tapad padahret adebreb gnay isnatnuka naukalrep naanuggnep huragnep n
.amas gnay awitsirep nad iskasnart
itrepes nasutupek iagabreb malad aisnetop taafnam iaynupmem sak sura ataD
naialinep,namajnip nairebmep iskiderp,okisir narisfanep,nalagagek iskiderp
ahasurep sisilana araP.ladom rasap adap nahabmat isamrofni nakirebmem nad na
sak sura sisilana nakitahrepmem raga rotsevni adap nakisadnemokerem aguj angnauek
nakadainem tapad sak sura isamrofni uti niales.mahas nahilimep sativitka malad
reb gnay isnatnuka huragnep .amas gnay awitsirep nad iskasnart padahret adeb
sak sura naropalep irad amatu naujut ,inek malad )9991 ( attokanauT turuneM
kutnu rotiderk nad rotsevni utnabmem naka gnay isamrofni nakirebmem kutnu halada
:
.1 tid naka naknikgnumem gnay sak halmuj naklamareM kutneb malad aynamire
.kokop gnatuh ilabmek narayabmep nad agnub ,nedivid
.2 .idajret nikgnum gnay okiser isaulavegneM
gnatnet isamrofni isireb gnay sak sura,inek malad )0002( hamiaN turuneM
ad iridret isnatnuka edoirep amales raulek nad kusam sak sura narila : ir
)a sak sura utiay isarepo sativitka kutnu nakanugid uata irad lasareb gnay sak surA
nad laujid naka gnay gnarab namirignep uata iskudorp aynada tabika lucnum gnay
sak padahret aynnial awitsirep nad iskasnart irad huragnep atres asaj naaideynep
epmem gnay .natapadnep nautnenep ihuragn
)b sak sura utiay isatsevni sativitka kutnu nakanugid uata irad lasareb gnay sak surA
irad naitnehgnep aynkilabes uata nalaujnep nahelorep aynada irad lasareb gnay
tarus - vitka nad sak nelaviuke nakapurem nakub gnay agrahreb tarus fitkudorp a
malad gnatad naka gnay asamid naahasurep igab taafnamreb nakparahid gnay
.namajnimep atres gnajnap utkaw akgnaj
)c sura utiay naanadnep sativitka kutnu nakanugid uata irad lasareb gnay sak surA
irad namajnimep nataigek aynada irad lasareb gnay sak narayabmep nad rutiderk
kilimep irad lasareb gnay ayad rebmus nahelorep atres tubesret gnatuh ilabmek
.kilimep igab isatsevni sata nalabmi nairemep nad
igabret sak sura naropal ,inek malad )1002( notsuoH nad mahgirB turuneM
:utiay irogotak agit sata
.1 itkA avitka nahaburep nad natusuynep,hisreb abal pukacnem gnay isarepo sativ
.kednep akgnaj gnatuh nad sak niales recnal nabijawek atres recnal
.2 .patet aavitka laujnem uata malad isatsevni pukacnem gnay isatsevni sativitkA
.3 y sak pukacnem gnay naanadnep sativitkA nalajreb nuhat amales helorepid gna
mahas uata,gnajnap akgnaj gnatuh,kednep akgnaj gnatuh naktibrenem nagned
mahas ilabmek ilebmem kutnu nakanugidgnay sak uata nedivid narayabmep atres
.naahasurep sak naknurunem gnay isagilbo uata
tapad gnay edotem 2 adA sativitka irad sak sura nakropalem kutnu nakanugid
: utiay ,lanoisarepo
.1 malad anugreb gnay isamrofni naklisahgnem gnay edotem :gnusgnal edoteM
rebmus gnatnet isamrofni anerak,naped asam sak sura isamitsegnem - rebmus
araulegnep nad oturb sak naamirenep amatu araces helorepid tapad oturb sak n
nabeb,nalaujnep naiauseynep irad nupuam naahasurep natatac irad kiab,gnusgnal
sop nad nalaujnep kokop - .igur abal naropal malad nial sop
.2 araces nakropalem surah naahasurep ini naropalep malad : gnusgnal kadit edoteM
sipret gnay oturb sak naraulegnep nad oturb sak naamirenep amatu kopmolek ha
.naanadnep nad isatsevni sativitka irad lasareb
4.1.2 isnatnukA abaL
abal halada isnatnuka abal ,inek malad )1002( notsuoH nad namhgirB turuneM
naropal malad nakropalid gnay naahasurep hisreb .igur abal
kitsiretkerak ikilimem isnatnuka abal ,inek malad )5002( hadnehus turuneM
: tukireb iagabes
)a .asaj nad gnarab nalaujnep irad lasareb gnay lautca iskasnart adap nakrasadiD
)b .utnetret edoirep amales naahasurep ajrenik adap ucagneM
)c p adap nakrasadiD uata ayaib narukugnep nakulremem gnay natapadnep pisnir
.tsoc cirotsih kutneb malad sesnepxe
)d .naveler gnay ayaib nagned natapadnep aratna nagnidnabrep aynadA
isnatnuka abal naluggnuek nad nahamelek )8002( iifayS damahuM turuneM
: halada
uka abal naluggnueK : halada isnatn
.1 .imonoke nasutupek nalibmagnep utnabmem kutnu taafnamreb isnatnuka abaL
.2 gnay lautca atkaf/iskasnart adap nakrasadid anerak aynnaranebek ijuid tapaD
.fitkejbo itkub gnukudid
.3 kagnem kadit isnatnuka abal aynitra emsitavresnok airetirc ihunemeM abal iu
nailadnegnep naujut kutnu taafnamreb gnadnapid hisam,isasilaerid gnay
.nemejanam nabawajgnuggnatrep amaturet
: halada isnatnuka abal nahameleK
.1 isasilaerid muleb gnay avitka ialin nakianek iukagnem lagag isnatnuka abaL
irp anerak edoirep utaus malad .aynisasilaer pisnirp nad sirotsih ayaib pisn
.2 nagnidnabrep tilusrepmem sirotsih ayaib adap nakrasadid gnay isnatnuka abaL
nad tsoc nagnutihrep edotem naadebrep aynada anerak nagnauek naropal
.aynisakola edotem
.3 er pisnirp adap nakrasadid gnay isnatnuka abaL nad sirotsih ayaib,isasila
.naveler kadit nad naktaseynem gnay atad naklisahgnem tapad emsitavresnok
5.1.2 naahasureP eziS
( naahasurep narukU ezis nakgnabmitrepid surah gnay rotkaf utas halas nakapurem )
k ikilimem raseb naahasureP .ladom rutkurts nasutupek malad raseb gnay anad nahutube
nahutubek nahunemep fitanretla utas halas nad naahasurep sativitka iayaibmem kutnu
aynlicek raseb ,nial atak nagneD .gnatuh nakanuggnem nagned halada tubesret anad
ajibek padahret huragnepreb gnusgnal araces naahasurep utaus naruku ladom rutkurts nak
.naahasurep
( narukU ezis ,nalaujnep,avitka latot nakanuggnem nagned rukuid asib naahasurep )
raseb nakkujnunem gnay ruku kalot utas halaS .tubesret naahasurep irad ladom uata
besret naahasurep irad avitka naruku halada naahasurep aynlicek gnay naahasureP .tu
pahat iapacnem halet tubesret naahasurep awhab nakkujnunem raseb avitka latot ikilimem
paggnaid nad fitisop hadus naahasurep sak sura ini pahat malad anamid naasawedek
les ,amal fitaler gnay utkaw akgnaj malad kiab gnay kepsorp ikilimem aguj uti nia
abal naklisahgnem upmam hibel nad libats hibel fitaler naahasurep awhab naknimrecnem
malad )5002( inairdnI( licek gnay tessa latot nagned naahasurep gnidnabid itainaD aniN
) 6002( iriahus nad .)
malad )2991( ekooC 02( iriahus nad itainaD aniN ,) 60 huragnep itilenem ezis ,naahasurep
nanuhat naropal malad napakgnugnep saul padahret irtsudni sinej nad naratfadnep sutats
.asrubid ratfadret gnay gnapeJ naahasurep eziS gnay gnitnep lebairav nakapurem naahasurep
pal malad napakgnugnep saul naksalejnem irtsudni sinej kutnu nakgnades ,nanuhat naro
saul padahret nakifingis huragnepreb rutkafunam naahasurep awhab nakumetid
.nial irtsudni sinej nagned nakgnidnabid napakgnugnep
kisir adap naahasurep naruku huragnep ianegnem aynnaitilenep malad )9991( otnawsiM o
iraD .sinsib okisir ihuragnepmem naahasurep aynlicek raseb awhab nakumenem sinsib
gnay nruter nad okisir ikilimem licek naahasurep awhab siripme itkub helorepid aynnaitilenep
.raseb naahasurep gnidnabid iggnit hibel
6.1.2 mahaS agraH
nifedid tapad mahaS nadab uata gnaroeses nakilimep uata naatreynep adnat iagabes nakisi
gnay satrek rabmeles halada mahas dujuW .satabret naoresrep uata naahasurep utaus padahret
tarus naktibrenem gnay naahasurep kilimep halada satrek kilimep awhab nakgnarenem
otreK .tubesret kutneb iagabes mahas nakisinifednem inadrawamusuk malad )99:5991( orogen
.naahasurep utaus malad nakilimepek isisop itkub uata )lat ipac ytiuqe( naatreynep ladom
agrahreb tarus halada mahas ,inadrawamusuk malad )7991( gnA trebboR turuneM
ep itkub iagabes .naahasurep utaus malad isutitsni nupuam udividni nakilimep uata naatreyn
: utiay ,agit idajnem igabid tapad aynisgnuf nakrasadreb mahas utaus ialiN
)lanimoN ialiN( eulaV raP .1
)rasaP agraH( ecirP esaB .2
)mahaS agraH( ecirP tekraM .3
mahas agraH naahasurep akiJ .naahasurep utaus irad ialin aguj naknimrecnem
arap helo itanimid kaynab naka tubesret naahasurep mahas akam ,kiab gnay isatserp iapacnem
nagnauek naropal malad id tahil id tapad nahasurep iapac id gnay kiab gnay isatserP .rotsevni
id gnay nakisakilbupmem kutnu nabijawekreb netimE .)netime( naahasurep helo nakisakilbup
rotsevni igab anugreb tagnas ini nagnauek naropaL .utnetret edoirep adap nagnauek naropal
uata ,ilebmem ,laujnem itrepes ,isatsevni nasutupek nalibmagnep malad utnabmem kutnu
.mahas mananem
irad lauj agrah halada mahas rasap agrah inek malad )6991( ojomtaodiw turunreM
.rednukes rasap agrah aguj tubesid ini agraH.nial gnay nagned utas gnay rotsevni
tapad mahas agrah inadrawamusuk malad )64;6991( ojomtaodiW ijdiwaS turuneM
debid : utiay )agit( 3 idajnem naka
lanimoN agraH .a
kutnu netime helo nakpatetid gnay mahas ta kifitres malad mutnacret gnay agraH
.nakraulekid gnay mahas rabmel paites ialinem
anadreP agraH .b
tatacid tubesret mahas agrah utkaw adap nakapurem ini agraH .kefe asrub id
rasap agraH .c
.nial gnay rot sevni nagned utas gnay rotsevni irad lauj agrah halada rasap agraH
.asrub id naktatacid tubesret mahas haletes idajret ini agraH
rotkaF - turunem mahas agrah nakaregrep ihuragnepmem tapad gnay rotkaf
B¬seW taas mahas rabmel rep abal iskeyorp halada inadrawamusuk malad )3991 ( mahgri
,satiuke padahret naahasurep gnatuh isroporp ,abal iskeyorp irad okiser takgnit ,abal helorepid
regrep ihuragnepmem tapad gnay aynnial rotkaF .nedived naigabmep nakajibek atres naka
kajap ,aynm umu adap naimonokerep nataigek itrepes lanretske aladnek halada mahas agrah
.mahas asrub naadaek &
: ini tukireb nasumur malad nakrabmagid tapad mahas agrah nahabureP sitametam araceS
uata nagnutnuek takgnit nakapmurem mahas nruteR irad helorepid gnay natapadnep
idajret halet gnay nruteR .mahas agrahreb tarus isatsevni nemurtsni malad isatsevni
atar nakgnadeS .nruter lautca nakamanid - helo naklisahid upmam nakparahid gnay nruter atar
a nakrasadreb gnatadnem asamid rotsevni uata hisileS .nruter detcepxe halada sisiln
.nruter lamronba halada nruter detcepxe nad nruter lautca aratna naadebrep
naitregneP nruter naidraH malad )7991( gnA treboR turunem )nailabmek takgnit(
,.iSM ,ijdumaP gneguS .H .rD nad aganiS onoiraH nagnutnuek takgnit utiay onoyidrahtkA
iridret nruter nenopmoK .aynnakukalid gnay isatsevni utaus sata ladomep helo itamkinid gnay
:utiay sinej 2 irad
.1 emocni tnerruC
tafisreb gnay narayabmep iulalem helorepid gnay nagnutnuek nakapureM
yabmep itrepes edoirep .ayniagabes nad nedivid ,isagilbo agnub ,otisoped agnub nara
.2 niag latipac
agraH mahaS = )%( mahas agrah nahabureP t – agraH mahaS t-1
agraH mahaS t-1
nagned lauj agrah aratna hisiles aynada anerak amiretid gnay nagnutnuek utiaY
.isatsevni nemurtsni utaus irad mahas ileb agrah niag latipaC irad gnutnagret tagnas
urtsni rasap agrah isatsevni nemurtsni awhab itrareb gnay ,isatsevni nem
lubmit naka akam nagnagadrep aynada nagneD .rasap id nakgnagadrepidsurah
nakirebmem gnay isatsevni nemurtsni utaus ialin nahaburep niag latipac aynraseB.
