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In partnership with Fehr+Peers, we worked in the United Arab Emirates to develop pedestrian safety changes to help a rapidly growing country deal with a constant issue of pedestrian injuries and fatalities
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Pedestrian Safety in the United Arab Emirates
Charlie Alexander, PE
Fehr & Peers
Roseville, CA
Paul Supawanich, LEEP AP
Nelson\Nygaard
San Francisco, CA
Presentation Summary
• Background
• Pedestrian safety process
• Nuances of working abroad
• Questions
Quick Poll
• Who has worked internationally?
• Who has worked in the UAE?
BackgroundWhere is Al Ain?
121.5° W 56° E177.5°
Half way around the world (almost)
BackgroundWhere is Al Ain?
BackgroundWhere is Al Ain?
Pedestrian Safety ProcessFlowchart
Define problem
Identify priority locations
Develop targeted improvements
Pedestrian Safety ProcessFlowchart
Define problem
Identify priority locations
Develop targeted improvements
BackgroundHistory
Abu Dhabi, 1962 Dubai, 2010
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
St. Augustine, FL
Boston, MA
New York, NY
San Francisco, CA
Sacramento, CA
Settlement Timeline
BackgroundCommon Ingredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Low density land use pattern
• Large roadways
• Lack of safe crossings
• High vehicle speeds
• Dangerous driver behavior
• Ineffective pedestrian safety treatments
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Low density land use pattern National housing policy Low gas prices
School
School
Mosque
1.2 units/acre
$1.46 per gallon
Source: www.maps.google.com
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Large, high-speed roadways
Multiple-threat collisionSource: http://guide.saferoutesinfo.org
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Large roadways with long blocks
1 mile
Source: www.maps.google.com
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Large roadways
60 km/hr = 50 mi/hr
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Large roadways
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Lack of safe crossings
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• High vehicle speeds
Free right-turn at signalized intersection
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• High vehicle speeds
Source: Dangerous by Design 2011Transportation for America
60 km/hr = 37 mi/hr
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Dangerous driver behavior Politics of driving
What speed bump?
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
• Ineffective pedestrian safety treatments Full-time flashing beacon (Belisha Beacon)
Observed yield compliance: 0%
BackgroundPedestrian Safety: USA vs. UAE
• Dangerous by Design 2011
• Ranks metro areas by Pedestrian Danger Index Pedestrian deaths per
100,000 people Walk mode share
Source: Dangerous by Design 2011Transportation for America
BackgroundPedestrian Safety: USA vs. UAE
Source: Dangerous by Design 2011Transportation for America
BackgroundPedestrian Safety: USA vs. UAE
Source: Dangerous by Design 2011Transportation for America
• Al Ain 2009 Population = 374,000 2008 Pedestrian fatalities = 28 Avg. annual pedestrian deaths per 100,000 = 7.5
BackgroundIngredients of a Dangerous Pedestrian Environment
Low density land use Large roadways
Lack of safe crossings Dangerous driver behavior
BackgroundImprovement of Pedestrian Safety and Movement in Al Ain and Suburbs
• Summer 2010 – Al Ain Municipality hires project team Background: where is walking occurring, where have
collisions occurred
• November/December 2010 –team visits Al Ain for two weeks Stakeholder meetings Site visits
• January 2011 – July 2011 –team develops recommendations
• August 2011 – team submits draft report
Pedestrian Safety ProcessFlowchart
Define problem
Identify priority locations
Develop targeted improvements
Site SelectionWhere to Focus Planning Efforts
Approx 200 sq. miles
Site Selection: US ExampleWalkFirst Project | San Francisco
Site Selection: US ExamplePedestrian Activity
The WalkFirst Program takes into account seven different factors to serve as indicators for pedestrian activity
Access / need to walk (transit and walking mode share) Transit ridership (daily transit boardings) Population density (residential and job density) Pedestrian generators (schools, medical facilities, retail,
senior centers, etc) Vulnerable populations Income Street slope
Site Selection: US ExamplePedestrian Activity
Site Selection: US ExamplePedestrian Safety
Replicating this methodology in the UAE“Same but Different”
While the basic approach is the same, the level of data available and other cultural norms require a slightly different approach; our team used five input categories throughout our process.
