Peace Corps Teacher Collaboration and Community Outreach Project TCCO Report

8/20/2019 Peace Corps Teacher Collaboration and Community Outreach Project TCCO Report

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-teacher-collaboration-and-community-outreach-project-tcco-report 1/76

Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`,

Tbsblrmj, l`h Vcl``g`n

Jast Mau`try Gkplmt ]tuhy

Xjlgcl`h

Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Vraobmt

Eg`lc Tbpart prbplrbh dy tjb Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`,

Tbsblrmj, l`h Vcl``g`n



4 | V l n b

Ldaut tjb Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`, Tbsblrmj, l`h Vcl``g`n

Gt gs tjb kgssga` ae tjb Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`, Tbsblrmj l`h Vcl``g`n (A]GTV) ta lhvl`mb

bvghb`mb-dlsbh kl`lnbkb`t lt Vblmb Marps dy nughg`n lnb`my pcl``g`n, b`jl`mg`n tjb

stbwlrhsjgp l`h navbr`l`mb ae lnb`my hltl, strb`ntjb g`n kblsurbkb`t l`h bvlcultga` ae

lnb`my pbrearkl`mb l`h pranrlks, l`h jbcpg`n sjlpb lnb`my b`nlnbkb`t a` mbrtlg` jgnj-cbvbc,

navbr`kb`t-wghb g`gtgltgvbs.



= | V l n b

XLDCB AE MA@XB@X]

CG]X AE XLDCB] ...................................................................................................................... =

CG]X AE EGNRTB] .................................................................................................................... 8

LMI@A^CBHNBKB@X] .......................................................................................................... 2 LMTA@WK] L@H HBEG@GXGA@] ............................................................................................... 5

BZBMRXGUB ]RKKLTW ........................................................................................................... :

G`trahumtga` ................................................................................................................................... :

Vurpasb .......................................................................................................................................... :

Bvlcultga` Kbtjahacany ............................................................................................................... 7

Vraobmt Hbsgn` l`h Vurpasb ........................................................................................................... 7

Bvlcultga` Eg`hg`ns ...................................................................................................................... <6

MJLVXBT <? G@XTAHRMXGA@ .................................................................................................<8

Dlminrau`h .................................................................................................................................. <8

Vurpasb ........................................................................................................................................ <2

Xjlgcl`h Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Vraobmt ............................................ <5Bvlcultga` Kbtjahacany ............................................................................................................. <7

MJLVXBT 4? NALC A@B EG@HG@N] ..........................................................................................44

Vraobmt Lmtgvgtgbs .......................................................................................................................... 4=

G`tb`hbh Autmakbs ..................................................................................................................... 48

R`g`tb`hbh Autmakbs ................................................................................................................ 84

Elmtars Leebmtg`n Vraobmt Vbrearkl`mb ........................................................................................ 88

]ltgselmtga` wgtj Autmakbs ......................................................................................................... 2<

]ukklry Nalc A`b ...................................................................................................................... 28

MJLVXBT =? NALC XÂ EG@HG@N] .........................................................................................25

]aurmbs ae Gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s .................................................................................... 25Mjl`nbs g` R`hbrstl`hg`n l`h Apg`ga`s ldaut Lkbrgml`s ........................................................ 2>

Mlusbs ear Mjl`nbs g` Apg`ga` .................................................................................................... 58

Gkplmt ae tjb Mjl`nbs a` Vlrtgmgpl`ts‗ Dbjlvgar l`h Autcaai a` Cgeb ....................................... 5:

]ukklry Nalc Xwa ..................................................................................................................... 5:

MA@MCR]GA@ L@H TBMAKKB@HLXGA@] ..............................................................................>6

Nalc A`b ...................................................................................................................................... >6

Nalc Xwa ...................................................................................................................................... ><

LVVB@HGZ <? A]GTV KBXJAHACANW .....................................................................................>4

LVVB@HGZ 4? TB]BLTMJ XBLK KBXJAHACANW .....................................................................>2

CG]X AE XLDCB]

Xldcb <? @ukdbr l`h Xypb ae Tbspa`hb`ts? Xjlgcl`h XMMA Vraobmt ............................................ 46

Xldcb 4? ]ukklry ae G`tbrvgbw \ubstga`s dy Tbspa`hb`t Xypb .................................................. >=



8 | V l n b

CG]X AE EGNRTB]

Egnurb <? Xjbary ae Mjl`nb ear tjb XMMA Vraobmt? Xjlgcl`h ........................................................ <:

Egnurb 4? Dlminrau`h ae Mau`tbrplrts l h Db`begmglrgbs ............................................................ 46

Egnurb =? Erbqub`my ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbr hurg`n âri ................................................ 44

Egnurb 8? Erbqub`my ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbr Autsghb ae âri .......................................... 4=

Egnurb 2? Xrlg`g`n Tbmbgvbh dy Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs .................................................. 45

Egnurb 5? Bxtb`t Xrlg`g`n B`jl`mbh ]igccs ae Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs ............................. 4>

Egnurb >? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]mjaac Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs ................. 4:

Egnurb :? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]mjaac Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs ................... 47

Egnurb 7? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb ]mjaac Cbvbc ..................................... =<

Egnurb <6? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb ]mjaac Cbvbc ....................................... =4

Egnurb <<? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae Jaw ^bcc Mjl`nbs Kbt Makku`gty @bbhs ..................... ==

Egnurb <4? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae Jaw ^bcc Mjl`nbs Kbt Makku`gty @bbhs ....................... =8

Egnurb <=? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs ............ =2

Egnurb <8? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs .............. =5Egnurb <2? Beebmtgvb`bss ae Uacu`tbbrs‗ âri g` Dugchg`n G`hgvghulc Mlplmgty .............................. =>

Egnurb <5? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb G`hgvghulc Cbvbc................................ =:

Egnurb <>? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb G`hgvghulc Cbvbc.................................. =7

Egnurb <:? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae jaw Autmakbs Kbt tjbgr G`hgvghulc @bbhs ..................... 86

Egnurb <7? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae jaw Autmakbs Kbt tjbgr G`hgvghulc @bbhs ....................... 86

Egnurb 46? Erbqub`my ae ]igccs Rsbh g` Vraebssga`lc Cgeb ................................................................ 8<

Egnurb 4<? Erbqub`my ae ]igccs Rsbh g` Vbrsa`lc Cgeb ...................................................................... 84

Egnurb 44? Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs? Elmtars Cgkgtg`n tjb Vraobmt Autmakbs ..................... 85

Egnurb 4=? Gkpartl`mb ae Hlgcy G`tbrlmtga` g` Mlusg`n Mjl`nb ..................................................... 8:

Egnurb 48? Gkpartl`mb ae Hlgcy G`tbrlmtga` g` Mlusg`n Mjl`nb Ma`traccbh ear Ulcghgty ................. 87

Egnurb 42? Bxtb`t ta wjgmj Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs Klg`tlg`bh Mjl`nbs ........................ 26

Egnurb 45? Mau`tbrplrt l`h Db`begmglry ]ltgselmtga` ..................................................................... 24

Egnurb 4>? Mau`tbrplrt l`h Db`begmglry? ^l`t Làtjbr Uacu`tbbr ............................................... 2=

Egnurb 4:? ]aurmbs ae Gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s ..................................................................... 2>

Egnurb 47? Mau`tbrplrt R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr ............................................................................................................................2:

Egnurb =6? Db`begmglry R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr ............................................................................................................................2:

Egnurb =<? Jast Elkgcy R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr ............................................................................................................................27

Egnurb =4? Mau`tbrplrt Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr . 56 Egnurb ==? Db`begmglry Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr ... 56

Egnurb =8? Jast Elkgcy Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr .. 5<

Egnurb =2? ]tuhb`t Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr 54



2 | V l n b

LMI@A^CBHNBKB@X]<

]bvbrlc g`hgvghulcs lt Vblmb Marps/jblhqulrtbrs wbrb g`strukb`tlc g` sjbpjbrhg`n tjgs stuhy

erak g`gtglc ma`mbpt ta rblcgty. Ulculdcb suppart l`h g`put wls pravghbh blrcy a` dy Vbnny

]buebrt, tjb Xrlg`g`n ]pbmglcgst g` tjb aeegmb ae Avbrsbls Vranrlkkg`n l`h Xrlg`g`n ]uppart, dbearb sjb cbet ear Xjlgcl`h.

Xjb g`tbrbst l`h suppart erak tjb Vblmb Marps stlee g` Xjlgcl`h wbrb mrgtgmlc g` tjb b`hblvar.

Aur sg`mbrb lpprbmgltga` gs bxtb`hbh ta earkbr Mau`try Hgrbmtar Oaj` ^gccglks, earkbr

Vranrlkkg`n l`h Xrlg`g`n Aeegmbr Vbnny ]buebrt, Vranrlk Kl`lnbr ]uvgka` ]l`nul`slt,

Hgrbmtar ae Vranrlkkg`n l`h Xrlg`g`n Vlucl Kgccbr, l`h earkbr Lhkg`gstrltgvb Aeegmbr Olib

]nlkdltg.

Xjb summbss ae tjgs stuhy gs hub uctgkltbcy ta tjb wari ae ]b`gar Tbsblrmjbr Hr. ^lclgtlt

^lrliuc ae Mjgl`n Klg R`gvbrsgty l`h jbr rbsblrmj tblk, g`mcuhg`n Hr. Mjlcllh Mjl`trlsakdlt l`h Hr. ]limjarab` Vlwlpaatlà`t ae Kljlslrlijlk R`gvbrsgty, Hr. Vgl`nmja` Tlshushbb ae

R`gvbrsgty ae Vjlyla l`h tjb nrlhultb l`h u`hbrnrlhultb stuhb`ts erak Kljlslrlijlk

R`gvbrsgty, Mjgl`n Klg R`gvbrsgty, l`h Mjgl`n Klg Tloldjlt R`gvbrsgty. Xjbsb rbsblrmj tblks

sigcceuccy b`maurlnbh tjb plrt`brs ae Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs ta sjlrb tjbgr bxpbrgb`mbs l`h

pbrspbmtgvbs.

<Lctjaunj tjgs stuhy wls l tblk beeart g`vacvg`n lcc kbkdbrs ae tjb A]GTV stlee, Ibccy Ebctluct hbsbrvbs spbmglc

rbman`gtga` ls tjb stuhy cblh l`h prgklry lutjar ae tjgs rbpart. Ol`bt Ibrcby, A]GTV‗s Mjgbe ae Bvlcultga`, g`gtgltbh

tjb stuhy wgtj tjb past l`h sbrvbh ls tjb sb`gar lhvgsar ta tjb praobmt. Obssgml Jwl`n pravghbh hltl suppart,

Clurbc Jawlrh mapy-bhgtbh tjb rbpart l`h A]GTV Hgrbmtar Mltjry` C. Xjarup rbvgbwbh l`h klhb sudstl`tgvb bhgts

ta tjb stuhy.



5 | V l n b

LMTA@WK] L@H HBEG@GXGA@]

Lmra`yks

HCL Hbplrtkb`t ae Camlc Lhkg`gstrltga`

B]LA Bhumltga` ]brvgmb Lrbl Aeegmb

BTGM B`ncgsj Tbsaurmb l`h Gèarkltga` Mb`tbr

JM@ Jast Mau`try @ltga`lc

GMX Gèarkltga` Makku`gmltga` Xbmjàcany

@NA @a`-navbr`kb`tlc Arnl`gzltga`

ADBM Aeegmb ae Dlsgm Bhumltga` Makkgssga`

AKD Aeegmb ae Kl`lnbkb`t l`h Duhnbt

A@VBM Aeegmb ae tjb @ltga`lc Vrgklry Bhumltga` Makkgssga`

A]GTV Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`, Tbsblrmj l`h Vcl``g`n

VM/X Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h

VMU Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbr

V]X Vrb-]brvgmb Xrlg`g`n

TXN Taylc Xjlg Navbr`kb t

]MC ]tuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n

XMMA Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Vraobmt

XGML Xjlgcl`h G`tbr`ltga`lc Maarhg`ltga` Lnb`my

Hbeg`gtga`s

Db`begmglrgbs G`hgvghulcs wja rbmbgvb lssgstl`mb l`h jbcp erak tjb praobmt9

tjb pbapcb tjlt tjb praobmt gs prgklrgcy hbsgn`bh ta lhvl`tlnb

Mau`tbrplrts/praobmt plrt`brs G`hgvghulcs wja wari wgtj Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs9 Uacu`tbbrs

kly wari wgtj kuctgpcb mau`tbrplrts hurg`n tjbgr sbrvgmb.

Vraobmt plrt`brs lcsa db`begt erak tjb praobmts, dut wjb` tjby

lrb plgrbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs g` l praebssga`lc rbcltga`sjgp ar

wjb` tjby ammupy l plrtgmuclr pasgtga` g` l` arnl`gzltga` ar



> | V l n b

makku`gty (b.n., makku`gty cblhbr), tjby lrb ma`sghbrbh

mau`tbrplrts

Jast elkgcy kbkdbrs Elkgcgbs wgtj wjak l Uacu`tbbr cgvbh hurg`n lcc ar plrt ae

jgs/jbr trlg`g`n l`h/ar sbrvgmb

Vraobmt stlibjachbrs Jast mau`try lnb`my spa`sars l`h plrt`brs.4

Xjbsb g`mcuhb

jast-mau`try kg`gstrgbs l`h camlc à`-navbr`kb`tlc lnb`mgbs

tjlt lrb spa`sarg`n l`h maccldarltg`n a` l Vblmb Marps praobmt.

Xjbrb kly db l sg`ncb lnb`my ar sbvbrlc lnb`mgbs g`vacvbh g` l

praobmt g` sakb mlplmgty

4Xjgs hbeg`gtga`, wjgcb lrrawbr tjl` tjb a`b makka`cy usbh g` tjb hbvbcapkb`t egbch, gs tjb hbeg`gtga` pravghbh

g` tjb Vblmb Marps Vranrlkkg`n l`h Xrlg`g`n Daaicbt G.



: | V l n b

BZBMRXGUB ]RKKLTW

G`trahumtga`

G` 466:, tjb Vblmb Marps clu`mjbh l sbrgbs ae stuhgbs ta hbtbrkg`b tjb gkplmt ae gts Uacu`tbbrs a` twa ae tjb lnb`my‗s tjrbb nalcs? dugchg`n camlc mlplmgty l`h prakatg`n l dbttbr

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s lka`n jast mau`try `ltga`lcs (JM@s). Xjb Vblmb Marps ma`humts

l` l`ùlc survby tjlt mlpturbs tjb pbrspbmtgvb ae murrb`tcy sbrvg`n Uacu`tbbrs.=

^jgcb

pravghg`n mrgtgmlc g`sgnjt g`ta tjb Uacu`tbbr bxpbrgb`mb, tjb survby ml` a`cy lhhrbss a`b sghb ae

tjb Vblmb Marps‗ stary. Xjb lnb`my‗s Jast Mau`try Gkplmt ]tuhgbs, a` tjb atjbr jl`h, lrb

u`gqub ear tjbgr eamus a` cblr`g`n ldaut tjb Vblmb Marps‗ gkplmt hgrbmtcy erak tjb jast mau`try

`ltga`lcs wja cgvbh l`h waribh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs.

Xjgs rbpart prbsb`ts tjb eg`hg`ns erak l stuhy ma`humtbh g` Xjlgcl`h g` tjb elcc ae 46<6. Xjb

eamus ae tjb rbsblrmj wls tjb Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Vraobmt (XMMA).

Xjb rbsucts ae tjb eg`hg`ns erak tjb camlc rbsblrmj tblk wbrb sjlrbh wgtj tjb past gkkbhgltbcy

upa` makpcbtga` ae tjb egbchwari. Xjgs A]GTV rbpart gs dlsbh upa` tjb hltl maccbmtbh dy tjb

camlc tblk l`h ma`tlg`s l tjaraunj rbvgbw ae tjb qul`tgtltgvb l`h qulcgtltgvb hltl, suppartbh

dy rbspa`hb`ts‗ quatbs, l`h sakb l`lcysgs ae tjb hltl, prbsb`tbh g` l earklt tjlt gs stl`hlrh

ear lcc tjb mau`try rbparts.

Vurpasb

Xjlgcl`h‗s XMMA Jast Mau`try Gkplmt ]tuhy lssbssbs tjb hbnrbb ta wjgmj tjb Vblmb Marps jls

dbb` ldcb ta prakatb g`àvltgvb bhumltga`lc lppralmjbs g` smjaacs l`h mlrry aut praobmts tjlt

suppart tjb sustlg`ldcb nrawtj l`h hbvbcapkb`t ae camlc smjaacs l`h makku`gtgbs. Xjb stuhy pravghbs Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h wgtj l dbttbr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae tjb XMMA Vraobmt l`h tjb gkplmt

gt jls jlh a` camlc tblmjbrs, stuhb`ts, l`h smjaacs. G` lhhgtga`, tjb bvlcultga` pravghbs g`sgnjt

g`ta wjlt jast mau`try `ltga`lcs cblr`bh ldaut Lkbrgml`s l`h jaw tjbgr apg`ga`s ldaut

Lkbrgml`s mjl`nbh letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr.

Xjb kloar rbsblrmj qubstga`s lhhrbssbh g` tjb stuhy lrb?

Hgh sigccs trl`sebr l`h mlplmgty dugchg`n ammur1

^jlt sigccs wbrb trl`sebrrbh ta arnl`gzltga`s/makku`gtgbs l`h g`hgvghulcs ls l

rbsuct ae Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari1

^brb tjb sigccs l`h mlplmgtgbs sustlg`bh plst tjb b`h ae tjb praobmt1Jaw sltgsegbh wbrb JM@s wgtj tjb praobmt wari1

^jlt hgh JM@s cblr` ldaut Lkbrgml`s1

Hgh JM@s rbpart tjlt tjbgr apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s jlh mjl`nbh letbr g`tbrlmtg`n

wgtj tjb Vblmb Marps l`h Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs (VMUs)1

=Vblmb Marps survbybh Uacu`tbbrs pbrgahgmlccy erak <7>2 ta 4664, wjb` l dgb``glc survby wls g`stgtutbh. Xjb

survby dbmlkb l` l`ùlc survby g` 4667 ta kbbt lnb`my rbpartg`n rbqugrbkb`ts.



7 | V l n b

Xjb bvlcultga` rbsucts wgcc db lnnrbnltbh l`h l`lcyzbh wgtj tjb rbsucts erak atjbr Jast

Mau`try Gkplmt ]tuhgbs ta lssbss tjb lnb`my‗s gkplmt a` camlc plrt`brs l`h plrtgmgpl`ts lmrass

tjb warch.

Bvlcultga` Kbtjahacany

Xjgs rbpart gs dlsbh a` hltl pravghbh dy mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, stuhb`ts, l`h stlibjachbrs

ae tjb XMMA Vraobmt hurg`n g`tbrvgbws wgtj tjb rbsblrmj tblk. Xjb stuhy g`mcuhbh g`tbrvgbws

wgtj?

57 Mau`tbrplrts

>8 Db`begmglrgbs

=2 Vrgklry smjaac stuhb`ts

=2 Jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts

8< ]tlibjachbrs

Xjb stuhy rblmjbh 428 rbspa`hb`ts g` =6 makku`gtgbs.

Lcc g`tbrvgbws wbrb ma`humtbh erak Lunust < ta ]bptbkdbr =6, 46<6 (]bb Lppb`hgx < ear l eucc

hbsmrgptga` ae tjb kbtjahacany. Vcblsb ma`tlmt A]GTV ear l mapy ae tjb g`tbrvgbw

qubstga``lgrb.)

Vraobmt Hbsgn` l`h Vurpasb

Xjb purpasb ae tjb XMMA Vraobmt gs ta lssgst Xjlg tblmjbrs g` gkpravg`n tjbgr stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh

cblr`g`n (]MC) l`h plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs, l`h ta gkpravb cbssa` pcl``g`n, mclssraak rbsaurmb hbvbcapkb`t, l`h tjb hbvbcapkb`t ae makku`gty-g`gtgltbh hbvbcapkb`t praobmts g`

bhumltga`, b`vgra`kb`t, jblctj ar atjbr lrbls (makku`gty btwarig`n).8

Xjb XMMA Vraobmt

wls hbsgn`bh ta rbspa`h ta tjb bhumltga`lc rbearks g`stgtutbh dy tjb Bgnjtj @ltga`lc Bhumltga`

Hbvbcapkb`t Vcl` (<77>-466<) l`h tjb <775 Bhumltga` Tbeark Lmt, wjgmj rbqugrb l` ]MC

lppralmj. Jawbvbr, tjb murrgmucuk gssubh dy tjb Kg`gstry ae Bhumltga` ma`strlg`bh tjb

lhaptga` ae ]MC kbtjahs hub ta gts eamus a` nrlkklr l`h wrgtg`n. Xjb praobmt gs gkpcbkb`tbh

g` maccldarltga` wgtj tjb Kg`gstry ae Bhumltga` l`h tjb Kg`gstry ae G`tbrgar.

Xjb nalcs lrb cgstbh dbcaw?

<.

Xjlg B`ncgsj tblmjbrs g` rurlc prgklry smjaacs wgcc gkpravb l`h lppcy plrtgmgpltary l`h/ar stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n lppralmjbs, hbsgn` mrbltgvb cbssa`s l`h kltbrglcs

tjlt b`jl`mb tjb murrgmucuk l`h bstldcgsj makku`gty bhumltar `btwaris.

4. Turlc Xjlg makku`gtgbs wgcc maccldarltb ta b`jl`mb tjb qulcgty ae cgeb ae stuhb`ts l`h

tjbgr elkgcgbs tjraunj tjb hbvbcapkb`t ae camlc cblr`g`n appartu`gtgbs l`h tjb

8Gèarkltga` a` tjb XMMA Vraobmt gs tlib` erak Xjb Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Kgh-Vraobmt

Tbvgbw, Vblmb Marps, Lunust 4665 dy Ul`bssl Junjbs l`h ]uvgka` ]l`nul`slt,



<6 | V l n b

prakatga` ae JGU/LGH], cgeb sigccs, l`h sustlg`ldcb, makku`gty-g`gtgltbh hbvbcapkb`t

praobmts.

Bvlcultga` Eg`hg`ns

Xjb bvlcultga` eg`hg`ns g`hgmltb tjlt tjb egrst tjrbb nalcs ae tjb Makku`gty Jblctj Vraobmt ‘

bxpl`hg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n lppralmjbs, gkpravg`n tblmjbrs‗ B`ncgsj cl`nulnb sigccs, l`h

b`nlng`n stuhb`ts g` tjb mclssraak (stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n)‘wbrb kbt l`h sustlg`bh. Xjb

eg`hg`ns g`hgmltb tjlt makku`gtgbs‗ ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey tjbgr `bbhs l`h lhhrbss lt-rgsi dbjlvgars

wls cbss cgibcy ta jlvb gkpravbh l`h wls tjb cblst sustlg`bh mjl`nb.

^jgcb tjb rbpart pravghbs l hbtlgcbh l`lcysgs ae lcc tjb stuhy eg`hg`ns, tjb iby eg`hg`ns lrb

hgsmussbh dbcaw.

Lnb`my Nalc A`b Eg`hg`ns

Uacu`tbbr Lmtgvgtgbs

Uacu`tbbrs gkpcbkb`tbh tjrbb ae tjb bgnjt praobmt lmtgvgtgbs? prakatg`n plrtgmgpltary

stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n kbtjahs, hbvbcapg`n cbssa` pcl`s, l`h hbvbcapg`n l`h

bxpl`hg`n mclssraak rbsaurmbs

Uacu`tbbrs tlunjt ar ma-tlunjt B`ncgsj g` tjb mclssraak ta stuhb`ts l`h pravghbh letbr

smjaac mclssbs ear tblmjbrs

Uacu`tbbrs kb`tarbh Xjlg tblmjbrs g` plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs, kbtjahs ear

mrbltg`n mclssraak rbsaurmbs, l`h hbvbcapg`n cbssa` pcl`s

Uacu`tbbrs spb`t cbss tgkb warig`n wgtj makku`gtgbs a` cgeb sigccs l`h qulcgty ae cgeb

lmtgvgtgbs

Vraobmt Vlrtgmgpl`t Xrlg`g`n

Uacu`tbbrs prgklrgcy pravghbh gèarklc trlg`g`n‘ma-tblmjg`n, kb`targ`n, kahbcg`n `bw

tblmjg`n kbtjahs, l`h malmjg`n‘wjgcb oag`tcy warig`n a` praobmts.

a 26 pbrmb`t ae tjb mau`tbrplrts slgh tjby cblr`bh `bw kbtjahs g` cbssa`

pcl``g`n l`h tblmjg`n kbtjahs tjraunj ma-tblmjg`n l`h kb`targ`n

a 47 pbrmb`t hbsmrgdbh rbmbgvg`n trlg`g`n g` praebssga`lc hbvbcapkb`t, prg`mgplccy

letbr-smjaac B`ncgsj cbssa`s

a 4> pbrmb`t ae tjb mau`tbrplrts l`h =2 ae tjb db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh rbmbgvg`n à

trlg`g`n

G`tb`hbh Autmakbs? Makku`gty Mlplmgty Dugchg`n

]mjaac mlplmgty dugchg`n wls lmjgbvbh

a Mau`tbrplrts (78%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (78%) rbpartbh lhaptg`n `bw plrtgmgpltary

tblmjg`n kbtjahs



<< | V l n b

a Mau`tbrplrts (78%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (7<%) rbpartbh stuhb`t plrtgmgpltga` g`

mclss g`mrblsbh

a Mau`tbrplrts (78%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (7<%) rbpartbh tblmjbrs mrbltbh l`h usbh

`bw kltbrglcs g` tjb mclssraak karb aetb`

Makku`gty mlplmgty wls sakbwjlt lmjgbvbh a 2: pbrmb`t ae tjb rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh tjb makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h

lhhrbss lt rgsiy dbjlvgars jlh gkpravbh

a Uacu`tbbrs pravghbh kg`gklc trlg`g`n a` ghb`tgeyg`n makku`gty `bbhs

a Lmtgvgtgbs rbcltbh ta warig`n wgtj tjb makku`gty, sumj ls ghb`tgeyg`n stuhb`t lt-

rgsi dbjlvgars ar hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris, kbt tjb `bbhs ae jlce ae tjb

plrtgmgpl`ts

]ustlg`ldgcgty ae smjaac-dlsbh mjl`nbs vlrgbh

a >> pbrmb`t ae tjb stuhb`ts rbpartbh tblmjbrs klg`tlg`bh tjb `bw tblmjg`n

kbtjahs

a 57 pbrmb`t ae tjb mau`tbrplrts l`h 27 pbrmb`t ae tjb db`begmglrgbs mgtbh tjb usb

ae tjbgr `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs wls euccy sustlg`bh

a 57% ae mau`tbrplrts l`h 27% ae db`begmglrgbs slgh gkpravbh B`ncgsj cl`nulnb

sigccs wbrb sustlg`bh

a ]tuhb`t plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss wls rbpartbh ls sustlg`bh dy 88 pbrmb`t ae tjb

mau`tbrplrts l`h 85 pbrmb`t ae tjb db`begmglrgbs

a Mau`tbrplrts (4=%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (4>%) rbpartbh tjb makku`gtgbs‗ ldgcgty ta

ghb`tgey lhhrbss lt-rgsi dbjlvgars ls tjb cblst sustlg`bh mjl`nb

G`tb`hbh Autmakbs? G`hgvghulc Mlplmgty Dugchg`n

Avbrlcc, :5 pbrmb`t ae tjb rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari g` dugchg`n

g`hgvghulc mlplmgty jlh dbb` vbry beebmtgvb (5=%) ar sakbwjlt (4=%) beebmtgvb

a Mau`tbrplrts (74%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (:>%) slgh tjbgr g`mrblsbh maèghb`mb g`

tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj wls tjb nrbltbst pbrsa`lc mjl`nb

a :> pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h :4 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh g`mrblsbh

usb ae plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs

a ]tuhb`ts (<66%) rbpartbh tjby plrtgmgpltbh karb g` mclss

a Mau`tbrplrts (5>%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (5<%) rbpartbh tjbgr g`hgvghulc ldgcgty ta

ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgar g` stuhb`ts sjawbh tjb cblst mjl`nb

a Datj nraups rbpartbh tjbgr usb ae praebssga`lc `btwaris mjl`nbh cgttcb

a

Db`begmglrgbs g`tbnrltbh camlc iàwcbhnb g`ta mclssraak sudobmts l`h cbssa`s

dbttbr tjl` mau`tbrplrts

a

G`hgvghulc mjl`nbs sjawbh jgnjbr rltbs ae sustlg`ldgcgty tjl` tjb smjaac-cbvbc

mjl`nbs

a Db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjlt tjb praobmt autmakbs kbt tjbgr bbhs ta l jgnjbr

hbnrbb tjl` mau`tbrplrts



<4 | V l n b

R`g`tb`hbh Autmakbs

Xjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ kbtjahs l`h hbkblàr prahumbh l mjl`nb g` tjb stuhb`t-tblmjbr

rbcltga`sjgp g` sbvbrlc smjaacs g` wjgmj tblmjbrs lhaptbh tjb stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh tblmjg`n

kbtjahs

Xblmjbrs‗ wari jldgts lppblr ta jlvb mjl`nbh ” g` plrtgmuclr g` prbplrg`n cbssa`s pcl`s,

pcl``g`n l`h arnl`gzg`n tjbgr wari, l`h ma`humtg`n sbce-bvlcultga`s ae blmj mclss

]ltgselmtga` wgtj tjb praobmt wls jgnj

Avbr 76 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wbrb sakbwjlt ta vbry sltgsegbh wgtj

tjb praobmt

:: pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h 75 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs wl`t ta wari wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr lnlg`

Elmtars ma`trgdutg`n ta summbss

Uacu`tbbrs‗ hbsgrb ta wari jlrh l`h tjbgr ldgcgty ta tblmj l`h wari wgtj stuhb`ts

ma`trgdutbh ta summbss]uppart l`h maccldarltga` erak tjb Xjlg tblmjbrs l`h smjaac hgrbmtars ma`trgdutbh ta

summbss

G` sakb smjaacs, mau`tbrplrts makkb`tbh tjlt warig`n wgtj l ebklcb Uacu`tbbr wls

karb mucturlccy lppraprgltb l`h rbkavbh mucturlc ma`strlg`ts g` tjb warig`n

rbcltga`sjgp

Elmtars jg`hbrg`n tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt

Xjb prgklry dlrrgbr rbpartbh dy rbspa`hb`ts wls tjlt Uacu`tbbrs‗ tgkb wls dbg`n spcgt

dbtwbb` twa hgeebrb`t smjaacs

A`b qulrtbr ae tjb tblmjbrs l`h smjaac lhkg`gstrltars (42%) hgh àt dbcgbvb tjb `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs suppartbh tjb Xjlg murrgmucuk l`h vgbwbh tjb kbtjahs ls –oust

pclyg`n nlkbs‛

Lhhgtga`lc elmtars g`mcuhbh g`lhbqultb prbplrltga` ae tjb Uacu`tbbrs‘paar Xjlg

cl`nulnb sigccs l`h cgttcb tblmjg`n bxpbrgb`mb‘l`h tjb lnb l`h nb`hbr ae tjb Uacu`tbbrs

Nalc Xwa Eg`hg`ns

Mjl`nbs g` R`hbrstl`hg`n l`h Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s

Vrgar ta kbbtg`n l Uacu`tbbr

: pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts, <2 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs, l`h <8 pbrmb`t ae jast elkgcgbs

jlh à prbvgaus iàwcbhnb ae Lkbrgml`s

Xjb prgklry saurmb ae gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s wls tbcbvgsga` ar kavgbs, wgtj

vlrgltga`s dy tjb hgeebrb`t nraups

56 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts r bpartbh l pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s ” <2 pbrmb`t jlh l

vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s9 82% jlh l sakbwjlt pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s



<= | V l n b

84 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs jlh l vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s ” : pbrmb`t

rbpartbh l vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` l`h =8 pbrmb`t jlh l sakbwjlt pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae

Lkbrgml`s

=8 pbrmb`t ae jast elkgcy kbkdbrs rbpartbh l vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s9 a`b

jlh l vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s l`h =8 pbrmb`t jlh l sakbwjlt pasgtgvb

apg`ga`L clrnb ukdbr ae Xjlgs jlh a egrk apg`ga`9 =7% ae mau`tbrplrts, 2<% ae db`begmglrgbs,

l`h 5=% ae jast elkgcy kbkdbrs jlh `bgtjbr l pasgtgvb àr l `bnltgvb apg`ga` ae

Lkbrgml`s

Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr

:= pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh l pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s ” =2 pbrmb`t stltbh

tjby jlh l kumj karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s l`h 8: pbrmb`t rbpartbh l karb

pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s

52 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh l pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s ” 42 pbrmb`t

rbpartbh l kumj karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s9 86 pbrmb`t jlh l karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s

:2 pbrmb`t ae jast elkgcy kbkdbrs rbpartbh l pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s ” <:

pbrmb`t jlh l kumj karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s l`h 5> pbrmb`t jlh l karb

pasgtgvb apg`ga`

Xjb nrbltbst mjl`nb g` apg`ga` mlkb erak tjb clrnb nraup kb`tga`bh ldavb wja wbrb

prbvgauscy butrlc ldaut Lkbrgml`s ” letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr tjb ùkdbrs jlh

hrappbh ta : pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts, =5 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs, l`h <2 pbrmb`t ae

jast elkgcy kbkdbrs wja jlh `bgtjbr l pasgtgvb àr l `bnltgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s

Gècub`mbs a` Mjl`nb g` Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s l`h Tbsucts ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbrs

Uacu`tbbr‗s ldgcgty ta g`tbnrltb g`ta tjb camlc makku`gty gècub`mbh mjl`nb g` apg`ga`

Tbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh tjby lhaptbh l `bw wari btjgm, ebct karb maèghb`t, wbrb wgccg`n

ta try `bw ghbls, l`h karb wgccg`n ta jbcp stuhb`ts letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr

G`tbrlmtga`s wgtj ^bstbr` taurgsts jblvgcy gècub`mbh Xjlg rbspa`hb`ts‗ vgbws ae

Lkbrgml`s. Xjb g`tbrlmtga` wgtj l sg`ncb Uacu`tbbr, bspbmglccy sg`mb Vblmb

Marps/Xjlgcl`h habs àt pclmb Uacu`tbbrs ma`sbmutgvbcy lt sgtbs, kly àt db sueegmgb`t

ta mau`tbr tjb gkplmt ae hlgcy b`mau`tbrs wgtj taurgsts



MJLVXBT <? G@XTAHRMXGA@

Dlminrau`h

Xjb Vblmb Marps trlmbs gts raats l`h kgssga` ta <756, wjb` tjb`-]b`ltar Oaj` E. Ib``bhy

mjlccb`nbh stuhb`ts lt tjb R`gvbrsgty ae Kgmjgnl` ta sbrvb tjbgr mau`try g` tjb mlusb ae pblmb

dy cgvg`n l`h warig`n g` hbvbcapg`n mau`trgbs. Erak tjlt g`spgrltga` nrbw l` lnb`my ae tjb

ebhbrlc navbr`kb`t hbvatbh ta warch pblmb l`h ergb`hsjgp.

Dy tjb b`h ae <75<, Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs wbrb sbrvg`n g` sbvb` mau`trgbs. ]g`mb tjb`, karb

tjl` 466,666 kb` l`h wakb` jlvb sbrvbh g` <=7 mau`trgbs. Vblmb Marps lmtgvgtgbs mavbr

gssubs rl`ng`n erak bhumltga` ta wari g` tjb lrbls ae jblctj l`h JGU/LGH] ta makku`gty

bmaàkgm hbvbcapkb`t. Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs ma`tgùb ta jbcp mau`tcbss g`hgvghulcs wja

wl`t ta dugch l dbttbr cgeb ear tjbksbcvbs, tjbgr mjgchrb`, l`h tjbgr makku`gtgbs.

G` mlrryg`n aut tjb lnb`my‗s tjrbb marb

nalcs, Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs klib l

hgeebrb`mb dy dugchg`n camlc mlplmgty l`h

prakatg`n l dbttbr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae

Lkbrgml`s lka`n jast mau`try

plrtgmgpl`ts. L kloar ma`trgdutga` ae

Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs, wja cgvb g` tjb

makku`gtgbs wjbrb tjby wari, stbks

erak tjbgr ldgcgty ta hbcgvbr tbmj`gmlc

g`tbrvb`tga s hgrbmtcy ta db`begmglrgbscgvg`n g` rurlc l`h urdl` lrbls tjlt clmi

sueegmgb`t camlc mlplmgty. Uacu`tbbrs

apbrltb erak l makku`gty hbvbcapkb`t

prg`mgpcb tjlt prakatbs sustlg`ldcb

praobmts l`h strltbngbs.

Xjb g`tbrhbpb`hb`mb ae Nalc A`b l`h Nalc Xwa gs mb`trlc ta tjb Vblmb Marps bxpbrgb`mb, ls

camlc db`begmglrgbs hbvbcap rbcltga`sjgps wgtj Uacu`tbbrs wja makku`gmltb g` tjb camlc

cl`nulnb, sjlrb bvbryhly bxpbrgb`mbs, l`h wari maccldarltgvbcy a` l hlgcy dlsgs.

Xjb Vblmb Marps ma`humts l` l`ùlc survby ae murrb`tcy sbrvg`n Uacu`tbbrs9 jawbvbr, gt tbccs

a`cy a`b sghb ae tjb Vblmb Marps‗ stary.2

G` 466:, tjb Vblmb Marps‗ clu`mjbh l sbrgbs ae stuhgbs

ta dbttbr lssbss tjb gkplmt ae gts Uacu`tbbrs. Xjbsb stuhgbs lrb u`gqub ear tjbgr eamus a`

2Vblmb Marps survbybh Uacu`tbbrs pbrgahgmlccy erak <7>2 ta 4664, wjb` l dgb``glc survby wls g`stgtutbh. Xjb

survby dbmlkb l` l`ùlc survby g` 4667 ta kbbt lnb`my rbpartg`n rbqugrbkb`ts.

Vblmb Marps‗ Marb Nalcs

Nalc A`b - Xa jbcp tjb pbapcb ae

g`tbrbstbh mau`trgbs g` kbbtg`n tjbgr

`bbh ear trlg`bh kb` l`h wakb`.

Nalc Xwa - Xa jbcp prakatb l dbttbr

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s a` tjb

plrt ae tjb pbapcbs sbrvbh.

Nalc Xjrbb - Xa jbcp prakatb l dbttbr

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae atjbr pbapcb a` tjb

plrt ae Lkbrgml`s.



<2 | V l n b

cblr`g`n ldaut tjb Vblmb Marps‗ gkplmt hgrbmtcy erak tjb JM@s wja cgvbh l`h waribh wgtj

Uacu`tbbrs.

Vurpasb

Xjgs rbpart prbsb`ts tjb eg`hg`ns erak tjb Jast Mau`try Gkplmt ]tuhy ma`humtbh g` Xjlgcl`herak Lunust ta ]bptbkdbr ae 46<6. Xjb praobmt stuhgbh wls tjb Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h

Makku`gty Autrblmj (XMMA) Vraobmt. Xjb stuhy hamukb`ts jast mau`try `ltga`lcs‗

pbrspbmtgvbs a` tjb gkplmt ae Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs a` sigccs trl`sebr ta l`h mlplmgty

dugchg`n ae jast mau`try mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, stuhb`ts, l`h stlibjachbrs, l`h mjl`nbs

g` tjbgr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s.

Xjb kloar rbsblrmj qubstga`s lhhrbssbh g` tjb stuhy lrb?

Hgh sigccs trl`sebr l`h mlplmgty dugchg`n ammur1

^jlt sigccs wbrb trl`sebrrbh ta arnl`gzltga`s/makku`gtgbs l`h g`hgvghulcs ls lrbsuct ae Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari1

^brb tjb sigccs l`h mlplmgtgbs sustlg`bh plst tjb b`h ae tjb praobmt1

Jaw sltgsegbh wbrb JM@s wgtj tjb praobmt wari1

^jlt hgh JM@s cblr` ldaut Lkbrgml`s1

Hgh JM@s mjl`nb tjbgr apg`ga`s Lkbrgml`s g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj tjb Vblmb Marps l`h

Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbrs1

Xjb gèarkltga` nltjbrbh wgcc gèark Vblmb Marps stlee lt past l`h jblhqulrtbrs ldaut jast

mau`try `ltga`lcs‗ pbrmbptga`s ae tjb praobmt, tjb Uacu`tbbrs l`h tjb gkplmt ae tjb wari tjlt

wls u`hbrtlib`. G` maòu`mtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbr ebbhdlmi erak tjb L`ùlc Uacu`tbbr ]urvby,

tjgs gèarkltga` wgcc lccaw tjb Vblmb Marps ta dbttbr u`hbrstl`h gts gkplmt l`h lhhrbss lrbls

ear gkpravbkb`t. Ear bxlkpcb, tjb gèarkltga` kly db usbeuc ear Uacu`tbbr trlg`g`n l`h ear

autrblmj ta jast elkgcgbs l`h praobmt plrt`brs.

Xjgs gèarkltga` gs lcsa bbhbh ta pravghb pbrearkl`mb gèarkltga` ta tjb Aeegmb ae

Kl`lnbkb`t l`h Duhnbt (AKD) l`h tjb R`gtbh ]tltbs Ma`nrbss. Ls plrt ae tjb Vblmb Marps

Gkpravbkb`t Vcl`, hrletbh g` rbspa`sb ta gts 4662 Vranrlk Lssbsskb`t Tltg`n Xaac rbvgbw,

tjb Vblmb Marps prapasbh tjb mrbltga` ae –dlsbcg`bs ta kblsurb rbsucts g`mcuhg`n survby

hltl g` mau`trgbs wgtj Vblmb Marps prbsb`mb ta kblsurb tjb prakatga` ae l dbttbr

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s a` tjb plrt ae tjb pbapcbs sbrvbh.‛5

Ebbhdlmi erak tjb tjrbb pgcats ma`humtbh g` 466: wls usbh ta rbvgsb tjb kbtjahacany raccbh

aut ta sgx pasts g` 4667, tb` pasts g` 46<6, l`h egvb pasts g` 46<<. L tatlc ae 48 pasts lmrass

Vblmb Marps‗ tjrbb nbanrlpjgm rbnga`s (Lergml9 G`tbr-Lkbrgml l`h tjb Vlmgegm9 l`h Burapb,

Kbhgtbrrl`bl`, l`h Lsgl) jlvb ma`humtbh jast mau`try gkplmt stuhgbs. Xlib` tanbtjbr,

5Aeegmb ae Kl`lnbkb`t l`h Duhnbt. Vranrlk Lssbsskb`t? Vblmb Marps. G`tbr`ltga`lc Uacu`tbbrgsk, 4662.

Gkpravbkb`t Vcl`.



<5 | V l n b

tjbsb stuhgbs ma`trgdutb ta Vblmb Marps‗ ldgcgty ta hamukb`t tjb hbnrbb ta wjgmj tjb lnb`my

gs ldcb ta datj kbbt tjb `bbhs ae jast mau`trgbs ear trlg`bh kb` l`h wakb`, l`h ta

prakatb l dbttbr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s lka`n tjb pbapcbs sbrvbh.

Xjlgcl`h Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Vraobmt

Xjb klg` nalc ae tjb <775 Bhumltga` Tbeark Lmt l`h tjb Bgnjtj @ltga`lc Bhumltga`

Hbvbcapkb`t Vcl` (<77>-466<) wls ta sjget tjb Xjlg bhumltga` systbk erak l tblmjbr-

mb`tbrbh lppralmj ta l stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n (]MC) lppralmj.>

Jawbvbr, gkpcbkb`tg`n tjb pacgmy mjl`nbs prahumbh sbvbrlc ma`strlg`ts. Egrst, kast tblmjbrs

g` prgklry smjaacs hgh àt kloar g` B`ncgsj l`h sbma`h, tjby waribh erak l tblmjbr-mb`tbrbh

lppralmj. Xjgs tblmjbr-mb`tbrbh lppralmj gs rbgèarmbh dy Xjlg mucturlc àrks, wjgmj ngvb

jgnj rbspbmt ta bhumltars l`h bchbrs. Ls l rbsuct, smjaacs clmibh qulcgegbh tblmjbrs ta

gkpcbkb`t l` ]MC lppralmj. Eg`lccy, `ltga`lc murrgmucuk ma`tb`t l`h lmjgbvbkb`t tbsts hgh

àt suppart ]MC l`h pravghbh à g`mb`tgvbs ear tblmjbrs ta lhapt tjb `bw kbtjahs.

Xjb Vblmb Marps‗ XMMA praobmt dbnl` g` 466= g` rbspa`sb ta tjbsb `bbhs l`h ear tjrbb yblrs

Uacu`tbbrs ma-tlunjt wgtj Xjlg tblmjbrs g` rurlc prgklry smjaacs. G` 4665, l kgh-tbrk praobmt

lssbsskb`t wls ma`humtbh wjgmj rbsuctbh g` rbvgsga`s ta tjb praobmt nalcs l`h adobmtgvbs ta

lhhrbss tjb eg`hg`ns ae tjb rbvgbw. Xjb rbvgbw sjawbh tjb praobmt jlh summbbhbh g` tjb

eaccawg`n lrbls?

G`mrblsbh tblmjbrs‗ l`h stuhb`ts‗ maèghb`mb l`h B`ncgsj spblig`n ldgcgty

Bxpl`hbh tblmjg`n kbtjahs tjraunj mlkps l`h ma-tblmjg`n

G`mrblsbh mclssraak tblmjg`n rbsaurmbs

G`mrblsbh tjb usb ae cbssa` pcl``g`n

Gkpravbh tblmjbrs‗ wari jldgts

G`mrblsbh rbspbmt ear stuhb`ts ae hgeebrb`t btj`gm dlminrau`hs l`h lmlhbkgm ldgcgtgbs

Jawbvbr, tjb rbvgbw rbvblcbh tjb praobmt elmbh sbvbrlc mjlccb`nbs. Xjb mjlccb`nbs g`mcuhbh?

Mucturlc hgeebrb`mbs g` wari stycb l`h cl`nulnb dlrrgbrs

Xjlg plrtgmgpl`ts‗ clmi ae u`hbrstl`hg`n ae tjb praobmt nalcs l`h purpasb

Xjb Xjlg bhumltga` systbk hgh àt suppart ]MC kbtjahs dbmlusb ]MC ma`trlhgmtbh Xjlg

mucturlc àrks l`h tblmjbrs wauch casb stltus wgtj tjb `bw lppralmj

Uacu`tbbrs wbrb vgbwbh ls sudstgtutb tblmjbrs wja hgh àt jlvb tjb bxpbrgb`mb ar

trlg`g`n ta tblmj

Makku`gty hbvbcapkb`t wari wls hgeegmuct ta dbng`, gkpcbkb`t, l`h sustlg` hub ta

tblmjbr l`h Uacu`tbbr smjbhucbs

>Lcc praobmt gèarkltga` wls rbpartbh dy Ul`bssl Junjbs l`h ]uvgka` ]l`nul`slt g` Xjb Xblmjbr Maccldarltga`

l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Kgh-Vraobmt Tbvgbw, Vblmb Marps, Lunust 4665.



<> | V l n b

Xjb rbvgbw ma`tlg`bh sbvbrlc rbmakkb`hltga`s, kast àtldcy ta sjget tjb eamus ae tjb praobmt

ta plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n rltjbr tjl` stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n. Xjb clttbr rl` mau`tbr ta Xjlg

mucturlc àrks wgtj rbnlrh ta rbspbmt ear lutjargty l`h tjb mau`try‗s jgstary ae ratb cblr`g`n

stycbs.

Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h rbvgsbh tjb XMMA Vraobmt g`marparltg`n `bw nalcs l`h adobmtgvbs ta

lhhrbss tjb mjlccb`nbs autcg`bh g` tjb rbvgbw.

Vraobmt Nalcs

Xjb murrb`t XMMA Vraobmt plgrs Uacu`tbbrs wgtj l Xjlg prgklry smjaac tblmjbr g` l rurlc smjaac

wjbrb tjb twa ma-tblmj. Xjraunj ma-tblmjg`n, tjb praobmt sbbis ta kbbt tjb eaccawg`n nalcs

l`h adobmtgvbs?

Nalc A`b? Xjlg tblmjbrs wgcc gkpravb l`h lppcy plrtgmgpltary l`h/ar stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n

lppralmjbs, hbsgn` mrbltgvb cbssa`s l`h kltbrglcs tjlt b`jl`mb tjb murrgmucuk, l`h bstldcgsj

makku`gty bhumltar `btwaris. Xjb adobmtgvbs ear tjgs nalc lrb?

<. Xa lssbss stuhb`ts‗ `bbhs9 pcl`, ma`humt l`h bvlcultb B`ncgsj cbssa`s lmrass tjb

murrgmucuk9 l`h elmgcgtltb l pasgtgvb cblr`g`n b`vgra`kb`t

4. Xa hbvbcap l`h kl`lnb bhumltga`lc rbsaurmbs tjlt suppart mclssraak g`strumtga`

=. Xa bstldcgsj l`h suppart gèarklc `btwaris ae bhumltars l`h makku`gty cblhbrs wja

suppart cblr`g`n rbeark l`h ma`humt camlc mlplmgty-dugchg`n lmtgvgtgbs ear tblmjbrs

Nalc Xwa? Makku`gtgbs g` Xjlgcl`h wgcc maccldarltb ta b`jl`mb tjb qulcgty ae cgeb ae stuhb`ts

l`h tjbgr elkgcgbs tjraunj tjb hbvbcapkb`t ae camlc cblr`g`n appartu`gtgbs l`h tjb prakatgaàe JGU/LGH], cgeb sigccs, l`h tjb lmjgbvbkb`t ae sustlg`ldcb makku`gty-hbvbcapkb`t praobmts.

Xjb adobmtgvbs lrb?

<. Xa g`hb`tgey prgargtgbs, l`h hbsgn`, kl`lnb, l`h bvlcultb makku`gty-g`gtgltbh

hbvbcapkb`t praobmts g` bhumltga`, b`vgra`kb`t, jblctj l`h atjbr lrbls

4. Xa b`nlnb g` cgeb sigccs l`h/ar JGU/LGH] lwlrb`bss, prbvb`tga` l`h/ar bhumltga`

lmtgvgtgbs l`h/ar cgeb sigccs lmtgvgtgbs



<: | V l n b

Egnurb <? Xjbary ae Mjl`nb ear tjb XMMA Vraobmt? Xjlgcl`h

]aurmb? Bxtrlmtbh erak Xjb Xblmjbr Maccldarltga` l`h Makku`gty Autrblmj Kgh-Vraobmt Tbvgbw , Lunust 4665.

Autmakbs

<.<

Xblmjbrs

cbssa` pcl` l`h

usb `bw

kbtjahs g` mclss

<.4 Xblmjbrs

g`tbnrltb camlc

iàwcbhnb g`ta

cbssa`s l`h

mrbltb kltbrglcs

& rbsaurmbs

<.=

Camlc

`btwaris ae

tblmjbrs

bxmjl`nb ghbls

l`h rbsaurmbs

4.< g`mrblsbh

pbrsa`lc & prae.

hbvbcapkb`t

4.4

Makku`gty

kbkdbrs/tlrnbt

nraups jlvb

g`mrblsbh

iàwcbhnb ae

cgeb sigccs/JGU

LGH]

Vradcbks

<. Vrgklry

smjaac tblmjbrs clmi bxpbrtgsb g`

blmjg`n B`ncgsj

Nalcs

<.< Xblmjbrs wgcc

lppcy plrtgmgpltary

cblr`g`n lppralmjbs

Lmtgvgtgbs

<.< trlg` tblmjbrs g`

plrtgmgpltary

cblr`g`n

4. Kast tblmjbrs

stgcc usb tjb ach

kbtjah ae

blmjg`n B`ncgsj

àt ma`tb`t-

dlsbh tblmjg`n

<.4 Camlc wgshak

wgcc db g`tbnrltbh

g`ta cbssa`s&

rbsaurmbs ear

tblmjg`n B`ncgsj wgcc

db hbvbcapbh

<.4 Xblmjbrs lssbss

stuhb`ts‗ iàwcbhnb

ta pcl` plrtgmgpltary

cbssa`s & ma-tblmj

wgtj VMUs

=. Clmi ae B`ncgsj

rbsaurmbs &

blmjg`n lghs

<.= @btwaris ae

camlc tblmjbrs wgcc

db mrbltbh ta

suppart a`b

làtjbr

<.= Xblmjbrs, VMUs,

camlcs maccldarltb ta

maccbmt camlc

iàwcbhnb l`h

g`tbnrltb g`ta

tblmjg`n

8. Gssubs g`

makku`gtgbs

g`vacvg`n yautj,

lt-rgsi dbjlvgars,

jblctj,

b`vgra`kb`t,

btm.

4.< Makku`gtgbs

wgcc g`gtgltb praobmts

lmmarhg`n ta tjbgr

`bbhs

<.8 Makku`gty

bhumltars/ tblmjbrs

bstldcgsj

gèarklc/earklc

`btwaris

4.4 Makku`gtgbs

wgcc prakatb

praobmts/lmtgvgtgbs

a` cgeb sigccs

&JGU/LGH]

4.< Makku`gtgbs gh

gssubs & lssbts ta

hbsgn` praobmts

4.4 Makku`gtgbs

trlg` cgeb sigccs/JGU

LGH] ta tlrnbt

nraups



<7 | V l n b

Bvlcultga` Kbtjahacany

G` 466:, tjb Vblmb Marps‗ Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`, Tbsblrmj l`h Vcl``g`n (A]GTV)

g`gtgltbh l sbrgbs ae bvlcultga` stuhgbs g` rbspa`sb ta l kl`hltb erak tjb Aeegmb ae

Kl`lnbkb`t l`h Duhnbt (AKD) tjlt tjb lnb`my bvlcultb tjb gkplmt ae Uacu`tbbrs g`

lmjgbvg`n Nalc Xwa.

Xjrbb mau`trgbs wbrb sbcbmtbh ta pgcat l kbtjahacany tjlt wauch bxlkg`b tjb gkplmt ae tjb

tbmj`gmlc wari ae Uacu`tbbrs, l`h tjbgr maracclry wari ae prakatg`n l dbttbr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae

Lkbrgml`s lka`n tjb pbapcb wgtj wjak tjb Uacu`tbbrs cgvbh l`h waribh. G` maccldarltga`

wgtj tjb Vblmb Marps‗ mau`try hgrbmtar lt blmj past, A]GTV pgcatbh l kbtjahacany ta maccbmt

gèarkltga` hgrbmtcy erak jast mau`try `ltga`lcs ldaut sigccs trl`sebr l`h mlplmgty dugchg`n, ls

wbcc ls mjl`nbs g` tjbgr u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s.