niag latipac sih nruter sisilana nagned nakukalid edoirep adapidajret gnay sirot
naknigniid gnay nailabmek takgnit aynraseb nakutnetid tapad aggnihes ,aynmulebes
( nruter detcepxe .)
rotsevni helo nakparahid gnay )nailabmek takgnit( nruter nakapurem nruter detcepxE
ap amiretid naka gnay isatsevni utaus sata gnay rotkaF .gnatad naka gnay asam ad
.lanretske rotkaf nad naahasurep lanretni rotkaf itupilem isatsevni utaus nruter ihuragnepmem
rutkurts ,nemejanam isatuper nad satilauk itupilem naahasurep lanretni rotkaF
al takgnit ,gnatuh rutkurts ,naladomrep malad id aynnial nretni isidnok nad iapacid gnay ab
detcepxe( nakparahid gnay lisah isamitse gnutihgnem kutnu sumuR .naahasurep
,ijdumaP gneguS .H .rD,aganiS onoiraH naidraH malad )0002( hayiranuS turunem )nruter
tkA ,.iSM
.2 2 ajniT uluhadreT naitileneP nau
nuhat/itilenep amaN naitilenep luduJ gnay lebairaV
nakanugid
naitilenep lisaH
iwD
inaifhaR,onoyluM,initraM
akziruriahK
)9002(
laicnanif fo tceffe ehT
dna,ezis mrif ,noitar
morf wolf hsac
ni seitivitca gnitarepo
ruter kcots eht n
hsac dna,ezis mrif
gnitarepo morf wolf
, seitivitca
wolf hsaC morf
gnitarepo
ezis mrif,seitivitca
fitisop huragnepreb
nruter kcots padahret
iriahus,itainad aniN
)6002(
nagnudnak huragneP
nenopmok isamrofni
abal,sak sura naropal
naahasurep ezis, rotok
t detcepxe padahre
mahas nruter
huragneP
nagnudnak
isamrofni
naropal nenopmok
ezis ,sak sura
padahret naahasurep
has nruter detcepxe
sativitka sak surA
nad isatsevni,isarepo
ezis ,naanadnep
naahasurep
fitisop huragnepreb
detcepxe padahret
mahas nruter
M ) 7002 ( iifayS damahu narila abaL isamrofnI
nenopmok nad sak
padahret sak narila
adap mahas agrah
naahasurep
id rutkafunam
aisenodnI
narila nenopmok
sak
sativitka sak surA
nad isatsevni,isarepo
naanadnep
fitisop huragnepreb
mahas agrah padahret
tawotpijT itnairI gnadnE i
) 8002(
nagnudnak huragneP
sura isamrofni
,sak sura nenopmoK
isnatnuka abal
sativitka sak surA
nad isatsevni,isarepo
sura nenopmok,sak
isnatnuka abal nad,sak
mahas agrah padahret
abal,naanadnep
fitsop huragnepreb
mahas agrah padahret
neK )8002 ( i nenopmok huragneP
abal nad sak sura
padahret isnatnuka
mahas agrah
yrtsudni naahasurep
id ratfadret gnay aimik
JEB
sak sura nenopmoK
abal nad
agrah,isnatnuka
mahas
sativitka sak surA
nad isatsevni,isarepo
abal,naanadnep
fitsop huragnepreb
dahret mahas agrah pa
lautpesnoK akgnareK 3.2
abal,sak sura nenopmok huragnep ilabmek ijugnem kutnu nakduskamid ini naitileneP
,sata id naiaru adap nakrasadreB.mahas agrah padahret naahasurep naruku nad isnatnuka
tilenep malad narikimep akgnarek ,sitameks araces : tukireb iagabes nakrabmagid tapad ini nai
3.2 rabmaG
narikimeP akgnareK
1H
2H
3H
AGRAH MAHAS
oT saK surA lat
abaL isnatnukA
naahasurep narukU
4.2 sisetopiH nagnabmegneP
1.4.2 mahaS agraH padahret isarepO sativitkA irad saK surA huragneP
nahasimep awhab naklupmiynem aivatko malad )0002( onotraH otnayigoJ nad onoyirT
sura nenopmok 3 malad ek sak sura nagnubuh iaynupmem ,isarepo sak sura aynsusuhk sak
isarepo sativitka irad lasareb gnay sak sura halmuJ.mahas agrah nagned nakifingis gnay
tapad naahasurep ,aynisarepo irad hakapa nakutnenem gnay rotakidni nakapurem
m kutnu pukuc gnay sak sura naklisahgnem naupmamek arahilemem ,namajnip isanule
apnat urab isatsevni nakukalem nad nedived rayabmem ,naahasurep isarepo
sura natakgninep aynada nagned aggniheS .raul irad naanadnep rebmus adap nakladnagnem
op laynis nakirebmem naka isarepo sativitka irad sak id naahasurep ajrenik ianegnem fitis
mahas ilebmem naka rotsevni ayntabika ,rotsevni adapek gnatad naka gnay asam
.mahas agrah naktakgninem naka aynrihka adap gnay tubesret naahasurep
isarepo sativitka irad sak sura iggnit nikameS naikimed nagneD awhab nakkujnunem
naahasurep ajas isarepo sativitka irad anerak ,elbatiforp araces isareporeb upmam naahasurep
.kiab nagned aynsinsib naknalajnem tapad
2.4.2 mahaS agraH padahret isatsevnI sativitkA irad saK surA huragneP
purem isatsevni sativitka irad sak surA nad naamirenep naknimrecnem gnay sak sura naka
naklisahgnem kutnu naujutreb gnay ayad rebmus nagned nagnubuhes sak naraulegnep
nad relliM helo nakitkubid halet siripme araces ini laH .naped asam sak sura nad natapadnep
megnem gnay aivatko malad )5891( kcoR naka isatsevni natakgninep awhab nakaku
naktakgninem naka aynrihka adap gnay gnatadnem asam id sak sura nagned tare nagnubuhreb
sura nakirebmem upmam naka isatsevni natakgninep aynada anerak ini laH .mahas agrah
u naahasurep igab nahabmat sak natakgninep aynadA .aynnatapadnep naktakgninem kutn
agrah aggnihes,asrub id aynmahas ilebmem kutnu rotsevni kiranem naka ini natapadnep
.aguj natakgninep imalagnem naka aynrihka adap mahas nruter nad takgninem naka mahas
d onoyirT irad naitileneP nakkujnunem aguj aivatko malad )0002( onotraH otnayigoJ na
agrah padahret isatsevni sativitka irad sak sura aratna nakifingis gnay nagnubuh aynada
gnay aivatko )0002( hamiaN horhaZ naitilenep nagned aynlah alup naikimeD .mahas
sura awhab lisah nakkujnunem huragnepreb nakifingis araces isatsevni sativitka irad sak
.mahas agrah padahret
naitilenep numaN – irad naitilenep lisah nagned gnakaleb kalotreb tubesret naitilenep
gnay nagnubuh tapadret awhab nakataynem gnay inek malad )8991( gnurunaM reldA
.mahas agrah nagned isatsevni sativitka irad sak sura aratna fitagen
nakkujunem akam isatsevni sativitka irad sak sura takgninem nikames naikimed nagneD
gnatad naka gnay asam id nalisahgnep naktakgninem upmam naka naahasurep awhab .
