The Skeletal System - WordPress.com List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone. 8 Define

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The Skeletal System

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Learning Outcomes 1 Describe the parts of a long bone.

2 List the substances that make up bone tissue.

3 List the functions of bones.

4 Identify bones by their classifications.

5 Describe how long bones grow.

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

6 List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure.

7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone.

8 Define fontanels and explain their importance.

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

9 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each.

10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.

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Introduction

n  Bones provide the body with structure and support

n  206 bones with joints and connective tissue

n  Divisions n  Axial – 80 bones

n  Skull n  Vertebral column n  Rib cage

n  Appendicular – 126 bones n  Arms and legs n  Pectoral girdle n  Pelvic girdle

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The Skeletal System

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Bone Structure

n  Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including n  Osseous tissue n  Blood vessels n  Nerves

n  Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy

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Bone Structure (cont.)

n  Compact bone looks solid n  Structures can be

observed with a microscope

n  All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone

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n  Classification by shape n  Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs

n  Femur (thigh bone) n  Humerus (upper arm bone)

n  Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles

n  Carpals (wrist bones) n  Tarsals (ankle bones)

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n  Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage n  Ribs n  Frontal bone

n  Irregular bones n  Vertebrae n  Bones of the pelvic girdle

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Bone Structure: Gender Differences

n  Male Skull n  Larger and heavier

n  Forehead shorter

n  Face less round

n  Jaw larger

n  Mastoid processes more prominent

n  Male pelvic bones n  Heavier and thicker

n  Obturator foramina and acetabula are larger and closer together

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n  Male pelvic cavity n  Narrower and longer n  Less roomy and more

funnel shaped

n  Male sacrum n  Narrower n  Sacral promontory projects forward n  Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly

n  Male coccyx n  Less movable

Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.)

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Apply Your Knowledge Match bone to classification. ___ Humerus L. Long bones ___ Rib S. Short bones ___ Femur F. Flat bones ___ Pelvic bones I. Irregular bones ___ Carpals ___ Frontal bone ___ Vertebra ___ Tarsals

F L

I S

I F

S

L

ANSWER:

Very Good!

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Functions of Bones n Give shape to body parts

n  Support and protect soft structures n  Examples – brain, lungs, heart

n Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them n Allow for voluntary movement

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Functions of Bones (cont.)

n  Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis

n  Store calcium

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Apply Your Knowledge

ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.

Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?

Correct!

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Bone Growth n  Ossification – process of bone

growth

n  Intramembranous ossification n  Bones begin as tough, fibrous

membrane n  Bone-forming cells called

osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)

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Bone Growth (cont.)

n  Endochondral ossification n  Bones begin as cartilage

models n  Primary ossification center

n  Bone formed in the diaphysis

n  Secondary ossification center n  Epiphyses turn to bone n  Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the

diaphysis will continue to grow

n  Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form n  Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts

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Bone Growth: Building Better Bones

n Teach healthy behaviors n Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D n Bone-health exercises

o Weight-bearing o Strength training

n Bone-healthy lifestyle o Avoid smoking o Avoid alcohol

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Bone Growth (cont.)

n Bone tests n Bone density n Bone scans

o Diagnose causes of o Bone pain o Arthritis o Bone infections o Bone cancers

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Apply Your Knowledge What are the two types of bone growth?

ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.

GOOD JOB!

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Bony Structures

n  Rigid foundation

n  Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment

n  Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of bones at joints

n  Openings for blood vessels and nerves

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Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection

Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle

Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression

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Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Head An enlargement on the end of a bone

Process A prominent projection on a bone

Suture An interlocking line of union between bones

Trochanter A relatively large process

Tubercle A small, knoblike process

Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

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The Skull n Two bone types:

n Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the skull

n Facial – form the face

“Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Ø  Tough membranes that connect the

incompletely developed bones

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Match the following:

___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression

___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones

___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull

___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle

___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone

C

A

F

B

D

E

ANSWER:

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The Skull: Cranial Bones

n  Frontal – anterior

n  Parietal – top and most of the sides

n  Occipital – back

n  Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull

n  Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor

n  Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body n  Malleus n  Incus n  Stapes

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The Skull (cont.)

n  Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone

n  Maxillae – form the upper jawbone

n  Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks

n  Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose

Click to see Skull

n  Palatine – form the anterior portion of the palate

n  Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

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The Skull (cont.)

