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IGNEOUS ROCKSBEGIN
WHAT IS AN IGNEOUS ROCK?An igneous rock is a rock that has formed from the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava.
NEXT LAST
MAGMAMelted rock
that is beneath the surface of
the Earth.
NEXT LAST
LAVAMelted rock that is at or
near the surface of the Earth.
NEXT LAST
MagmaLava
NEXT LAST
NEXT LAST
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are classified according to where they
cooled and solidified.
NEXT LAST
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSRocks that form
from magma cooling and
solidifying while still inside the
Earth
NEXT LAST
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSRocks that form
from lava cooling and
solidifying while at or near the
Earth
NEXT LAST 6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
INTRUSIVE
EXTRUSIVE
P. 6 of ESRT
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSBecause these rocks form inside the
Earth, where it is very hot, it takes a long time for the magma to cool
and solidify. This time allows mineral crystals to grow large. So all intrusive
igneous rocks have inter-grown crystals that are larger than 1mm.
NEXT LAST
NEXT LAST
PEGMATITE GRANITE*Notice the large mineral crystals
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Environment of Formation (where the rock formed)
Names of common intrusive igneous rocks
Range of crystal sizes
Texture (description of crystal
sizes)
Non-vesicular means these rocks do not have any trapped air bubbles
NEXT LAST
P. 6 of ESRT
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSBecause these rocks form on or near the surface of the Earth, where temperatures
are lower, the lava cools and solidifies quickly. Without time,
crystals cannot grow very large, or may not even form at all. So all extrusive
igneous rocks have either no crystals, or crystals that are smaller than 1mm.
NEXT LAST
NEXT LAST
BASALT RHYOLITE*Notice the mineral crystals are so small, you can barely see them
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
NEXT LAST
BASALTIC GLASS OBSIDIAN*These extrusive igneous rocks formed so quickly, no crystals were
able to form. They are called “glassy” or “non-crystalline.”
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
NEXT LAST
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Environment of Formation (where the rock formed)
Names of common intrusive igneous rocks
Range of crystal sizes
Texture (description of crystal
sizes)
Some of these rocks have trapped gas bubbles, some do notP. 6 of ESRT
A quick review...✓ Igneous rocks form from cooled and solidified magma
or lava.
✓ When magma cools slowly inside Earth, we get intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks with large crystals.
✓ When lava cools quickly at or near Earth’s surface, we get extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks with small or no crystals. These may be vesicular, meaning there are trapped gas bubbles.
✓ Page 6 of the ESRT shows common igneous rocks and their characteristics.
NEXT LAST
IGNEO
US RO
CK CO
LORS
NEXT LAST 6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
IGNEO
US RO
CK DE
NSITY
NEXT LAST 6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
IGNEO
US RO
CK CO
MPOS
ITION
NEXT LAST 6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
NEXT LAST 6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
IGNEO
US RO
CK M
INERA
LS Find the rock name and look below it to see what minerals may be present in that rock.