huragneP 3.4.2 mahaS agraH padahret naanadneP sativitkA irad saK surA
kutnu anugreb gnay sak sura nakapurem naanadnep sativitka irad sak surA
.naahasurep ladom kosamep arap helo naped asam sak sura padahret mialk iskiderpmem
sativitka aynadA - s naktakgninem gnay sativitka itrepes naahasurep naanadnep rebmu
ladom rutkurts naktakgninem upmam urab mahas isime nupuam isagilbo natibrenep
sativitka aynadA .naahasurep - naktakgninem kutnu naahasurep nakukalid gnay sativitka
,rotsevni igab fitisop laynis nakapurem aynnaanadnep takgnaret naka mahas agrah aggnihes
nruter nad agrah padahret naanadnep sativitka irad sak sura huragnep nagned natiakreB.kian
aynada nakumenem aivatko malad )0002( onotraH otnayigoJ nad onoyirT ,mahas
nep sak sura aratna nakifingis gnay nagnubuh adaP .mahas nruter nad agrah nagned naanad
gnay nagnubuh ,aivatko malad )0002( hamiaN horhaZ helo nakukalid gnay naitilenep
.mahas agrah nagned naanadnep sativitka irad sak sura aratna nakumetid aguj nakifingis
ad sak sura takgninem nikames naikimed nagneD akam naaadnep sativitka ir
naka gnay asam id nalisahgnep naktakgninem upmam naka naahasurep awhab nakkujunem
gnatad
4.4.2 mahaS agraH padahret isnatnukA abaL huragneP
nalisahgnep uata isnatnuka abal awhab nakataynem 4002 nagnaueK isnatnukA radnatS
alada )emocni( kutneb malad isnatnuka edoirep amales imonoke taafnam nakianek h
nakianek naktabikagnem gnay nabijawek nanurunep uata avitka nahabmanep uata nakusamep
nakkujnunem isnatnuka abaL .ladom namananep isubirtnok irad lasareb kadit gnay satiuke
nep takgnit naruku nemejanam ajrenik naruku nad mahas gnagemep arap igab nailabmeg
abal akiJ .aivatko malad )7991,gnA trebboR( nagnauek ajrenik naialinep nahurulesek malad
rotsevni akam ,utkaw ek utkaw irad natakgninep nakkujnunem naahasurep utaus isnatnuka
tnu kiratret naka naikimed nagned ,tubesret naahasurep adap aynanad nakisatsevnignem ku
mahas nruter aggnihes ,takgninem nikames naka naahasurep helo ikilimid gnay mahas agrah
ikilimem isnatnuka abaL .aivatko malad )0002,aromamiS yrneH( alup takgninem naka
padahret huragnep .aivatko malad ) 7791,kcocnaH & nworB ( mahas agrah
nopser aynada nakkujnunem aivatko malad )0002( onoskaS idnA ymmiJ naitileneP
nakifingis gnay mahas nruter aynada nagned nakkujnutid gnay rotsevni irad fitisop
al nahaburep aynada padahret nagned aynlah alup naikimeD .takgninem nikames gnay ab
nakumenem gnay aivatko malad )8991( amatU atraddiS nad idnaffA gnutnU naitilenep
takgninem nikames gnay abal nahaburep adap mahas agrah padahret fitisop iskaer aynada
l nahaburep adap fitagen nad aguj adanes ini naitileneP .nurunem nikames gnay aba
malad )0002( idatraH gnabmaB nad ayajiwatrA gnanaL utuP irad naumet lisah nagned
abal nahaburep aratna nakifingis gnay huragnep aynada nakataynem gnay aivatko
s agrah nahaburep nagned isnatnuka fitisop gnay nagnubuh aynada nial atak nagned ,maha
irad naitilenep ,ipatet nakA .mahas agrah nahaburep padahret isnatnuka abal nahaburep irad
huragnepreb kadit isnatnuka abal awhab nakataynem aivatko malad )0002( hamiaN horhaZ
h padahret nakifingis araces .mahas agra
ada gnay nagnurednecek akam ,naahasurep utaus abal raseb nikames naikimed nagneD
aynrihka adap naahasurep abal anerak idajret ini laH . mahas agrah iggnit nikames halada
ahas gnagemep naayakek naktakgninem nad naahasurep ialin naktakgninem naka malad m
.mahas agrah aynkian kutneb
agudiD : 4H .mahaS agraH padahreT fitisoP huragnepreB isnatnukA abal
5.4.2 ( naahasurep narukU huragneP nagneD ) naahasureP eziS detcepxe nruteR
.mahaS
eziS akgnugnep saul naksalejnem gnay gnitnep lebairav nakapurem naahasurep nap
naahasurep awhab nakumetid irtsudni sinej kutnu nakgnades ,nanuhat naropal malad
sinej nagned nakgnidnabid napakgnugnep saul padahret nakifingis huragnepreb rutkafunam
ahasurep naruku huragnep ianegnem aynnaitilenep malad )9991( otnawsiM .nial irtsudni na
.sinsib okisir ihuragnepmem naahasurep aynlicek raseb awhab nakumenem sinsib okisir adap
nruter nad okisir ikilimem licek naahasurep awhab siripme itkub helorepid aynnaitilenep iraD
eb nikames naikimed nagneD.raseb naahasurep gnidnabid iggnit hibel gnay naahasurep ras
aggnihes ,naahasurep id isatsetnireb kutnu rotsevni tanim iggnit nikames akam tubesret
naahasurep licek nikames ,aynkilabes naD .mahas nruter detcepxe ialin alup raseb nikames
tanim licek nikames akam naahasurep helorepid gnay akam tubesret kutnu rotsevni
.mahas nruter detcepxe ialin alup licek nikames aggnihes ,tubesret naahasurep id isatsetnireb
nahaburep agudiD : 5H ezis .mahas agraH padahret huragnepreb naahasurep
III BAB
NAITILENEP EDOTEM
1.3 lepmaS nad isalupoP
nakanugid gnay isalupoP segnareveB & dooF naahasurep halada ini naitilenep malad
id tatacret gnay iradnihgnem kutnu hilipid rutkafunam rotkeS .)IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB
gnay irtsudni rotkes utaus aratna adebreb gnay irtsudni okisir utiay tceffe lairtsudni aynada
ay nagned utas evisoprup edotem nagned helorepid ini naitilenep malad lepmaS .nial gn
: tukireb iagabes airetirk nagned ,gnilpmas
.1 )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB id ratfadret hadus segnareveB & dooF naahasureP
002 iraunaJ 1 mulebes 8 .
.2 raulek kadit segnareveB & dooF naahasureP ( gnitsiled ) )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB
002 naitilenep edoirep amales 8– 102 0
.3 tiduaid halet gnay nagnauek naropal naktibreneM segnareveB & dooF naahasureP
002 nuhat irad nednepedni rotidua helo 8- 102 0 .
.4 letes hisreb abal imalagneM segnareveB & dooF naahasureP fitagen gnay kajap ha
002 nuhat natamagnep edoirep amales nagnauek naropal edoirep aud ayngnarukes 8 –
102 0.
1.1.3 lebaT
lepmeS
oN naahasureP amaN
1 retnI ariW ahskA( SEDA )kbT lanoisan
2 )kbT idabA samovaD ( OVAD
3 ) kbT doofsaF ( TSAF
4 )kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM
5 ) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB itluM( IBLM
6 ) kbT odnireenoiP ( PSTP
7 arP( NDSP )kbT agaiN akenA adihs
8 )kbT tuaL rakeS (TLKS
9 ) kbT tramS( TRAMS
01 gnidarT dna yrtsudnI kliM ayajartlU ( JTLU
)kbT ynapmoC
11 ) kbT doofodnI ( DOOFODNI
21 aliP agiT ( ASIA )kbT dooF arethajeS r
: rebmuS moc.0005ieb
2.3 naitileneP ataD
naropal irad helorepid gnay rednukes atad nakanuggnem ini naitilenep malad ataD
adap )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB id ratfadret gnay segareveB & dooF naahasurep nagnauek
002 nuhat 8- 102 0 gnay asruB ladoM rasaP isnerefeR tasuP id aidesret nad nakisakilbupid halet
.) MPRP ( aisenodnI kefE
3.3 ataD nalupmugneP edoteM
gnay atad naklupmugnem kutnu nakukalid gnay atad nalupmugnep edoteM
kukalem nagned halada nial aratna ini naitilenep malad nakhutubid anamid isatnemukod na
natatac irad gnusgnal atad iracnem silunep - .IEB adap ada gnay nagnauek naropal uata natatac
irad iridret ini IEB irad libmaid gnay rednukes ataD paites naahasurep nagnauek naropal
naahasurep segareveB & dooF iauses nad ratfadret gnay .lepmas nahilimep airetirk nagned
4.3 ataD isilanA kinkeT
: tukireb iagabes halada nakanugid gnay atad isilana kinkeT
.1 ( kisalK ismusA ijU ijU nad isalerokotuA ijU ,satisitsadeksoreteH ijU ,satilamroN ijU
satiraenilokitluM )
.2 ( adnagreB isergeR sisilanA fingis ijU .)t kitsitats ijU( laudividnI retemaraP nkai ijU
amasreB araceS iserger neisifeoK - )F ijU( amas , )2R( isanimreteD sisilanA )
margorp nakanuggnem nagneD ( 61 isrev SSPS laicoS eht rof egakcaP lacitsitatS
ecneicS ).
1.4.3 kisalK ismusA ijU
1.1.4.3 satilamroN ijU
sabeb lebairav ,iserger ledom hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satilamron ijU
,ilazohG ( kadit uata lamron isubirtsid ikilimem aynaudek takiret lebairav nad
.)011:5002
iay nednepdni lebairav hakapa tahilem kutnu naujutreb satilamron ijU tu
,sak sura nenopmok naahasurep naruku nad isnatnuka abal nedneped lebairav padahret
utiay mahaS agraH .kadit uata lamron nakisubirtsidid aynaudek ,
turunem satilamron isketed malad nasutupek nalibmagnep rasad nakgnadeS
halada )6002( ilazohG :
rag ratikesid rabeynem atad akiJ sirag hara itukignem nad lanogaid si
,lamron isubirtsid alop nakkujnunem aynmargotsih kifarg uata lanogaid
.satilamron ismusa ihunemem iserger ledom akam
itukignem kadit uata nad lanogaid sirag irad huaj rabeynem atad akiJ
kifarg uata ,lanogaid sirag hara alop nakkujnunem kadit margotsih
ismusa ihunemem kadit iserger ledom akam ,lamron isubirtsid
satilamron
2.1.4.3 satisitsadekoreteH ijU
ledom malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu nakanugid ini iju )6002( ilazahG turuneM
iser irad snairav naamaskaditek idajret iserger ek natamagnep utaus irad laud
akiJ .nial natamagnep ecnairav nial natamagnep ek natamagnep utas laudiser irad
tubesid adebreb snairav akij naD .satisitsadekomoh tubesid akam patet
tsadekoreteh idajret kadit halada kiab gnay iserger ledom.satisitsadekoreteh .satisi
anamid ,tolprettacs kifarg adap utnetret alop aynkadit ada tahilem nagned isketeD
iskiderp Y( laudiser halada X ubmus nad ,iskiderpid halet gnay Y ubmus nad X ubmus
- :nasutupek nalibmagnep rasaD .)aynhuggnuses Y
.1 itit itrepes utnetret alop ada akiJ k- gnay utnetret alop utaus kutnebmem ada gnay kitit
idajret halet akam ,)tipmeynem naidumek ,rabelem ,gnabmolegreb( rutret
.satsisitsadekoreteh
.2 kitit atres ,salej gnay gnay alop ada kadit akiJ - hawab id nupuam sata id rabeynem kitit
am ,Y ubmus adap 0 akgna .satisitsadekoreteh idajret ak
3.1.4.3 satiraenilokitluM ijU
satiraenilokitluM ijU nakumetid iserger ledom hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb
kiab gnay iserger ledoM .)nednepedni( sabeb lebairav aratna isalerok aynada
airav aratna id isalerok idajret kadit aynsurahes .nednepedni leb
satiraenilokitluM : irad thailid aguj tapad
.1 aynnawal nad ecnareloT ialiN
.2 noitalni ecnairav )FIV( rotcaf lebairav paites nakujunem gnay naruku audek
nednepedni malaD .aynnial nednepedni lebairav helo naksalejid gnay hakanam
es naitregnep )takiret( nedneped lebairav idajnem nednepedni lebairav paites anahred
satilebairav rukugnem ecnareloT .aynnial nednepedni lebairav padahret sergerid nad
.aynnial nednepedni lebairav helo naksalejid kadit hilipret gnay nednepedni lebairav
areloT ialin idaJ /1=FIV anerak( iggnit FIV ialin nagned amas hadneret gnay ecn
ialiN .)ecnareloT footuc aynada nakujunem kutnu iakapid ayn mumu gnay
satiraenilokitluM .01>FIV ialin nagned amas uata 01.0< ecnareloT ialin halada
4.1.4.3 isalerokotuA ijU
nakanugid isalerokotua ijU nagnapmiynep aynkadit uata ada iuhategnem kutnu
utas adap laudiser aratna idajret gnay isalerok utiay ,isalerokotua kisalk ismusa
surah gnay taraysarP .iserger ledom adap nial natamagnep nagned natamagnep
m malad isalerokotua aynada kadit halada ihunepret naijugnep edoteM .iserger ledo
nibruD iju nagned halada nakanugid gnires gnay - .)WD iju( nostaW
2.4.3 sisilanA adnagreB isergeR
iserger sisilanA reb duskamreb itilenep alib ,itilenep helo nakanugid adnag
d lebairav )aynnurut kian( naadaek anamiagab naklamarem hibel uata aud alib ,nednepe
rotkaf iagabes nednepedni lebairav rotciderp idaJ .)aynialin naknurut kianid( isalupinamid
.2 laminim aynnednepedni lebairav halmuj alib nakukalid naka adnag iserger sisilana
)602:5002 ,onoyiguS(
agreb iserger naamasrep nupadA :tukireb iagabes naksumurid tapad adn
: anamiD
( nedneped lebairav = Y mahas agrah )
0 = X taas adap ubmus nagned gnotop kitit = a
kutnu Y nanurunep uata nakianek( iserger sirag irad nagnirimek = β
utas nahaburep paites – )X nautas
X1 nahaburep = lanoisarepo sak surA
X2 nahaburep = isatsevni sak surA
X 3 nahaburep = naanadnep sak surA
X4 urep narukU nahabureP = naahas
kaca nahalasek = ε
β + α = Y 1X + 1 β2X + 2 β3X + 3 ε
1.2.4.3 )2R( isanimreteD sisilanA
,Y lebairav padahret X lebairav irad nahaburep huragnep iuhategnem kutnU
kutneb nakapurem gnay nagnalib utaus utiay isanimreted neisifeok nakanugid akam
sumur nagned ,isalerok neisifeok irad tardauk : tukireb iagabes
r = DK 2 % 001 x
r ialin mulebeS 2 surah uluhad hibelret ,nalupmisek taubmem kutnu naknugid
.oH nakalonep uata oH naamirenep haread malad katelret ialin hakapa ijuid
2.2.4.3 )t kitsitats ijU( laudividnI retemaraP nkaifingis ijU
t( t ijU - et isalerok neisifeok hakapa nakitkubmem nad gnutihgnem kutnu nakukalid )ts
.kadit uata nakifingis kitsitats araces
utas huragnep huaj aparebes nakkujnunem aynrasad adap t iju ,)5002( ilazahG turuneM
av nakgnarenem malad laudividni araces tnednepedni lebairav .nedneped lebairav isair
: sumur nagned iracid tapad gnutih t nupadA
= 212
rnr
t nagned nakgnidnabid aynlisah naidumeK lebat nakanugid gnay nakifingis farat nagneD .
