Upload
ngohanh
View
225
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
World War I
Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea, 1914,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front; Royal Irish Rifles in a
communications trench, first day on the Somme, 1916.,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
Review
• Industrialization
• European countries had been industrializing throughout the 1800s
• Competition
• The rise of a new German nation in the middle of Europe increased the competition for resources.
• Following the Franco Prussian War, the new united Germany received an influx of indemnity payments which were used to fund industry.
The Creation of Modern Germany
• Information
• When was Modern
Germany Created?
• Modern Germany is a
relatively new creation.
• Revolution, annexations,
political intrigue and war
with Russia, Austria, and
France led to the 1871
unification of eighteen
German states
• Germany quickly
industrialized and by the
turn of the 20th century
they were a force to be
reckoned with.
The German Empire of 1871–1918. By excluding the German-speaking part
of the multinational Austrian Empire, this geographic construction
represented a little Germany solution.,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany
Growing Tensions
• Knowledge
• Why did the leaders of
Europe not trust their
neighbors?
• Industrialization and
colonization put Europe on a
collision course.
• Diplomatic disagreements
began to look very
dangerous.
• Colonial disputes are difficult
to negotiate when modern
warships rattle their guns. 1909 cartoon in Puck shows (clockwise) US, Germany, Britain,
France and Japan engaged in naval race in a "no limit"
game.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93German_
naval_arms_race
Assassination!!!
• Information
• What event directly led to the outbreak of WWI?
• The June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a Serbian national extremist in Belgrade set in
motion a regional crisis that turned into WWI.
http://farm8.staticfli
ckr.com/7164/6460
212475_7489fc719
a_z.jpg
The Key Players
• Who were the Key Players in
WWI?
• Austria-Hungry; Serbia;
Russia; Germany; Belgium;
France; Great Britain; USA.
• Nicholas II Tsar of Russia,
Georges Clemenceau Prime
Minister of France, King
George V of Great Britain,
Vittorio Orlando Italian Prime
Minister, President Woodrow
Wilson of America, Kaiser
Wilhelm II of Germany,
Austria’s Kaiser and Hungary’s
King Franz Joseph and Sultan
Mehmed V of the Ottoman
Empire.
The Path To War
• Information
• What happened in the month
between the assassination
and the “Guns of August” to
actually send Europe to war?
• Austria-Hungry launched an
investigation, searching for a
conspiracy.
• Behind the scenes,
diplomats were working to
ensure that their allies would
support them. Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in
Sarajevo, 29 June 1914.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz
_Ferdinand_of_Austria
The Ultimatum
• What is an Ultimatum?
• The issuing of the
Ultimatum to Serbia
was a shock to Europe.
• Serbia had three days
to answer demands.
• Serbia actually made a
valiant effort to meet
the demands but they
could not agree to all
the terms.
Serbien muss sterb[i]en! ("Serbia must die!"; last word altered to rhyme).
The propaganda caricature shows an Austrian hand crushing a Serb terrorist.;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_A
ustria
Left, Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Britain attempting to keep the lid on the simmering cauldron of imperialist and nationalist tensions in the
Balkans to prevent a general European war. They were successful in 1912 and 1913, but did not succeed in 1914. Upper Right, "The Chain of Friendship", an
American cartoon from 1914 depicting the web of alliances, captioned, "If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and
France and England upon Germany.“, Lower Right, European military alliances shortly after outbreak of war,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I
Assassination Revived
• Knowledge
• Why did the death of
Ferdinand lead to war?
• The assassination
added to tensions that
were already there.
• The absence of
Ferdinand though was
even more influential.
Left, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Right, Gavrilo
Princip;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz
_Ferdinand_of_Austria
Alsace-Lorraine
• Knowledge
• Why did France choose
to use the bulk of their
forces to defend a
region that had limited
tactical value?
• The Alsace-Lorraine
region is representative
of certain issues that
were debated before
and after the war;
identity vs. culture vs.
nationality vs. ideology. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=alsace-
lorraine&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=DE28320
1EECDA6902AAFA5EE4DB28A349FE5C3C4&select
edIndex=87
Excitement Over the Start of the War
Excitement over war induced
many of Germany’s young
men to head to war.
Celebrations and parades
masked the realities of war
which the young soldiers
soon faced.
Left, Berliners cheer a regiment of
Lancers headed for the Front.
August 1914, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/duke.htm
Excitement Over Start of War
• Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwYV6T
1lRsA
• (Begin clip at 3:23 (about ½ min.).
Why Did Men Fight?
Posters
• Fin
Poster Review
• “Great Britain
(1915): ‘These
Women are Doing
Their Bit. Learn to
Make Munitions.’
Poster depicts a
new member of
the workforce
starting her
factory job as a
soldier, in the
background, goes
off to war.”
• “Austria
(1917):
Translation
of title: ‘And
You?’”
• “United States
(c. 1918):
‘Rivets are
Bayonets.
Drive Them
Home!’ This
poster
emphasizes
the cooperation
between U.S.
soldiers at the
front and the
machinists
back home
producing war
supplies.”
• “United
States (1918):
‘Remember
Belgium, Buy
Bonds, Fourth
Liberty Loan’
Depicts an
evil German
soldier
dragging
away an
innocent
young
Belgian girl.”
War!!!
• The Great War is
typically overshadowed
by WWII.
• The Industrial
Revolution made
devastating weapons
possible.
• Conditions were far
different than what
soldiers had
experienced before.
How Britain Prepared, 1915 film,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda
Western Front
• Information
• What is the Western
Front?
