PEACEKEEPING: THE EXPEREINCE OF MONUC

Keeping Peace in a Tough Neighbourhood: The Challenges

Confronting Peacekeepers in Africa

DR Martin R. RupiyaSenior Researcher,Institute for Security Studies (ISS)Pretoria

AIM

Provide a Survey of the Experience of MONUC in

the Democratic Republic of the Congo - 2000 to 2004

Challenges for MONUC

Rough Neighbourhood - No Ceasefire - result latentAnd intense fighting in the Kivus and Ituri provinces

No Political Will Amongst main belligerents

Factionalism precondition for influence and survival

Competing External and Regional interests -

Funding - IMF-WB Multi-Country Funding and Disbursement conditions.

The Nature of Operations - PKO and Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo

SCOPE

• August 2004 UN Proposals - WHY?• September 2003 Enforcement Mandate -

Impact?• INTERIM EMERGENCY FORCE - EU-

Impact?• JULY 2003 TO PRESENT MONUC Chap 7• ITURI VERIFICATION MISSION• MONUC CHAPTER 6 2000

KIKWITMATADI

MBANDAKA

KINDU BUKAVU

GOMA

KISANGANI

LUBUMBASHI

MBUJI-MAYI

KANANGA

1

24

5

6

7

8

9

3

10

FARDC –Military RegionsForce Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo

BG Mustapha, Mukiza(MLC)

BG Kisempia, Sungilanga Lombe(FAC)

BG Mulubi, Bin Muhemedi(FAC)

BG Widi, Mbuilu Divioka(RCD-N)

BG Kasereka, Sindani(RCD-ML)

BG Amisi, Gabriel(RCD-G)

BG Alengbia, Nzambe(MLC)

BG Nkunda(RCD-G)

BG Padiri, Bulenda David(Mayi-Mayi)

BG Nabyolwa, Prosper(FAC)

BG – Brig Gen

DRC

SECTOR 1

SECTOR 3 SECTOR 4

KIVU BDE

SECTOR 2 SECTOR 6

AREAS AREAS CONTROLED BY CONTROLED BY

THE BELLIGERENTSTHE BELLIGERENTS

GOVERNMENT/GOVERNMENT/FACFAC

GOVERNMENT/GOVERNMENT/FACFAC

MLCMLCMLCMLC

RC

DR

CD(N)

(N)

RC

DR

CD(N)

(N)

RC

D(K

-ML)

RC

D(K

-ML)

MbandakaMbandaka

Kisangani

IleboIlebo

BeniBeni

BuniaBunia

KinduKindu

GomaGoma

BoendeBoende

KalemieKalemie

KinshasaKinshasa

KanangaKanangaMbuji-MayiMbuji-Mayi

KaminaKamina

RCD (G)RCD (G)

1ST - Non-active ???

2nd - Boende

3rd - Mbuji Mayi

4th - Lumbumbashi

5th - Mbandaka

6th - Kananga

7th - Kinshasa

8th - Matadi

9th - Kamina

10th - Bandundu ??

DRC

FAC DIVISION HQs

5

xxxx

xx

3xx

4xx

7

8

xx

9

10

2

6

xx

xx

xx

RCD(G) BDE HQs

•Kabinda

1

• Pweto

•Lusambo

10

3

2

7

5

6

4

9

8

DRC

11

12

1ST - Ikela

2nd - Lubao-Kamana

3rd - Kongolo

4th - Kalemie

5th - Goma

6th - Bukavu

7th - Kisangani

8th - Kindu

9th - Uvira

10th - Lusambo

11th - Goma

12th - Goma

8

xx

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

MLC BDE HQs

•Kabinda

E

• Pweto

•Lusambo

D

B

C

1

•Gbadolite

•Waka

Imese

•Basankusu

•Wenga

DRCA - Gemena, Gbadolite, Lisala

B - Wenga

C - Waka

D - Basankusu

E - Imese

x

A

x

x

x

x

RCD (K/ML) BN HQs

•Kabinda

• Pweto

•Lusambo

B

1

•Gbadolite

•Waka

Imese

•Basankusu

•Wenga

DRC

?Bn - Bunia

?Bn - Beni

?Bn -

?Bn -

II

II

II

Punia

MAI-MAI AREAS

Goma

Bukavu

Shabunda

Kasongo

Uvira

Baraka

Beni

Lubero

Walikale

Port de Kindu

Kalima

RCD (N) BN HQ

•Kabinda

• Pweto

•Lusambo

II

1

•Gbadolite

•Waka

Imese

•Basankusu

•Wenga

DRC

?Bn - Isiro

MONUC - New Thinking - Aug 04

a) New Strategy within the Chap 7

b) Increase troop levels to 24 000 -

c) Concentrate on Ituri, Kivu and

7

Katanga

d) Remove Apartheid in the PKO - Enter 37 AttackHelicopters; Support and Recce Helis; 2 TransportPlanes for Rapid-Reaction Force; Intelligence and Satellite deployment

e) Budget increase - double current US$700m

• Chapter 6 UN Mission-JMC-5 537

• DDRR Interahamwe

• Ituri Verification MissionSANDF commitment +/- 1400 all ranks from all services

• Ceasefire Pretoria and Luanda

•Security of Kinshasa

•Formation of New Army

DEC 2002• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Activities• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDRRR

MAY 2003• Security in Bunia • Neutral Force Security• DDRRR by Task Force 1• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Sites/Personnel• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDR

SEP 2003• Security in Ituri (Bde)• Neutral Force Security • DDRRR by Task Force 1• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Sites/Personnel• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDR

MILITARY TASKS

10,8009,700

8,700

4,3004,500

6,2006,1004,700

4,400 4,400

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

Phase II

Phase IIIMONUC TROOP STRENGTH

MONUC in Transition

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

GUARDING EXTENDING RESPONSIVE FLEXIBILE INFLUENCING

STATIC MOBILECH VI CH VII

Mongolia 2     2  

Morocco 1 3 829 833 4

Mozambique 2     2  

Nepal 17 3 1 225 1 245  

Niger 17 1   18 19

Nigeria 25 2   27 5

Pakistan 20 20 1 052 1 092  

Paraguay 20     20  

Peru 5     5  

Poland 3     3  

Portugal       0 6

Romania 26 1   27 1

Russian Federation

26 1   27 12

Senegal 10 17 460 487 6

Serbia and Montenegro

    6 6  

South Africa   11 1 431 1 442  

Spain 2 1   3  

Sri Lanka 2     2  

Sweden 4 2 90 96 4

Switzerland   2   2  

Tunisia 26 6 465 497  

Turkey       0 11

Ukraine 15 1   16 2

United Kingdom   5   5  

Uruguay 29 20 1 752 1 801  

Zambia 17 5   22  

Total 543 203 10 005

10 751

115

Conclusions - MONUC ExperienceOn Balance Experience tested full repetoire of UNPKO mechanisms from Chap 6, 7 and 8.

DR Congo lacking national political factions to Galvanize process further.

Costs of Peacekeeping and Intentions suggest newMechanisms - Preventative Diplomacy; IntegratedInternational and Regional approach

Funding to be targeted effectively.