t anamid %5 halada lebat t = 1- n( 2/α - - .)2
lad ,)5002( onoyiguS ini kahif aud iju nakanuggnem gnay sisetopih naijugnep ma
katelret uata oH naamirenep haread adap adareb ,gnutih t agrah alib awhab ,nautnetek ukalreb
,kaltum agrah halada gnutih t agraH .kalotid aH nad amiretid oH akam ,lebat agrah aratnaid
lid kadit idaj ( uata ) + ( tahi - .ayn )
t gnutih
t akiJ gnutih t > lebat H akam o H nad kalotid a lebairav laisrap araces itrareb ini ,amiretid
.nedneped lebairav padahret nakifingis gnay huragnep iaynupmem nednepedni
t akiJ gnutih t < lebat H akam o H nad amiretid a ini ,kalotid ada kadit laisrap araces itrareb
.nedneped elbairav padahret nednepedni lebairav aratna nakifingis gnay huragnep
3.2.4.3 amasreB araceS iserger neisifeoK ijU - )F ijU( amas
tnednepedni lebairav aumes hakapa ijugnem kutnu nakanugid kitsitats F ijU
iaynupmem amasreb araces huragnep - iracid gnutih F ialin nedneped lebairav padahret amas
: sumur nagned
F gnutih =1/1
/2
2
knRkR
: anamiD
adnag iserger neisifeok = R
tnednepedni lebairav halmuj = k
lepmas atoggna halmuj = n
dnabid naka aynlisah naidumeK F nagned nakgni lebat kd adap nakrasadid nagned
n( = tubeynep kd nad k = gnalibmep -k- ( nakifingis takgniT nad )1 aynlicek raseb halada )
anerak 50,0 halada iakapid gnay nakifingis takgniT .naurilekek taubmem utkaw adap okisir
kawem kutnu tauk pukuc ialinid elbairav aratna nagnubuh ili - .sataid lebairav
F akiJ .1 gnutih F > lebat H akam o kalotid
F akiJ .2 gnutih F < lebat H akam o amiretid
.a R( isanimreteD sisilanA 2)
lebairaV lanoisarepO isinifeD nad naitileneP lebairaV
nednepednI lebairaV
.1 ( lanoisarepo sak surA )1X
halada lanoisarepo sak surA irad naklisahid gnay sak sura halada isarepo sativitkA
nuhat paites aynisarepo malad nitur sativitka nakapurem gnay naahasurep sativitka
naahasurep natapadnep amatu lisahgnep sativitka .natapadnep helorepmem kutnu
apicnirp( )seitivitca eunever l sativitka nakapurem nakub gnay nial sativitka nad
gnay nial awitsirep nad iskasnart irad lasareb aynmumu ,naanadnep nad isatsevni
gnay rotakidni nakapurem nad ,hisreb igur uata abal napatenep ihuragnepmem
arepo irad hakapa nakutnenem pukuc gnay sak naklisahgnem tapad naahasurep is
rayabmem ,naahasurep isarepo naupmamek arahilemem ,namajnip isanulem kutnu
naanadnep rebmus adap nakladnagnem apnat urab isatsevni nakukalem nad nedivid
r.raul irad
kusaM OFC = OFC : sumuR – rauleK OFC
.2 surA ) 2X ( isatsevni sak
halada isatsevni sak surA avitka nasapelep uata nahelorep tukgnaynem gnay sativitka
malad kusamret kadit gnay nial isatsevni atres )racnal kadit avitka( gnajnap akgnaj
p naklupmugnem nad gnau nakmajnimem sativitka pukacnem ,sak arates gnatui
.fitkudorp gnajnap akgnaj avitka nad isatsevni laujnem nad helorepmem atres tubesret
kusaM IFC = IFC :sumuR – rauleK IFC
.3 ) 4X ( naanadnep sak surA
halmuj malad nahaburep naktabikagnem gnay sativitka halada naanadnep sativitkA
iuke isisopmok atres kutnu anugreb naanadnep sak surA .naahasurep namajnip nad sat
ladom kosamep arap helo naped asam sak sura padahret mialk iskiderpmem
.naahasurep
kusam PFC= PFC : sumuR - raulek PFC
.4 ) 4X ( isnatnukA abaL
abal ,inek malad )1002( notsuoH nad namhgirB turuneM hisreb abal halada isnatnuka
.igur abal naropal malad nakropalid gnay naahasurep
: tukireb iagabes naksumurid tapaD
gninraE = TAE – xaT
.5 ) 5X ( naahasurep eziS / naahasurep narukU
gnay naayakek aynlicek raseb nakkujnunem gnay naruku halada naahasurep narukU
.naahasurep helo ikilimid
nedneped elbairaV
.1 mahaS agraH
irad lauj agrah halada mahas rasap agrah inek malad )6991( ojomtaodiw turunreM
.rednukes rasap agrah aguj tubesid ini agraH.nial gnay nagned utas gnay rotsevni
: tukireb iagabes naksumurid tapaD
= )%( mahas agrah nahabureP t agraH mahaS – t agraH mahaS -1
t agraH mahaS -1
5.3 lebaT
lebairaV isasilanoisarepO
lebairaV tnednepednI lebairaV isinifeD retemaraP alakS
lanoisarepo sak surA
)1X(
malad )0002( hamiaN turuneM
halada lanoisarepo sak sura , inek
tabika lucnum gnay sak sura
namirignep uata iskudorp aynada
nad laujid naka gnay gnarab
huragnep atres asaj naaideynep
awitsirep nad iskasnart irad
gnay sak padahret aynnial
ihuragnepmem nautnenep
.natapadnep
kusaM OFC = OFC
– rauleK OFC
oisaR
) 2X ( isatsevni sak surA malad )0002( hamiaN turuneM
halada isatsevni sak sura,inek
aynada irad lasareb gnay sak sura
uata nalaujnep nahelorep
irad naitnehgnep aynkilabes
tarus - ay agrahreb tarus nakub gn
nad sak nelaviuke nakapurem
nakparahid gnay fitkudorp avitka
naahasurep igab taafnamreb
malad gnatad naka gnay asamid
atres gnajnap utkaw akgnaj
kusaM IFC = IFC –
rauleK IFC
oisaR
namajnimep
X ( naanadnep sak surA 3
)
lad )0002( hamiaN turuneM ma
inek halada naanadnep sativitka,
aynada irad lasareb gnay sak sura
irad namajnimep nataigek
ilabmek narayabmep nad rutiderk
nahelorep atres tubesret gnatuh
irad lasareb gnay ayad rebmus
nalabmi nairemep nad kilimep
.kilimep igab isatsevni sata
PFC= PFC kusam -
raulek PFC
oisaR
) 4X( isnatnuka abaL
notsuoH nad namhgirB turuneM
isnatnuka abal ,inek malad )1002(
naahasurep hisreb abal halada
naropal malad nakropalid gnay
.igur abal
gninraE = TAE –
xaT
oisaR
eziS / naahasurep narukU
) 5X ( naahasurep
kU naruku halada naahasurep naru
aynlicek raseb nakkujnunem gnay
helo ikilimid gnay naayakek
.naahasurep
latoT avitka +
nalaujnep
oisaR
) Y ( mahas agraH
)6991( ojomtaodiw turunreM
irad lauj agrah inek malad
gnay nagned utas gnay rotsevni
.nial
graH mahaS t a –
t agraH mahaS -
t agraH mahaS/)1 -1
oisaR
VI BAB
NAITILENEP NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH
1.4 naitileneP lisaH
ianegnem nakukalid naka gnay naitileneP abaL,saK surA latoT huragneP
mahaS agraH padahreT naahasureP narukU nad,isnatnukA id tatacreT gnaY kefE asruB
002 edoireP )IEB( aisenodnI 8- 102 .0
naahasureP segnarevreb & doof naahasurep kopmolek nakapurem rutkafunam
gnay og imalagnem anerak ini naitilenep malad keybo nakidajid kutnu kiranem gnay kilbup
ep natakgnin adap 102 nuhat amatrep retsemes rep aratna id 0 nahasu - rutkafunam nahasurep
.aynnial nahasureP segnarevreb & doof id tatacreT gnaY edoireP )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB
002 8- 102 0 kaynabes 21 naitilenep malad lepmas nakidajid naka gnay naahasureP .naahasurep
: halada ini
1.4 lebaT
lepmeS
oN naahasureP amaN
1 )kbT lanoisanretnI ariW ahskA( SEDA
2 )kbT idabA samovaD ( OVAD
3 ) kbT doofsaF ( TSAF
4 )kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM
5 ) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB itluM( IBLM
6 ) kbT odnireenoiP ( PSTP
7 )kbT agaiN akenA adihsarP( NDSP
8 )kbT tuaL rakeS (TLKS
9 ) kbT tramS( TRAMS
01 gnidarT dna yrtsudnI kliM ayajartlU ( JTLU
)kbT ynapmoC
11 doofodnI ( DOOFODNI ) kbT
21 )kbT dooF arethajeS raliP agiT ( ASIA
irad helorepid ini ispirks nasilunep malad haloid gnay atad rebmuS troper laicnanif nad
aunnA troper l naahasurep gnarevreB & dooF se ataD . - sutis id aidesret gnay atad
//:ptth .www moc.0005ieb atad aguj nad - .)IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB id aidesret gnay atad
rebmuS - abal naropal ,acaren irad iridret gnay nagnauek naropal nial aratna tubesret rebmus
nagnauek naropal sata natatac nad ,igur 002 nuhat 8 02 nagned iapmas 01 .
mahaS agraH 1.1.4 nahasureP adap segnareveb & dooF
aparebeb helo nakutnetid ladom rasap id kutnebret gnay agrah halada mahas agraH
agrah padahret abal oisar ,erahs rep gninrae uata mahas rabmel rep abal itrepes rotkaf
elrep takgnit irad rukuid gnay okiser sabeb agnub takgnit ,oitar gninrae ecirp uata mahas rabm
naahasurep isarepo naitsapek takgnit nad hatniremep otisoped agnub
: ini tukireb nasumur malad nakrabmagid tapad mahas agrah nahabureP sitametam araceS
mahas agrah nahabureP = )%( agraH mahaS t – agraH mahaS t-1
agraH mahaS t-1
samrofnI ianegnem i halmuj mahas agrah nahasureP adap y segnareveB & dooF tatacreT gna
id P )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB e 002 edoir 8- 102 0 : ini tukireb 2.4 lebat adap tahilid tapad
2.4 lebaT
ratfaD agraH nahasureP adap mahaS fitomotO
.oN netimE amaN aD ( mahaS agraH ) pR mal
ataR - atar 8002 9002 0102
1 SEDA
00,522
00,046
00,010.1
00,526
2 OVAD
00,85
00,05
47 00,
76,06
3 TSAF
00,000.3
00,055.4
00,006.7
00,050.5
4 ROYM OO,O41.1
00,005.4
00,057.01
33,380.5
5 LM IB
00,005.94
00,001.051
00,059.472
33,381.851
6 PSTP
00,063
00,082
00,532
76,192
7 NDSP
00,021
00,841
00,08
00,611
8 TLKS
00,09
00,051
00,041
76,621
9 ASIA
nahalO ataD : rebmuS
.4 lebat iraD 2 ad halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep awhab tahilid tap mahaS agraH
002 nuhat adap rasebret 8 halada ) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB itluM ( IBLM halmuj nagned agraH
mahaS .pR rasebes 00,005.94 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades mahaS agraH
halada hadneret ( OVAD ) kbT idabA samovaD halmuj nagned mahaS agraH .pR 00,85 adaP .