• The Front ran from the
North Sea to the
mountains of Switzerland
• Much of the Front was
fortified by a system of
trenches that faced barren
fields that were sighted by
machine guns.
Map of the Western Front, 1915–16,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)
Toward the Trenches
Left, Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea, 1914, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I), Right, Map of the
Schlieffen Plan and French Plan XVII, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan
Toward the Trenches
• Knowledge
• Why did this war end up
in the trenches.
• Race to the Sea!!!
• WWI was a conflict of
miscalculations and the
trenches themselves
were a result of that.
German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to
the front in 1914.
Early in the war, all sides expected the conflict to be a short
one,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war_1#Opening_hostiliti
es.
Top, French bayonet charge, Middle, German
infantry on the battlefield, 7 August 1914,
Bottom, German tank in Roye, 21 March 1918,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(W
orld_War_I)
In the Trenches
• Video: "Soldiers in the Trenches during World War I."
Thought Equity Motion Collections [Video] 1918. World
History in Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. (Navigate to
World History in Context site, Click WWI, then
Videos….).
• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/Video
sDetailsWindow?total=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&window
state=normal&mode=view&limiter=&displayGroupName
=Videos&currPage=1&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&cat
Id=GALE%7C00000000MXHG&view=docDisplay&docu
mentId=GALE%7CPC4295840070&source=Bookmark&
u=alaskatrial&jsid=1b80a0fd94a33e3f2d579d20cc3faaf3
In the Trenches
• Knowledge
• Why was trench
warfare so torturous?
•
French 87th regiment near
Verdun, 1916,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World
_War_I
Human Cost of War
• "Soldiers on the Battlefield in World War I." Thought
Equity Motion Collections [Video] 1917. World History in
Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014 (1/2 min.). (Navigate to World
History in Context site, Click WWI, then Videos….).
• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/Videos
DetailsWindow?total=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowst
ate=normal&mode=view&limiter=&displayGroupName=Vi
deos&currPage=1&displayGroups=&sortBy=relevance%2
Cdescending&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&catId=GALE
%7C00000000MXHG&view=docDisplay&documentId=GA
LE%7CPC4295840069&source=Bookmark&u=alaskatrial
&jsid=978e8502cdf1d9a97eef43f4f37adc8a
Human Cost of War
• 6,000,000 casualties in
WWI…6,000 per day
over 4 years.
• Those who returned
home were “destroyed
men,” either in mind,
body, or both.
Upper Left, A French soldier is shot crossing no-man's-
land near Verdun, France, 1916. The battle of Verdun
lasted ten months and claimed over 700,000 lives,
World History in Context, Verdun; Right British hospital
at the Western front,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war_1#Opening_host
ilities. Lower left, Man chokes on Mustard Gas.
Battle of Verdun; Alsace-Lorraine
370 mm French Filloux mortar firing,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun
Tensions of War
• "Battle of the Somme During World War I." BBC Motion Gallery Collection
[Video] 2010. World History in Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014 (2 min.).
(Navigate to World History in Context site, Click WWI, then Videos….).
(Battle of Somme and some of the tensions that began to erupt in Britain).
• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/VideosDetailsWindow?tot
al=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&mode=view&limiter=&di
splayGroupName=Videos&currPage=1&displayGroups=&sortBy=relevance
%2Cdescending&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&catId=GALE%7C00000000
MXHG&view=docDisplay&documentId=GALE%7CPC4295840377&source=
Bookmark&u=alaskatrial&jsid=58f5367aeb1e2fc43f535b8b77295502
• The Hell of Verdun, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKxhE9eY2uA
• (Film clips of war, music in background)
• World War I, Battle of Verdun Documentary,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7KW5cZv2Pg (3.5 min stop mark).
Tensions of War
• Citizens throughout
Europe were
discontented after years
of war and deprivation.
• Empires collapsed in
the years after the war
and new political
systems took their
place.
• Tensions in Russia
broke first.
A scene from the July Days. The
army has just opened fire on street
protesters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October
_Revolution
The Fall of Imperial Russia
• There had been social
discontent and unrest in
Russia since the early
years of the 1900s.
• In 1917, strikes,
mutinies and protests
led Tsar Nicholas II to
attempt to remedy the
tensions.
• The Tsars attempts
ended in bloodshed and
full-blown Revolution.
Red Guards at Vulkan factory in
1917.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octob
er_Revolution
A Painful Peace
• American President
Woodrow Wilson had
advocated for a “Peace
without blame,” but
European leaders wanted
to place blame.
• Germany was forced to
take full blame for the war
and pay costly reparations.
• The map of the world was
redrawn by the signers of
the Treaty of Versailles.
The allied representatives at the signing of the armistice. Ferdinand
Foch, second from right, seen outside his railway carriage in the forest
of Compiègne. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany
Legacy?
The
cemetery
outside of
the
ossuary,
Verdun,
France,
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/D
ouaumont
_ossuary
The cemetery outside of the ossuary,
Verdun, France,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaumont_o
ssuary
Demonstration against
the Treaty in front of the
Reichstag.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Treaty_of_Versailles
Right, Austro-Hungarian soldiers
executing men and women in Serbia,
1916; Left, Austro-Hungarian troops
executing captured Serbians, 1917.
Serbia lost about 850,000 people during
the war, a quarter of its pre-war
population.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
“Grand Fleet”
English and German
governments were
hesitant to risk their
expensive fleets in battle.
• World War I poster by Winsor McCay, urging Americans to buy Liberty Bonds, 1918 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda