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PEACE, DEVELOPMENT & CONFLICT
Command and General Staff CollegeArmed Forces of the Philippines
Class 59
2 June 2014
Mario Antonio G. LopezAssociate Professor
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
What you ladies and gentlemen
want to learn in today’s sessions?
ORIGINAL TOPICS
Understanding Peace & Development
Conflict Analysis & Resolution
Multi-Stakeholder Engagement
Time allocated is unrealistic.
Short enough for a quick tour, a “budget tour”, of a wide and deep area; settle for what we can cover.
We will shuffle topic flow.
HOW DO YOU DEFINE PEACE?
[Let us think a while…]
First…PEACE…
That most desired state of affairs we find ourselves defining differently…
• freedom from disturbance; quiet and tranquility."you can while away an hour or two in peace and seclusion“synonyms: Tranquility, Calm, Restfulness, Quiet
• freedom from or the cessation of war or violence.synonyms: Law & Order, lawfulness, harmony, non-violence
SOME DEFINITIONS
HARMONY
As popularly understood in Indonesia by the Javanese::
“The absence of conflict…”
As understood by the Japanese:
“The ability to work productively to achieve mutually desired results even in the presence of some conflict…”
“…mutually desired results…”
The aim or aims of an agreed upon plan were to achieve results almost everyone , if not everyone, desired
Why has peace (and development) eluded us
since 1946?
In your opinion…
DEVELOPMENT: Social Development
[Web definitions]
…an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or social relations. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Development
“Social development … a process that results in the transformation of social structures to improve the capacity of a society in order to fulfill its objectives. It aims specifically in developing power to elevate expansion of human activity.”http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-social-development
Why has not there been sustainable development
since 1946?
Again, in your opinion…
Gross Domestic Product, Usually Accepted Measure
Definition: GDP , the market value of all goods and services produced by a country during in a year.
Formula: GDP = consumption + investment + government spending + (exports - imports)
Strength(s): GDP, good at measuring amount of market-recognized economic activity that takes place in a country.
• GDP is silent on income, wealth distribution
• GDP does not account for black market nor recognizes non-monetary economy (e.g., housework, volunteering, etc.).
• GDP does not account for externalities - crime, separations, natural disasters; may even treat some as “gains” [deaths causes spending, which is measured as a positive]
GNP, Gross National Product, now called GNI[Gross National Product , Gross National Income]
Consumption + Government Expenditures + Investments + Exports + Foreign Production by Philippine Companies – Domestic Production by Foreign Companies
Currently very important to Philippines because of OFWs U$ 25 billions
contribution to economy…
Mas madaling maalala…
GNP = Gawa Dito sa Pilipinas
GDP = Gawa Ng Pilipino (saan man sa mundo)
“Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between its costs and return, and between the short and
long run goals for more growth should specify more growth
of what and for whom.”
Simon KuznetsNobel Prize in Economics, Creator of the GNP and GDP,
warned against treating either as a gauge of progress.
Why have we had a series of growth spurts
without jobs being generated
and poverty being alleviated?
CONFLICT
How would you define it?
“Conflicts are events that occur in situations where actors pursue goals that are fundamentally
incompatible.”
Conflict is unavoidable
• Complexity of relationships• Evolving interactions among
actors• Dependence of people on
people
Causes of conflict • Conflict of aims- different goals
• Conflict of ideas- different interpretations
• Conflict of attitudes - different opinions
• Conflict of behavior- different behaviors are unacceptable
Components of conflict
o Context or situationo Actorso Goals actors wish to pursueo Some incompatibility in goals or in preferred means of achieving goals
Actors
o Individualso Groups (informal, formal)o Organizationso Communities (physical, virtual)o Nations o Alliances of nations
Conflict Process Antecedent conditions
Perceived conflict Felt Conflict
Manifest behavior
Conflict Resolutionor Suppression
Resolution aftermath
Antecedent Conditions• Scarce/Limited Resources• Conflicting Frameworks, Attitudes• Ambiguous Jurisdictions• Communication Barriers• No consensus• Unresolved Prior Conflicts• Knowledge of the Situations, the
World• Knowledge of Self, Others
Methods to deal with conflicts
• Competition (win-lose situation)• Accommodation (win-win
situation)• Avoidance (lose-lose situation)• Compromise (lose-lose
situation)• Collaboration (win-win
situation)
Several ways of segmenting actors, stakeholders…
Universal Principles
Limited, Parochial Principles
Family,TribeClanLoyalties
Global,Loyalties
Positivist, Scientific Approach
Traditional Dogma Approach
Communi-tarian
Individualist
StrongPower
WeakPower
High Interest
Low Interest
Positively Disposed
Negatively Disposed
RURAL URBAN
LEAD
LAG