02 nuhat 90 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep mahaS agraH helo ikilimid hisam rasebret
) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB itluM ( IBLM halmuj nagned mahaS agraH pR rasebes 00,001.051 .
nay naahasurep nakgnades halmuj ikilimem g mahaS agraH hadneret helo ikilimid hisam
) kbT idabA samovaD ( OVAD halmuj nagned mahaS agraH pR 00,05 . 02 nuhat adap naD 01
halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep mahaS agraH helo ikilimid hisam rasebret itluM ( IBLM
) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB agned halmuj n mahaS agraH .pR rasebes 00,059.472 nakgnades ,
halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep mahaS agraH helo ikilimid hisam hadneret ( OVAD
) kbT idabA samovaD halmuj nagned mahaS agraH .pR 00,47 . atar halmuj irad tahilid akiJ -
atar mahas agrah nuhat agit amales 002 nuhat aratna utiay 8- 02 01 ikilimem gnay naahasurep ,
halmuj mahas agrah halada rasebret rasebes ) kbT aisenodnI gnatniB itluM ( IBLM
00,524 00,063 00,087 76,125
0 1 TRAMS
00,007.1
00,055.2
00,000.5
33,380.3
11 JTLU
00,008
00,065
00,012.1
76,658
21 DOOFODNI
00,039
00,055.3
00,578.4
33,811.3
ataR - atar
38,558.8
33,381.851 , halada hadneret mahas agrah halmuj nagned nakgnadeS samovaD ( OVAD
) kbT idabA .pR rasebes 76,06 . lebat iraD awhab iuhatekid tapad aguj 2.4 mahas agrah atar -
irad atar 1 naahasurep 2 segnareveb & dooF .pR halada nuhat 3 amales . 38,558.8
2.1.4 saK surA latoT nahasureP adap
.4 lebaT 3
ratfaD saK surA latoT nahasureP adap segnareveb & dooF
.oN amaN
netimE
ra latot sak su ataR - atar
8002 9002 0102
1 SEDA
00,113.92
00,174.83
00,076.51
33,718.72
2 OVAD
00,755.038.142.092
00,875.371.093.785
00,879.164.495.792
00,173.551.247.193
3 TSAF
00,875.371.093.785
00,352.234.473
00,101.702.473
33,779.072.640.691
4 ROYM
00,364.996.033.613
00,704.916.285.123
501.274 00,415.136.
76,497.613.600.073
5 IBLM
00,948.672
00,261.733
00,585.602
00,235.372
6 PSTP
00,206.135.668.7
86.442.7 00,290.8
00,408.301.323.01
76,238.701.874.8
7 NDSP
00,835.776.665.26
00,992.929.533.65
00,992.929.533.65
76,873.548.214.85
8 TLKS
00,427.975.158.21
779.655.420.01 00,
00,170.469.612.5
00,429.663.463.9
9 ASIA
00,484.287.872.02 00,339.727.225.12 00,975.980.724.51 76,899.991.670.91
01 TRAMS
00,851.482.772.084
794 00,775.
00,179.292
76,865.196.290.061
11 JTLU
00,577.988.968.261
00,216.869.978.412
00,853.703.021.383
76,185.883.326.352
21
DOOFODNI
00,802.172.4
00,038.474.4
00,199.823.01
00,343.853.6
ataR - atar
89,551.054.243.37
nahalO ataD : rebmuS
.4 lebat iraD 3 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep awhab tahilid tapad saK surA latoT
rasebret 002 nuhat adap 8 halada TSAF ( ) doofsaF halmuj nagned sak sura latot .pR rasebes
00,875.371.093.785 hadneret halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades , sak sura latot
halada SEDA )kbT lanoissanretnI ariW ahsakA( halmuj nagned sak sura latot .pR 00,113.92
P 02 nuhat ada 90 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep sak sura latot helo ikilimid rasebret
OVAD ) kbT idabA samovaD ( .pR rasebes halmuj nagned 00,875.371.093.785 nakgnades ,
halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep sak sura latot halada hadneret SEDA ariW ahsakA(
anretnI )kbT lanoiss .pR halmuj nagned 00,174.83 02 nuhat adap naD . 01 gnay naahasurep
halmuj ikilimem sak sura latot rasebret nagned ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM( ROYM halada
halmuj sak sura latot ,00,415.136.501.274 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades latot
sura sak helo ikilimid hisam hadneret SEDA )kbT lanoissanretnI ariW ahsakA( nagned
halmuj sak sura latot .pR .00,076.51 atar halmuj irad tahilid akiJ - atar sak sura latot amales
002 nuhat aratna utiay nuhat agit 8- 02 01 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep , sura latot sak
halada rasebret OVAD rasebes ) kbT idabA samovaD ( .pR 00,173.551.247.193 , nakgnadeS
halmuj nagned sak sura latot halada hadneret SEDA )kbT lanoissanretnI ariW ahsakA(
.pR rasebes .33,718.72 .4 lebat iraD 3 awhab iuhatekid tapad aguj sak sura latot atar - irad atar
1 naahasurep 2 segnareveb & doof .pR halada nuhat 3 amales . 651.054.243.37
3.1.4 isnatnukA abaL nahasureP adap
amales imonoke taafnam nakianek halada )emocni( nalisahgnep uata isnatnuka abal
habmanep uata nakusamep kutneb malad isnatnuka edoirep nanurunep uata avitka na
isubirtnok irad lasareb kadit gnay satiuke nakianek naktabikagnem gnay nabijawek
arap igab nailabmegnep takgnit naruku nakkujnunem isnatnuka abaL .ladom namananep
alinep nahurulesek malad nemejanam ajrenik naruku nad mahas gnagemep ajrenik nai
nagnauek .
gninraE = TAE – xaT
.4 lebaT 4
ratfaD ) KAL ( isnatnukA abaL nahasureP adap segnareveB & dooF
.oN amaN
netimE
isnatnukA abaL ataR - atar
8002 9002 0102
1 SEDA - 00,802.51 ,123.61 00 00,956.13 00,429.01
2 OVAD - 00,813.846.156.015 00,409.939.847.622 - 00,576.738.584.62 - 33,236.808.826.452
3 TSAF 00,889.762.521 00,485.699.181 00,771.795.991 33,619.359.861
4 ROYM 00,396.940.032.691 00,433.219.751.273 00,515.202.680.484 5.127.428.053 00,41
5 IBLM 00,703.222 00,854.043 00,629.244 33,032.533
6 PSTP 00,719.221.782.4 00,750.935.849.01 00,583.336.667.51 00,354.890.433.01
7 NDSP 00,809.902.844.9 00,951.818.944.23 00,336.420.919.21 00,009.053.272.81
8 TLKS 00,656.320.172.4 ,979.725.208.21 00 00,439.135.338.4 76,981.163.203.7
9 ASIA 00,556.651.686.82 00,254.577.667.73 00,515.371.758.57 00,478.107.634.74
01 TRAMS 00,741.762.983.640.1 00,313.36 00,229.642.1 33,721.958.697.843
11 JTLU 00,402.105.117.303 00,091.258.251.16 00,538.342.321.701 1 33,670.991.923.75
21 DOOFODNI 00,983.430.1 00,168.570.2 00,168.570.2 76,307.827.1
ataR - atar 28,316.529.192.43
nahalO ataD : rebmuS
.4 lebat iraD 4 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep awhab tahilid tapad KAL rasebret
002 nuhat adap 8 halada TRAMS nagned KAL rasebes halmuj .pR 00,741.762.983.640.1 ,
halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades KAL halada hadneret idabA samovaD ( OVAD
kbT halmuj nagned KAL .pR - 00,813.846.156.015 02 nuhat adaP . 90 gnay naahasurep
halmuj ikilimem KAL rasebret halada odnI aroyaM ( ROYM ) kbT aisen halmuj nagned KAL
rasebes .pR 00,433.219.751.273 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades , KAL hadneret
) kbT idabA samovaD ( OVAD helo ikilimid hisam halmuj nagned KAL .pR -
00,409.939.847.622 02 nuhat adap naD . 01 almuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep h KAL rasebret
helo ikilimid hisam ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM halmuj nagned KAL .pR
00,515.202.680.484 halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades , KAL hisam hadneret
helo ikilimid ) kbT idabA samovaD ( OVAD halmuj nagned KAL .pR - .576.738.584.62
id akiJ atar halmuj irad tahil - atar KAL 002 nuhat aratna utiay nuhat agit amales 8- 02 01 ,
halmuj ikilimem gnay naahasurep KAL halada rasebret ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM
.pR rasebes 00,415.127.428.053 , halmuj nagned nakgnadeS KAL ( OVAD halada hadneret
dabA samovaD ) kbT i rasebes .pR - 00,470.691.008.542 . .4 lebat iraD 4 iuhatekid tapad aguj
awhab KAL atar - irad atar 1 naahasurep 2 segnareveb & doof halada nuhat 3 amales .pR
.894.724.974.43
4.1.4 naahasureP narukU nahasureP adap segnarevreB & dooF
eziS purem naahasurep napakgnugnep saul naksalejnem gnay gnitnep lebairav naka
naahasurep awhab nakumetid irtsudni sinej kutnu nakgnades ,nanuhat naropal malad
sinej nagned nakgnidnabid napakgnugnep saul padahret nakifingis huragnepreb rutkafunam
nial irtsudni P. p naruku huragne raseb awhab nakumenem sinsib okisir adap naahasure
.sinsib okisir ihuragnepmem naahasurep aynlicek
latoT = naahasureP narukU avitka + nalaujnep
.4 lebaT 5
ratfaD ) PKU ( naahasureP narukU nahasureP adap segnareveb & dooF
nahalo ataD : rebmuS
.4 lebat iraD 5 ikilimem gnay naahasurep awhab tahilid tapad halmuj PKU nuhat adap rasebret
002 8 halada ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM nagned PKU halmuj rasebes
,00,630.514.899.222.92.pR kgnades ikilimem gnay naahasurep na halmuj PKU hadneret
halada ) kbT lanoitanretnI ariW ahsakA ( SEDA nagned halmuj PKU 00,510.581 .pR adaP .
02 nuhat 90 ikilimem gnay naahasurep halmuj PKU rasebret halada TRAMS nagned halmuj
PKU rasebes ,00,359.909.495.012.01 .pR s ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnade halmuj PKU
.oN amaN
netimE
naahasureP narukU aR at - atar
8002 9002 0102
1 SEDA 00,510.581 00,782.871 00,394.423 00,562.922
2 OVAD 00,796.432.470.026.3 00,933.190.710.608.2 00,745.816.402.758.2 76,725.189.134.490.3
3 TSAF 00,518.857.487 00,438.804.140.1 00,440.340.632.1 76,798.637.020.1
4 OYM R 00,630.514.899.222.92 00,259.515.894.642.3 00,535.531.191.993.4 00,148.886.265.982.21
5 IBLM 00,983.149 00,564.399 00,280.731.1 76,879.320.1
6 PSTP 00,811.752.557.18 071,852,766,09 00,421.019.800.901 33,747.550.885.36
7 NDSP 00,873.700.569.682 00,766.905.826.353 00,766.905.826.353 33,732.243.704.133
8 TLKS 00,104.944.300.102 00,956.820.681.691 00,964.244.573.991 76,905.379.458.891
9 ASIA 00,151.557.759.610.1 00,678.440.928.865.1 00,831.144.949.639.1 00,550.747.875.705.1
01 TRAMS .520.01 00,780.029.519 00,359.909.495.012.01 00,831.144.949.639.1 00,627.324.351.193.7
11 JTLU 00,600.973.646.047.1 00,436.499.107.237.1 00,062.267.595.600.2 00,003.540.846.628.1
21 DOOFODNI 00,903.195.93 00,359.283.04 00,559.572.74 00,937.614.24
ataR - atar
22,142.384.412.533.1
halada hadneret ) kbT lanoitanretnI ariW ahsakA ( SEDA nagned halmuj PKU .pR
00,782.871 02 nuhat adap naD 01 ikilimem gnay naahasurep halmuj PKU ikilimid rasebret
helo ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM nagned almuj h PKU ,00,535.531.191.993.4 .pR
ikilimem gnay naahasurep nakgnades halmuj PKU helo ikilimid hisam hadneret ( SEDA
) kbT lanoitanretnI ariW ahsakA nagned PKU halmuj .00,394.423 .pR
irad tahilid akiJ halmuj atar - atar PKU at aratna utiay nuhat agit amales 002 nuh 8- 02 01 ,
ikilimem gnay naahasurep halmuj PKU halada rasebret ) kbT aisenodnI aroyaM ( ROYM
.pR rasebes ,00,148.886.265.982.21 nagned nakgnadeS halmuj PKU halada hadneret SEDA
.pR rasebes ) kbT lanoisanretnI ariW ahsakA( .00,562.922 .4 lebat iraD 4 aguj iuhatekid tapad
awhab PKU atar - irad atar 1 naahasurep 2 segnareveb & doof halada nuhat 3 amales .pR
.468.216.965.103.1
5.1.4 naitileneP lebairaV fitpirkseD kitsitatS
atar ialin iracnem anug nakukalid naitilenep malad fitpirksed kitsitatS - ( atar naem nad )
ats irad isaived radn mahaS agraH naahasureP narukU nad,isnatnukA abaL,saK surA latoT
002 nuhat irad 8- 102 0.