Xjb rbsblrmj wls hbsgn`bh dy A]GTV samglc smgb`tgsts l`h gs gkpcbkb`tbh g` mau`try dy l camlc

]b`gar Tbsblrmjbr l`h l tblk ae camlc g`tbrvgbwbrs u`hbr tjb supbrvgsga` ae tjb Vblmb Marpsmau`try stlee. A]GTV pravghbs tbmj`gmlc hgrbmtga`. Vrgar ta tjb egbch g`tbrvgbws, rbsblrmjbr

trlg`g`n wls ma`humtbh dy tjb Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h aeegmb tanbtjbr wgtj l` bvlcultga` aeegmbr

erak A]GTV. Xa b`surb makplrldgcgty lmrass mau`trgbs, tjb rbsblrmj usbs l stl`hlrh g`tbrvgbw

pratamac tjlt lcsa g`marparltbs g`hgvghulc praobmt nalcs g` blmj mau`try. A`mb tjb hltl gs

maccbmtbh, rbsblrmjbrs b`tbr gt g`ta l wbd-dlsbh hltldlsb l`h A]GTV pravghbs tjb hltl ta tjb

tblk ear l`lcysgs. A]GTV lcsa prbplrbs l eg`lc stl`hlrh rbpart a` tjb eg`hg`ns ae tjb camlc

rbsblrmj tblk.

G` Xjlgcl`h, Hr. ^lclgtlt ârliuc cbh tjb rbsblrmj tblk ae praebssars, nrlhultb, l`h

u`hbrnrlhultb stuhb`ts erak eaur hgeebrb`t u`gvbrsgtgbs. Xjb tblk hgvghbh tjb mau`try g`ta

eaur rbnga`s cbh dy tjb sb`gar rbsblrmjbr l`h tjb eaccawg`n praebssars? Mjlclh Mjl`trlsakdlt,

]limjarb` Vlwlpaatlà`t, l`h Vgl`nmja` Tlshushbb. Xjb tblks ma`humtbh 42> sbkg-

strumturbh g`tbrvgbws g` =6 makku`gtgbs lmrass Xjlgcl`h. A]GTV ghb`tgegbh <:> Uacu`tbbr

pclmbkb`ts dbtwbb` 4662 l`h 46<6 ear passgdcb plrtgmgpltga` g` tjb stuhy. L rbprbsb`tltgvb,

rltjbr tjl` l rl`hak, slkpcb wls hrlw` erak tjgs cgst ae Uacu`tbbr lssgn`kb`t sgtbs. Xjb

Xjlgcl`h rbsblrmj tblk ma`humtbh tjb g`tbrvgbws dbtwbb` Lunust < l`h ]bptbkdbr =6, 46<6.

Tbspa`hb`ts

Xjb g`tbrvgbwbbs g`mcuhbh tjb eaccawg`n nraups (Xldcb <)?

Mau`tbrplrts? tblmjbrs, hgstrgmt aeegmbrs, l`h atjbrs (57)

Db`begmglrgbs? tblmjbrs, B`ncgsj Tbsaurmb l`h Gèarkltga` Mb`tbr (BTGM) kl`lnbrs,

makku`gty cblhbrs, l`h makku`gty arnl`gzltga` rbprbsb`tltgvbs. Xjgs nraup lcsa

g`mcuhbh sbma`hlry smjaac stuhb`ts wja jlh stuhgbh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr (>8)



46 | V l n b

]tuhb`ts? prgklry stuhb`ts wja stuhgbh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr ar wbrb plrt ae letbr

smjaac lmtgvgtgbs (=2)

Jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts? elkgcgbs tjb Uacu`tbbr cgvbh `bxt haar ta, rb`tbh l raak

ar jausb erak, ar wbrb vbry mcasb ta hurg`n lcc ar plrt ae tjbgr sbrvgmb (=2)

]tlibjachbrs? smjaac hgrbmtars, Bhumltga` ]brvgmb Lrbl Aeegmb (B]LA) kl`lnbrs,

]LA hgrbmtars, `ltga`lc cbvbc aeegmbrs, l`h atjbrs (8<)

Xldcb <? @ukdbr l`h Xypb ae Tbspa`hb`ts? Xjlgcl`h XMMA Vraobmt

G`tbrvgbw Xypb @ukdbr ae Vbapcb @ukdbr ae ]gtbs

Mau`tbrplrts 57 =6

Db`begmglrgbs >8 =6

]tuhb`ts =2 =6

Jast Elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts =2 =6]tlibjachbrs 8<

Xatlc 428 =6

Mau`tbrplrts wbrb prgklrgcy tblmjbrs (78%) wgtj l ebw hgstrgmt aeegmglcs l`h stlee kbkdbrs

erak smjaacs ar pravg`mglc bhumltga` aeegmbs (Hgstrgmt Aeegmglc? =%9 Atjbr? =%) (Egnurb 4). Avbr

jlce ae tjb db`begmglrgbs lcsa wbrb tblmjbrs (2:%). Xjb rbklg`g`n db`begmlrgbs wbrb sbma`hlry

stuhb`ts (48%) l`h kbkdbrs ae tjb makku`gty sumj ls ùrsbs, jaspgtlc stlee, JGU/LGH]

pltgb`ts, l`h tblmjbrs wja waribh a` Ncaw Mlkps (<4%) (Egnurb 4). Lctjaunj mau`tbrplrts

l`h db`begmglrgbs lrb datj tblmjbrs, mau`tbrplrts wari hgrbmtcy wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr ls l ma-

tblmjbr l`h lrb tjb prgklry tlrnbt ear sigcc trl`sebr.

B`ncgsj tblmjbr 78%2:%

Hgstrgmt Aeegmglc =%

]bma`hlry stuhb`t48%

BTGM kl`lnbr2%

Makku`gty cblhbr 2%

Makku`gty arnl`gzltga`

Atjbr

=%

=%

6%

<4%

46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Mau`tbrplrts, ;57 Db`begmglrgbs, ;>8

Egnurb 4? Dlminrau`h ae Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs



4< | V l n b

@bgnjdars makprgsbh tjb clrnbst nraup ae jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts (=>%) eaccawbh dy cl`hcarhs

(48%) l`h jast plrb`ts (<5%). Xjb kloargty ae stlibjachbrs wbrb smjaac hgrbmtars (88%)

eaccawbh dy B]LA kl`lnbrs (=>%) ar atjbr camlc l`h `ltga`lc aeegmglcs (<7%).

]bvb`ty-tjrbb pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts (`;5>) jlvb tb` ar karb yblrs ae bxpbrgb`mb g` tjbgr

egbch. Lctjaunj tjb Kgh-Vraobmt Tbvgbw rbmakkb`hbh tjlt Uacu`tbbrs wari wgtj yau`nbr tblmjbrs wja jlh cbss bxpbrgb`mb, smjaacs kly àt jlvb eaccawbh tjgs lhvgmb hub ta Xjlg

mucturlc àrks (wjgmj wauch klib gt u`cgibcy tjlt l l yau`n ar `bw tblmjbr wauch db sbcbmtbh

ear sumj l` jaàr). ]gxty-sgx pbrmb`t ae stlibjachbrs jlh dbb` g` tjbgr egbch tb` ar karb yblrs

(`;8<). Xjgrty-twa pbrmb`t ae stlibjachbrs jlh iàw` ldaut Vblmb Marps lmtgvgtgbs ear a`b ta

twa yblrs, g`mcuhg`n sbvb` rbspa`hb`ts wja jlh dbb` g` tjbgr egbch ear tb` ar karb yblrs.

Xwb`ty-sbvb` pbrmb`t jlh iàw` ldaut Vblmb Marps lmtgvgtgbs ear tb` yblrs (`;8<).



MJLVXBT 4? NALC A@B EG@HG@N]

Lcc Vblmb Marps praobmts suppart tjb lnb`my‗s prgklry nalc ae dugchg`n tjb tbmj`gmlc

mlplmgty ae camlc kb` l`h wakb` ta gkpravb tjbgr aw` cgvbs l`h ma`hgtga`s wgtjg` tjbgr

makku`gtgbs. Xjb purpasb ae tjb XMMA Vraobmt gs ta gkpravb tjb rurlc Xjlg tblmjbr‗s usb

ae plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs, ls wbcc ls ta gkpravb tjb qulcgty ae cgeb ear Xjlg

stuhb`ts l`h tjbgr elkgcgbs.

Erbqub`my ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbrs

Xjb XMMA Vraobmt lssgn`bh Uacu`tbbrs ta wari g` twa smjaacs. Ls l rbsuct, praobmt

plrtgmgpl`ts tb`hbh ta g`tbrlmt wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr twa ta egvb tgkbs l wbbi rltjbr tjl`

hlgcy (Egnurb =). Avbrlcc, mau`tbrplrts tb`hbh ta wari wgtj Uacu`tbbrs kast aetb` lt

wari. Db`begmglrgbs l`h mau`tbrplrts wja rbpartbh àt warig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

hurg`n wari tb`hbh ta db ùrsbs, jaspgtlc stlee, l`h pbapcb cgvg`n wgtj JGU/LGH].

Egnurb =? Erbqub`my ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbr hurg`n âri

Autsghb ae wari, tjb clrnbst nraups ae mau`tbrplrts (88%), db`begmglrgbs (88%), l`h

stuhb`ts (8<%) g`tbrlmtbh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr twa ta egvb tgkbs l wbbi (Egnurb 8).

Avbrlcc, stuhb`ts samglcgzbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs autsghb tjb mclssraak karb aetb` tjlàtjbr rbspa`hb`t nraups. Karb mau`tbrplrts (<5%) rbspa`hbh tjlt tjby hgh àt

samglcgzb wgtj Uacu`tbbrs lt lcc tjl` db`begmglrgbs (:% ” 2 pbapcb) l`h stuhb`ts (7% ” =

pbapcb).

Hlgcy :%7%

48%

]bvbrlc tgkbs l wbbi (4-2) 82%28%

52%

A`mb l wbbi<4%

42%45%

< ta 4 tgkbs l ka`tj8%

<<%

Cbss tjl` ka`tjcy=%=%

@at lt lcc=%

:%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Mau`tbrplrt, ;57 Db`begmglry, ;>= ]tuhb`t, ;=8





48 | V l n b

Uacu`tbbrs ma`humtbh B`ncgsj mclssbs ear tblmjbrs letbr jaurs, g` lhhgtga` ta tblmjg`n

stuhb`ts. Tbcltgvbcy ebw mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs (<=) hbsmrgdbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs

adsbrvg`n mclssbs ta lssbss tblmjg`n kbtjahs. G` tjrbb mlsbs, rbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt

tjb Uacu`tbbr a`cy adsbrvbh, dut `bvbr lmtulccy tlunjt mclssbs. Xjraunjaut tjb

g`tbrvgbws, rbspa`hb`ts g`hgmltbh tjlt wltmjg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr tblmj l`h hbka`strltb

tjb plrtgmgpltary kbtjahs wls l` g`tbnrlc plrt ae sigcc-dugchg`n.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs hbsmrgdbh Uacu`tbbrs ma`humtg`n tjbgr aw` cbssa`

pcl``g`n ar trlg`g`n Xjlg tblmjbrs g` cbssa` pcl``g`n. L` bqulc ùkdbr ae mau`tbrplrts

l`h db`begmglrgbs hbsmrgdbh Uacu`tbbrs mrbltg`n mclssraak rbsaurmb kltbrglc ar warig`n

wgtj Uacu`tbbrs ta prahumb tjbsb kltbrglcs. Xjb kltbrglcs g`mcuhbh mrbltg`n mclss

lmtgvgtgbs sumj ls nlkbs ar ma`tbsts, bxpl`hg`n tjb cgdrlry‗s maccbmtga` ae daais, l`h

lssgstg`n cgdrlrgl`s wgtj mltlcanug`n. ^jgcb tjb praobmt pcl` stltbs tjlt Uacu`tbbrs lrb

suppasbh ta wari wgtj Xjlg tblmjbrs ta hbvbcap cbssa` pcl`s tjlt g`marparltb camlc

iàwcbhnb, a`cy a`b rbspa`hb`t hbsmrgdbh tjb g`marparltga` ae tjbsb bcbkb`ts g`ta

cbssa` pcl``g`n.

Uacu`tbbrs wbrb rbpartbh ls jlvg`n ma`humtbh rbcltgvbcy ebw lmtgvgtgbs g` tjb

makku`gty. Xwbcvb rbspa`hb`ts stltbh tjb Uacu`tbbr tlunjt B`ncgsj ta makku`gty

kbkdbrs l`h stlee ae tjb camlc bhumltga`lc aeegmbs ar makku`gty hbvbcapkb`t aeegmbs. L

ebw mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs hbsmrgdbh g`makb nb`brltga` lmtgvgtgbs ma`humtbh dy

Uacu`tbbrs, sumj ls hbsgn`g`n canas ear camlc prahumts ar lssgstg`n l wakb`‗s dltgi nraup

wgtj klribtg`n. Xjrbb rbspa`hb`ts hbsmrgdbh Uacu`tbbrs warig`n a` JGU/LGH] lmtgvgtgbs,

prgklrgcy jbcpg`n ta mlrb ear pltgb`ts. Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs kast aetb` mgtbh

tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ plrtgmgpltga` g` l`ùlc makku`gty bvb`ts l`h ebstgvlcs.

Dlsbh a` tjb hbsmrgptga` ae lmtgvgtgbs erak rbspa`hb`ts, Uacu`tbbrs ma`humtbh ebw lmtgvgtgbs rbcltbh ta makku gty hbvbcapkb`t, bspbmglccy cgeb sigcc trlg`g`n, ghb`tgeyg`n

samglc gssubs l`h hbvbcapg`n sacutga`s, prakatg`n sbrvgmb cblr`g`n, ma`humtg`n `bbhs

lssbsskb`ts, l`h mrbltg`n ka`gtarg`n l`h bvlcultga` systbks ear tjbsb lmtgvgtgbs.

Uacu`tbbrs lcsa ma`humtbh ebw lmtgvgtgbs ta b`jl`mb plrb`t plrtgmgpltga` g` bhumltga`,

ghb`tgey makku`gty kbkdbrs wgtj camlc iàwcbhnb ta sjlrb g` tjb mclssraak, l`h

mrbltb praebssga`lc `btwaris ae tblmjbrs.

L`y a`b ae tjbsb lmtgvgtgbs gs l eucc-tgkb oad l`h Uacu`tbbrs kly at jlvb tjb tgkb ta

lhhrbss tjbsb lmtgvgtgbs, bvb` tjaunj tjby eark plrt ae tjb praobmt nalcs. G` lhhgtga`,

ngvb` tjlt Uacu`tbbrs lrb rbqugrbh ta tblmj g` twa smjaacs g` twa sbplrltb makku`gtgbs, gt wauch db mucturlccy g`lppraprgltb ta ma`humt makku`gty hbvbcapkb`t lmtgvgtgbs g` a`b

l`h àt tjb atjbr, tjus mrbltg`n lhhgtga`lc wari ear l Uacu`tbbr.

G`tb`hbh Autmakbs

Vraobmt lmtgvgtgbs lrb bxpbmtbh ta cblh ta spbmgegm autmakbs tjlt kbbt praobmt nalcs, l`h

g` sa hag`n kbbt Vblmb Marps‗ prgklry nalc ae trl`sebrrg`n tbmj`gmlc sigccs l`h dugchg`n



42 | V l n b

camlc mlplmgty. Vbrearkl`mb u`hbr tjb Vblmb Marps‗ egrst nalc wls bxlkg`bh g` tjrbb

wlys?

<. Xjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj camlc plrtgmgpl`ts adsbrvbh makku`gty l`h pbrsa`lc

mjl`nbs, l`h rbpartbh nlg`g`n `bw tbmj`gmlc sigccs

4.

Xjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj tjb mlplmgty ear klg`tlg`g`n tjb mjl`nbs wls dugct a`mb tjb praobmt b`hbh

=. Xjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj tjb praobmt kbt tjb makku`gty l`h pbrsa`lc bbhs ae camlc

plrtgmgpl`ts

Xrlg`g`n pravghbh dy Uacu`tbbrs gs a`b kbtjah ear g`mrblsg`n tjb tbmj`gmlc mlplmgty ae

camlc tblmjbrs l`h a`b ae tjb gkkbhgltb autputs ae l`y Vblmb Marps praobmt. Xjb

trlg`g`n rbmbgvbh dy mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs, l`h tjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj trlg`g`n

b`jl`mbh tjbgr sigccs gs prbsb`tbh egrst. G`tb`hbh autmakbs adsbrvbh dy tjb praobmt

plrt`brs lt tjb makku`gty-cbvbc lrb prbsb`tbh sbma`h, eaccawbh dy tjb g`hgvghulc-cbvbc

mjl`nbs rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh.

Xrlg`g`n

Lmmarhg`n ta tjb praobmt pcl`, trlg`g`n ear mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs g` tjb XMMA

Vraobmt wls ta g`mcuhb stuhb`t l`h makku`gty lssbsskb`ts, praobmt hbsgn`, praebssga`lc

hbvbcapkb`t l`h `btwarig`n, tblmjg`n kbtjahs, rbsaurmb hbvbcapkb`t l`h cbssa`

pcl``g`n.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs kast aetb` hbsmrgdbh gèarklc trlg`g`n pravghbh dy tjb

Uacu`tbbr, sumj ls Uacu`tbbr-cbh cl`nulnb cbssa`s, adsbrvg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr tblmj, l`h

warig`n tanbtjbr ta mrbltb cbssa` pcl`s. Xjraunj tjgs gèarklc prambss, rbspa`hb`ts

cblr`bh ldaut plrtgmgpltary kbtjahs l`h l `bw wari stycb wjgmj tjby hbsmrgdbh ls

–karb systbkltgm.‛

Xjb trlg`g`n kast erbqub`tcy kb`tga`bh dy mau`tbrplrts wls gèarklc trlg`g`n g`

tblmjg`n kbtjahs l`h cbssa` pcl``g`n (26%), wjgmj wls l marb makpa`b`t ae tjb

praobmt (Egnurb 2). Avbr l qulrtbr ae tjb mau`tbrplrts (47%) lcsa rbmbgvbh trlg`g`n g`

praebssga`lc hbvbcapkb`t (Egnurb 2). Vraebssga`lc hbvbcapkb`t eamusbh prg`mgplccy a`

B`ncgsj cbssa`s ear tblmjbrs l`h smjaac stlee a`mb l wbbi letbr smjaac. Xjgs trlg`g`n hgh

àt g`mcuhb mrbltg`n `btwaris ae tblmjbrs ls g`tb`hbh dy tjb praobmt pcl`.

Xjb trlg`g`n kast erbqub`tcy kb`tga`bh dy db`begmglrgbs wls g` B`ncgsj spblig`n sigccs

(4>%, Atjbr) l`h tblmjg`n kbtjahs (<:%)(Egnurb 2). Làtjbr <> pbrmb`t rbpartbh

rbmbgvg`n trlg`g`n g` jaw ta ma`humt stuhb`t lssbsskb`ts.

L qulrtbr ae tjb mau`tbrplrts (4>%) l`h avbr a`b-tjgrh ae tjb db`begmglrgbs (=2%)

rbpartbh tjby hgh àt rbmbgvb l`y trlg`g`n. Kl`y spbmgegmlccy stltbh tjby hgh àt rbmbgvb



45 | V l n b

l`y –earklc trlg`g`n‛ erak tjb Uacu`tbbr, g`hgmltg`n tjb hgstg`mtga` tjby klhb dbtwbb`

earklc trlg`g`n l`h tjb gèarklc kb`targ`n tjlt kl`y rbspa`hb`ts hbsmrgdbh.

Egnurb 2? Xrlg`g`n Tbmbgvbh dy Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;559 ear db`begmglrgbs, ;><

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs ebct tjb gèarklc trlg`g`n tjby rbmbgvbh b`jl`mbh tjbgr

sigccs (Egnurb 5). Earty-sbvb` pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h tjgrty-`g`b pbrmb`t ae

db`begmglrgbs dbcgbvbh tjbgr sigccs wbrb sgn`gegml`tcy b`jl`mbh. L` lhhgtga`lc => pbrmb`t

ae mau`tbrplrts l`h =5 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjb trlg`g`n sakbwjlt b`jl`mbh tjbgr sigccs. Xjb sigcc kast aetb` mgtbh ls gkpravg`n ear datj rbspa`hb`t nraups

wls pbrsa`lc B`ncgsj sigccs. Mau`tbrplrts lcsa makkb`tbh tjlt tjb gèarklc trlg`g`n

b`jl`mbh tjbgr tblmjg`n kbtjahs l`h twa db`begmglrgbs àtbh tjlt tjby usb tjb

kbtjahs ta tblmj atjbr sudobmts sumj ls smgb`mb ar kltj. Ear bxlkpcb?

G cblr`bh B`ncgsj dy adsbrvg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr tblmjg`n g` mclss. G hgh`‗t tblmj

B`ncgsj dut G lppcgbh jgs tbmj`gqubs ta ky smgb`mb mclssbs.

Datj nraups lcsa rbman`gzbh tjlt tjb stuhb`ts‗ sigccs jlh dbb` b`jl`mbh l`h tjlt

stuhb`ts jlh l nrbltbr hbsgrb ta cblr` B`ncgsj.

]tuhb`t lssbsskb`ts

Vraobmt hbsgn`

4<%<>%

4<%

Makku`gty `bbhs lssbsskb`ts

5%

4%=%

Vraebssga`lc hbvbcapkb t/`btwarig n 47%8%

Kbtjahs l`h cbssa` pcl``g`n 26%

Atjbr

@a`b

<:%

<4%4>%

4>%

=2%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Mau`tbrplrt Db`begmglry



4> | V l n b

Egnurb 5? Bxtb`t Xrlg`g`n B`jl`mbh ]igccs ae Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs

Ear mau`tbrplrts ;5:, ear db`begmglrgbs ;>4

]mjaac-Cbvbc Mjl`nb

Xjb praobmt tjbary ae mjl`nb (Egnurb <) nb`brltbh l cgst ae praobmt autmakbs wjgmj wbrb

g`marparltbh g`ta tjb qubstga``lgrb. Mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h stlibjachbrs wbrb

lsibh ldaut tjb eaccawg`n smjaac-cbvbc autmakbs?

<.

Xblmjbr maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj

4. Xblmjbrs usg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs

=. B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss

8.

Xblmjbrs usg`n `bw rbsaurmbs l`h kltbrglcs g` mclss

2. Xblmjbrs g`tbnrltg`n camlc bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb g`ta cbssa`s

5. Xblmjbrs hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris

>. Ldgcgty ae makku`gty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgars

Mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h stlibjachbrs wbrb lsibh ldaut praobmt autmakbs

tjraunj l sbrgbs ae qubstga`s. Ear blmj praobmt autmakb hbrgvbh erak tjb praobmt pcl`,

rbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh ge mjl`nbs jlh ammurrbh l`h ldaut tjb hgrbmtga` ae tjasb

mjl`nbs, wjbtjbr tjb smjaac‗s `bbhs jlh dbb` kbt, l`h, wjbrb lppcgmldcb, wjbtjbr tjb

mjl`nb jlh dbb` klg`tlg`bh letbr tjb Uacu`tbbr hbplrtbh. ]tuhb`ts lcsa wbrb lsibh

apb`-b`hbh qubstga`s ldaut jaw tjbgr mclssbs jlh mjl`nbh l`h wjbtjbr tjasb mjl`nbs jlh dbb` klg`tlg`bh dy tjbgr tblmjbrs.

]tlibjachbrs wbrb lcsa lsibh ldaut mjl`nbs g` tjb qulcgty ae cgeb ear stuhb`ts l`h tjbgr

elkgcgbs, l`h wjbtjbr tjbsb mjl`nbs kbt tjb makku`gtgbs‗ `bbhs l`h jlh dbb`

sustlg`bh letbr tjb Uacu`tbbr cbet.

8>%]gn`gegml`tcy b`jl`mbh

=7%

]akbwjlt b`jl`mbh=>%

=5%

<5%Hgh at b`jl`mb

42%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




4: | V l n b

]tuhb`ts wbrb lsibh wjlt mjl`nbs tjby slw g` tjbgr smjaacs l`h wjlt pasgtgvb beebmts

rbsuctbh erak tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari. Xjby wbrb lcsa lsibh ta wjlt bxtb`t tjb smjaacs

l`h tblmjbrs wbrb ldcb ta klg`tlg` tjasb mjl`nbs.

Mjl`nbs Tbsuctg`n erak tjb Vraobmt

Kast ae tjb praobmt autmakbs sjawbh jgnj rltbs ae mjl`nb lmmarhg`n ta mau`tbrplrts

l`h db`begmglrgbs. Mau`tbrplrts rltbh tjrbb autmakbs, wjgmj lrb tjb marb nalcs ae tjb

XMMA praobmt,:

bqulccy jgnj ear gkpravbh mlplmgty dugchg`n letbr warig`n wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr (78%)(Egnurb >)?

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss g`mrblsbh

Xblmjbrs mrbltbh l`h usbh `bw kltbrglcs g` tjb mclssraak karb aetb`

Xblmjbrs usbh plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs

Mau`tbrplrts lcsa àtbh tjlt tjb tblmjbrs‗ maèghb`mb g` spblig`n l`h tblmjg`n B`ncgsjjlh gkpravbh letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr (74%).

Egnurb >? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]mjaac Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs

:Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh ldaut tjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj tjby slw mjl`nbs rbcltbh ta blmj autmakb g` tjbgr

smjaac, makku`gty, dusg`bss, ar navbr`kb`t aeegmb a` tjb eaccawg`n smlcb? kumj dbttbr9 sakbwjlt dbttbr9

tjb slkb9 sakbwjlt warsb9 l`h kumj warsb. A]GTV nraupbh tjb –kumj dbttbr‛ l`h –sakbwjlt dbttbr‛

rbspa`sbs g`ta a`b mltbnary mlccbh –dbttbr.‛ Xjb mltbnargbs ae –sakbwjlt warsb‛ l`h –warsb‛ wbrb

nraupbh g`ta l sg`ncb mltbnary mlccbh –warsb.‛ Xjgs rbsuctbh g` tjb eaccawg`n smlcb? dbttbr, tjb slkb, l`h

warsb.

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;52) 78%

Mrbltg`n l`h usg`n bw kltbrglcs (`;58) 78%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs (`;58) 78%

Maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n B`ncgsj

(`;52)

G`tbnrltg`n camlc bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb wgtj

cbssa`s (`;58)

74%

:6%

Hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc btwaris (`;58) 5>%

Makku`gty s l g gty ta g b`tg y l` l rbss

lt rgsi dbjlvgars (`;58)2:%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%

Dbttbr Xjb slkb ârsb



47 | V l n b

Db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjbgr maèghb`mb g` datj tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj (78%) jlh

g`mrblsbh l`h tblmjbrs usb ae plrtgmgpltary kbtjahs (78%) gkpravbh letbr warig`n wgtj

l Uacu`tbbr (Egnurb :). Lmmarhg`n ta db`begmglrgbs, stuhb`t b`nlnbkb`t g` mclss gkpravbh

(7<%) l`h tblmjbrs g`mrblsbh tjbgr usb ae `bw rbsaurmb kltbrglcs (7<%).