Can you name these bones of the skull?

Back

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Match the bones of the skull:

___ Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone

___ Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

___ Mandible C. Part of floor of skull

___ Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks

___ Zygomatic E. Back of skull

___ Vomer F. Lower jaw bone

C

F

A

D

B

E

ANSWER:

Very Good!

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The Spinal Column

n  7 cervical vertebrae

n  12 thoracic vertebrae

n  5 lumbar vertebrae

n  Sacrum

n  Coccyx

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The Spinal Column (cont.)

n  Cervical vertebrae n  Smallest and lightest n  Located in the neck

region n  First one is atlas n  Second one is axis

n  Thoracic vertebrae n  Join the 12 pairs of ribs

n  Lumbar vertebrae n  Have very sturdy

structures

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The Spinal Column (cont.)

n  Sacrum n  A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused

vertebrae n  Coccyx

n  A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae

n  Considered unnecessary n  More commonly called the tailbone

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Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.

Thoracic – 12

Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused

Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused

Cervical – 7 ANSWER:

Right!

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The Rib Cage

n  Sternum n  Breastplate n  Forms the front middle

portion of the rib cage n  Joins with the clavicles

and most ribs n  Xyphoid process

n  Cartilaginous tip

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The Rib Cage (cont.)

n  12 pairs of ribs n  All are attached

posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

n  True n  First seven pairs of ribs n  Attach to sternum by

costal cartilage

n  False n  Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 n  Attach to the costal

cartilage of rib pair 7

n  Floating n  Rib pairs 11 and 12 n  Do not attach anteriorly

to any structure

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True or False:

___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage. ___ The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum. ___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs. ___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven. ___ Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.

T

T

ANSWER:

F cartilaginous

F seven

F do not attach anteriorly to any structure.

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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands

n  Shoulders – pectoral girdles n  Clavicles n  Scapulae

n  Upper limb or arm bones n  Humerus n  Radius n  Ulna

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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)

n  Hand n  8 carpals per hand n  5 metacarpals per hand n  14 phalanges per hand

n  3 in each finger n  2 in each thumb

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Apply Your Knowledge Match the following:

___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle

___ Radius B. Arm bones

___ Humerus C. Hands

___ Carpals

___ Scapula

___ Ulna

___ Phalanges

___ Metacarpals

A

BB

B

C

CC

A ANSWER:

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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet

n  Hipbones n  Coxal bones form

the pelvic girdle n  Ilium n  Ischium n  Pubis

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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

n  Bones of leg n  Femur n  Patella n  Tibia n  Fibula

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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

n  Bones of the foot n  Tarsals n  Metatarsals n  Phalanges

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A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones

___ Tibia ___ Patella

___ Ilium ___ Ischium

___ Femur ___ Metatarsals

___ Pubis ___ Fibula

___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals

B

B

B

A A

A

C

C

C

B

ANSWER:

Super!

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Joints n  Junctions between bones n  Classification based on

structure n  Fibrous joints

n  Connected together with short fibers

n  Between cranial bones and facial bones

n  Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull

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Joints

n  Cartilaginous joints n  Connected

together with a disc of cartilage

n  Between vertebrae

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Joints n  Synovial joints

n  Covered with hyaline cartilage n  Held together by a fibrous joint

capsule lined with synovial membrane

n  Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other

n  Freely movable n  Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like

structures called ligaments

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A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints

____ Between cranial bones and facial bones

____ Covered with hyaline cartilage

____ Between vertebrae

____ Freely movable

____ Sutures in the skull A

B C

C

A

ANSWER:

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Common Diseases and Disorders

n  Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation n  Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,

primarily of weight-bearing joints

n  Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues

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Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

n  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons)

n  Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed

n  Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone

n  Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

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n  Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)

n  Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

n  Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease

n  Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time

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n  Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue

n  Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak

n  Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine

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Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue.

The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder?

Nice Work!

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In Summary

n  Skeletal system n  Two divisions n  Bone growth through ossification n  Functions

n  Supports the body n  Protects internal organs n  Attachment for muscles for movement n  Stores minerals n  Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis

n  Joined by three types of joints

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Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.

~ Virginia Woolf

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The Skeletal System - WordPress.com List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone. 8 Define