6.4 lebaT
scitsitatS evitpircseD
naeM
.dtS
noitaiveD N
mahas_agrah_nL 8812.7 60450.2 03
aahasurep_naruku_nL
n 2165.32 68779.5 03
sak_sura_latot_nL 6879.02 53296.5 03
scitsitatS evitpircseD
naeM
.dtS
noitaiveD N
mahas_agrah_nL 8812.7 60450.2 03
aahasurep_naruku_nL
n 2165.32 68779.5 03
sak_sura_latot_nL 6879.02 53296.5 03
isnatnuka_abal_nL 7088.02 47595.5 03
002 nuhat kutnu fitpirksed kitsitatS 8- 102 0 mahas agraH .21 mahas agrah halmuj irad
atar ialin iaynupmem - ( atar naem ) 8812.7 aynisaived radnats nakgnades 60450.2 ialiN
in nad 93,1 mahas agraH muminim mumiskam ial 12,11 nednepedni lebairav kutnu kitsitatS
)a :irad iridret saK surA latoT ialin ikilimem naem 6879.02 aynisaived radnats nad 53296.5 .
04,32 muminim ialiN mumiskam nad )b 04,32 isnatnukA abaL ialin ikilimem naem 7088.02
aynisaived radnats nad 47595.5 ,0 muminim ialiN 22 aynmumiskam nad 02,6 )c narukU
naahasureeP ialin ikilimem naem 2165.32 aynisaived radnats nad 68779.5 muminim ialiN
50,0 08,0 mumiskam nad .
6.1.4 kisalK ismusA ijU
1.6.1.4 satilamroN ijU
ilem kutnu naujutreb satilamron naijugneP nednepedni lebairav hakapa tah surA latoT
naahasureP narukU nad,isnatnukA abaL,saK ( nedneped lebairav atres mahaS agraH )
nakanugid atad satilamron ijugnem kutnU .kadit uata lamron araces isubirtsidret lamron
tolp ytilibaborp p tahilem nagned isketed utiay , lanogaid ubmus adap )kitit( atad narabeyne
,kifarg irad nakanuggnem asib aguj non kitsitats iju - vorogomloK kitemarap - K( vonrimS - )S
.%5> sataid aynisnakifingis takgnit tarays nagned
ret nagned nakukalid ini naitlenep malad sisetopih naijugneP )5002( ilazohG hibel
kifarg natakednep awhab nakataynem nakanuggnem nagned atad satilamron ijugnem uluhad
P lamroN - laudiser dezidradnats noisserger fo P satilamron ijugnem kutnu nakanugid tapad
.atad kifarg adap lanogaid sirag ratikesid rabeynem atad akiJ P lamroN - r fo P noisserge
laudiser dezidradnats ledom akam ,tubesret lanogaid sirag hara itukignem nad iserger
huaj rabeynem atad aynkilabes akij ipatet ,satilamron ismusa ihunemem kadit itrareb
kifarG .tubesret satilamron ismusa ihunemem P lamroN - dradnats noisserger fo P dezi
laudiser non citsitats iju nad - .ini tukireb iagabes halada kitamirap
1.4 rabmaG
2.4 rabmaG
kifarg natakednep nakanuggnem nagned atad satilamron iju lisaH P lamroN - noisserger fo P
laudiser dezidradnats rabesret atad awhab nakkujnunem ratikesid kifarg adap lanogaid sirag
P lamroN - laudiser dezidradnats noisserger fo P tubesret lanogaid sirag hara itukignem nad
.anrupmes kadit nupiksem isubirtsidreb halet atad awhab nakkujnunem ini iju lisah nagneD
lamron .
7.4 lebaT
enO - vorogomloK elpmaS - eT vonrimS ts
ezidradnatsnU
laudiseR d
N 03
sretemaraP lamroN a naeM 0000000.
noitaiveD .dtS 13923724.1
emertxE tsoM
secnereffiD
etulosbA 601.
evitisoP 280.
evitageN - 601.
vorogomloK - Z vonrimS 285.
2( .giS .pmysA - )deliat 788.
mroN si noitubirtsid tseT .a .la
.2102 ,61 SSPS iulalem haloid ataD :rebmuS
.4 lebat adap naijugnep lisah nakrasadreB 7 sata id nagned utiay non kitsitats iju -
vorogomloK kitemarap - K( vonrimS - )S , ialin vorogomloK - rasebes vonrimS 788,0 kadit nad
anerak ( 50,0 adap nakifingis 788,0 H .)50,0> naijugnep hadiak nagned iauses ini la atik idaJ .
uata lamron araces isubirtsidret laudiser awhab nakatagnem gnay oH kalonem tapad kadit
.lamron isubirtsidreb laudiser nial atak nagned iserger ledom awhab aynnalupmiseK
.satilamron ismusa ihunemem
4 2.6.1. satiraenilokitluM ijU
.nednepedni elbairav ratna isalerok iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid satireinilokitlum ijU
nednepedni lebairav aratna isalerok tapadret kadit gnay ledom halada kiab gnay iserger ledoM
hadner aynnednepedni lebairav ratna isalerok uata lebairav alibapa idajret satiraenilokitluM .
nagned isalerokreb nednepedni lebairav nial atak nagned uata nial amas utas nedneped
nakrasadreb tahilid tapad satiraenilokitlum ismusa naijugnep lisaH .nial nednepedni lebairav
ialin ecnairav rotcaf noitalfni ( satirainelokitlum aynkadit uata ada tahilem kutnU ,)FIV
adap nakrasadid eulav ecnarelot nad ecnairaV ehT rotcaF noitalfnI sataB .)FIV( ecnarelot
eulav nakkujnunem asilana lisah alibapa ,idaJ .01 halada FIV nad 01,0 halada eulav ecnarelot
01,0 ialin sataid 5002 ,ilazohG( satirainelokitlum idajet kadit akam 01 ialin hawabid FIV nad
nad ecnareloT ini tukireb .
8.4 lebaT
satiraeinilokitluM naijugneP lisaH
ledoM
scitsitatS ytiraenilloC
ecnareloT FIV
1 )tnatsnoC(
naahasurep_naruku_nL 120. 674.84
_nL latot sak_sura_ 192. 434.3
isnatnuka_abal_nL 120. 793.84
ser :elbairaV tnednepeD .a
2102 ,61 ssps iulalem haloid ataD ; rebmuS
.4 lebaT 8 tubesret lisah iraD .satiraenilokitlum iju sisilana lisah nakkujnunem
lajeg idajret kadit iserger ledom awhab iuhatekid aumes tapadret anerak ,satiraenilokitlum a
ialin ikilimem utiay nakutnetid gnay tarays nagned iauses lebairav ecnarelot > < FIV nad 1,0
.01
3.6.1.4 satkisisadekoreteH ijU
idajret iserger ledom malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satisitsadeksoreteh ijU
ek ,ilazohG mamI( nial gnay natamagnepek natamagnep utas laudiser nad nairav naamaskadit
laudiser sisilana nakanuggnem nagned halada satisitsadekoreteh ijugnem kutnu talA )5002
rabmaggnem arac nagned aynsisilanA .kifarg apureb tolp rettacs )racnep margaid(
em ialin nakanuggn laudiser dezitneduts nad eulav detciderp dezidradnats . aynnial sisilanA
.%5> sataid aynisnakifingis ialin nautnetek nagned utiay resjelG ijU nakanuggnem asib
adap sisilanA rettacs tolp tisitsadeksoreteh aynkadit uata idajret nakataynem gnay :halada sa
kitit itrepes utnetret alop ada akiJ - niop( kitit - gnay utnetret alop kutnebmem ada gnay )niop
idajret halet akam )tipmeynem naidumek ,rabelem ,gnabmolegreb( rutaret
.satisitsadeksoreteh
kitit atres ,salej gnay alop ada kadit akiJ - d rabeynem kitit adap 0 akgna hawab id nad sata i
.satisitsadeksoreteh idajret kadit akam ,Y ubmus
idajret kadit uata satisitsadeksomoh gnay halada kiab gnay iserger ledoM
iju lisah nakkujnunem ini hawab id 2.4 rabmaG )5002 ,ilazohG( satisitsadeksoreteh
satisitsadeksoreteh .
3.4 rabmaG
satisitsaeksoreteH ijU
2102 ,61 ssps iulalem haloid ataD :rebmuS
kitit aumes awhab tahilid tapad ,sata id 2.4 rabmag nakrasadreB - id rabeynem kitit sata
nakkujnunem ini lah ,salej gnay alop ada kadit nad Y ubmus adap 0 akgna hawab id nad
.ini naitilenep iserger ledom adap satisitsadeksoreteh idajret kadit awhab aynnial sisilanA asib
aynisnakifingis ialin nautnetek nagned utiay resjelG ijU nakanuggnem .%5> sataid malaD
.resjelG ijU nakanuggnem ini naitilenep
9.4 lebaT
resjelG ijU
stneiciffeoC a
ledoM
dezidradnatsnU
stneiciffeoC
ezidradnatS
d
stneiciffeoC
t .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB
1 )tnatsnoC( 134.1 796. 250.2 050.
surep_naruku_nL ha
naa - 120. 981. - 451. - 411. 119.
sak_sura_latot_nL 120. 350. 641. 504. 986.
isnatnuka_abal_nL - 110. 102. - 570. - 650. 659.
ser :elbairaV tnednepeD .a
irad isakifingis ialin helorepid resjelG ijU lisah iraD naahasurep naruku ,0 utiay 119 ,
latoT 986,0 sak sura , 659,0 isnatnuka abaL takgnit alibapA . sura latot,naahasurep naruku
isnatnuka abal,sak tapad idaj ,satisitsadseksoreteh gnudnagnem nakatakid tapad akam ,50,0 <
iaynupmem anerak satisitsadseksoreteh idajret kadit laudiser atad awhab naklupmisid ialin
.50,0> aynisnakifingis
4.6.1.4 isalerokotuA ijU
utas natiakreb utkaw gnajnapes naturureb gnay isavresbo anerak lucnum isalerokotuA
iju nagned halada isalerokotua aynkadit ada isketednem kutnu arac utas halaS .nial amas
nibruD - nostaW ( tseT WD a ijU .) ledom malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb isalerokotu
nahalasek nagned t edoirep adap uggnaggnep nahalasek aratna isalerok tapadret raenil iserger
nautnenep nagned ilawaid ini naijugnep araC .aynmulebes t edoirep adap uggnaggnep
utiay ,naijugnep sisetopih .)5002 ,ilazahG( tukireb iagabes nagned ijuid isalerokotua ismusA
nibruD kitsitats iju nakanuggnem - nibruD kitsitats iju lisaH .)WD( nostaW - )WD( nostaW
bat adap tahilid tapad 6.4 le
01.4 lebaT
isalerokotuA ijU
ledoM R S R erauq
R detsujdA
erauqS
fo rorrE .dtS
etamitsE eht
nibruD -
nostaW
1 917. a 715. 164. 34705.1 765.1
mahas_agrah_nL :elbairaV tnednepeD .b
2102 ,61 SSPS iulalem haloid ataD :rebmuS
d ialin nakkujnunem sata id isalerokotua iju lisaH u 4<d< -du gnay 4 = k 63 = n iuhatekid
= Ld ialiN .50,0 = a nad 632,1 4 irad ialin 427,1 = Ud nad - halada Ud 641.2 akaM .