Xjb db`begmglrgbs rltbh tjb tjrbb rbklg`g`n autmakbs ” g`tbnrltg`n camlc iàwcbhnb g`tacbssa`s (>7%), hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris (5>%), l`h makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta

lhhrbss rgsiy dbjlvgars (2:%) ” g` tjb slkb arhbr ls tjb mau`tbrplrts. Jawbvbr, ebwbr

db`begmglrgbs l`swbrbh tjb qubstga` ldaut hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris (`;8>),

wjgmj kly g`hgmltb tjby jlh àt adsbrvbh pranrbss a` tjgs spbmgegm autmakb.

Egnurb :? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]mjaac Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs datj rbpartbh jgnj rltbs ae gkpravbkb`t ear maèghb`mb

g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj, usg`n plrtgmglptary cblr`g`n kbtjahs, stuhb`t

plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss l`h usg`n `bw rbsaurmbs, sunnbstg`n tjlt tjbsb wbrb kloar

mjl`nbs rbsuctg`n erak tjb XMMA Vraobmt. Jawbvbr, datj sbts ae rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh

cawbr rltbs ae mjl`nb ear hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris l`h ghb`tgeyg`n l`h

lhhrbssg`n lt rgsi dbjlvgars (Egnurbs > l`h :). Ls àtbh blrcgbr, db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh

tjby rbmbgvbh cgttcb ta à trlg`g`n g` hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc `btwaris l`h ghb`tgeyg`n

makku`gty `bbhs, wjgmj mauch db tjb rblsa` ear tjb cawbr rltb ae mjl`nb. Lctjaunj 47

pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts stltbh tjby rbmbgvbh trlg`g`n g` praebssga`lc hbvbcapkb`t l`h

`btwarig`n, tjby ma`sghbrbh tjb prgvltb B`ncgsj mclssbs tlunjt dy Uacu`tbbrs ta db

praebssga`lc hbvbcapkb`t.

G` l sbplrltb qubstga`, tjb kloargty ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs stltbh tjlt

plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs l`h `bw rbsaurmbs wbrb tjb kast sgn`gegml`t pasgtgvb

78%

78%

7<%

7<%

>7%

5>%

2:%

Maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n B`ncgsj (`;55)

Xblmjbrs usg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n lppralmjbs (`;55)

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;55)

Rsg`n bw rbsaurmbs l`h kltbrglcs g` mclss

(`;55)


cbssa`s (`;55)

Hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc btwaris (`;85)

Makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt

rgsi dbjlvgars (`;5>)

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%




=6 | V l n b

autmakbs ae tjb praobmt. Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs àtbh tjlt stuhb`ts wbrb karb

katgvltbh ta cblr`, cblr`bh karb qugmicy, l`h sjawbh nrbltbr sbce-maèghb`mb ls l

rbsuct ae tjb kbtjahs g`trahumbh dy tjb Uacu`tbbrs. G` apb`-b`hbh rbspa`sbs, kl`y ae

tjb rbspa`hb`ts stltbh tjby adsbrvbh tjbsb mjl`nbs g` tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s mclssraak, dut

hgh àt lhapt tjb kbtjahs tjbksbcvbs.

]gxty-a`b pbrmb`t ae stuhb`ts rbpartbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ tblmjg`n stycb wls

sakbwjlt hgeebrb`t erak tjlt ae tjbgr rbnuclr tblmjbr, wjgcb tjgrty-tjrbb pbrmb`t slgh gt

wls sgn`gegml`tcy hgeebrb`t. ]tuhb`ts kast aetb` mgtbh tjb hgeebrb`mb ls tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s

usb ae nlkbs, sa`ns, hl`mg`n, l`h ma`tbsts g` tjb mclss ta tblmj tjbk vamlduclry l`h

sb`tb`mb strumturb. ]tuhb`ts makkb`tbh tjlt tjb Xjlg tblmjbrs usb kbkargzltga` l`h

tbxt-dlsbh lppralmjbs wjbrbls tjb Uacu`tbbr usbh lmtgvgtgbs. Lmmarhg`n ta stuhb`ts,

tjgs klhb B`ncgsj karb eu` l`h blsgbr ta cblr`. Ear bxlkpcb?

L dgn hgeebrb`mb. ^jgcb tjb Xjlg tblmjbr lsis stuhb`ts ta oat haw` warhs l`h

kbkargzb tjbk, tjb Uacu`tbbr jls l karb eu` tblmjg`n stycb‘tjby usb warh

mlrhs, sa`ns l`h nlkbs lca`n wgtj tjb ma`tb`t wjgmj ibbps kb lkusbh.

]tuhb`ts lcsa àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s cbssa`s wbrb dbttbr pcl``bh g` makplrgsa` ta

tjbgr rbnuclr tblmjbr‗s mclssbs l`h tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr a`cy spaib B`ncgsj g` mclss. ]bvbrlc

stuhb`ts makkb`tbh tjlt stuhb`ts wbrb lccawbh ta lsi qubstga`s wjb` tjby hgh àt

u`hbrstl`h l ma`mbpt ar warh l`h tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr wauch mjlt wgtj tjbk dbearb

mclss, prlmtgmbs tjlt Xjlg tblmjbrs wauch àt lccaw. Ls l rbsuct, stuhb`ts àtbh tjby jlh

l hgeebrb`t rbcltga`sjgp wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr ls l tblmjbr.

]tlibjachbrs rbpartbh l ma`sgstb`t mjl`nb ear tjb dbttbr lka`n lcc ae tjb autmakbs.

Xjb twa kast erbqub`tcy rbpartbh mjl`nbs wbrb l dbttbr qulcgty ae cgeb ear stuhb`ts l`helkgcgbs (74%) l`h tblmjbrs‗ usb ae plrtgmgpltary kbtjahs (74%, `;=:). Xjb sbma`h kast

rbpartbh mjl`nb wls g`mrblsbh stuhb`t l`h tblmjbr maèghb`mb g` spblig`n B`ncgsj (76%

blmj, `;=7).

]ustlg`ldgcgty ae ]mjaac Mjl`nb

Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb tjb` lsibh ta lssbss tjb bxtb`t ta wjgmj tjb mjl`nbs jlh dbb`

klg`tlg`bh dy smjaac lhkg`gstrltars, tblmjbrs, l`h stuhb`ts a` tjb eaccawg`n smlcb? ybs,

ta sakb bxtb`t, l`h à.7

Mau`tbrplrts (5<%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (2<%) mgtbh maèghb`mb g` tjbgr `bw tblmjg`n sigccs

l`h tjbgr pbrsa`lc B`ncgsj cl`nulnb sigccs ls tjb kast euccy sustlg`bh mjl`nb (Egnurbs 7

l`h <6). L` gkpravbh maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj wls lcsa tjb sbma`h

kast erbqub`tcy mgtbh mjl`nb lt tjb smjaac cbvbc. Xjb rbparts ae gkpravbh B`ncgsj sigccs

7Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lcsa ngvb` l mjagmb ae –u`surb,‛ dut tjbsb rbspa`sbs wbrb at g`mcuhbh g` tjgs

l`lcysgs.



=< | V l n b

l`h tjb jgnj cbvbc ae sustlg`bh mjl`nb sunnbst Uacu`tbbrs klhb l stra`n gkplmt g`

plrtgmgpl`ts‗ cl`nulnb mlplmgty (Egnurb >).

Xjb g`mrblsbh plrtgmgpltga` ae stuhb`ts g` mclss wls tjb sbma`h kast sustlg`bh mjl`nb

lmmarhg`n ta mau`tbrplrts (88%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (85%) (Egnurbs 7 l`h <6). Xjgs

autmakb wls tjb jgnjbst rltbh g` tbrks ae tjb hgrbmtga` ae mjl`nb, dut tjb kahbrltb cbvbc ae sustlg`ldgcgty rbpartbh g`hgmltbs tjlt tblmjbrs elmbh hgeegmuctgbs klg`tlg`g`n

stuhb`t plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss. Xjgs kly kbl` tjlt tblmjbrs jlvb àt dbb` ldcb ta

klg`tlg` tjb plrtgmgpltary kbtjahs ar tjb cbvbc ae mclssraak rbsaurmbs. Datj ae tjbsb

autmakbs rlìbh rbcltgvbcy caw g` tbrks ae sustlg`ldgcgty ear mau`tbrplrts l`h

db`begmglrgbs. Xjgs db`begmglry‗s makkb`t g`hgmltbs wjy tblmjbrs hgh àt klg`tlg` tjb

`bw kbtjahs l`h stuhb`t plrtgmgpltga`?

]akb tblmjbrs stgcc usb nlkbs g` tjb mclssraak l`h prlmtgmb cl`nulnb sigccs

cblr`bh erak tjb Uacu`tbbr. Dut kast tblmjbrs wbrb àt g`tbrbstbh g` sustlg`g`n

tjb rbsucts ae tjb Uacu`tbbr's wari dbmlusb tjby jlh taa kl`y tjg`ns ta ha l`h

sakb tblmjbrs hgh àt cgib tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s dbjlvgar, jb`mb hgh`‗t lpprbmgltb jgs

wari. ”Db`begmglry

Egnurb 7? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb ]mjaac Cbvbc

Maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n B`ncgsj (`;27) 5<% =>%

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;54) 88% 2=%

Mrbltg`n l`h usg`n bw kltbrglcs (`;56) =:% 2:%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs (`;56) =2% 2:%

Hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc btwaris (`;26)


cbssa`s (`;25)


rgsi dbjlvgars (`;8>)

4:% 55%

42% >6%

4=% >6%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%

Wbs Xa sakb bxtb`t @a



=4 | V l n b

Egnurb <6? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb ]mjaac Cbvbc

]tuhb`ts maègrkbh tjlt tjbgr Xjlg tblmjbrs jlh dbttbr B`ncgsj praù`mgltga` letbr

stuhyg`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr. Xwb`ty-tjrbb pbrmb`t (: ae =2) stuhb`ts rbpartbh mjl`nbs

g` tblmjg`n kbtjahs jlh àt dbb` sustlg`bh dbmlusb Xjlg tblmjbrs rbtur`bh ta tjbgr

kbkargzltga` l`h tbxt-dlsbh kbtjahs.

Datj mau`tbrplrts (4=%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (4>%) rbpartbh tjb makku`gtgbs‗ ldgcgty ta

ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgars ls tjb cblst sustlg`bh mjl`nb. Xjgs autmakb lcsa

sjawbh tjb cblst lkau`t ae mjl`nb, lmmarhg`n ta datj rbspa`hb`t nraups. L` lckast

l` bqulc pbrmb`tlnb ae mau`tbrplrts (:6%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (>7%) rbpartbh tblmjbrs

wbrb dbttbr g`marparltg`n camlc bxpbrgb`mb ar iàwcbhnb g`ta cbssa`s, tjaunj ebw jlh

hbsmrgdbh tjgs lmtgvgty (Egnurbs > l`h :). Db`begmglrgbs (=2%) ebct tjgs autmakb jlh dbb`

sustlg`bh ta l nrbltbr bxtb`t tjl` mau`tbrplrts (42%) (Egnurbs 7 l`h <6).

Lka`n stlibjachbrs, 84 pbrmb`t kast erbqub`tcy rbpartbh tjlt tjb gkpravbh qulcgty ae

cgeb ear stuhb`ts l`h elkgcgbs jlh dbb` euccy sustlg`bh (`;=5). Làtjbr 88 pbrmb`t

rbpartbh tjgs autmakb jlh dbb` sustlg`bh ta sakb bxtb`t. Gkpravbh qulcgty ae cgeb wls

lcsa tjb kast erbqub`tcy rbpartbh mjl`nb dy stlibjachbrs, suppartg`n tjb ghbl tjlt

Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari sgn`gegml`tcy gkplmtbh stuhb`ts‗ cgvbs. ]tlibjachbrs rbpartbh g`mrblsbh g`tbnrltga` ae camlc bxpbrgb`mb l`h iàwcbhnb g`ta mclssraak cbssa`s ls tjb sbma`h

kast euccy sustlg`bh mjl`nb (=4%), wgtj l` lhhgtga`lc 2= pbrmb`t rbpartg`n tjgs mjl`nb

ls sakbwjlt sustlg`bh. Lctjaunj db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjgs autmakb ls sustlg`bh lt

lppraxgkltbcy tjb slkb cbvbcs, mau`tbrplrts hgh at ebbc tjgs autmakb jlh dbb`

sustlg`bh.

Maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n B`ncgsj (`;27) 2<% 85%

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;28) 85% 8:%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs (`;22)


cbssa`s (`;8:)

Hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc btwaris (`;=2)

=:% 25%

=2% 2:%

=8% 2>%

Mrbltg`n l`h usg`n bw kltbrglcs (`;25)


rgsi dbjlvgars (`;8<)

=8% 27%

4>% 5:%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%




== | V l n b

Bxtb`t ta wjgmj Mjl`nbs Kbt ]mjaac @bbhs

Eg`lccy, rbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh ta lssbss jaw wbcc tjb mjl`nbs kbt tjb makku`gty‗s

`bbhs. Mau`tbrplrts dbcgbvbh tjlt tjbgr gkpravbh maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n

B`ncgsj dbst kbt tjbgr bbhs (>>%)(Egnurb <<). Xjgs autmakb wls lcsa tjb jgnjbst rltbh

ear cbvbcs ae mjl`nb l`h sustlg`ldgcgty. ]gkgclrcy, stuhb`t b`nlnbkb`t g` mclss lcsa kbt tjb kloargty ae mau`tbrplrt‗s `bbhs (>6%) l`h tjby rltbh gt jgnjcy ear adsbrvbh mjl`nbs

l`h sustlg`ldgcgty. Xjbsb rbspa`sbs g`hgmltb tjlt Uacu`tbbrs jlh tjb nrbltbst gkplmt a`

tblmjbrs‗ sigccs l`h maèghb`mb l`h a` tjbgr ldgcgty ta b`nlnb stuhb`ts g` mclss.

Xjb autmakb tjlt db`begmglrgbs kast aetb` stltbh kbt tjbgr `bbhs wls gkpravbh

maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj (::%)(Egnurb <4). Db`begmglrgbs lcsa rltbh

tjgs autmakb jgnjcy g` tbrks ae cbvbc ae mjl`nb l`h sustlg`ldgcgty (Egnurb <6).

Db`begmglrgbs rltbh usg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n lppralmjbs ls tjb sbma`h jgnjbst

autmakb ear kbbtg`n tjbgr `bbhs (:8%). Xjgs autmakb wls sbma`h jgnjbst g` tbrks ae

mjl`nb, dut rbcltgvbcy caw ear sustlg`ldgcgty ls rbpartbh dy db`begmglrgbs. Xjgs sunnbsts

tjlt db`begmglrgbs rbman`gzb tjb db`begt ae tjb lppralmjbs, dut kly jlvb hgeegmucty g`

gkpcbkb`tg`n tjb kbtjahs a`mb tjb Uacu`tbbr cblvbs.

Egnurb <<? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae Jaw ^bcc Mjl`nbs Kbt Makku`gty @bbhs

Datj mau`tbrplrts (2=%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (2=%) rbpartbh tjlt tjb makku`gty‗s ldgcgty

ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgars kbt tjbgr `bbhs tjb cblst. Lhhgtga`lccy,

mau`tbrplrts lcsa ebct tjlt g`tbnrltg`n camlc bxpbrgb`mbs g`ta cbssa`s hgh àt kbbt tjbgr

>>%

>6%

5>%

52%

5<%

2=%

24%


B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;5>)

Xblmjbrs usg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n

lppralmjbs (`;55)

Xblmjbrs mrbltg`n l`h usg`n bw kltbrglcs g`

cbssa`s (`;55)

Hbvbcapkb`t ae praebssga`lc btwaris lka`n

tblmjbrs tjlt dugch mlplmgty (`;25)

Makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss cgeb

sigccs/lt rgsi dbjlvgars (`;22)

Xblmjbrs g`tbnrltg`n camlc

bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb wgtj smjaac sudobmts…

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%

Makpcbtbcy/Clrnb bxtb`t Cgkgtbh bxtb`t @at lt lcc



=8 | V l n b

`bbhs (24%) wjgcb db`begmglrgbs ebct tjlt hbvbcapg`n praebssga`lc btwaris hgh àt kbbt

tjbgr `bbhs (2:%).

Avbrlcc, db`begmglrgbs l`h mau`tbrplrts vgbwbh tjbgr g`mrblsbh maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n

l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj l`h stuhb`ts‗ g`mrblsbh b`nlnbkb`t g` mclss ls tjb kast

summbsseuc autmakbs ae tjb praobmt.

Egnurb <4? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae Jaw ^bcc Mjl`nbs Kbt Makku`gty @bbhs

Lka`n stlibjachbrs, >4 pbrmb`t rbpartbh tjlt tjb gkpravbh qulcgty ae cgeb ear stuhb`ts

l`h elkgcgbs kbt tjbgr bbhs makpcbtbcy ar ta clrnb bxtb`t (`;=7). ]gxty-`g`b pbrmb`t ae

stlibjachbrs rbpartbh tblmjbrs usg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs lcsa kbt tjbgr

`bbhs makpcbtbcy ar ta l clrnb bxtb`t. ]tlibjachbrs rltbh tjbsb twa prlmtgmbs jgnjcy g`

tbrks ae mjl`nb l`h sustlg`bh lmtgvgtgbs. Cgib atjbr rbspa`hb`ts, stlibjachbrs dbcgbvbh

tjlt tjb makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgars cblst kbttjbgr

`bbhs (=:%).

Mjl`nbs lt tjb G`hgvghulc Cbvbc

Xjb praobmt tjbary ae mjl`nb kahbc (Egnurb <) nb`brltbh l cgst ae g`hgvghulc ar pbrsa`lc-

cbvbc praobmt autmakbs. Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wbrb lsibh ldaut tjb bxtb`t ta

wjgmj tjby slw mjl`nbs g` tjbksbcvbs rbcltbh ta blmj ae tjb eaccawg`n autmakbs?

<. Waur maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj

4. Waur ldgcgty ta usb plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs


Xblmjbrs usg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n lppralmjbs

(`;54)

B`nlnbkb`t ae stuhb`ts g` mclss (`;54)

G`tbnrltga` ae camlc bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb wgtj smjaac sudobmts (`;2>)

Rsg`n bw rbsaurmbs l`h kltbrglcs g` mclss (`;54)

Hbvbcapkb`t ae praebssga`lc btwaris lka`n

tblmjbrs tjlt dugch mlplmgty (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=5)

Makku`gty‗s ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss cgeb

sigccs/lt rgsi dbjlvgars (`;8>)

::%

:8%

>7%

>8%

>=%

2:%

2=%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76% <66%

Makpcbtbcy/Clrnb bxtb`t Cgkgtbh Bxtb`t @at lt lcc



=2 | V l n b

=. Waur qulcgty ae cgeb

8. Waur ldgcgty ta g`tbnrltb camlc bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb g`ta cbssa`s

2. Waur hbvbcapkb`t ae praebssga`lc `btwaris

5. Waur ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt-rgsi dbjlvgars

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wbrb lsibh ldaut g`hgvghulc-cbvbc praobmt autmakbs tjraunj l sbrgbs ae qubstga`s. Ear blmj g`hgvghulc autmakb hbrgvbh erak tjb praobmt

pcl`, rbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh ge mjl`nbs jlh ammurrbh l`h ldaut tjb hgrbmtga` ae tjasb

mjl`nbs, wjbtjbr tjbgr `bbhs jlh dbb` kbt, l`h, wjbrb lppcgmldcb, wjbtjbr tjby jlh

klg`tlg`bh tjb mjl`nb letbr tjb Uacu`tbbr hbplrtbh. ]tlibjachbrs wbrb àt lsibh

ldaut g`hgvghulc-cbvbc mjl`nbs sg`mb tjby hgh àt wari wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr a` l hlgcy

dlsgs, l`h wbrb karb g`vacvbh g` tjb hbsgn` l`h gkpcbkb`tltga` ae tjb praobmt.

G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs Tbsuctg`n erak tjb Vraobmt

Avbrlcc, l kloargty ae datj mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs ebct tjbgr tbmj`gmlc sigccs jlh

gkpravbh ls l rbsuct ae warig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr. Mau`tbrplrts (74%) l`h

db`begmglrgbs (:>%) ebct tjb nrbltbst pbrsa`lc mjl`nb jlh dbb` g` tjbgr maèghb`mb g`

tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj (Egnurbs <= l`h <8). Bgnjty-sbvb` pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts

l`h bgnjty-twa pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjbgr usb ae plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n

kbtjahs wls dbttbr. ]tuhb`ts (<66%) rbpartbh tjlt tjbgr plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss wls

dbttbr. Dlsbh a` tjb hltl ear mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs, gkpravbh maèghb`mb g`

spblig`n l`h tblmjg`n B`ncgsj wls l sgn`gegml`t mjl`nb lt datj tjb pbrsa`lc l`h

makku`gty cbvbcs.

Egnurb <=? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs

74%

:>%

:<%

>:%

5:%

5>%

Waur maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n

B`ncgsj (`;5=)

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs (`;5=)

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;58)

G`tbnrltg`n sudobmt ma`tb`t wgtj camlc

bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb (`;5=)

Rsg`n praebssga`lc btwaris ta dugch yaur

mlplmgty (`;5=)

Waur ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss cgeb

sigccs/lt rgsi dbjlvgars (`;5=)

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




=5 | V l n b

Datj mau`tbrplrts (5>%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (5<%) rbpartbh tjbgr g`hgvghulc ldgcgty ta

ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgar g` stuhb`ts sjawbh tjb cblst mjl`nb (Egnurbs <=

l`h <8). Datj nraups lcsa rbpartbh tjlt tjbrb wls cgttcb mjl`nb g` tbrks ae usg`n

praebssga`lc `btwaris. Xjbsb rbspa`sbs marrbspa`h wgtj tjbgr rbspa`sbs rbnlrhg`n

makku`gty mjl`nbs wjbrb tjby jlh rbpartbh tjbsb ls tjb cblst sustlg`bh l`h `bbhbh

autmakbs. Xjb ma`sgstb`my ae tjbgr l`swbrs sunnbsts tjlt tjbsb autmakbs kly jlvb jlhcgkgtbh gkplmt ear db`begmglrgbs l`h mau`tbrplrts.

Egnurb <8? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs Tbcltbh ta Vraobmt Autmakbs

G` l sbplrltb qubstga`, mau`tbrplrts wbrb lsibh jaw beebmtgvb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari wls

avbrlcc g` dugchg`n tjbgr g`hgvghulc mlplmgty l`h tjb mlplmgty ae tjb atjbr makku`gty

kbkdbrs (Egnurb <2). ]gxty-tjrbb pbrmb`t stltbh tjb lmtgvgtgbs wbrb vbry beebmtgvb g`

dugchg`n tjbgr g`hgvghulc mlplmgty l`h làtjbr twb`ty-tjrbb pbrmb`t rbpartbh tjlt tjb

lmtgvgtgbs jlh dbb` sakbwjlt beebmtgvb g` dugchg`n tjbgr mlplmgty. Mau`tbrplrts wja

rbpartbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari ls beebmtgvb ebct tjb smjaac‗s mlplmgty jlh dbb` dugct

dbmlusb tblmjbrs‗ cl`nulnb sigccs, tblmjg`n kbtjahs, l`h maèghb`mb jlh gkpravbh. Ear

bxlkpcb,

Ubry beebmtgvb. Xblmjbrs jlvb karb maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n l`h bxprbssg`n

tjbksbcvbs g` B`ncgsj. G pbrsa`lccy nat ta iàw elkgcy dlminrau`h ae ky stuhb`ts

dbttbr,(bspbmglccy tjasb erak draib` ar pradcbkltgm elkgcgtgbs) tjraunj tjb VMU

dbmlusb sjb spb`t l cat ae tgkb wgtj tjb stuhb`ts l`h tjby dlmlkb qugtb mcasb ta

jbr. Xjb Uacu`tbbr lcsa jbcpbh ta dugch l naah gklnb ear aur smjaac. ”

Mau`tbrplrt

Waur plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss (]XRHB@X] A@CW)

(`;42)<66%

Waur maèghb`mb g` tblmjg`n/spblig`n B`ncgsj

(`;54):>%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs

(XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;88) :4% G`tbnrltg`n sudobmt ma`tb`t wgtj camlc

bxpbrgb`mb (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;84)>5%

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;58) >6%

Rsg`n praebssga`lc btwaris ta jbcp dugch

mlplmgty (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;84)58%

Waur ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss cgeb sigccs/lt5<%

rgsi dbjlvgars (`;5<)

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%




=> | V l n b

Xjby lcsa ebct tjlt stuhb`ts‗ katgvltga` l`h hbsgrb ta cblr` l`h stuhy jlh gkpravbh, ls

wbcc ls stuhb`ts‗ lmlhbkgm pbrearkl`mb.

Egnurb <2? Beebmtgvb`bss ae Uacu`tbbrs‗ âri g` Dugchg`n G`hgvghulc Mlplmgty

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;52

Mau`tbrplrts wbrb cbss mbrtlg` ldaut tjb beebmtgvb`bss ae Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari g` dugchg`n

makku`gty mlplmgty. Xwb`ty-a`b pbrmb`t stltbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari jlh dbb`

sakbwjlt ar vbry g`beebmtgvb g` dugchg`n makku`gty mlplmgty. G` tjbsb g`stl`mbs,

rbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr wls àt l qulcgegbh tblmjbr ar tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr

hgh àt wari autsghb tjb smjaac wgtj tjb makku`gty. Tbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr dugct tjb mlplmgty ae makku`gty kbkdbrs g` a`cy l ebw mlsbs. A`b

mau`tbrplrt makkb`tbh?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr pclybh l` gkpartl`t racb g` tblmjg`n vgcclnbrs, tblmjbrs, ùrsbs,

l`h pacgmb aeegmbrs B`ncgsj cl`nulnb wjgmj rblccy jbcps g`mrblsb tjbgr B`ncgsj

sigccs. ” Mau`tbrplrt

]ustlg`ldgcgty ae G`hgvghulc Mjl`nbs

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs ebct tjb mjl`nbs jlh dbb` sustlg`bh ta sakb bxtb`t.Mau`tbrplrts (7>%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (<66%) kast aetb` rbpartbh tjbgr maèghb`mb g`

tblmjg`n l`h spblig`n B`ncgsj jlh dbb` sustlg`bh euccy ar ta sakb bxtb`t (Egnurbs <5

l`h <>). Xjgs rbecbmtbh tjbgr kast aetb` mgtbh pbrsa`lc l`h makku`gty cbvbc mjl`nb, ls

wbcc.

Ubry beebmtgvb 5=%

]akbwjlt beebmtgvb 4=%

]akbwjlt g`beebmtgvb 2%

Ubry g`beebmtgvb 7%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%



=: | V l n b

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs hgh àt lnrbb a` tjb sbma`h jgnjbst sustlg`bh pbrsa`lc

mjl`nb. Mau`tbrplrts ebct tjby jlh sustlg`bh tjbgr pbrsa`lc usb ae plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n

kbtjahs euccy (8>%) ar ta sakb bxtb`t (26%) (Egnurb <5). Db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjby

ma`tgùbh ta g`tbnrltb camlc ma`tb`t g`ta mclssraak sudobmts, euccy (=>%) ar ta sakb

bxtb`t (56%) (Egnurb <>).

Egnurb <5? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb G`hgvghulc Cbvbc

Ls wgtj atjbr qubstga`s, mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjlt tjbgr ldgcgty ta

ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss lt rgsi dbjlvgars lka`n stuhb`ts ls a`b ae tjb cblst sustlg`bh

autmakbs (Egnurb <5 l`h <>). Xjgs wls lcsa a`b ae tjb autmakbs sjawg`n tjb cblst lkau`t ae mjl`nb lt datj tjb g`hgvghulc l`h makku`gty cbvbcs.


(`;5<)87% 8:%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs (`;56) 8>% 26%


mlplmgty (`;2<)=2% 5<%

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;2:) =<% 58%


bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb (`;2:)

Waur ldgcgty ta ghb`tgey l`h lhhrbss cgeb sigccs/lt

rgsi dbjlvgars (`;26)

=<% 55%

=6% 56%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




=7 | V l n b

Bxtb`t ta wjgmj Mjl`nbs Kbt G`hgvghulc @bbhs

Db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjlt tjb praobmt autmakbs kbt tjbgr `bbhs ta l jgnjbr hbnrbb

tjl` mau`tbrplrts (Egnurb <: l`h <7). Mau`tbrplrts (>>%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (:8%) kast

aetb` rbpartbh tjlt tjbgr g`mrblsbh maèghb`mb g` spblig`n l`h tblmjg`n B`ncgsj kbt

tjbgr `bbhs makpcbtbcy ar ta l clrnb bxtb`t. Xjgs autmakb wls tjb kast erbqub`tcy mgtbh

mjl`nb l`h tjb kast sustlg`bh mjl`nb lt tjb g`hgvghulc cbvbc ear mau`tbrplrts9

mau`tbrplrts ma`sghbr tjgs autmakb ta jlvb jlh tjb kast gkplmt a` tjbgr g`hgvghulc

mlplmgty dugchg`n.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs hgslnrbbh a` tjb sbma`h kast rbpartbh autmakb ta euccy

kbbt tjbgr `bbhs, rbecbmtg`n tjb hgeebrb`mb g` sustlg`bh autmakbs. Mau`tbrplrts (55%)

rbpartbh tjlt usg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs jlh euccy kbt tjbgr `bbhs, wjgcb

db`begmglrgbs (:4%) rbpartbh tjlt g`tbnrltg`n camlc ma`tb`t g`ta mclssraak sudobmts

dbttbr kbt tjbgr `bbhs. Xjgs rbspa`sb a` g`tbnrltg`n camlc iàwcbhnb ma`trlsts wgtj

mau`tbrplrts (27%) wja rbpartbh tjgs autmakb cblst kbt tjbgr g`hgvghulc `bbhs.

]tuhb`ts (7<%) rbpartbh tjlt tjbgr g`mrblsbh plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss kbt tjbgr `bbhs

makpcbtbcy ar ta l clrnb bxtb`t.


(`;2=)


bxpbrgb`mb (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=2)

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=>)

Waur plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss (]XRHB@X] A@CW)

(`;<7)


mlplmgty (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;==)


rgsi dbjlvgars (`;=7)

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;86)

2=% 8>%

=>% 56%

=4% 54%

=4% 5:%

4>% 58%

4=% >4%

46% 5:%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%


Egnurb <>? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae ]ustlg`ldgcgty lt tjb G`hgvghulc Cbvbc



86 | V l n b

Egnurb <:? Mau`tbrplrt Lssbsskb`t ae jaw Autmakbs Kbt tjbgr G`hgvghulc @bbhs

Egnurb <7? Db`begmglry Lssbsskb`t ae jaw Autmakbs Kbt tjbgr G`hgvghulc @bbhs

Jaw ]igccs lrb Rsbh Vbrsa`lccy l`h Vraebssga`lccy

Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh jaw aetb` tjby usbh tjb sigccs nlg`bh erak tjb praobmt g` tjbgr

praebssga`lc l`h pbrsa`lc cgvbs, l`h wjgmj sigccs tjby usbh kast erbqub`tcy. Xjgrty-twa

pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts usbh tjb sigccs tjby cblr`bh hurg`n tjb praobmt a` l hlgcy dlsgs

ear wari (Egnurb 46). Làtjbr 47 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh usg`n tjbgr `bw sigccs

Waur plrtgmgpltga` g m lss ]XRHB@X] A@CW

(`;4=)7<%


(`;2:):8%


bxpbrgb`mb (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=:):4%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs

(XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=7) 57%

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;82) 57%


rgsi dbjlvgars (`;85)5=%


mlplmgty (XBLMJBT] A@CW) (`;=8)25%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%

Makpcbtbcy/Clrnb bxtb`t Cgkgtbh Bxtb`t @at lt lcc

aur ma` b`mb ` blm `n spbl `n `n s

(`;52)>>%

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs (`;58) 55%


mlplmgty (`;2>)5=%

Waur qulcgty ae cgeb (`;52) 56%


bxpbrgb`mb/iàwcbhnb (`;58)27%


rgsi dbjlvgars (`;27)2:%

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76%<66%

Makpcbtbcy/Clrnb bxtb`t Cgkgtbh bxtb`t @at lt lcc



8< | V l n b

a` l wbbicy dlsgs. Xjby rbpartbh usg`n tjb tblmjg`n kbtjahs, rbsaurmb kltbrglcs l`h

cbssa` pcl``g`n kast aetb`. Ear bxlkpcb, tjbsb mau`tbrplrts hbsmrgdbh jaw tjby usbh

tjb sigccs?

G tjgì G gkpravbh ky sigccs ldaut >6% g` tblmjg`n tbmj`gqubs. G'k àw karb

maèghb`t g` praàu`mg`n l`h makku`gmltg`n g` B`ncgsj. Atjbr tblmjbrs lcsa lrb

b`tjusglstgm ta gkpravb tjb cbssa`s. Xjby jlvb lppcgbh Uacu`tbbr's tbmj`gqubs g`

mclss.

G tjgì tjb Uacu`tbbr jbcpbh gkpravb tjb tblmjbrs' B`ncgsj sigccs l`h mlpldgcgtgbs.

^b wb`t erak jlvg`n à ghbls ldaut B`ncgsj ta dbg`n ldcb ta makku`gmltb g`

B`ncgsj (datj spblig`n l`h wrgtg`n).

G ml` hbvbcap cbssa` pcl`s l`h prbplrb kltbrglcs dy kysbce, àt oust mapyg`n erak

daais. Dbmlusb G dbmlkb karb hgsmgpcg`bh l`h ibbp strgmt hblhcg`bs, atjbr

tblmjbrs lcsa tlib kb ls l racb kahbc.

G` lhhgtga`, tjby lcsa stltbh tjby spaib karb B`ncgsj g` mclss l`h jlh lhaptbh tjb

Uacu`tbbr‗s wari stycb? pu`mtulcgty, pcl``g`n, l`h nb`brasgty ta maccblnubs.

Jawbvbr, 48 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh tjlt tjby hgh àt usb l`y ae tjb sigccs g`

tjbgr praebssga`lc cgeb. Ls a`b mau`tbrplrt bxpclg`bh, –G hgh`‗t cblr` l`ytjg`n erak tjb

Uacu`tbbr dbmlusb tjb Uacu`tbbr hgh`‗t sjlrb tjbgr iàwcbhnb ar bxpbrgb`mb.‛

Egnurb 46? Erbqub`my ae ]igccs Rsbh g` Vraebssga`lc Cgeb dy Mau`tbrplrts


Hlgcy =4%

^bbicy 47%

Ka`tjcy <<%

L ebw tgkbs l yblr 2%

@at lt lcc 48%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%



84 | V l n b

Egnurb 4<? Erbqub`my ae ]igccs Rsbh g` Vbrsa`lc Cgeb

Mau`tbrplrts, ;55, ear db`begmglrgbs ;>=

G` tjbgr pbrsa`lc cgvbs, 26 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts stltbh tjlt tjby usbh `bw sigccs erak

tjb praobmt a` l hlgcy dlsgs (Egnurb 4<). Earty-eaur pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh

usg`n bw sigccs g` tjbgr pbrsa`lc cgvbs a` l hlgcy dlsgs (Egnurb 4<). Làtjbr 4> pbrmb`t ae

datj mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh usg`n `bw sigccs a` l wbbicy dlsgs.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs kast erbqub`tcy rbpartbh spblig`n B`ncgsj karb aetb`,

bspbmglccy wgtj ^bstbr` taurgsts. Mau`tbrplrts lcsa àtbh tjlt tjby jlvb karb

maèghb`mb g` nb`brlc, wjgcb db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tblmjg`n B`ncgsj ta tjbgr aw`

mjgchrb` lt jakb.

L kahbrltb pbrmb`tlnb ae mau`tbrplrts (<<%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (<5%) slgh tjby hgh àt

usb tjb sigccs lt lcc. ]bvbrlc db`begmglrgbs àtbh tjby à ca`nbr jlvb l`y appartu`gtgbs ta

spbli B`ncgsj.

R`g`tb`hbh Autmakbs

Tbsblrmj tblks lsibh rbspa`hb`ts ta hbsmrgdb atjbr mjl`nbs l`h lmmakpcgsjkb`ts

rbsuctg`n erak tjb wari ae tjb Uacu`tbbr dbya`h tjasb hbeg`bh dy tjb praobmt pcl`.

Atjbr Mjl`nbs l`h Lmmakpcgsjkb`ts

Xjb XMMA Vraobmt prahumbh twa u`g`tb`hbh autmakbs lmrass sbvbrlc ae tjb sgtbs, l`h l

ebw u`g`tb`hbh autmakbs lt g`hgvghulc sgtbs. Lmmarhg`n ta mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs,

l`h stuhb`ts, tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ kbtjahs l`h hbkblàr prahumbh l mjl`nb g` tjb stuhb`t

tblmjbr rbcltga`sjgp lt sbvbrlc smjaacs. ]tuhb`ts rbpartbh tjlt tblmjbrs àw mjlttbh

wgtj stuhb`ts prgar ta mclss l`h wbrb karb wgccg`n ta lccaw stuhb`ts ta lsi qubstga`s

hurg`n mclss. Xblmjbrs rbpartbh tjlt tjb mclss ltkaspjbrb gs kumj dbttbr. Xjby lrb àt

Hlgcy26%

88%

^bbicy4>%

4>%

Ka`tjcy

L ebw tgkbs l yblr

@at lt lcc

:%>%

2%

2%

<<%<5%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




8= | V l n b

ls g`jgdgtbh ta pcly nlkbs ar hl`mb g` mclss l`h sbvbrlc tblmjbrs stltbh tjby i`bw tjbgr

stuhb`ts dbttbr. Ear bxlkpcb, tjbsb mau`tbrplrts makkb`tbh ldaut tjb mjl`nb?

Xjraunj tjb Uacu`tbbr, G pbrsa`lccy nat ta iàw tjb elkgcy dlminrau`h ae ky

stuhb`ts dbttbr, bspbmglccy tjasb erak draib` ar pradcbkltgm elkgcgbs. Xjb

Uacu`tbbr spb`t l cat ae tgkb wgtj tjb stuhb`ts l`h tjby dbmlkb qugtb mcasb tajbr.

G'k karb jbcpeuc l`h ma`mb`trltb a` stuhb`ts' pbrsa`lc gssubs wjgmj klib tjbk

jlppgbr. ^b'rb nbttg`n mcasbr.

G ply karb rbspbmt ta pbapcb bvb` ge tjby lrb yau`nbr l`h aur stuhb`ts. G'k karb

apb` ta lmmbpt stuhb`ts' ghbls àw.

Ear stuhb`ts, tjgs kbl`t l ergb`hcgbr cblr`g`n b`vgra`kb`t g` wjgmj tblmjbrs hgh àt

pu`gsj stuhb`ts ls tjby jlh prgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. Xjbsb kbtjahs,

jawbvbr, mjlccb`nb Xjlg mucturlc àrks. L stuhb`t-tblmjbr rbcltga`sjgp dlsbh a`

kutulc cblr`g`n l`h rbspbmt ma`trlhgmtbh tjb trlhgtga`lc jgbrlrmjgmlc strumturb ae Xjlg

mclssraaks. ]umj l hrlkltgm mjl`nb g` samglc rbcltga`s `bbhs ta db lmtgvbcy kl`lnbh

tjraunj l mjl`nb kl`lnbkb`t systbk l`h Uacu`tbbrs sjauch db prbplrbh ear rblmtga`s

ta tjbsb mjl`nbs.

Xjb sbma`h u`g`tb`hbh autmakb lmrass tjb sgtbs wls l mjl`nb g` tblmjbrs‗ wari jldgts.

Kl`y tblmjbrs makkb`tbh tjlt tjby jlh lhaptbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s wari stycb. Xjby

rbpartbh pcl``g`n l`h arnl`gzg`n tjbgr wari, g` lhhgtga` ta cbssa` pcl``g`n, lrrgvg`n ta

mclss a` tgkb, l`h ma`humtg`n sbce-bvlcultga`s ae blmj mclss.

Xwa g`hgvghulc smjaacs rbpartbh lhhgtga`lc u`g`tb`hbh autmakbs. Tbspa`hb`ts erak

a`b smjaac makkb`tbh tjlt hurg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s sbrvgmb tjb smjaac dbmlkb l`

B`ncgsj mb`tbr, ls tjgs db`begmglry bxpclg`bh?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr arnl`gzbh B`ncgsj maursbs ear tblmjbrs erak smjaacs wgtjg` tjb

slkb B]LA. ]a aur smjaac bvb`tulccy dbmlkb l mb`tbr ear B`ncgsj lmtgvgtgbs sumj

ls B`ncgsj mlkps.

Lmmarhg`n ta rbspa`hb`ts, tjb smjaac ma`tgùbs ta db l mb`tbr ear B`ncgsj lmtgvgtgbs l`h

l rbsaurmb ta atjbr smjaacs. G` lhhgtga`, tjgs slkb smjaac jls g`gtgltbh l klg`strblkg`n pranrlk ear cblr`g`n hgsldcbh stuhb`ts dlsbh a` tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s rbmakkb`hltga`s. L

db`begmglry àtbh tjlt?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr lcsa b`nlnbh stuhb`ts wgtj cblr`g`n hgsldgcgtgbs (CH) g` mclss

lmtgvgtgbs oust cgib atjbr àrklc stuhb`ts. ]jb dbcgbvbh tjlt tjby mauch cblr` l`h

hgh àt lnrbb ta trblt tjbk hgeebrb`tcy ar ta mlcc tjbk CH stuhb`ts. Xjb Uacu`tbbr



88 | V l n b

slgh tjbsb stuhb`ts wauch àt db sbplrltbh g` tjb R.]. dut wauch db g`tbnrltbh

wgtj atjbr stuhb`ts dbmlusb tjby mauch db trlg`bh.

Tbspa`hb`ts erak làtjbr smjaac makkb`tbh tjlt tblmjbrs autsghb tjb B`ncgsj

hbplrtkb`t jlh lhaptbh tjb plrtgmgpltary tblmjg`n kbtjahs, g`mcuhg`n sbvbrlc smgb`mb

tblmjbrs. Xjb smgb`mb tblmjbrs rbpartbh adsbrvg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s kbtjahs l`h tjb`warig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr ta lhlpt tjbk ta tjb smgb`mb maursbs.

@at lcc ae tjb u`g`tb`hbh autmakbs wbrb pasgtgvb. ]bvbrlc tblmjbrs àtbh tjlt warig`n

wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr mrbltbh bxtrl wari ear tjbk. Xjbsb tblmjbrs makkb`tbh tjlt tjby

spb`t tgkb wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr hbvbcapg`n cbssa` pcl`s l`h tblmjg`n kltbrglcs, dut lcsa

ma`tgùbh ta hbvbcap tjbgr aw` cbssa` pcl`s. Xjby dclkbh tjgs haudcb wari a` twa

gssubs?

<) Xjb Uacu`tbbr waribh g`tbrkgttb`tcy lt tjbgr smjaac dbmlusb Uacu`tbbrs spcgt

tjbgr tgkb dbtwbb` twa smjaacs. Ls l rbsuct, tblmjbrs eau`h gt hgeegmuct ta

jlvb ma`tgùgty l`h pranrbssga` g` tjb cbssa`s. .

4) Xjb Uacu`tbbr‗s kbtjahs l`h cbssa` pcl`s hgh àt kltmj tjb stltb

murrgmucuk.

G` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h, Uacu`tbbrs waribh g` Kuscgk smjaacs. Xblmjbrs g` tjb ]autj

makkb`tbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbrs taai up kast ae tjbgr tblmjg`n jaurs wjgmj rbqugrbh

tjb Xjlg tblmjbr ta jach klib-up mclssbs a` tjb wbbib`hs. Xjbsb klib-up mclssbs

g`tbrruptbh tjb rbcgngaus maursbs stuhb`ts taai lt tjb pa`hai ‘l` gèarklc rbcgngaus

smjaac lssamgltbh wgtj tjb camlc kasqub.

G` nb`brlc, tjb haudcb waricalh stbkkbh erak tblmjbrs‗ dbcgbe tjlt tjb kbtjahs l`hma`tb`t usbh dy tjb Uacu`tbbrs hgh àt suppart tjb stltb murrgmucuk. Xjgs g`hgmltbs tjlt

Uacu`tbbrs lrb àt lmtgvbcy sjawg`n tblmjbrs jaw tjbgr wari supparts tjb murrgmucuk. G`

lhhgtga`, tjb kgh-praobmt rbvgbw ma`humtbh g` 4665 ghb`tgegbh tjgs gssub ls

Elmtars Leebmtg`n Vraobmt Vbrearkl`mb

Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh l sbrgbs ae qubstga`s ta lsmbrtlg` wjlt elmtars ma`trgdutbh ta

tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt, wjlt elmtars jg`hbrbh tjb praobmt autmakbs, tjb rblsa`s wjy

mjl`nb wls àt sustlg`bh, l`h tjb hbnrbb ta wjgmj tjb hlgcy g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr mlusbh tjb mjl`nb. Xjgs sbmtga` autcg`bs tjbsb eg`hg`ns.

Elmtars Ma`trgdutg`n ta tjb Vraobmt‗s ]ummbss

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs avbrwjbckg`ncy rbpartbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s hbsgrb ta

wari l`h tblmj, l`h tjbgr wgccg`n`bss ta wari jlrh wbrb tjb prgklry elmtars g` tjb

summbss ae tjb XMMA Vraobmt. Tbspa`hb`ts cgìbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s wgccg`n`bss ta tblmj

l`h tjbgr jlrh wari ta tjbgr praebssga`lcgsk l`h ta l` g``ltb ea`h`bss ear mjgchrb`,



82 | V l n b

wjgmj tjb rbspa`hb`ts ebct lcc tblmjbrs sjauch passbss. Mau`tbrplrts lcsa ebct tjlt tjb

Uacu`tbbr‗s ldgcgty ta lhlpt ta tjb camlc mucturb l`h cblr` Xjlg ar l camlc hglcbmt wls plrt

ae tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt. Lhlptg`n ta tjb camlc mucturb g`mcuhbh hrbssg`n prapbrcy ls

l tblmjbr, cblr`g`n jaw ta sjaw rbspbmt ta bchbrs, l`h dbg`n ecbxgdcb. Cblr`g`n tjb camlc

hglcbmt wls plrtgmuclrcy gkpartl`t ear Uacu`tbbrs warig`n g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h l`h

tjasb warig`n g` tjb àrtj g` Ilrb`-spblig`n vgcclnbs.

Làtjbr elmtar g` tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt, lmmarhg`n ta mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs,

wls tjb suppart l`h maccldarltga` ae tblmjbrs l`h smjaac hgrbmtars. Xblmjbrs hbsmrgdbh

suppartg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr g` sbvbrlc wlys, sumj ls tblmjg`n tjbk ldaut Xjlg mucturb l`h

smjaac pacgmgbs, l`h bvb` rbman`gzg`n Lkbrgml`s‗ bbh ear prgvlmy.

A`b elmtar tjlt pclybh l` gkpartl`t, dut jghhb`, racb g` tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt wls

nb`hbr. Ebklcb mau`tbrplrts g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h makkb`tbh tjlt warig`n wgtj l

ebklcb Uacu`tbbr wls karb mucturlccy lppraprgltb l`h hgh àt pclmb l`y mucturlc

ma`strlg`ts a` tjbgr warig`n rbcltga`sjgp. Xjasb ebklcb mau`tbrplrts wja waribh wgtj

klcb vacu`tbbrs, àtbh tjlt gt wls mucturlccy g`lppraprgltb ear tjbk ta wari g`hgvghulccy

wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr.

Elmtars tjlt Jg`hbrbh l`h Cgkgtbh Vraobmt Autmakbs

Mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h stlibjachbrs wbrb lsibh wjlt elmtars jg`hbrbh tjb

praobmt‗s summbss. Lmmarhg`n ta mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs, tjb Uacu`tbbrs g`ldgcgty ta

spbli Xjlg wls tjb kloar dlrrgbr ta summbss. Kl`y rbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt tjb

Uacu`tbbr cblr`bh Xjlg ar tjb camlc hglcbmt letbr sbvbrlc ka`tjs, dut stltbh tjlt u`tgc tjb

Uacu`tbbr‗s Xjlg gkpravbh stuhb`ts jlh l hgeegmuct tgkb u`hbrstl`hg`n Uacu`tbbrs, l`h

tblmjbrs ar smjaac hgrbmtars wgtj cgkgtbh B`ncgsj sigccs jlh ta lmt ls trl`scltars. ]bvbrlcrbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt Uacu`tbbrs hgh àt cblr` Xjlg bvb` letbr twa yblrs, wjgmj klhb

gt hgeegmuct ta eark warig`n rbcltga`sjgps wgtj atjbr tblmjbrs. Ear bxlkpcb, a`b

db`begmglry àtbh tjlt tblmjbrs wbrb stgcc usg`n jl`h sgn`lcs ta makku`gmltb wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr lt tjb b`h ae twa yblrs ae sbrvgmb.

Xwa atjbr dlrrgbrs ta summbss wbrb kb`tga`bh erbqub`tcy dy rbspa`hb`ts. Egrst,

rbspa`hb`ts bxpclg`bh tjlt jlvg`n Uacu`tbbrs wari lt twa hgeebrb`t smjaacs kbl`t

Uacu`tbbrs wbrb taa dusy makkutg`n dlmi l`h eartj a` dgibs tjlt aetb` hgh àt wari g`

tjb rlg`y sblsa`. Xjby makpclg`bh tjlt jlvg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr a`cy twa hlys l wbbi

klhb pcl``g`n hgeegmuct l`h kbl`t tjlt Uacu`tbbrs mauch àt hbvbcap ma`tgùauscbssa`s tjlt dugct a` blmj atjbr.

]bma`h, rbspa`hb`ts erak sbvbrlc sgtbs àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr wls –taa ach‛ l`h àt

jblctjy bàunj ta wari. Xjby makkb`tbh tjlt tjby bxpbmtbh l yau`nbr, karb lmtgvb

Uacu`tbbr. Xjgs nraup ae rbspa`hb`ts rbklribh tjlt achbr Uacu`tbbrs tb`hbh ta jlvb

hgeegmuctgbs cblr`g`n Xjlg ar rbeusbh ta cblr` Xjlg, wbrb at ecbxgdcb, hgh àt plrtgmgpltb g`

smjaac lmtgvgtgbs l`h spb`t l nrblt hblc ae tgkb g` camlc jaspgtlcs ar jakb sgmi.



85 | V l n b

Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa àtbh tjlt tjb achbr Uacu`tbbrs jlh karb hgeegmuctgbs makkutg`n dlmi

l`h eartj dbtwbb` smjaacs a` dgmymcbs. Hub ta tjbsb dlrrgbrs, rbspa`hb`ts hgh àt ebbc

tjlt achbr Uacu`tbbrs jlh klhb l sgn`gegml`t gkplmt.

Atjbr ma`strlg`ts ta tjb praobmt g`mcuhbh tblmjbrs wja wbrb taa dusy ta wari wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr, l`h--lmmarhg`n ta stuhb`ts--tblmjbrs wja hgh àt wl`t ta mjl`nb tjbgr tblmjg`n kbtjahs. Ls maègrkltga`, tjrbb mau`tbrplrts `lkbh tjb tblmjg`n kbtjahs ls

l dlrrgbr ta tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt dbmlusb Uacu`tbbrs –a`cy pclybh nlkbs‛ l`h hgh

àt g`mcuhb l`y lmtulc ma`tb`t g` tjb cbssa`.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wbrb lsibh ta hbsmrgdb l`y elmtars tjlt cgkgtbh tjb

smjaac‗s ldgcgty ta klg`tlg` tjb mjl`nbs (Egnurb 44). Mau`tbrplrts (47%) l`h

db`begmglrgbs (4:%) rbpartbh tjlt tblmjbrs clmibh tjb sigccs ta klg`tlg` tjb mjl`nbs

rbsuctg`n erak tjb praobmt. ]pbmgegmlccy, mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjlt

tblmjbrs wja jlh waribh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr jlh dbb` rblssgn`bh ta làtjbr smjaac

l`h tjlt smjaacs clmibh tblmjbrs wja mauch spbli B`ncgsj wbcc bàunj ta tblmj. G` sakb

mlsbs, smjaacs hgh àt jlvb l hbhgmltbh B`ncgsj tblmjbr l`h tjbrbearb wjb` tjb

Uacu`tbbr hbplrtbh, tjb B`ncgsj mclssbs stappbh.

Egnurb 44? Mau`tbrplrts l`h Db`begmglrgbs? Elmtars Cgkgtg`n tjb Vraobmt Autmakbs

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;579 ear db`begmglrgbs, ;>8

Mau`tbrplrts (42%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (45%) lcsa rbpartbh tjlt atjbr prgargtgbs

prbvb`tbh smjaacs erak klg`tlg`g`n tjb mjl`nbs. Xjb atjbr prgargtgbs rbpartbh dy

rbspa`hb`ts g`mcuhbh tblmjbrs wja wbrb taa dusy ta tblmj B`ncgsj ar klg`tlg` tjb

tblmjg`n kltbrglcs. G` lhhgtga`, atjbr prgargtgbs g`mcuhbh tblmjbrs l`h lhkg`gstrltars

Clmi ae sigccs47%

4:%

Atjbr prgargtgbs

Clmi ae eu`hg`n

Clmi ae smjaac suppart

42%45%

44%46%

<>%:%

Clmi ae smjaac cblhbrsjgp<=%

<<%

Clmi ae suppart erak makku`gty cblhbrs

Clmi ae suppart erak makku`gty

=%8%

=%8%

6% 2% <6% <2% 46% 42% =6% =2%

Mau`tbrplrts Db`begmglrgbs



8> | V l n b

wja hgh àt lhapt tjb tblmjg`n kbtjahs dbmlusb tjby vgbwbh tjbk ls ma`trlhgmtg`n

tjb Xjlg stltb murrgmucuk. Ear bxlkpcb, a`b mau`tbrplrt makkb`tbh?

Xblmjbrs ha àt jlvb taa kumj tgkb hub ta l cat ae wari l`h lmtgvgtgbs. Xblmjg`n

tbmj`gqubs lrb hgeebrb`t9 tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s stycb ml`'t db usbh kumj ear tblmjg`n g`

Xjlgcl`h hub ta Xjlg bhumltga` lssbsskb`t systbk.

]akb mau`tbrplrts (44%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (46%) rbpartbh clmi ae eu`hg`n ls làtjbr

dlrrgbr ta sustlg`ldgcgty. Tbspa`hb`ts mgtbh tjb masts ear klg`tlg`g`n tblmjbr kltbrglcs,

tjbltbr nraups, l`h B`ncgsj mlkps. Jawbvbr, kast rbspa`hb`ts mgtbh tjb masts ear

jlvg`n l eucc-tgkb B`ncgsj tblmjbr ls l dlrrgbr ta tjb praobmt‗s sustlg`ldgcgty.

Ma`trlry ta tjb apg`ga`s pravghbh dy mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs, stlibjachbrs

(`;8<) mgtbh tjb clmi ae sigccs l`h trlg`g`n ls tjb eaurtj clrnbst dlrrgbr ta sustlg`g`n tjb

mjl`nbs (48%). Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh tjb clrnbst dlrrgbr ta klg`tlg`g`n mjl`nb

wls tjb clmi ae smjaac suppart (8<%). Xjgs dlrrgbr g`mcuhbh B]LA aeegmbs àt suppartg`n

karb trlg`g`n ear tblmjbrs, tblmjbrs àt lhaptg`n tjb `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs, l`h `bw

smjaac hgrbmtars wja hgh àt lmmbpt tjb `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs.

Xjb sbma`h dlrrgbr ta sustlg`ldgcgty wls tjb clmi ae eu`hg`n ta klg`tlg` tjb mjl`nbs tjlt

jlh dbb` g`trahumbh (=>%). G` tjgs mlsb, kl`y stlibjachbrs slgh smjaacs clmibh duhnbts

ta klg`tlg` tjb tblmjg`n rbsaurmbs l`h bqugpkb`t mrbltbh dy tjb Uacu`tbbr. Xjby lcsa

makkb`tbh tjlt smjaacs hgh àt jlvb tjb duhnbt ta jgrb earbgn` tblmjbrs wja spaib

B`ncgsj. Avbrlcc, rbspa`hb`ts gkpcgbh tjlt a`cy earbgn` ar ltgvb B`ncgsj spblibrs mauch

tblmj B`ncgsj. Ear bxlkpcb, tjgs stlibjachbr makkb`tbh?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr stlybh a`cy twa yblrs. Letbr tjb Uacu`tbbr cbet, tjb praobmt wls àt

ma`tgùbh dbmlusb tjb smjaac hgh`‗t jlvb l duhnbt ta jgrb earbgn` tblmjbrs ta

tblmj B`ncgsj.

Xjbsb rbspa`sbs sunnbst tjlt plrtgmgpl`ts dbcgbvb a`cy ltgvb spblibrs ml` tblmj B`ncgsj

l`h ma`tgùb tjb lmtgvgtgbs g`gtgltbh dy Uacu`tbbrs. Xjgs rlgsbs qubstga`s ldaut

sustlg`ldgcgty l`h bxpbmtltga`s ear sigccs ta trl`sebr ta camlc tblmjbrs.

Xjb tjgrh dlrrgbr ta mjl`nb wls tjb clmi ae suppart erak tjb makku`gty cblhbrs.

]tlibjachbrs àtbh tjlt Kuscgk makku`gtgbs ha àt b`maurlnb tjbgr mjgchrb` ta cblr`

B`ncgsj l`h g` sbvbrlc mlsbs stlibjachbrs rbpartbh tjlt tjb praobmt, bspbmglccy sbma`hlry lmtgvgtgbs a` jblctj, hgh at kbbt tjb smjaac‗s `bbhs.

Hbnrbb ta wjgmj Hlgcy G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbrs Mlusbh tjb Mjl`nb

Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh jaw gkpartl`t tjb hlgcy g`tbrlmtga`s wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr wbrb

g` elmgcgtltg`n ar mlusg`n tjb mjl`nbs tjby jlh hbsmrgdbh. Ls stltbh blrcgbr, 28 pbrmb`t ae





87 | V l n b

Egnurb 48? Gkpartl`mb ae Hlgcy G`tbrlmtga` g` Mlusg`n Mjl`nb Ma`traccbh ear Ulcghgty

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;229 ear db`begmglrgbs, ;=2

Ear mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs, tjb prgklry elmtar elmgcgtltg`n mjl`nb wls tjb ldgcgty

ae tjb Uacu`tbbr ta katgvltb stuhb`ts ta cblr` l`h bòay B`ncgsj, l`h ta sbb

gkpravbkb`t g` cl`nulnb ldgcgtgbs. Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa makkb`tbh tjlt tjb mrass-mucturlc

lspbmts ae tjb g`tbrlmtga` lccawbh tblmjbrs, stuhb`ts, l`h makku`gty kbkdbrs ta

bxpl`h tjbgr ghbls ae tjb warch l`h cblr` ta wari wgtj pbapcb erak atjbr mucturbs.

Bxtb`t ta wjgmj Vlrtgmgpl`ts Klg`tlg`bh Mjl`nb

Xjb kloargty ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs ebct tjby jlh klg`tlg`bh tjb mjl`nbs erak tjb praobmt ta l clrnb bxtb`t (Egnurb 42). Egety-a`b pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts

rbpartbh tjby jlh klg`tlg`bh tjb mjl`nbs ta l clrnb bxtb`t l`h làtjbr sgxtbb` pbrmb`t

rbpartbh klg`tlg`g`n tjb mjl`nbs makpcbtbcy. Xjgrty-sbvb` pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs

stltbh tjby jlh klg`tlg`bh tjb mjl`nbs ta l clrnb bxtb`t l`h làtjbr bgnjtbb` pbrmb`t

stltbh tjby jlh klg`tlg`bh tjb mjl`nbs makpcbtbcy (Egnurb 42).

Ubry Gkpartl`t

]akbwjlt Gkpartl`t

88%

=>%

8>%

2>%

@bgtjbr2%

]akbwjlt R`gkpartl`t

Ubry R`gkpartl t

=%

8%

=%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%






2< | V l n b

]tlibjachbrs rbpartbh tjlt tjb mjl`nbs jlh dbb` clrnbcy klg`tlg`bh (47%) ar

sakbwjlt klg`tlg`bh (=4%) (`;8<). ]tlibjachbrs makkb`tbh tjlt tblmjbrs wbrb ldcb

ta sustlg` tjb tblmjg`n kbtjahs l`h sbce-maèghb`mb nlg`bh dy warig`n wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr. A`b stlibjachbr àtbh tjlt?

Xblmjbrs wja jlh waribh wgtj Uacu`tbbr pbrearkbh dbttbr g` trlg`g`n arnl`gzbh

dy B]LA. Xblmjbrs ma`tgùb ta g`tbnrltb camlc ma`tb`t g`ta B`ncgsj cbssa`s. ]akb

ae tjbsb tblmjbrs jlvb bvb`tulccy dbmakb rbsaurmb pbrsa`s g` B]LA trlg`g`n.

]tuhb`ts' iàwcbhnb jlh lcsa g`mrblsbh. Dbearb tjb Uacu`tbbr mlkb, tjb smjaac

`bvbr wa` l`y lmlhbkgm ma`tbst. Letbr a`b yblr ae sbrvgmb, stuhb`ts erak tjgs

smjaac jlh wa` sbvbrlc B`ncgsj ma`tbsts lt tjb B]LA cbvbc.

]ltgselmtga` wgtj Autmakbs

Tbsblrmjbrs lsibh mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h stlibjachbrs ldaut tjbgr sltgselmtga`wgtj tjb praobmt tjraunj twa hgeebrb`t qubstga`s. A`b hgrbmtcy lsibh ldaut sltgselmtga`

cbvbc l`h rblsa`s ear sltgselmtga`, wjgcb làtjbr lsibh ge rbspa`hb`ts wauch jast

làtjbr Uacu`tbbr.

Avbrlcc ]ltgselmtga`

Mau`tbrplrts (><%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (55%) rbpartbh tjby wbrb vbry sltgsegbh wgtj tjb

mjl`nbs rbsuctg`n erak tjb praobmt l`h tjb wari ae tjb Uacu`tbbr (Egnurb 45). Xwb`ty-

a`b pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h tjgrty pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjby wbrb

sakbwjlt sltgsegbh.

Kast mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wbrb sltgsegbh wgtj stuhb`ts‗ gkpravbh

pbrearkl`mb l`h g`mrblsbh katgvltga`. Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts lcsa àtbh tjlt stuhb`ts

wbrb karb maèghb`t. G` sakb mlsbs, rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh tjlt stuhb`ts pbrearkbh

dbttbr a` stl`hlrhgzbh tbsts l`h jlh gkpravbh tjbgr nrlhbs. Tbspa`hb`ts wbrb lcsa

sltgsegbh wgtj tjb `bw kbtjahs l`h g`mrblsbh lmmbss ta tblmjg`n lghs. Kl`y

mau`tbrplrts wbrb sltgsegbh wgtj tjb praobmt autmakbs dbmlusb ae tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ ldgcgty

ta lhoust ta Xjlg mucturb, tjbgr ecbxgdgcgty, ar tjbgr tblmjg`n sigccs.

Ma`vbrsbcy, mau`tbrplrts (:%) l`h db`begmglrgbs (8%) wja wbrb àt sltgsegbh wgtj tjb

praobmt autmakbs (Egnurb 45) mgtbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ gècbxgdgcgty l`h tjbgr g`ldgcgty talhoust ta tjb camlc mucturb. Lmmarhg`n ta rbspa`hb`ts, gècbxgdcb Uacu`tbbrs hgh at

plrtgmgpltb g` letbr smjaac lmtgvgtgbs ar atjbr wari lsibh ae tjbk. G` l ebw mlsbs tjb

Uacu`tbbr rbeusbh ta ma-tblmj ar gkplrt l`y sigccs l`h iàwcbhnb ta tblmjbrs g` tjb

smjaac. L ebw àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr hgh àt sbbk ta cgib mjgchrb` l`h wls uèrgb`hcy

ta stlee l`h stuhb`ts.



24 | V l n b

Egnurb 45? Mau`tbrplrt l`h Db`begmglry ]ltgselmtga`

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;5:9 ear db`begmglrgbs, ;><

Avbr jlce ae tjb stlibjachbrs (54%) rbpartbh tjby wbrb vbry sltgsegbh wgtj tjb praobmt

autmakbs l`h a`b tjgrh rbpartbh tjby wbrb sakbwjlt sltgsegbh (==%) (`;8<).

]tlibjachbrs wbrb sltgsegbh dbmlusb ae gkpravbh stuhb`t katgvltga` l`h pbrearkl`mb,

l`h lcsa gkpravbh tblmjbr pbrearkl`mb.

Egvb pbrmb`t ae stlibjachbrs wbrb sakbwjlt u`sltgsegbh. Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts wbrb àt

sltgsegbh dbmlusb Uacu`tbbrs hgh àt kbbt tjb smjaac‗s bxpbmtltga`s ar sbbkbh cgib l

–durhb`‛ ta tjb makku`gty. L ebw stlibjachbrs wja wbrb sakbwjlt sltgsegbh lcsa

makkb`tbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr hgh àt kbbt bxpbmtltga`s spbmgegmlccy tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr wls sgmi lcc tjb tgkb ar spcgt tjbgr tgkb dbtwbb` twa smjaacs.

Hbsgrb ta âri wgtj Vblmb Marps Lnlg`

Làtjbr kblsurb ae sltgselmtga` gs wjbtjbr mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wauch wl`t

ta wari wgtj làtjbr Uacu`tbbr. Xjgs qubstga` draunjt l iby pranrlkkltgm gssub ta tjb

surelmb tjlt jls l sgn`gegml`t beebmt a` gkplmt.

Xjb Xjlg navbr`kb`t habs at lccaw Vblmb Marps ta pclmb Uacu`tbbrs lt tjb slkb sgtb

ma`sbmutgvbcy. Xjbrbearb, wjb` lsibh ge tjby wl`tbh làtjbr Uacu`tbbr :: pbrmb`t aemau`tbrplrts l`h 75 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjlt tjby wauch wl`t ta wari

wgtj làtjbr Uacu`tbbr (Egnurb 4>). Jawbvbr, tjbsb rbspa`hb`ts lcsa rbman`gzbh tjlt

tjbgr smjaacs wauch àt rbmbgvb làtjbr Uacu`tbbr g` tjb euturb. Xjby erbqub`tcy

makkb`tbh tjlt tjb Xjlg navbr`kb`t l`h Vblmb Marps sjauch mjl`nb tjb pacgmy ae àt

ma`sbmutgvbcy pclmg`n Uacu`tbbrs lt sgtbs. Xjby lcsa makkb`tbh tjlt Vblmb

Marps/Xjlgcl`h sjauch mjl`nb tjb praobmt pcl` ta pclmb Uacu`tbbrs g` a`cy a`b smjaac

wjbrb tjby wauch wari eucc-tgkb. Xjgs mau`tbrplrt nlvb sbvbrlc rbmakkb`hltga`s?

Ubry sltgsegbh><%

55%

]akbwjlt sltgsegbh4<%

=6%

]akbwjlt u`sltgsegbh8%

Ubry u`sltgsegbh>%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




2= | V l n b

Xjbrb sjauch db l rbvgsga` ae tjb rucb ta lccaw Uacu`tbbrs ta wari ma`tgùlccy g`

tjb slkb pclmb. Aur smjaac `bbhs kl`y Uacu`tbbrs ta tblmj jbrb. Gt gs jgnjcy

rbmakkb`hbh tjlt Uacu`tbbrs l`h tjbgr maccblnubs sjauch db tjb slkb sbx sa

tjby ml` wari mcasbcy tanbtjbr.

Xjb kloargty ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wl`t ta wari wgtj làtjbr Uacu`tbbr ta

ma`tgùb tjb jgnj cbvbc ae stuhb`t katgvltga` l`h cl`nulnb sigcc hbvbcapkb`t g`gtgltbh

dy tjb Uacu`tbbr. Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa stltbh tjby wl`t làtjbr Uacu`tbbr dbmlusb gt gs

gkpartl`t ear stuhb`ts ta cblr` erak l `ltgvb spblibr. Xjbsb makkb`ts sunnbst tjlt

murrb`t tblmjbrs eg`h gt hgeegmuct ta katgvltb stuhb`ts bvb` wgtj tjb `bw tblmjg`n

kbtjahs, l`h l ebw stuhb`ts makkb`tbh tjlt lctjaunj tjb tblmjbrs ma`tgùb ta usb

tjbsb kbtjahs, tjb mclssbs lrb at ls eu` ls tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s mclss.

Tbspa`hb`ts g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h bxpclg`bh tjlt pclmg`n Uacu`tbbrs g` Kuscgk

makku`gtgbs kgnjt rbqugrb lhhgtga`lc makku`gty prbplrltga`?

Vuttg`n l VMU g`ta l Kuscgk makku`gty kust db mlrbeuccy pcl``bh dbmlusb kast

Kuscgks lrb stgcc rbmbgvg`n `bnltgvb gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s. Xjb

mau`tbrplrt tblmjbr ebct erustrltbh dbmlusb jb wls prbssurbh dy Kuscgk plrb`ts

l`h makku`gty kbkdbrs Yta àt wari wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr[.

Egnurb 4>? Mau`tbrplrt l`h Db`begmglry? ^l`t Làtjbr Uacu`tbbr

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ; 58 ear db`begmglrgbs, ; >=

Jawbvbr, 7 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts g`hgmltbh tjby hgh àt wl`t ta wari wgtj làtjbr

Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbr. Mau`tbrplrts mgtbh tjb clmi ae tblmjg`n sigccs ae tjb Uacu`tbbrs

^l`ts làtjbr Uacu`tbbr

::%

75%

R`surb=%

=%

7%Habs at wl`t làtjbr Uacu`tbbr

<%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%




28 | V l n b

l`h tjbgr clmi ae hbsgrb ta tblmj, wjgmj mrbltbh bnltgvb gkprbssga`s ae Vblmb Marps ls

tjgs mau`tbrplrt makkb`tbh?

Ky vgsga` ae Vblmb Marps gs `bnltgvb àw. G ha`'t ebbc makeartldcb nbttg`n

làtjbr Uacu`tbbr ge tjb Uacu`tbbr jls tjb slkb dbjlvgar. Xjby hgh`'t ha

l`ytjg`n ta db dbttbr. Jawbvbr, ge tjbrb wgcc db l Uacu`tbbr lnlg`, G prbebr a`b

wja gs wgccg`n ta wari.

G` lhhgtga`, lctjaunj tjb kloargty ae tjb rbspa`hb`ts wl`t ta wari wgtj làtjbr

Uacu`tbbr, sbvbrlc dbcgbvb tjlt l yau`nbr, karb qulcgegbh Uacu`tbbr wauch ha l dbttbr

oad. Tbspa`hb`ts wja hgh àt wl`t làtjbr Uacu`tbbr lcsa hbsmrgdbh tjb durhb`

Uacu`tbbrs pclmbh a` smjaacs, ear bxlkpcb?

G ha`'t wl`t karb Uacu`tbbrs. Lmtulccy, wb jlvb ta tlib mlrb ae tjbk rltjbr tjl`

tjbk ma`trgdutg`n l`ytjg`n ta us9 cgib tjby na aut lt `gnjt.

Db`begmglrgbs wja rbpartbh tjby hgh àt wl`t làtjbr Uacu`tbbr lcsa mjlrlmtbrgzbh tjb

Uacu`tbbr ls l durhb`. Jawbvbr, tjbsb rbspa`hb`ts cgìbh tjgs durhb` ta tjb clmi ae

smjaac suppart wjgmj pclmbh bxtrl wari a` tjb mau`tbrplrts. ]bvbrlc rbspa`hb`ts

sunnbstbh tjlt Vblmb Marps rbmrugt dbttbr Uacu`tbbrs wja wari jlrh ar wja lrb

yau`nbr.

]ukklry Nalc A`b

Xjb praobmt summbsseuccy trl`sebrrbh sbvbrlc sigccs ta stuhb`ts, tblmjbrs, l`h atjbr smjaac

stlee, kbbtg`n tjb prgklry praobmt nalc. Vlrtgmgpl`ts gkpravbh tjbgr maèghb`mb g`

spblig`n l`h tblmjg`n B`ncgsj. Xjby nlg`bh `bw rbsaurmbs ear tjb mclssraak l`h

lhaptbh plrtgmgpltary ar stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n kbtjahs. Mjl`nbs g` cl`nulnb sigccs,

tblmjg`n kbtjahs, l`h stuhb`t plrtgmgpltga` g` mclss wbrb sustlg`bh ta sakb bxtb`t l`h

5< pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts ma`tgùbh ta usb tjb sigccs praebssga`lccy a` l hlgcy ar wbbicy

dlsgs. Xjbsb tjrbb autmakbs wbrb lcsa rbpartbh ls dbst kbbtg`n plrtgmgpl`ts‗ `bbhs. G`

lhhgtga`, kl`y tblmjbrs makkb`tbh tjlt tjby jlh lhaptbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s wari stycb,

sumj ls pcl``g`n l`h arnl`gzg`n tjbgr wari, lrrgvg`n ta mclss a` tgkb, l`h ma`humtg`n

sbce-bvlcultga`s ae blmj mclss.

Xjb praobmt, a` sakb cbvbcs, ma`tgùbh ta elmb tjb mjlccb`nbs l`h dlrrgbrs autcg`bh g`

tjb kgh-praobmt rbvgbw ma`humtbh g` <775. Ear bxlkpcb, scgnjtcy karb tjl` l qulrtbr aetjb rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh àt lhaptg`n tjb `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs. ]tuhb`t-mb`tbrbh

tblmjg`n kbtjahs mjlccb`nb Xjlg mucturlc àrks, wjgmj lmmarh jgnj rbspbmt ta tblmjbrs

l`h bchbrs. ]tuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n lctbrs tjb stuhb`t-tblmjbr rbcltga`sjgp dy klig`n

tblmjbrs elmgcgtltars ae cblr`g`n l`h lmiàwcbhng`n tjlt stuhb`ts ma`trgdutb tjbgr aw`

iàwcbhnb ta tjb cblr`g`n prambss. Làtjbr ma`tgùg`n mjlccb`nb erak tjb blrcgbr

praobmt hbsgn` g`vacvbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s tgkb g` smjaacs l`h g` makku`gtgbs.



22 | V l n b

Tbspa`hb`ts ebct stra`ncy tjlt Uacu`tbbrs warig`n g` twa smjaacs ar g` tjb makku`gtgbs

hgh at dbst sbrvb tjb smjaacs‗ `bbhs.

Xjb Uacu`tbbr‗s wgccg`n`bss ta wari jlrh l`h tjbgr hbsgrb ta tblmj ma`trgdutbh ta tjb

summbss ae tjb praobmt. Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa àtbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s hbkblàr l`h tblmjg`n

kbtjahs mjl`nbh tjb stuhb`t-tblmjbr rbcltga`sjgp lt kl`y smjaacs, mrbltg`n lù`g`tb`hbh summbss dy mrbltg`n l dbttbr cblr`g`n b`vgra`kb`t.

]bvbrlc elmtars prbsb`tbh mjlccb`nbs ta tjb pranrlk. Uacu`tbbrs‗ Xjlg cl`nulnb sigccs

wbrb mrgtgmlc ear praobmt summbss, dut rbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt Uacu`tbbrs hgh àt lcwlys

lmqugrb tjb `bmbsslry cl`nulnb sigccs. Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa àtbh tjlt warig`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr lhhbh ta tjbgr waricalh, l`h g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h sakb tblmjbrs jbch mclssbs

a` tjb wbbib`h. Nb`hbr wls l elmtar tjlt datj jg`hbrbh l`h jbcpbh tjb praobmt g`

sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h. Tbspa`hb`ts g` tjb prbhakg`l`tcy Kuscgk sautj rbpartbh tjlt

ebklcb tblmjbrs mauch karb blsgcy wari wgtj ebklcb Uacu`tbbrs, ls tjgs hgh at vgacltb

Kuscgk clw. Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa makkb`tbh tjlt ebklcb tblmjbrs mauch àt wari wgtj

klcb Uacu`tbbrs ls beebmtgvbcy, rbhumg`n tjb cbvbcs ae mjl`nb l`h sigccs trl`sebr.

Eg`lccy, rbspa`hb`ts rbman`gzbh tjb Xjlg navbr`kb`t hgh àt pclmb Uacu`tbbrs lt sgtbs

ma`sbmutgvbcy. Xjby àtbh tjlt twa yblrs wls àt ca`n bàunj ta trlg` tblmjbrs g` tjb

kbtjahs l`h dugch tjb mlplmgty ae tjb smjaac. Xjby wauch cgib Vblmb Marps ta wari wgtj

tjb Xjlg navbr`kb`t ta rbvgbw tjgs pacgmy.



25 | V l n b

MJLVXBT =? NALC XÂ EG@HG@N]

Xjgs sbmtga` lhhrbssbs jaw l`h ta wjlt bxtb`t Uacu`tbbrs prakatbh l dbttbr

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s lka`n tjb Xjlg tblmjbrs, stuhb`ts, l`h smjaac stlee wgtj

wjak tjby waribh l`h cgvbh. Xjb sbmtga` dbng`s wgtj l hbsmrgptga` ae praobmt

plrtgmgpl`ts‗ saurmbs ae gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s eaccawbh dy wjlt mau`tbrplrts,

db`begmglrgbs, jast elkgcgbs, l`h stuhb`ts tjaunjt ldaut Lkbrgml`s prgar ta warig`n l`h

cgvg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr l`h jaw tjbgr apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s mjl`nbh letbr g`tbrlmtg`n

wgtj Uacu`tbbrs.

Xjb sudsbqub`t sbmtga` hgsmussbs tjb mlusbs ae mjl`nb lmmarhg`n ta rbspa`hb`ts,

g`mcuhg`n hbsmrgptga`s ae tjb wlys Xjlgs g`tbrlmtbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs l`h tjb erbqub`my ae

tjasb g`tbrlmtga`s. Xjb sbmtga` lcsa hbsmrgdbs tjbgr gkplmt a` rbspa`hb`ts‗ dbjlvgars

l`h autcaai a` cgeb. Xjb sbmtga` b`hs wgtj ma`mcusga`s l`h rbmakkb`hltga`s dlsbh a`

tjb eg`hg`ns a` lnb`my Nalc Xwa.

]aurmbs ae Gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s

Vrgar ta tjb lrrgvlc ae l Vblmb Marps Uacu`tbbr, tjb prgklry saurmb ae gèarkltga` ldaut

Lkbrgml`s ear lcc praobmt plrtgmgpl`ts (52%) wls tbcbvgsga` ar kavgbs (Egnurb 4:).

Lhhgtga`lc saurmbs ae gèarkltga` g`mcuhbh tjb g`tbr`bt ear mau`tbrplrts (8:%),

db`begmglrgbs (=5%), l`h jast elkgcgbs (46%). Làtjbr 46 pbrmb`t ae jast elkgcgbs cblr`bh

ldaut Lkbrgml`s dy g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj tjbk g` Xjlgcl`h, prgklrgcy ls taurgsts. ]tuhb`ts

rbpartbh stuhyg`n Lkbrgml`s g` smjaac (87%).



2> | V l n b

Egnurb 4:? ]aurmbs ae Gèarkltga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s

Ear mau`tbrplrts, ;5:9 ear db`begmglrgbs, ;>89 ear jast elkgcgbs, ;=29 ear stuhb`ts, ;=2

Mjl`nbs g` R`hbrstl`hg`n l`h Apg`ga`s ldaut Lkbrgml`s

Mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h jast elkgcgbs sjawbh l` g`mrblsbh u`hbrstl`hg`n aeLkbrgml`s letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. Dbearb g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, 8<

pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh l cgkgtbh iàwcbhnb ae Lkbrgml`s, wjgcb : pbrmb`t

rbpartbh à u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s (Egnurb 47). Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr,

`g`b pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh l cgkgtbh u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s, wjgcb 84

pbrmb`t rbpartbh l tjaraunj u`hbrstl`hg`n (Egnurb 47).

Atjbr

@a prgar gèarkltga`

@bwsplpbrs

XU ar kavgbs

G`tbr`bt

]mjaac

Maccblnubs

Ergb`hs ar rbcltgvbs

G`brlmtga`s wgtj Lkbrgml`s g` tjb R]

G`tbrlmtga`s wgtj Lkbrgml`s g` Xjlgcl`h

6% <6% 46% =6% 86% 26% 56% >6% :6% 76% <66%

Mau`tbrplrts Db`begmglrgbs Jast Elkgcy ]tuhb`ts



2: | V l n b

Egnurb 47? Mau`tbrplrt R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj

l Uacu`tbbr


Dbearb warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, <2 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh tjby hgh àt jlvb

l`y u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s, wjgcb 8< pbrmb`t rbpartbh l cgkgtbh u`hbrstl`hg`n

(Egnurb =6). Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, db`begmglrgbs jlh l karb tjaraunj (47%)

ar kahbrltb u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s (87%) (Egnurb =6).

Egnurb =6? Db`begmglry R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

Ear db`begmglrgbs, ;>8

Xjaraunj<<%

47%

Kahbrltb==%

87%

Cgkgtbh8<%

<:%

@a u`hbrstl`hg`n<2%

8%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr

Xjaraunj<>%

84%

Kahbrltb=2%

8:%

Cgkgtbh8<%

7%

@a u`hbrstl`hg`n:%

4%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr



27 | V l n b

Dbearb g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, 52 pbrmb`t ae tjb jast elkgcgbs rbpartbh cgkgtbh

(2<%) ar à u`hbrstl`hg`n (<8%) ae Lkbrgml`s (Egnurb =<). Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj tjb

Uacu`tbbr, :: pbrmb`t ae tjb rbspa`hb`ts rbpartbh l kahbrltb (2>%) ta tjaraunj (=<%)

u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s (Egnurb =<).

Egnurb =<? Jast Elkgcy R`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

Ear jast elkgcgbs, ;=2

Tbspa`hb`ts lcsa sjawbh g`mrblsbs g` pasgtgvb apg`ga`s ldaut Lkbrgml`s letbr warig`n

wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. ^jb` lsibh wjlt tjbgr apg`ga` wls ldaut Lkbrgml`s prgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, 56 pbrmb`t ae tjb mau`tbrplrts jlh l vbry pasgtgvb (<2%) ar sakbwjlt

pasgtgvb apg`ga` (82%) ae Lkbrgml`s l`h =7 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts jlh `bgtjbr l

pasgtgvb àr l `bnltgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s (Egnurb =4). Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr, := pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh tjby jlh l vbry pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae

Lkbrgml`s (=2%) ar l sakbwjlt karb pasgtgvb (8:%) apg`ga`.

Xjrbb pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts (4 pbapcb) rbpartbh tjbgr apg`ga` wls sakbwjlt karb

`bnltgvb wjgcb sgx pbrmb`t (8 pbapcb) stltbh tjbgr apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s wls karb

`bnltgvb (Egnurb =4). Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts bxpclg`bh tjb Uacu`tbbr g` tjbgr sgtb wls l paar

rbprbsb`tltgvb ae Lkbrgml`s dbmlusb tjbsb Uacu`tbbrs wbrb –jat-tbkpbrbh,‛ sbcegsj,

gècbxgdcb, grrbspa`sgdcb, l`h taai lhvl`tlnb ae smjaac stlee l`h makku`gty kbkdbrs.Xjbsb hbsmrgptga`s ae Uacu`tbbrs ma`trlhgmtbh tjb rbspa`hb`ts‗ apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s

prgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, wjgmj g`mcuhbh l mau`tbrplrt wja jlh hbsmrgdbh

Lkbrgml`s ls –naah,‛ dut rbpartbh letbr iàwg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr lt tjb sgtb, –Ge tjb

Uacu`tbbr rbprbsb`ts lcc Lkbrgml`s, tjb` G'k `bnltgvb Yldaut[ tjbk lcc l`h wa`'t lccaw

l`y ta vgsgt ky mau`try.‛

Xjaraunj7%

=<%

Kahbrltb45%

2>%

Cgkgtbh2<%

7%

@a u`hbrstl`hg`n<8%

=%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr



56 | V l n b

Ubry pasgtgvb/karb pasgtgvb<2%

]akbwjlt pasgtgvb/karb pasgtgvb

@bgtjbr pasgtgvb ar bnltgvb/tjb slkb

=2%

82%

8:%

=7%

:%

]akbwjlt karb bnltgvb=%

Karb bnltgvb5%

Ubry pasgtgvb/karb pasgtgvb:%


42%

=8%

86%

@bgtjbr pasgtgvb ar bnltgvb/tjb slkb2<%

=5%

]akbwjlt bnltgvb2%

Ubry `bnltgvb <%

Egnurb =4? Mau`tbrplrt Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr


Vrgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, 5 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh l vbry (<%) ta

sakbwjlt `bnltgvb (2%) apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s, wjgcb a`cy : pbrmb`t rbpartbh l vbry

pasgtgvb apg`ga` (Egnurb ==). Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, 42 pbrmb`t rbpartbh l

karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` l`h à`b ae tjb db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh l `bnltgvb apg`ga` (Egnurb

==).

Egnurb ==? Db`begmglry Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr

Ear db`begmglrgbs, ;>=



5< | V l n b

Karb pasgtgvb<:%

]akbwjlt Vasgtgvb/karb pasgtgvb=8%

5>%

@bgtjbr pasgtgvb ar bnltgvb/tjb slkb 5=%<2%

]akbwjlt @bnltgvb=%

Lka`n jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts, = pbrmb`t jlh l sakbwjlt `bnltgvb apg`ga` ae

Lkbrgml`s prgar ta g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr l`h 5= pbrmb`t jlh `bgtjbr l pasgtgvb

àr l `bnltgvb apg`ga` (Egnurb =8). Letbr jastg`n l Uacu`tbbr, à`b ae tjb jast elkgcy

rbspa`hb`ts jlh l `bnltgvb apg`ga`. ]gxty-sbvb` pbrmb`t jlh l sakbwjlt karb pasgtgvb

apg`ga`, wjgcb <: pbrmb`t jlh l karb pasgtgvb apg`ga`.

Egnurb =8? Jast Elkgcy Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr

Ear jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts, ;==

Lka`n stuhb`ts, <2 pbrmb`t rbpartbh l `bnltgvb apg`ga` l`h 2= pbrmb`t rbpartbh `bgtjbr l pasgtgvb àr l `bnltgvb apg`ga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s dbearb warig`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr (Egnurb =2). Letbr warig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr, stuhb`ts sjawbh g`mrblsbs g`

pasgtgvb apg`ga`s wgtj 4< pbrmb`t rbpartg`n l karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` l`h 27 pbrmb`t

rbpartg`n l sakbwjlt karb pasgtgvb apg`ga`. @a`b ae tjb stuhb`ts rbpartbh `bnltgvb

apg`ga`s letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr.



54 | V l n b

Egnurb =2? ]tuhb`t Apg`ga`s ae Lkbrgml`s Dbearb l`h Letbr G`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr

Ear stuhb`ts, ;=8

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs nlvb eaur nb`brlc hbsmrgptga`s ae Lkbrgml`s wjb` lsibh

wjlt tjbgr apg`ga` wls ldaut Lkbrgml`s prgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. A`b

rbmurrg`n hbsmrgptga` (<7 rbspa`hb ts) wls –Xjby lrb cgib us, wb lrb lcc jukl`.‛ G`

atjbr warhs, sakb pbapcb wbrb naah l`h sakb pbapcb wbrb dlh oust ls g` Xjlgcl`h,

l`h tjby hgh àt wl`t ta nb`brlcgzb ldaut Lkbrgml`s. Làtjbr hbsmrgptga` (5>

rbspa`hb`ts) ae Lkbrgml`s wls dlsbh a` pbrsa`lc mjlrlmtbrgstgms, sumj ls g`hbpb`hb`t,

sbce-rbcgl`t, jlrh waribrs wja lrb pu`mtulc, ig`h l`h sklrt. Xjb tjgrh rbmurrg`n

hbsmrgptga` ae Lkbrgml`s wls dlsbh a` gkprbssga`s erak ^bstbr` taurgsts g` Xjlgcl`h

(47 rbspa`hb`ts).<< Xjgs nraup ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs stltbh lcc ^bstbr`

taurgsts wbrb tjb slkb, ear bxlkpcb?

G ml`àt hgeebrb`tgltb dbtwbb` Lkbrgml`s l`h atjbr ^bstbr`brs. Xa kb, lcc

^bstbr`brs jlvb cgnjt sig`, dcub bybs, l`h lrb tlcc. ”Db`begmglry

Tbspa`hb`ts g` tjgs nraup hbsmrgdbh Lkbrgml`s ls rgmj pbapcb wja drg`n dlh gècub`mbs

ta Xjlgcl`h, sumj ls hruns l`h sbx taurgsk, l`h wja hrbss l`h lmt g`sb`sgtgvbcy. Kl`y

lcsa àtbh tjlt ^bstbr`brs caai haw` a` ar tlib lhvl`tlnb ae hbvbcapg`n mau`trgbs.

Xjb eg`lc hbsmrgptga` wls ae Lkbrgml`s ls plrt ae l kahbr`, ncadlc supbr pawbr (44

rbspa`hb`ts). Tbspa`hb`ts g` tjgs nraup hbsmrgdbh Lkbrgml ls l hbvbcapbh supbr pawbr l`h Lkbrgml`s ls pbapcb wja usb earmb ta sacvb pradcbks, jlvb caasb elkgcy tgbs, l`h

jlvb l jghhb` lnb`hl. Lkbrgml`s, ear tjgs nraup, tb`hbh ta db smlry l`h pawbreuc.

<<Tbspa`hb`ts usbh tjb Xjlg warh –elrl`n‛ g` tjbgr hbsmrgptga`s, wjgmj spbmgegmlccy hbàtbs bstbr`brs

rltjbr tjl` lcc earbgn`brs.

Ubry pasgtgvb/karb pasgtgvb7%


4<%

48%

@bgtjbr pasgtgvb ar bnltgvb/tjb slkb

27%

2=%

]akbwjlt `bnltgvb

4<%

<4%

Ubry `bnltgvb=%

6% 46% 86% 56% :6% <66%

Dbearb Letbr



5= | V l n b

Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, rbspa`hb`ts wjasb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s wls dlsbh

a` gkprbssga`s erak ^bstbr` taurgsts ar Lkbrgml ls l supbr pawbr àw hbsmrgdbh

Lkbrgml`s karb pasgtgvbcy. G` kl`y mlsbs, rbspa`hb`ts hbsmrgdbh Lkbrgml`s ls ig`h,

ergb`hcy, l`h nb`braus. Xjby adsbrvbh tjlt Lkbrgml`s wari jlrh l`h pcl` tjbgr wari

systbkltgmlccy, cblhg`n sakb ta rbpart tjlt Lkbrgml`s lrb karb rltga`lc l`h cbss

bkatga`lc tjl` Xjlg pbapcb ar Lsgl`s g` nb`brlc. L ebw rbspa`hb`ts stltbh tjlt Lkbrgml`s lrb mcasbr ta tjbgr elkgcgbs tjl` tjby gklng`bh, dut rlgsb tjbgr mjgchrb` ta db

sbce-rbcgl`t. G`stblh ae dbg`n smlry l`h earmbeuc, Lkbrgml`s wbrb naah-tbkpbrbh l`h

mrbltgvb, l`h makkgttbh ta tjbgr wari. A`b mau`tbrplrt rbmau`tbh jaw tjbgr apg`ga`

mjl`nbh?

G jlh `bvbr waribh wgtj Lkbrgml`s dbearb sa G hgh àt qugtb u`hbrstl`h jaw tjby

tjaunjt ar dbjlvbh. Dbearb tjb lrrgvlc ae tjb VMU, G wls qugtb warrgbh wjbtjbr

jb mauch wari jbrb. G wls àt bvb` surb wjbtjbr wb sjauch rbqubst l VMU ear eblr

tjlt jb kly jurt ar jlrlss tjb stuhb`ts Yls pbr sakb `bws rbparts[. @aw G jlvb

rblcgzbh tjlt tjbrb lrb lcsa naah ^bstbr`brs, àt lcwlys cgib g` tjb `bws.

Lkbrgml s lrb ergb`hcy. Xjby lrb naah tblmjbrs wja mlrb l cat ldaut tjb

stuhb`ts. Xjby lrb pu`mtulc, cgib ta pcblsb atjbrs, cgib ta plrtgmgpltb g` lmtgvgtgbs,

cgib ta klib ergb`hs l`h jlvb l pasgtgvb Ylttgtuhb[ tawlrh atjbrs.

G` sbvbrlc mlsbs (<> rbspa`hb`ts), mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs stltbh tjlt a`b

Uacu`tbbr mauch àt rbprbsb`t tjb b`tgrb Lkbrgml` papucltga`. Xjbrbearb, tjbsb

rbspa`hb`ts hgh àt wl`t ta nb`brlcgzb bvb` letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, ls tjbsb

db`begmglrgbs bxpclg`bh?

YG tjaunjt[ Lkbrgml`s lrb cgib làtjbr mclss. Xjby tjgì tjby lrb supbrgar.

Lkbrgml` taurgsts g` Xjlgcl`h makb ear hruns l`h sbx. Xjby hrbss gkprapbrcy l`hmauch db dlh racb kahbcs ear Xjlg tbb`lnbrs. Xjb Uacu`tbbr wls l nb`tcbkl`, dut

G'k àt surb ge lcc Lkbrgml`s wauch db tjb slkb ls jgk. ”Db`begmglry

Lctjaunj tjb VMU jlh sakb pradcbks wgtj tjb stuhb ts, jb wls l naah maccblnub

wja mauch jbcp kb gkpravb ky B`ncgsj cl`nulnb. Dut G ha`'t tjgì lcc Lkbrgml`s

wgcc db cgib jgk. Vbapcb lrb hgeebrb`t l`h G ha`'t wl`t ta nb`brlcgzb erak oust a`b

mlsb. ”Db`begmglry

Jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts wbrb lcsa rbcumtl`t ta nb`brlcgzb tjbgr bxpbrgb`mb wgtj l sg`ncb

Uacu`tbbr ta tjb b`tgrb Lkbrgml` papucltga`. Vrgar ta jastg`n l Uacu`tbbr, jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts kast aetb` hbsmrgdbh Lkbrgml`s ls sklrt. Jawbvbr, kl`y rbspa`hb`ts g`

tjgs nraup lcsa àtbh tjlt lcc ^bstbr` taurgsts wbrb tjb slkb. Letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l

Uacu`tbbr, jast elkgcy kbkdbrs rbpartbh tjlt tjby mauch àt nb`brlcgzb ldaut lcc

Lkbrgml`s dlsbh a` tjbgr g`tbrlmtga` wgtj l sg`ncb Uacu`tbbr. Ear bxlkpcb?

G tjgì tjb Lkbrgml` Uacu`tbbr wja mlkb ta aur makku`gty wls naah. ]jb

jbcpbh tjb wakb`'s nraup l`h `bvbr mlusbh l`y pradcbks. Jawbvbr, tjgs ml`àt



58 | V l n b

db nb`brlcgzbh ta lcc Lkbrgml`s. Gt rblccy hbpb`hs a` blmj g`hgvghulc's

mjlrlmtbrgstgms.

Vrgar ta warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, tjb kloargty ae stuhb`ts eau`h Lkbrgml`s smlry

dbmlusb ae tjb jbgnjt hgeebrb`mbs dbtwbb` Xjlgs l`h Lkbrgml`s, ls tjgs stuhb`t

hbsmrgdbh?

G ml`'t hgstg`nugsj wja gs Lkbrgml` ar àt. Xjby Y^bstbr`brs[ lcc caai lcgib. Xjby

caai smlry dbmlusb ae tjbgr junb egnurb.

Xjgs rbspa`hb`t lcsa taumjbh a` làtjbr hbsmrgptga` dy stuhb`ts, l`h lcc ae tjb

rbspa`hb`ts‘lcc ^bstbr`brs caai lcgib. Letbr warig`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr, stuhb`ts wja

a`mb vgbwbh Lkbrgml`s ls smlry àw dbcgbvbh tjby wbrb ig`h. ]tuhb`ts wja dbcgbvbh lcc

^bstbr`brs wbrb tjb slkb rbpartbh tjlt taurgsts jlvb hgeebrb`t purpasbs tjl`

Uacu`tbbrs l`h ha àt rbprbsb`t lcc ^bstbr`brs. Làtjbr stuhb`t bxpclg`bh tjb

hgeebrb`mb?

G hgh àw iàw wjgmj a`b wls l` Lkbrgml`9 ^bstbr`brs lcc caai lcgib. G tjgì

kast ^bstbr`brs ha àt hrbss prapbrcy. ]akb wakb` bxpasb tjbgr dahgbs taa

kumj. Dut G tjgì tjby cgib trlvbccg`n sg`mb kast ae tjbk lcwlys vgsgt taurgst sgtbs.

Xjb Uacu`tbbr tjaunj lcwlys hrbssbh prapbrcy wjb` tblmjg`n. G rblcgzbh tjlt

^bstbr`brs lrb`'t lcc tjb slkb. ]akb hrbss prapbrcy, sakb ha`‗t, hbpb`hg`n a`

blmj g`hgvghulc.

A`cy 4= pbrmb`t ae lcc rbspa`hb`ts kb`tga`bh g`tbrlmtga`s wgtj Lkbrgml`s g` Xjlgcl`h

ls l saurmb ae gèarkltga`. Jawbvbr, tjbsb g`tbrlmtga`s wgtj ^bstbr` taurgsts jblvgcy

gècub`mbh Xjlg rbspa`hb`ts‗ vgbws ae Lkbrgml`s. Dlsbh a` tjbsb stltbkb`ts, tjb bxpbrgb`mb wgtj l sg`ncb Uacu`tbbr kly ma`stgtutb sueegmgb`t g`tbrlmtga` ta mau`tbr tjb

stbrbatypbs l`h hlgcy b`mau`tbrs wgtj ^bstbr` taurgsts.

Mlusbs ear Mjl`nbs g` Apg`ga`

Tbspa`hb`ts hbsmrgdbh wjlt mlusbh tjb mjl`nbs g` apg`ga`s tjraunj l sbrgbs ae apb`-

b`hbh qubstga`s tjlt lsibh ldaut spbmgegm lmtgvgtgbs, kbkargbs, l`h cblr`g`n

bxpbrgb`mbs. Xjbsb `lrrltgvbs wbrb marrbcltbh lnlg`st tjb cbvbc ae g`tbrlmtga`

rbspa`hb`ts jlh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr wja sbrvbh g` tjbgr smjaac.

Cbvbc ae G`tbrlmtga` wgtj Uacu`tbbrs

Mau`tbrplrts l`h stuhb`ts prgklrgcy g`tbrlmtbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs g` tjb smjaac sbttg`n

wjgcb db`begmglrgbs g`tbrlmtbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs bqulccy lt smjaac l`h samglccy autsghb ae

wari. G` Xjlgcl`h, Uacu`tbbrs ha àt cgvb wgtj jast elkgcgbs dut rb`t cahng`n erak

cl`hcarhs. Kbkdbrs ae tjb makku`gty l`h `bgnjdars lmt ls rbcltgvbs ar elkgcy-cgib

ergb`hs. Xjbsb jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts prgklrgcy g`tbrlmtbh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs autsghb ae



52 | V l n b

smjaac g` l jakb ar makku`gty sbttg`n. ^jb` lsibh wjy tjby wl`tbh ta jast l

Uacu`tbbr, a`b tjgrh (<6 ae =6) ae tjb jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts stltbh tjby wl`tbh tjb

mrass-mucturlc bxpbrgb`mb. Làtjbr egvb rbspa`hb`ts wl`tbh ta gkpravb tjbgr B`ncgsj.

Jawbvbr, sgx rbspa`hb`ts stltbh tjby hgh àt jlvb kumj g`tbrbst g` jastg`n l Uacu`tbbr,

dut jlh l jausb ar lplrtkb`t ta rb`t. Eaur kb`tga`bh dbg`n mjasb` dy tjb smjaac ar

B]LA ta lmt ls tjb jast elkgcy.

Kast Erbqub`t Lmtgvgtgbs

Xjb lmtgvgtgbs mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs b`nlnbh g` kast aetb` wgtj Uacu`tbbrs elcc

g`ta twa mltbnargbs? tjasb rbcltbh ta wari (`;:4) l`h tjasb autsghb ae wari ar ae l

karb samglc `lturb (`;26).

Lt wari, mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs maccldarltbh prgklrgcy wgtj Uacu`tbbrs a` twa

lmtgvgtgbs. Egrst, 22 pbrmb`t ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbpartbh maccldarltg`n a`

mclssraak tblmjg`n. Làtjbr 4< pbrmb`t ae rbspa`hb`ts lcsa hbsmrgdbh warig`n a`

smjaac bvb`ts, B`ncgsj mlkps, l`h mcuds tanbtjbr. Xjb `bxt kast erbqub`tcy kb`tga`bh

g`tbrlmtga` wls cbssa` pcl``g`n (<>%). Autsghb ae wari, 58 pbrmb`t ae db`begmglrgbs l`h

mau`tbrplrts rbpartbh sjlrg`n kblcs l`h maaig`n tanbtjbr l`h 45 pbrmb`t rbpartbh

tlcig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr. ]cgnjtcy ebwbr (48%) stltbh tjby lttb`hbh jacghly bvb`ts l`h

wb`t sgnjt-sbbg`n.

@at surprgsg`ncy, 25 pbrmb`t ae jast elkgcgbs kb`tga`bh maaig`n l`h sjlrg`n kblcs ls

tjb kast erbqub`t lmtgvgty tjby hgh wgtj Uacu`tbbrs. Bltg`n tanbtjbr wls eaccawbh dy

tlcig`n l`h tblmjg`n ta blmj atjbr g` B`ncgsj l`h Xjlg.

^jb` lsibh ldaut tjb `lturb ae tjbgr rbcltga`sjgp wgtj Uacu`tbbrs, <5 ae 45 jastelkgcgbs makkb`tbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr wls cgib l elkgcy kbkdbr ta tjbk. Ear bxlkpcb?

^b ebbc cgib dratjbrs l`h sgstbrs. Xjb Uacu`tbbr rbspbmtbh kb l`h ky wgeb ls l

dratjbr l`h sgstbr. ^b jbcpbh blmj atjbr g` kl`y tjg`ns l`h ltb tanbtjbr oust

cgib g` l elkgcy. Dbearb sjb cbet, tjb Uacu`tbbr nlvb jbr dgmymcb ta us ls l rbkg`hbr

ae aur rbcltga`sjgp.

Jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts lcsa hbsmrgdbh tjb Uacu`tbbr ls l ergb`h l`h racb kahbc. Xjrbb

jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr sbchak jlh ma`tlmt wgtj tjbk letbr

tjb Uacu`tbbr jlh tjbgr aw` g`tbr`bt lmmbss l`h a`b rbspa`hb`t hbsmrgdbh tjb Uacu`tbbr ls –oust l tb`l`t.‛

Kast Kbkarldcb Lmtgvgtgbs

Xjb kast kbkarldcb lmtgvgtgbs ear mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h jast elkgcy

rbspa`hb`ts wbrb àt lmtulccy lmtgvgtgbs dut rbcltbh g`stblh ta tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗

hbkblàr (<6= ae <22). Xjb kloargty ae mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs eau`h tjb



55 | V l n b

Uacu`tbbrs‗ ergb`hcg`bss l`h tjbgr ldgcgty ta lhlpt ta camlc Xjlg mucturb, bspbmglccy

hbvbcapg`n jlrka`gaus rbcltga`sjgps, tjbgr kast kbkarldcb dbjlvgars.

Tbspa`hb`ts cgìbh dugchg`n jlrka`gaus rbcltga`sjgps wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s ldgcgty ta

lhlpt ta camlc mucturlc àrks l`h dbmakb g`tbnrltbh g`ta tjb smjaac l`h makku`gty.

Xjgs g`mcuhbh warig`n jlrh ta nlg` rbspbmt erak maccblnubs?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr wls l mlpldcb pbrsa`, waribh jlrh l`h lcwlys trgbh ta g`trahumb

`bw tbmj`gqubs/lmtgvgtgbs g` tjb mclssraak. ]jb wls ergb`hcy l`h aetb` jlh sklcc

ngets ta hgstrgdutb ta tjb stuhb`ts. ]jb hrbssbh prapbrcy, àt cgib kast earbgn`

taurgstYs[ g` Xjlgcl`h.

Xjb Uacu`tbbr‗s dbjlvgar sbt tjbk lplrt erak tjb ^bstbr` taurgsts tjb Xjlg

rbspa`hb`ts‗ wbrb lmmustakbh ta sbbg`n..

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs lcsa rbmlccbh spbmgegm bvb`ts ar g`tbrlmtga`s tjlt

hbka`strltbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s ergb`hcg`bss l`h ldgcgty ta dugch naah rbcltga`sjgps. Ear

bxlkpcb, tjbsb db`begmglrgbs rbmlccbh?

Lt tjb dbng``g`n, G wls rbcumtl t ta wari wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr dbmlusb G hgh`'t

jlvb trlg`g`n g` B`ncgsj Bhumltga`. Dut tjb Uacu`tbbr mlkb ta kb l`h tach kb àt

ta db lerlgh ta tlci wgtj jbr. Bvb`tulccy, wb eau`h aut cltbr a` tjlt wb mauch

wari tanbtjbr vbry wbcc l`h jlh eu` ma-tblmjg`n.

Xjb Uacu`tbbr put l cat ae beeart g`ta klig`n surb tjlt stuhb`ts nat tjb dbst aut

ae blmj cbssa`. Xjb Uacu`tbbr usbh jbr aw` ka`by ta klib tblmjg`n lghs l`h ha

atjbr bxtrl lmtgvgtgbs. ^jb` tjb Uacu`tbbr egrst lrrgvbh, wb g`vgtbh jbr ta oag` lDay ]maut mlkp. G tlunjt jbr ta sg`n Xjlg sa`ns l`h sjb mauch sg`n twa sa`ns

wgtjg` l sjart tgkb. ]jb taai àtb ae bvbry `bw tjg`n sjb cblr`Ybh[/slw l`h

mauch rbkbkdbr Ysumj ls[ dgrtjhlys ae bvbry maccblnub l`h ergb`h jbrb.

Mau`tbrplrts lcsa rbmlccbh jaw tjb kbtjahs usbh dy tjb Uacu`tbbr gkpravbh stuhb`t

pbrearkl`mb l`h tjbgr hbsgrb ta stuhy B`ncgsj. G` l ebw mlsbs, rbspa`hb`ts rbmlccbh tjb

hbhgmltga` ae tjb Uacu`tbbr l`h tjb hgeebrb`mb g` jaw Uacu`tbbrs waribh wgtj stuhb`ts?

G rbkbkdbr tjb b`tjusglsk, stra`n makkgtkb`t, l`h hbtbrkg`ltga` ae tjb

Uacu`tbbr. ]jb wls mjlccb`nbh dy sakb stuhb`ts lt tjb dbng``g`n dut sjb `bvbr

nlvb up. ]jb usbh lmtgvgtgbs ta 'drbli tjb gmb' l`h hbvbcap rlppart wgtj tjb

stuhb`t. ]jb plgh lttb`tga` ta stuhb`ts‗ dlminrau`h l`h trgbh ta usb hgeebrb`t

lppralmjbs wgtj stuhb`ts wgtj hgeebrb`t dlminrau`hs. Ear bxlkpcb, ear hrun

ldusb nraups, sjb trgbh ta ghb`tgey tjb mlusbs l`h hblc wgtj tjbk. Ear stuhb`ts

erak draib` jakbs, sjb caaibh letbr tjbk wgtj spbmglc mlrb.



5> | V l n b

L ebw mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbmlccbh `bnltgvb kbkargbs. A`b db`begmglry

rbmlccbh l Uacu`tbbr‗s –dlh tbkpbr‛ l`h egnjts dbtwbb` tjb Uacu`tbbr, tblmjbrs, l`h

stuhb`ts. L mau`tbrplrt g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h rbmlccbh tjlt tjb Uacu`tbbr sjauch àt

jlvb dbb` lssgn`bh ta tblmj, l`h bùkbrltbh tjb rblsa`s ls dbg`n tlrhy ta wari,

g`sb`sgtgvb ta Xjlg mucturlc prlmtgmbs (–hrgìg`n maeebb g` tjb mclssraak wjgcb tblmjg`n,

wjgmj gs`'t prapbr g` Xjlg mucturb‛) l`h u`wgccg`n ta tlib a` lhhgtga`lc rbspa`sgdgcgtgbs g`tjb mclssraak.

G` tjasb ebw g`stl`mbs wjbrb tjb ebw mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs rbmlccbh `bnltgvb

kbkargbs, tjbgr apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s jlh dbmakb karb `bnltgvb. A`b mau`tbrplrt g`

sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h bxpclg`bh?