1. Pedestrian generators
2. Pedestrian crashes and collisions
3. Estimated and observed pedestrian volumes
4. Level of potential improvement
5. Local stakeholder priority
Replicating this methodology in the UAEDesired Deliverables
The desired goal was to have a prioritized list of 46 sites. The following process was used to come up with this list.
Step #1- Develop Preliminary Site List: Using maps of pedestrian generators, crashes, and stakeholder nominated sites, identify approximately top 50 locations appropriate for pedestrian improvements
Step #2-Prioritize Sites: Using all five factors, each with their own individual weightings, score each site to determine relative priority
Step #3-Re-evaluate: Using this methodology, the sites list was then reviewed to ensure that the outputs maintained consistency with project goals.
Step #1
Locating Mosques
Step #1
Step #1
Factor Description Range Weighted Factor
Nearby pedestrian generatorsClose proximity (300m) to pedestrian generators such as schools, mosques, etc.
1-4 20%
Nearby pedestrian crashesNumber of pedestrian crashes near or within site area
1-4 25%
Estimated/Observed Pedestrian Volumes
Nearby pedestrian generators and observed pedestrian activity
1-5 15%
Level of potential improvementQualitative score developed from site visits reflecting the potential ability to improve a site
1-5 30%
Stakeholder PriorityVariable to reflect community stakeholder needs and desires for site priority
1-3 10%
100%
Factors for Site Prioritization
Step #2
Evaluation of Final List of Sites
Step #3
Site Number Site Name Site Selection Source Category Summary
1 Khaled Bin Sultan Street at Mutawaa/Sanaiya DOT PSAP Midblock Crossing2 Al Safia Hypermarket Al Ain Police Roundabout3 Area around new football stadium Al Ain Police Midblock Crossing
4 Diwan Roundabout Al Ain Police Roundabout6 Al Ain Bus Station Al Ain Police Midblock Crossing
7 Lulu Hypermarket Al Ain Police Midblock Crossing13a Green Mubazzarah #1 Al Ain Police Other
13b Green Mubazzarah #2 Al Ain Police Other14 School Area Parking Lot School Safety Study Midblock Crossing / Parking Lot
15 Al Foaa Area Infrastructure Development Al Ain Municipality Midblock Crossing17 UAE University Phase 3 Al Ain Municipality New Development
18 School Area #3 - Khaled Bin Sultan Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing / Parking Lot19 Bani Yas and 16th Street Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing20 School Area Parking Lot #2 Site Selection Analysis Parking Lot
22 Balidiya Park North Site Selection Analysis Other23 Balidiya Park South Site Selection Analysis Other
24 68th Street - Al Salamat Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming25 48th Street - Al Salamat Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming
26 116 St - Central District Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing27 4th St and 2nd St - Central District Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming
29 Khalifa Bin Zayed at Palace* Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing31 Al Ain St - Mutawaa Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing / Parking Lot
32 Sultan Bin Zayed Al Awwal at Al Jahili Fort Site Selection Analysis Junction33 2nd Street - Al Sarooj Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming36 Mohammed Bin Khalifa at Al Noor Markets Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing
37 Hamdan Bin Zayed Al Awwal - Al Jimi Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing38 Hili Industrial Area Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming
39 50th Street - Al Jimi Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming40 Khalifa Bin Zayed near Jebel R/A Site Selection Analysis Other
41 16th Street - Kindergarten Site Selection Analysis Neighborhood Traffic Calming
42 Street #3 - Al Muwaiji Site Selection AnalysisNeighborhood Traffic Calming / Sidewalks and Walkways
43 Hamdan Ibn Zayed Al Awwal Al Towayya Site Selection Analysis Roundabout44 Zayed Bin Sultan and Road 1 Site Selection Analysis Midblock Crossing