( ,1<632,1 765 )641.2< ini naitilenep iserger ledom naamasrep awhab nakkujnunem ini laH
.fitagen nupuam fitisop isalerokotua idajret kadit nep lisah iraD kisalk ismusa padahret naijug
kisalk ismusa nup utas ada kadit awhab nakkujnunem lisah aumes ,sata id nakukalid gnay
irad sabeb nakatakid tapad naitilenep lepmas aggniheS .naitilenep lepmas adap tapadret gnay
ad halet iserger iju tarays akam ,kisalk ismusa .ihunepret tap
7.1.4 sisetopiH naijugneP
1.7.1.4 adnagreB raeniL isergeR edoteM
yrammuS ledoM b
ijugnem kutu nakanugid gnay edotem nakapurem adnagreb reinil iserger edoteM
aks nagned nedneped lebairav hibel uta aud huragnep .reinil naamasrep utaus malad oisar al
,ilazohG( ialin nad atnatsnok ialin tahilid tapad ini hawab id 11.4 lebat nakrasadreB .)5002
.lebairav paites kutnu neisifeok
11.4 lebaT
isergeR naamasreP neisifeoK
stneiciffeoC a
ledoM
C dezidradnatsnU stneiciffeo
dezidradnatS
stneiciffeoC
B rorrE .dtS ateB
1 )tnatsnoC( 178.21 502.1
naahasurep_naruku_nL - 532.1 623. - 395.3
nL _latot_ sak_sura - 290. 190. - 452.
isnatnuka_abal_nL 412.1 843. 803.3
mahas_agrah_nL :elbairaV tnednepeD .a
ataD :rebmuS 2102 ,61 SSPS iulalem haloid rednukes
molok adap iserger naamasrep kutnu atnatsnok ialiN stneiciffeoc dezidradnatsnu utiay
rasebes 178,21 ialin nahurulesek alibapa nakkujnunem tubesret ialiN . narukU
isnatnukA abaL nad,saK surA latoT,naahasureP ,0 ialinreb agraH nahaburep ialin akam
rasebes utiay aynatnatsnok ialin rasebes naka mahaS .178,21
:tukireb iagabes iserger naamasrep kutnebret akam sata id 9.4 lebat iraD
= Y 178,21 - 290,0 X1 412,1+ X2- 532,1 X3+ 502,1 𝜀
: anamiD
Y = mahaS agraH
X1 = )KAT( saK surA latoT
X2 = )KAL(isnatnukA abaL
X3 = )PKU( naahasureP narukU
𝜀 = rorre / uggnaggnep lebairaV
( kutnu iserger neisifeoK β1 rasebes ) - 290,0 adnatreb nad fitagen awhab itrareb ini lah ,
s utas nahaburep paites adap nauta )KAT( saK surA latoT aynnial lebairav ismusa nagned
akam ,patet mahaS agraH rasebes nahaburep imalagnem naka - 290,0 gnay hara nagned
adebreb .
( kutnu iserger neisifeoK β2 rasebes ) 412,1 adnatreb nad fitisop awhab itrareb ini lah ,
haburep paites nautas utas na )KAL( isnatnukA abaL aynnial lebairav ismusa nagned adap
akam ,patet mahaS agraH rasebes nahaburep imalagnem naka 412,1 gnay hara nagned amas .
( kutnu iserger neisifeoK β3 rasebes ) - 532,1 adnatreb nad fitagen awhab itrareb ini lah ,
rep paites adap nautas utas nahabu )PKU( naahasureP narukU aynnial lebairav ismusa nagned
akam ,patet mahaS agraH imalagnem naka rasebes nahaburep - 532,1 gnay hara nagned
adebreb .
2.7.1.4 isanimreteD neisifeoK
renem uata tahilem kutnu nakanugid isanimreteD neisifeoK raseb aparebes nakgna
.nedneped lebairav isairav naksalejnem tapad nednepedni lebairav malad snairav esatnesorp
lebairav isairav helo naksalejid tapad gnay nedneped lebairav isairav raseb nikameS
mreted neisifeok iju lisaH .aynkilabes nuputigeb ,nednepedni 8.4 lebat adap tahilid tapad isani
.ini hawabid
21.4 lebaT
isanimreteD neisifeoK
yrammuS ledoM b
ledoM R erauqS R
R detsujdA
erauqS
fo rorrE .dtS
etamitsE eht
nibruD -
nostaW
1 917. a 715. 164. 34705.1 765.1
elbairaV tnednepeD .b mahas_agrah_nL :
kutneb malad( isanimreted neisifeok ialin helorepid isamitse lisah iraD R detsujda
erauqs ,0 rasebes ) 164 uata 1,64 .% ,aynitrA 1,64 .% tapad naahasurep mahas agraH irad
helo naksalejid ureP narukU,)KAL(isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT )PKU( naahas ,
aynasis nakgnades %05 .naitilenep ledom raul id nial rotkaf helo naksalejid
3.7.1.4 F kitsitatS ijU
kutnu nakanugid F kitsitats ijU uata ledom nakiabek iuhategnem tif fo ssendoog adap
ini naitilenep malad iserger naamasrep . iju lisah tukireB : F
31.4 lebaT
F kitsitatS ijU
:rebmuS
ataD
haloid
iulalem
,61 ssps
2102
rasebes halada gnutihF ialin awhab tahilid tapad sata id 31.4 lebat nakrasadreB 282,9
nakrasadreb akam ,50,0 < 000,0 rasebes satilibaborp ialin nad 88,2 elbatF nad ledom akaM
awhab nakatakid tapad uata mahaS agraH iskiderpmem kutnu nakanugid tapad iserger latoT
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA amasreb araces , - amas
.mahaS agraH padahret huragnepreb
4.7.1.4 t kitsitatS ijU
akapurem t ijU lebairav naijugnep n - udividni uata laisrap araces nednepedni lebairav
araceS .natsnok aynnial nednepedni lebairav paggnagnem nagned nedneped lebairav padahret
: tukireb 41.4 lebat adap tahilid tapad nakirebid gnay nasutupek nad naijugnep lisah sakgnir
AVONA b
ledoM
fo muS
serauqS fd erauqS naeM F .giS
1 noissergeR 572.36 3 290.12 282.9 000. a
laudiseR 180.95 62 272.2
latoT 653.221 92
,sak_sura_nL ,isnatnuka_abal_nL ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a
aahasurep_naruku_nL n
mahas_agrah_nL :elbairaV tnednepeD .b
41.4 lebaT
t ijU
stneiciffeoC a
2102.61 ssps iulalem haloid ataD :rebmuS
pek nalibagnep t iju lisah nakrasadreB : tukireb iagabes halada aynnasutu
huragnep laisrap araceS ) PKU ( naahasureP narukU lisah irad tapadid t iju iulalem
t gnutih rasebes - 787,3 t nad lebat lebairav nad atnatsnok isnakifingis iju kutnu aratnemeS .230,2
helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni nagned nakgnidnabid ulal 000,0 rasebes .giS ialin
( isnakifingis farat α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih (- 787,3 ) < t lebat 00,0( .giS nad )230,2( 1 < ) α .)50,0(
aH nad kalotid oH akaM 1 aynitra gnay amiretid aratna huragnep tapadret naahasureP narukU
S agraH padahret .maha
huragnep laisrap araceS )KAL( isnatnukA abaL t lisah irad tapadid t iju iulalem gnutih
rasebes 094,3 t nad lebat lebairav nad atnatsnok isnakifingis iju kutnu aratnemeS .230,2
ledoM
dezidradnatsnU
stneiciffeoC
dezidradnatS
stneiciffeoC
t .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB
1 )tnatsnoC( 178.21 502.1 086.01 000.
hasurep_naruku_nL
naa - 532.1 623. - 395.3 - 787.3 100.
nL _latot_ sak_sura - 290. 190. - 452. - 500.1 423.
isnatnuka_abal_nL 412.1 843. 803.3 094.3 200.
:elbairaV tnednepeD .a
mahas_agrah_nL
rasebes .giS ialin helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni 200,0 bid ulal nagned nakgnidna
( isnakifingis farat α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih ( 094,3 t < ) lebat ,0( .giS nad )230,2( 200 ) < α .)50,0(
aH nad kalotid oH akaM 1 aratna huragnep tapadret aynitra gnay amiretid isnatnukA abaL
)KAL( padahret mahaS agraH
huragnep laisrap araceS )KAT( saK surA latoT padid t iju iulalem t lisah irad ta gnutih
rasebes - 550,1 t nad lebat lebairav nad atnatsnok isnakifingis iju kutnu aratnemeS .230,2
rasebes .giS ialin helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni 423,0 nagned nakgnidnabid ulal
( isnakifingis farat α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih (- 550,1 ) t < lebat ,0( .giS nad )230,2( 423 > ) α .)50,0(
aH nad kalotid oH akaM 1 aratna huragnep tapadret kadit aynitra gnay amiretid huragnep latoT
saK surA mahaS agraH adap .
2.4 nasahabmeP
helo naksalejid tapad mahas agrah awhab nakujunem ini naitilenep lisaH rA latoT saK su
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( elbairav agitek irad numaN .
aynah tubesret )PKU( naahasureP narukU nad )KAL( isnatnukA abaL huragnepreb gnay
kutnu fitisop hara nagned mahas agrah padahret nakifingis )KAT( saK surA latoT naka
d gnisam naksaleji - : tukireb iagabes gnisam
1.2.4 huragneP saK surA latoT X( 1 )Y( mahaS agraH padahreT )
awhab nakataynem nakujaid gnay amatrep sisetopiH )KAT(saK surA latoT
huragnepreb fitageN awhab iuhatekid 41.4 lebat nakrasadreb mahaS agraH padahret latoT
)KAT(saK surA t lisah irad tapadid t iju iulalem gnutih rasebes - 550,1 t nad lebat aratnemeS .230,2
ialin helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni lebairav nad atnatsnok isnakifingis iju kutnu
rasebes .giS 423,0 isnakifingis farat nagned nakgnidnabid ulal (α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih (-
550,1 t > ) lebat ( .giS nad )230,2( 423,0 < ) α amatrep sisetopiH akaM .)50,0( kalotid gnay ,
aynitra kadit aratna huragnep tapadret )KAT(saK surA latoT mahaS agraH padahret .
awhab nakkujnunem iserger lisaH )KAT(saK surA latoT adit k nad fitisop huragnepreb
,mahaS agraH padahret nakifingis itrareb gnay iggnit nikameS )KAT(saK surA latoT utaus
raseb nikames itrareb naahasurep sak sura latot aynisatsevni irad rotsevni amiret id naka gnay
natakgninep naahasurep igab aggnihes ,tubesret T )KAT(saK surA lato irebmem tapad tubesret
.rasap id aynmahas agrah padahret kapmad naitilenep lisah gnukudnem ini naitilenep lisaH
agraH padahret huragnepreeb sak sura latot hakapa itilenem gnay )8002( iifays damahuM
.mahas d tubesret naitilenep nakrasadreB tapa awhab naklupmisid )KAT(saK surA latoT kadit
huragnepreb nakifingis nad fitisop mahaS agraH padahret .