G murrb`tcy vgbw Lkbrgml`s `bnltgvbcy. ]akb wja wari jbrb lrb bhumltbh, sakb

lrb`'t. Xjby lrb u`bkpcaybh l`h oust wl`t ta trlvbc. Xjby nbt bxpb`sbs ear cgvg`n

l`h lmmakkahltga`s.

]akb ae tjb jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts (=<%) rbmlccbh jaw ergb`hcy tjb Uacu`tbbr wls l`h

makkb`tbh a` tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s ldgcgty ta lhlpt ta rurlc Xjlg mucturb. L ebw jast elkgcy

rbspa`hb ts rbmlccbh spbmgegm bvb`ts. Ear bxlkpcb, tjgs cl`hcarh rbkbkdbrbh?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr wls wbcc-kl``brbh. ]jb wls sg`mbrb l`h rblccy mlrbh ldaut ky

wbcc-dbg`n. Letbr sjb cbet, G ebcc gcc. ]jb ecbw dlmi ta vgsgt kb lt jbr aw` bxpb`sb.

^jlt Uacu`tbbrs Hgh ta Mjl`nb Apg`ga`s l`h ^jlt Vraobmt Vlrtgmgpl`ts Cblr`bh

Ldaut Lkbrgml`s

Ae tjasb wja rbpartbh l karb pasgtgvb ar sakbwjlt karb pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae

Lkbrgml`s, 4> pbrmb`t ae tjb mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs stltbh tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s wari

stycb jlh mlusbh tjb mjl`nb. Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts hbsmrgdbh jlrh-warig`n, pu`mtulc, l`h

b`tjusglstgm Uacu`tbbrs wja cgibh tblmjg`n l`h wbrb nb`braus wgtj tjbgr tgkb l`h

iàwcbhnb. Làtjbr nraup (<:%) slgh tjby mjl`nbh tjbgr apg`ga`s dbmlusb ae tjb

Uacu`tbbr‗s ergb`hcg`bss, ig`h`bss, l`h mlrg`n. Xjbsb rbspa`hb`ts cblr`bh tjlt

Lkbrgml`s rbspbmt atjbr mucturbs l`h lrb àt kltbrglcgstgm, lrranl`t, ar g`hgvghulcgstgm ls

tjby jlh lssukbh. Ls tjbsb rbspa`hb`ts bxpclg`bh?

]jb rbspbmtbh camlc trlhgtga`. Ear bxlkpcb, sjb hrbssbh g` l ca`n slra`n cgib atjbr

wakb` g` tjb ]autj. ]jb wls lcsa b`tjusglstgm ta sjlrb iàwcbhnb l`h bxmjl`nb

ghbls a` tjb twa mucturbs. ”Mau`tbrplrt

Cgib l Duhhjgst, tjb Uacu`tbbr jls l sgkpcb cgebstycb? àt kltbrglcgstgm, ma`mbr`bh

l`h mlrbs ldaut atjbr pbapcb, nrltbeuc, l`h ngvg`n ergb`hsjgps gkpartl`mb. Xjgs

ma`trlsts wgtj wjlt G jlvb jblrh9 tjlt Lkbrgml`s lrb sbcegsj. ”Db`begmglry



5: | V l n b

@at lcc rbspa`hb`ts jlh pasgtgvb bxpbrgb`mbs wgtj Uacu`tbbrs. G` tjbsb mlsbs,

rbspa`hb`ts dbmlkb karb `bnltgvb g` tjbgr apg`ga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s. Ear bxlkpcb,

Vrbvgauscy, G tjaunjt kast Lkbrgml`s lrb naah dbmlusb G'vb dbb` gkprbssbh wgtj

tjb Lkbrgml` Uacu`tbbr tblmjbr G jlh ls l mjgch. Dut tjgs Uacu`tbbr‗s pbrearkl`mb

klibs kb ebbc dlh ldaut Vblmb Marps l`h Lkbrgml` pbapcb.

Jast elkgcy kbkdbrs lcsa mgtbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ ig`h`bss l`h ldgcgty ta lhlpt ta Xjlg

mucturlc àrks ls tjb rblsa` tjby mjl`nbh tjbgr apg`ga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s. Tbspa`hb`ts

aetb` makplrbh tjbgr prbvgaus gkprbssga`s ae Lkbrgml`s ta tjbgr `bw a`bs, bspbmglccy

cgìg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s dbjlvgar ta Lkbrgml`s jlvg`n l ig`h jblrt. Ear bxlkpcb?

Xjb Uacu`tbbr plgh jgnj lttb`tga` ta jbr wari. ]jb cgibh ta aeebr jbcp ta atjbrs.

Xjgs mjl`nbh ky ma`mbpt ldaut Lkbrgml`s. Dbearb G tjaunjt Lkbrgml`s wbrb

sbce-mb`tbrbh, àt plyg`n kumj lttb`tga` ldaut atjbrs. Letbr iàwg`n tjb

Uacu`tbbr, G rblcgzbh sjb wls hgeebrb`t. ]a G'h sly kl`y Lkbrgml`s jlvb ig`h

jblrts.

Gkplmt ae tjb Mjl`nbs a` Vlrtgmgpl`ts‗ Dbjlvgar l`h Autcaai a` Cgeb

Ls tjb eg`lc qubstga` ae tjb g`tbrvgbw, rbspa`hb`ts wbrb lsibh jaw tjby jlh mjl`nbh

tjbgr dbjlvgar ar autcaai a` cgeb ls l rbsuct ae g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs wja rbpartbh l karb pasgtgvb ar sakbwjlt karb

pasgtgvb apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s stltbh tjby jlh?

Lhaptbh tjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ wari stycb l`h dbmakb karb rbspa`sgdcb, arnl`gzbh,

l`h pltgb`t, l`h usbh dbttbr tgkb kl`lnbkb`t

Dbmakb karb maèghb`t lt wari l`h karb wgccg`n ta try `bw ghbls lt wari ar

cgstb` ta hgeebrb`t apg`ga`s

Lhaptbh l karb pasgtgvb vgbw ae cgeb l`h wbrb karb wgccg`n ta jbcp stuhb`ts.

Xjb kloargty ae jast elkgcy rbspa`hb`ts (52%) makkb`tbh tjlt tjby jlh mjl`nbh tjbgr

pbrsa`lc dbjlvgar ar autcaai a` cgeb. ]bvbrlc rbpartbh tjby pcl``bh tjbgr wari karb l`h

taai nrbltbr rbspa`sgdgcgty.

]ukklry Nalc Xwa

Xjb Uacu`tbbrs‗ hbkblàr l`h ldgcgty ta dugch jlrka`gaus rbcltga`sjgps lka`n Xjlg

pbapcb jbcpbh mrbltb l karb pasgtgvb u`hbrstl`hg`n l`h vgbw ae Lkbrgml`s lka`n

plrtgmgpl`ts. Uacu`tbbrs‗ lmtga`s g`mcuhbh ergb`hcg`bss, ig`h`bss, l`h tjb ldgcgty ta

g`tbnrltb g`ta tjb makku`gty. G` lhhgtga`, tjb Uacu`tbbr‗s dbjlvgar sbt tjbk lplrt erak

^bstbr` taurgsts‘tjb db`mjklri kl`y rbspa`hb`ts usbh ta hbsmrgdb Lkbrgml`s



57 | V l n b

dbearb g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. G` tjbsb mlsbs, rbspa`hb`ts makkb`tbh tjlt

Uacu`tbbrs rbspbmtbh camlc trlhgtga`, hrbssbh kahbstcy, l`h wbrb àt g`hgvghulcgstgm, ls

tjby jlh gklng`bh.

Mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs mjl`nbh tjbgr dbjlvgar l`h autcaai a` cgeb letbr warig`n

wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. Xjby wbrb karb maèghb`t, jlh dbttbr wari jldgts, l`h wbrb karb wgccg`n ta try bw ghbls l`h ta jbcp stuhb`ts.



MA@MCR]GA@ L@H TBMAKKB@HLXGA@]

Nalc A`b

Avbrlcc, tjb eg`hg`ns sunnbst tjb gkplmts erak tjb XMMA Vraobmt jbcp Vblmb Marps kbbt

Nalc A`b? dugchg`n mlplmgty lka`n jast mau`try `ltga`lcs. Uacu`tbbrs eamusbh tjbgr

lttb`tga` l`h lmtgvgtgbs a` tjb XMMA Vraobmt‗s nalc a`b, wjgmj kbl`t tjby waribh g` tjb

smjaacs. Xjb praobmt jls sjawbh summbss g` trl`sebrrg`n sigccs l`h dugchg`n mlplmgty

lka`n mau`tbrplrts l`h db`begmglrgbs g` tjb tjrbb prgklry lrbls ear tjgs praobmt nalc?

B`nlng`n stuhb`ts g` mclss

Mrbltg`n l`h usg`n bw kltbrglcs g` tjb mclssraak

Rsg`n plrtgmgpltary cblr`g`n kbtjahs

G` lhhgtga`, g`mrblsbh maèghb`mb g` spblig`n l`h tblmjg`n B`ncgsj wls l sgn`gegml`t

mjl`nb lt tjb pbrsa`lc l`h smjaac cbvbc. Xblmjbrs lcsa g`tbnrltbh camlc bxpbrgb`mb ar iàwcbhnb g`ta tjbgr cbssa`s.

Xjb kahbrltb cbvbc ae sustlg`ldgcgty ear tjbsb mjl`nbs sunnbsts tjlt tblmjbrs l`h smjaac

lhkg`gstrltars elmb hgeegmuctgbs g` klg`tlg`g`n tjb mjl`nbs a`mb tjb Uacu`tbbr makpcbtbs

jgs ar jbr sbrvgmb. Kast ae tjb elmtars leebmtg`n sustlg`ldgcgty lrb systbkgm ta tjb Xjlg

bhumltga` systbk ar mucturlccy-dlsbh. Ear bxlkpcb, l qulrtbr ae tjb tblmjbrs l`h

lhkg`gstrltars hgh wl`t ta lhapt tjb `bw tblmjg`n kbtjahs dbmlusb tjby dbcgbvbh tjlt

tjb `bw plrtgmgpltary, stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh kbtjahs hgh àt suppart tjb `ltga`lc

murrgmucuk l`h/ar tjlt tjb sjget g` stuhb`t-tblmjbr rbcltga`sjgps mjlccb`nbh Xjlg

mucturlc àrks, g` tbrks ae l cass ae rbspbmt ear tblmjbrs.

Tbmakkb`hltga`s? Uacu`tbbrs sjauch db wbcc-vbrsbh g` tjb Xjlg `ltga`lc murrgmucuk

l`h ldcb ta lrtgmucltb jaw tjbgr stuhb`t-mb`tbrbh cblr`g`n kbtjahs, l`h bspbmglccy tjbgr

rbsucts, suppart `ltga`lc tbstg`n stl`hlrhs. Eurtjbr, Uacu`tbbrs mauch db dbttbr

prbplrbh ta bxpclg` jaw tjbsb mjl`nbs suppart Xjlg mucturlc àrks.

Xjb praobmt rbqugrbs tjlt Uacu`tbbrs wari g` twa smjaacs, makkutg`n dy dgmymcb ta blmj

smjaac. Tbspa`hb`ts àtbh tjgs pclmbh l jblvy waricalh a` Uacu`tbbrs l`h rghg`n dgibs

dbtwbb` vgcclnbs l`h taw`s wls hgeegmuct l`h àt lcwlys prlmtgmlc. Xjby lcsa àtbh tjlt

warig`n wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr a`cy twa hlys l wbbi cgkgtbh tjb cbvbc ae sigcc trl`sebr l`h

jlkpbrbh tjb ma`tgùgty ae cblr`g`n. G` lhhgtga`, tjb sbma`h nalc ae tjb praobmt rbqugrbhUacu`tbbrs ta ma`humt makku`gty hbvbcapkb`t lmtgvgtgbs, g` lhhgtga` ta tblmjg`n g` twa

smjaacs. Xblmjg`n g` l sg`ncb smjaac gs l eucc-tgkb oad wgtjaut tjb lhhgtga`lc rbqugrbh

lmtgvgtgbs g` tjb makku`gty ar makkutg`n ta làtjbr smjaac.

Tbmakkb`hltga`? Xjb praobmt mauch ma`sghbr `lrrawg`n tjb eamus ae lmtgvgtgbs l`h

camltga`s ta l sg`ncb smjaac g` wjgmj Uacu`tbbrs mauch wari wgtj smjaac stlee l`h



>< | V l n b

makku`gty kbkdbrs ta ma`humt l `bbhs lssbsskb`t ae tjb smjaac l`h makku`gty l`h

tjb` wari tanbtjbr ta lhhrbss tjb ghb`tgegbh `bbhs.

Nb`hbr jlh l` gkpartl`t, lcdbgt jghhb`, racb g` tjb summbss ae tjb praobmt. Ebklcb

mau`tbrplrts g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h eau`h warig`n wgtj l ebklcb Uacu`tbbr karb

mucturlccy lppraprgltb, ls à mucturlc ma`strlg`ts lrasb g` tjbgr warig`n rbcltga`sjgp. Xjb blsb ae warig`n tanbtjbr elmgcgtltbh nrbltbr sigccs trl`sebr. A` tjb atjbr jl`h, klcb

Uacu`tbbrs warig`n wgtj ebklcb tblmjbrs g` sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h elmbh hgeegmuctgbs dbmlusb

tjby mauch àt dugch l stra`n warig`n rbcltga`sjgp u`hbr Kuscgk clw.

Tbmakkb`hltga`? Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h sjauch rbvgbw tjb hy`lkgms ae nb`hbr

rbcltga`sjgps dbtwbb` mau`tbrplrts l`h Uacu`tbbrs wjb` pclmg`n Uacu`tbbrs g`

sautjbr` Xjlgcl`h.

Nalc Xwa

Xjb eg`hg`ns sunnbst tjb XMMA Vraobmt ma`trgdutbh ta Vblmb Marps‗ Nalc Xwa? gkpravg`n

tjb u`hbrstl`hg`n ae Lkbrgml`s g` Jast Mau`trgbs. Tbspa`hb`ts gkpravbh tjbgr

u`hbrstl`hg`n l`h apg`ga` ldaut Lkbrgml`s letbr g`tbrlmtg`n wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. Xjb

Uacu`tbbr‗s ldgcgty ta g`tbnrltb l`h rbspbmt camlc mucturb mjl`nbh rbspa`hb`ts‗ gklnbs

ae Lkbrgml`s erak tjlt ae –^bstbr` taurgst‛ wja hrbssbs g`lppraprgltbcy, hrgìs, tlibs

hruns, l`h g` atjbr wlys aeeb`hs Xjlg àrks, ta sakba`b wja gs ldcb ta lhoust ta l

hgeebrb`t mucturb l`h wja gs rbspbmteuc l`h jbcpeuc.

Tbmakkb`hltga`? Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h sjauch ma`sghbr usg`n tjb eg`hg`ns erak tjgs

stuhy ls l tblmjg`n rbsaurmb g` tjbgr mrass-mucturlc trlg`g`n murrgmucuk.



>4 | V l n b

LVVB@HGZ <? A]GTV KBXJAHACANW

]gtb ]bcbmtga`

G` Xjlgcl`h, tjb tblk ma`humtbh g`tbrvgbws g` 42 makku`gtgbs wjbrb Uacu`tbbrs waribh. Xjb slkpcb sgtbs wbrb l rbprbsb`tltgvb slkpcb rltjbr tjl` l rl`hak slkpcb

l`h wbrb nb`brltbh erak tjb cgst ae Uacu`tbbr lssgn`kb`ts g` tjb XMMA Vraobmt sg`mb

4662. ]gtbs g` wjgmj tjb Uacu`tbbr jlh sbrvbh cbss tjl` <4 ka`tjs, jlh klrrgbh

sakba`b lt sgtb, jlh rbklg`bh lt sgtb letbr tjb mcasb ae tjbgr sbrvgmb, ar sgtbs tjlt wbrb

bxtrbkbcy rbkatb wbrb bxmcuhbh. G`hgvghulc rbspa`hb`ts wbrb tjb` sbcbmtbh g` a`b ae

tjrbb wlys?

<. Lt kl`y sgtbs, a`cy a`b mau`tbrplrt jlh waribh wgtj l Uacu`tbbr. G` tjasb

mlsbs, a`mb tjb sgtb wls sbcbmtbh, sa wls tjb mau`tbrplrt.

4.

^gtj rbnlrh ta tjb sbcbmtga` ae db`begmglrgbs l`h jast elkgcy kbkdbrs, l`h g`mlsbs wjbrb karb tjl` a`b passgdcb mau`tbrplrt wls lvlgcldcb, past stlee l`h/ar

tjb Uacu`tbbr prapasbh g`hgvghulcs iàw` ta jlvb jlh sgn`gegml`t g`vacvbkb`t g`

tjb praobmt ar wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr. ^gtjg` l jast elkgcy, tjb pbrsa` wgtj tjb kast

bxpbrgb`mb wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr wls g`tbrvgbwbh.

=. G` mlsbs wjbrb tjbrb wbrb stgcc kuctgpcb passgdcb rbspa`hb`ts, tjb rbsblrmj tblk

rl`hakcy sbcbmtbh tjb rbspa`hb`ts.

8. G` mlsbs wjbrb rbspa`hb`ts jlh kavbh ar wbrb à ca`nbr lt sgtb, rbsblrmjbrs

bgtjbr camltbh tjbgr murrb`t ma`tlmt gèarkltga` ar ma`humtbh sàwdlcc slkpcg`n ta camltb atjbr rbspa`hb`ts wja jlh waribh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr.

Hltl Maccbmtga`

Xjb rbsblrmj qubstga`s l`h g`tbrvgbw pratamacs wbrb hbsgn`bh dy stlee erak tjb Aeegmb

ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`, Tbsblrmj, l`h Vcl``g`n (A]GTV) l`h rbeg`bh tjraunj

ma`suctltga`s wgtj tjb Mau`try Hgrbmtar, Hgrbmtar ae Vranrlkkg`n l`h Xrlg`g`n, l`h tjb

Vranrlk Kl`lnbr g` Xjlgcl`h.

Xjb tblk ae camlc g`tbrvgbwbrs, supbrvgsbh dy l jast mau`try sb`gar rbsblrmjbr

ma`trlmtbh g` mau`try, mlrrgbh aut lcc tjb g`tbrvgbws. G`tbrvgbwbrs usbh wrgttb` pratamacs

spbmgegm ta blmj mltbnary ae rbspa`hb`ts l`h ma`humtbh sbkg-strumturbh g`tbrvgbws. Xjb

tblk rbmbgvbh l a`b-wbbi trlg`g`n erak A]GTV stlee mavbrg`n tjb purpasb ae tjb

rbsblrmj, tjb qubstga``lgrbs, l`h kbtjahs ear ma`humtg`n tjb egbch wari.

Xjb rbsblrmj tblks lcsa rbvgbwbh bxgstg`n pbrearkl`mb hltl rautg`bcy rbpartbh dy

pasts g` Uacu`tbbrs‗ Vraobmt ]tltus Tbparts, ls wbcc ls tjb rbsucts ae tjb Vblmb Marps‗



>= | V l n b

L`ùlc Uacu`tbbr ]urvbys l`h l`y prbvgaus bvlcultga`s ar praobmt rbvgbws. Jawbvbr,

tjb rbsucts prbsb`tbh g` tjgs rbpart lrb lckast bxmcusgvbcy dlsbh a` tjb g`tbrvgbw hltl

maccbmtbh tjraunj tjgs stuhy.

Xwa ju`hrbh l`h tjgrtbb` g`hgvghulcs wbrb g`tbrvgbwbh g` Xjlgcl`h ear tjb stuhy.

^jlt hltl wbrb maccbmtbh1

Xjb mau`tbrplrts, db`begmglrgbs, l`h stlibjachbrs wbrb lsibh qubstga`s rbcltbh ta datj

Nalc A`b l`h Nalc Xwa. Jast elkgcy kbkdbrs wbrb lsibh a`cy qubstga`s rbcltbh ta Nalc

Xwa. Xjb mltbnargbs mavbrbh wgtj blmj ae tjb nraups lrb sjaw` g` tjb tldcb dbcaw.

]ukklry ae G`tbrvgbw \ubstga`s dy Tbspa`hb`t Xypb

Tbspa`hb`t

Xypb \ubstga` Mltbnargbs Lppraxgkltb

Cb`ntj ae

g`tbrvgbw

Mau`tbrplrt

.

Nalc A`b

<. Mclrgegmltga` ae tjb praobmt purpasb

4. Tbspa`hb`t‗s wari jgstary g` tjb egbch l`h wgtj tjb Vblmb

Marps

=. Erbqub`my ae ma`tlmt wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

8. Vraobmt argb`tltga`

2. Vraobmt autmakbs l`h sltgselmtga` wgtj tjb praobmt

5. Makku`gty l`h g`hgvghulc-cbvbc mjl`nbs

>.

Klg`tb`l`mb ae praobmt autmakbs

Nalc Xwa

<. ]aurmb ae gèarkltga` l`h apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s prgar ta

tjb Vblmb Marps wari

4. Xypb ae gèarkltga` cblr`bh ldaut Lkbrgml`s erak

g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

=. Apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s letbr g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

8. Vlrtgmuclr dbjlvgars/lttgtuhbs tjlt Uacu`tbbrs bxjgdgtbh

tjlt jbcpbh gkpravb rbspa`hb`ts‗ u`hbrstl`hg`n ae

Lkbrgml`s

56-76

kgùtbs

Db`begmglry Nalc <<. Mclrgegmltga` ae tjb praobmt purpasb

4. Erbqub`my ae ma`tlmt wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

=. Vraobmt autmakbs l`h sltgselmtga` wgtj tjb praobmt

8. Makku`gty l`h g`hgvghulc-cbvbc mjl`nbs

2. Klg`tb`l`mb ae praobmt autmakbs

Nalc Xwa

<. ]aurmb ae gèarkltga` l`h apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s prgar ta

56-76kgùtbs



>8 | V l n b

Tbspa`hb`t

Xypb

\ubstga` Mltbnargbs Lppraxgkltb

Cb`ntj ae

g`tbrvgbw


4.

Xypb ae gèarkltga` cblr`bh ldaut Lkbrgml`s erak

g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr

=. Apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s letbr g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr



Lkbrgml`s

Jast Elkgcy

Kbkdbr

Nalc Xwa

<.

]aurmb ae gèarkltga` l`h apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s prgar ta


4. Xypb ae gèarkltga` cblr`bh ldaut Lkbrgml`s erak

g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr=. Apg`ga` ae Lkbrgml`s letbr g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbr



Lkbrgml`s

2. Dbjlvgarlc mjl`nbs dlsbh a` iàwg`n tjb Uacu`tbbr

=6 kgùtbs



LVVB@HGZ 4? TB]BLTMJ XBLK KBXJAHACANW<4

Xjb lssbsskb`t wls ma`humtbh tjraunj egbch g`tbrvgbws wgtj pbapcb wja jlvb waribh

l`h cgvbh wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbrs. Xjb rbspa`hb`ts wbrb mclssgegbh lmmarhg`n ta tjb `lturb

ae tjbgr rbcltga`sjgp/g`tbrlmtga` wgtj tjb Uacu`tbbrs. Xjb qubstga``lgrbs ear tjb

stlibjachbr, mau`tbrplrt l`h db`begmglry mavbr qubstga` sbts ear datj nalcs wjbrbls

tjlt ear tjb jast elkgcy eamusbs a`cy a` Nalc Xwa.

Lcc ae tjb qubstga``lgrbs wbrb hbvbcapbh dy tjb Aeegmb ae ]trltbngm Gèarkltga`,

Tbsblrmj, l`h Vcl``g`n (A]GTV) g` tjb Vblmb Marps Jblhqulrtbrs l`h wbrb trl`scltbh

g`ta Xjlg dy tjb Xjlg ]b`gar Tbsblrmjbr. Xjb Xjlg trl`scltga` wls tjb` trl`scltbh dlmi

g`ta B`ncgsj dy Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h aeegmb stlee ta mjbmi tjb lmmurlmy ae tjb

trl`scltga`. Letbr pgcatg`n tjb qubstga``lgrbs hurg`n tjb trlg`g`n ae egbch rbsblrmjbrs, tjb

qubstga` sbts wbrb lhoustbh dlsbh a` ebbhdlmi erak tjb g`tbrvgbwbbs.

Hltl maccbmtga`

Xjb egbch g`tbrvgbws wbrb ma`humtbh dy sgx tblks ae egbch rbsblrmjbrs cbh dy ]b`gar

Tbsblrmjbr l`h Tbsblrmj Lssamgltbs. Vrgar ta tjb egbch g`tbrvgbws, rbsblrmjbr trlg`g`n

wls ma`humtbh dy tjb Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h aeegmb tanbtjbr wgtj l` bvlcultga` aeegmbr

erak A]GTV. Xjb trlg`g`n mavbrbh ma`tb`t a` Ytjb[ dlminrau`h l`h tjb nalc ae Vblmb

Marps, adobmtgvbs ae tjb gkplmt bvlcultga`, bvlcultga` ma`mbpt, kbtjah, l`h taac, ls

wbcc ls egbch pgcat g`tbrvgbws wgtj rbspa`hb`ts erak l earkbr Vblmb Marps sgtb.

Xjb sgtbs ear tjb g`tbrvgbws wbrb mjasb` tjraunj l systbkltgm slkpcg`n kbtjah dy

A]GTV. Lctanbtjbr, 42 XMMA sgtbs wbrb sbcbmtbh tjraunjaut lcc rbnga`s ae tjb mau`try.

Kast ae tjbk wbrb ‚earkbr‗ sgtbs, kbl`g`n tjb VMUs jlh cbet tjb sgtbs ear <-2 yblrs.

G`tbrvgbw plrt`brs wbrb ghb`tgegbh prgklrgcy lmmarhg`n ta tjbgr racbs g` tjb praobmt l`h l

cgst ae patb`tglc g`tbrvgbwbbs ear lcc sgtbs wls prbplrbh dy tjb Vblmb Marps/Xjlgcl`h

aeegmb. Lhhgtga`lc g`tbrvgbwbbs wbrb camltbh tjraunj sàw dlcc slkpcg`n ma`humtbh dy

g`tbrvgbwbrs hurg`n egbchwari.

Egbch g`tbrvgbws taai pclmb sgkuctl`bauscy g` tjb 42 sgtbs erak Lunust < ta ]bptbkdbr

=6, 46<6. G` lhhgtga`, l eamus nraup hgsmussga` wls ma`humtbh wgtj Xjlgcl`h

G`tbr`ltga`lc Maapbrltga` Lnb`my (XGML) l`h Kg`gstbrglc aeegmbrs erak tjb Hbplrtkb`t

ae Camlc Lhkg`gstrltga` (HCL).

<4Xjgs sbmtga` wls bxmbrptbh (wgtj kgàr bhgtg`n) erak tjb rbsblrmj rbpart hbvbcapbh dy tjb g`-mau`try

rbsblrmj tblk. Ls l rbsuct tjb earklttg`n l`h stycb vlry erak tjasb usbh g` tjb dahy ae tjb rbpart. Hr.

^lclgtlt ârliuc, Vblmb Marps Jast Mau`try Gkplmt Lssbsskb`t, Xjlgcl`h Tbpart,‛ pn.<6-<4, 46<<.



Documents

Peace Corps Teacher Collaboration and Community Outreach Project TCCO Report