45 Al Ain Street near Palace Site Selection Analysis Parking Lot46 Al Krhair Site Selection Analysis Sidewalks and Walkways
47a Hamdan Bin Mohammed - Al Khabisi Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing47b Hamdan Bin Mohammed R/A - Al Khabisi Workshop #1 Roundabout
53a Al Ain Mall #1 Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing53b Al Ain Mall #2 Workshop #1 Neighborhood Traffic Calming
53c Al Ain Mall #3 Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing51 Bani Yas - Hili Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing
52 Khaled Bin Sultan at Omar Bin Al Khattab Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing54 Sanaiya Junction Al Ain Police Neighborhood Traffic Calming55 Sanaiya Al Ain Police Neighborhood Traffic Calming
56 Al Dhaher Neighborhood Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing57 Mezyad Workshop #1 Midblock Crossing
Pedestrian Safety ProcessFlowchart
Define problem
Identify priority locations
Develop targeted improvements
ImprovementsCommon Themes
• Midblock crossings
• Neighborhood traffic calming
• Junctions
• Roundabouts
ImprovementsSite Visits Mean Everything
• See through the “eyes of a pedestrian”
• Document everything
• Use aerial maps
• Take photos of everything
Crosswalks: US ExampleCrosswalk Research
• Herms, Bruce. (1972) Pedestrian crosswalk study: accidents in painted and unpainted crosswalks. Transportation Research Record, 406. “The San Diego study” Marked crosswalks vs. unmarked crossways Increased incidence of pedestrian collisions in marked
crosswalks Did not differentiate between:
o Number of laneso Traffic volumeo Speed limit
Crosswalks: US ExampleCrosswalk Research
• 2002 “The Zegeer study” Marked vs. unmarked Two-lane roads
o No difference in pedestrian crash rate
Multilane roadso Marked crosswalk
alone associated with higher crash rate
Crosswalks: US ExampleCrosswalk Research
• “The Zegeer study”
Key: C = Candidate sites for marked crosswalks; P = Possible increase in pedestrian crashes may occur if crosswalks are marked without other pedestrian enhancements; N = Marked crosswalks alone are insufficient.
Crosswalks: US ExampleCrosswalk Research
• “The Zegeer study”
• LOS A-C
• LOS D-E
• LOS F
Crosswalks: US ExampleCrosswalk Research
• 2006 “NCHRP 562” Researches effectiveness of
different crosswalk treatmentso Red beacon displayso Flashing beaconso In-roadway lightso Warning signs / markingso Crosswalk markings
Measured yield compliance
Crosswalks: Replicating this research in the UAEApplying USA Research to the UAE
• What treatments will generate yield compliance? Roadway characteristics Driver characteristics
• Environmental factors
• Crossings not crosswalks
CrosswalksRecommendations
• 2-lane roadway: marked crosswalk
• 4-lane roadway: Raised crosswalk Rapid Rectangular Flashing
Beacon (RRFB)
• 6-lane roadway: Pedestrian signal HAWK beacon
(High-intensity Activated crossWalK beacon)
CrosswalksRecommendations
• 4-lane roadway: Raised crosswalk Rapid Rectangular Flashing
Beacon (RRFB)RRFB
Source: www.spotdevices.com
Raised crosswalk: before and after
CrosswalksRecommendations
• 4-lane roadway
CrosswalksRecommendations
• 6-lane roadway: Pedestrian signal HAWK beacon
(High-intensity Activated crossWalK beacon)
HAWK BeaconSource: www.roswellgov.com
CrosswalksRecommendations
• 6-lane roadway
Improvements
• Neighborhood traffic calming
• Junctions
• Roundabouts
• Principles: Speed kills
o Narrow laneso Reduce turn radiio Traffic calming
Limit exposure:o Reduce crossing distanceso Safe crossings at a reasonable distanceo Channelize if necessary
Neighborhood Traffic CalmingRecommendations
Neighborhood Traffic CalmingRecommendations
Junctions (Intersections)Recommendations
RoundaboutsRecommendations
Presentation Summary
• Background
• Pedestrian safety process
• Nuances of working abroad
A Global Project Team
Cultural norms working with stakeholders
Understanding everyday life
Expectations of the automobile
Questions
Charlie Alexander, PE
Fehr & Peers
Roseville, CA
Paul Supawanich, LEEP AP
Nelson\Nygaard
San Francisco, CA