2.2.4 huragneP isnatnukA abaL X( 2 )Y( mahaS agraH padahreT )
awhab nakataynem nakujaid gnay audek sisetopiH )KAL( isnatnukA abaL huragnepreb itisop f
et padahr mahaS agraH 41.4 lebat nakrasadreb awhab iuhatekid )KAL( isnatnukA abaL iulalem
t lisah irad tapadid t iju gnutih rasebes 094,3 t nad lebat isnakifingis iju kutnu aratnemeS .230,2
ialin helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni lebairav nad atnatsnok ulal rasebes .giS
( isnakifingis farat nagned nakgnidnabid α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih ( 094,3 t < ) lebat .giS nad )230,2(
,0( 200 > ) α audek sisetopiH akaM .)50,0( amiretid , )KAL( isnatnukA abaL aynitra gnay
huragnep iaynupmem nad fitisop nakifingis padahret aH mahaS agr , ikilimem isnatnuka abal
gnay fitisop abal nakisakilbupmem gnay naahasureP.mahas agrah nagned fitisop nagnubuh
agrah naknurunem naka kurub gnay abal ,aynkilabes utigeB .kian naka mahas agrah ,iggnit
aahasurep nakiabagnem aynsurahes rotsevnI.mahas anerak kurub gnay abal natatac nagned n
naigabmep tapadnem tilus uata nakmanatid gnay isatsevni padahret naigurek okisireb
.nedivid . gnires gnilap gnay lah nakapurem isnatnuka abal awhab nakkujnunem ini lisaH
i nakukalem malad rotsevni nagnabmitrep idajnem nagnudnaK .ladom rasap id isatsevn
igab naahasurep ajrenik ianegnem laynis idajnem isnatnuka abal malad ada gnay isamrofni
.rotsevni
naitilenep lisah gnukudnem ini naitilenep lisaH itawotpijT nad )8002 ( E.S,aivatkO ykciV
)8002( itnairI gnadnE gnay hakapa itilenem isnatnukA abaL huragnepreb agraH padahret
mahaS awhab nakataynem aynnaitilenep lisaH . isantnukA abaL huragnepreb nad fitisop
padahret nakifingis mahaS agraH .
3.2.4 huragneP naahasureP narukU X( 3 padahreT ) mahaS agraH )Y(
agitek sisetopiH awhab nakataynem nakujaid gnay )PKU( naahasureP narukU fitisop
mahaS agraH adap awhab iuhatekid 41.4 lebat nakrasadreb )PKU( naahasureP narukU
t lisah irad tapadid t iju iulalem gnutih rasebes - 787,3 t nad lebat iju kutnu aratnemeS .230,2
nok isnakifingis .giS ialin helorepid sata id lebat malad ,nednepedni lebairav nad atnats
,0 rasebes 918 ( isnakifingis farat nagned nakgnidnabid ulal α t aneraK .)50,0= gnutih (- 787,3 < )
t lebat ( .giS nad )230,2( 100,0 ) < α aynitra gnay kalotid agitek sisetopiH akaM .)50,0( narukU
)PKU( naahasureP rasebes fitisop huragnep iaynupmem 100,0 agraH padahret nakifingis
mahaS . ab isakidni nakirebmem ini lisaH awh ihuragnepmem naka naahasurep naruku raseb
kiab hibel gnay sinsib okisir naitilenep lisah gnukudnem ini naitilenep lisaH . itainaD anniN
)6002( niriahuS nad awhab nakataynem aynnaitilenep lisaH naahasurep eziS huragnepreb
fitisop nad padahret nakifingis nruter detcepxe mahaS .
huragneP 4.2.4 naahasureP narukU nad )KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT
)PKU( mahaS agraH padahreT
awhab nakataynem nakujaid gnay tapmeek sisetopiH huragneP abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad )KAL( isnatnukA .mahaS agraH padahreT nakujutid ini lisaH
gnutihF ialin nagned 282,9 > akaM .%5 = a < 000,0 nakifingis nakgnit nad 88,2 lebatF
awhab itrareb gnay amiretid amilek sisetopih )KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT
PKU( naahasureP narukU nad amasreb araces - nakifingis nad fitisop huragnepreb amas
.mahaS agraH padahreT
V BAB
naraS nad nalupmiseK
1.5 nalupmiseK
naitilenep lisaH ianegnem nakukalid gnay abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT huragneP
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA padahreT mahaS agraH . dutS adaP siripmE i
nahasureP segnareveb & dooF id tatacreT gnaY 002 edoireP )IEB( aisenodnI kefE asruB 8-
102 0 awhab nakkujnunem ini naitilenep lisaH 1,64 .% nahaburep mahaS agraH ihuragnepid
helo ( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT )PKU nakgnades
utiay ,aynasis % 05 akaM .naitilenep ledom raul id nial rotkaf helo ihuragnepid helorepid
: tukireb iagabes nalupmisek
.1 lebairav laisrap araces naitilenep lisaH isantnukA abaL nakifingis nad fitisop huragnepreb
,mahaS agraH padahret nep lisaH irad naitilenep lisah gnukudid ini naitile ykciV
)8002( itnairI gnadnE itawotpijT nad )8002 ( E.S,aivatkO hakapa itilenem gnay abaL
isnatnukA huragnepreb mahaS agraH padahret awhab nakataynem aynnaitilenep lisaH .
isantnukA abaL huragnepreb nad fitisop is padahret nakifing mahaS agraH
.2 laisrap araces naitilenep lisaH lebairav naahasureP narukU fitisop huragnepreb nad
padahret nakifingis mahaS agraH naitilenep lisah gnukudnem ini naitilenep lisaH , anniN
)6002( niriahuS nad itainaD kataynem aynnaitilenep lisaH awhab na naahasurep eziS
fitisop huragnepreb nad padahret nakifingis nruter detcepxe mahaS .
.3 laisrap araces naitilenep lisaH lebairav saK surA latoT kadit ipatet fitageN huragnepreb
nakifingis padahret mahaS agraH . ilenep lisah gnukudnem ini naitilenep lisaH nait
agraH padahret huragnepreeb sak sura latot hakapa itilenem gnay )8002( iifays damahuM
.mahas tapad tubesret naitilenep nakrasadreB awhab naklupmisid )KAT(saK surA latoT
kadit huragnepreb nakifingis nad fitisop mahaS agraH padahret .
.4 ini naitilenep lisaH elbairav awhab nalupmisek helorepid natlumis araces nakujnunem
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK surA latoT araces
002 nuhat adap mahaS agraH padahret huragnep iaynupmem natlumis 8- 102 0.
2.5 naitileneP nasatabreteK
tilenep malaD nasatabretek irad sapelret kadit ini nai - helo ikilimid gnay nasatabretek
nial aratnA .itilenep :
.1 hibel gnay narabmag nakirebmem kutnu gnajnaprepid ulrep natamagnep edoireP
gnay mahas agrah kitsiretkarak tagnigneM .ayntujnales naitilenep nagned netsisnok
eb kitsiretkarak nakgnutihrepmem surah akam ,mahas isatsevni adap amatu sisabr
naahasurep adap isatsevni segnareveb & doof gnajnap utkaw akgnajreb gnay mretgnol(
,)tnemtsevni .nuhat agit sata id utiay
.2 lebairav ,2R iju nakrasadreB - pmem gnay nednepedni lebairav mahaS agraH ihuragne
ayntujnales naitilenep kutnu aynkiabeS .kaynab pukuc hisam ledom raul id adareb gnay
lebairav - lisah adap ucagnem nagned igal kaynabrepid itiletid gnay lebairav - lisah
aynnial naitilenep .
3.5 naraS
,naitilenep lisah irad nalupmisek kiranem atres sisilanagnem ,irajalepmem haleteS
: tukireb iagabes utiay naras aparebeb nakakumegnem abocnem silunep akam
.1 naahasureP igaB
niales nial kepsa gnatnet huaj hibel uajninem asib raga ayntujnales naitileneP latoT surA
)PKU( naahasureP narukU nad,)KAL( isnatnukA abaL,)KAT( saK . nakujnunem ini laH
utas nakapurem nakub nagnauek oisar awhab - nakanugid tapad gnay isamrofni aynutas
.naahasurep mahas agrah iskiderpmem malad nagnabmitrep iagabes
.2 rotsevnI igaB
otsevni igaB nasutupek libmagnem malad taafnamreb tapad ini naitilenep nakparahid r
nakanuggnem nagned anerak ,ladom rasapid isatsevnireb kutnu araP ,mahas agrah
kutnu aynkadit uata kayal tubesret naahasurep utaus kepsorp iuhategnem tapad rotsevni
.isatsevni nakirebid
.3 naitilenep igaB
naitilenep kejbo nakidajid naka gnay naahasurep ,ayntujnales naitilenep kutnu naknarasiD
airetirk nakanuggnem nad kaynab hibel halmujreb aynkadneh - malad utnetret airetirk
p nagned iauses gnay lepmas naklisahgnem aggnihes lepmas nalibmagnep nagnabmitre
rotkaf nakitahrepmem hibel ayntujnales naitilenep nakparahiD .ada gnay - gnay nial rotkaf
mahas agrah ihuragnepmem tauk hibel .
AKATSUP RATFAD
abaL nad saK surA nenopmoK isamrofnI nagnudnaK isnaveleR.5002 ,itawamhaR nad idnaBmalaD .5 .oN,51 .lov,sinsiB nad isnatnukA lanruJ ,napedasaM saK surA iskiderpmeM
,saK surA naropaL nenopmoK isamrofnI nagnudnaK huragneP .6002 .iriahuS ,.N ,itainaD muisopmiS ,mahaS nruteR detcepxE padahreT naahasureP eziS naD ,rotoK abaL
( 9 isnatnukA lanoisaN K ,)gnadaP - 1 .lah ,12 MPKA - .61
latoT huragneP sisilanA ,.tkA ,.iSM ,ijdumaP gneguS .H .rD nad aganiS onoiraH naidraH.mahaS nruteR padahreT isnatnukA abaL ,saK surA nenopmoK,saK surA
S agraH padahreT isnatnukA abaL naD saK surA nenopmoK huragneP.8002,ineK maha lanruJ,atrakaJ kefE asruB iD ratfadreT gnaY aimiK irtsudnI naahasureP
551 :8002 ieM,20.oN,IIX nuhaT/isnatnukA - .661
mriF ,soitaR laicnaniF fo tceffE ehT .9002 ,nuJ .R ,akziruriahK dna .onoyluM ,.D ,inatraM seitivitcA gnitarepO morF wolF hsaC dna ,eziS kcotS ehT ot tropeR miretnI ehT ni7351_SSI .weiveR ssenisuB esenihC .nruteR - laireS( 6 .oN ,8 .loV ,ASU ,6051
.)27.oN
agraH padahreT saK narilA nenopmoK nad saK narilA abaL isamrofnI. 8002 ,iifyS damahuMruJ,aisenodnI iD rutkafunaM naahasureP adaP mahaS ,naknabreP nad nagnaueK lan
124 laH,3 .oN,21 .loV - .234
na’majD hayadihruN , naahasureP eziSnad abaL ,saK surA naropaL isamrofnI huragneP.mahaS nruteR lamronbA padahreT
padahreT saK surA nenopmoK naisaredomeP kapmaD.9002 ,imskaL amrahD irA utuPaL nagnubuH ,sinsiB nad isnatnukA lanruJ ,mahaS nruteR nagneD isnatnukA ab
.2.on,41.loV
abaL nad,saK surA nenopmoK,isamrofnI nagnudnaK huragneP,itnairI gnadnE itawotpijT,mahaS nruteR nad mahaS agraH padahreT isnatnukA orogenopiD satisrevinU,siseT
8002,gmarameS
O ykciV abaL nad saK surA nenopmoK,saK surrA latoT huragneP sisilanA,.E.S,aivatk,mahaS agraH padahreT isnatnukA .8002,gnarames,orogenopiD satisrevinU,siseT
“ .6002 .mamI ,ilazohG SSPS margorP nagned etairavitluM sisilanA isakilpA ,VI isidE ” okE umlI rotkoD margorP satisrevinU imon .orogenopiD tibreneP nadaB : gnarameS
.orogenopiD satisrevinU
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