Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

Guided Notes: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Overview: The Molecules of Life

• All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: _______________,

_____________, ______________, and ________________.

• __________________ are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected

atoms

• Molecular structure and function are ____________________.

Meaning

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Picture: Figure 5.1 Why do scientists study the structures of macromolecules?

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Concept 5.1: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

• A _________________ is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

• These small building-block molecules are called ________________________

• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers

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The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

• A ___________________________________occurs when two monomers bond together

through the loss of a water molecule

• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by ____________________, a reaction that is

essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

Bio-Flix Animation: Polymers (Write what is occurring in the reaction)

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The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Figure 5.2 (a) Dehydration reaction: ___________________________________ (Take note of the

details in this image)

What do you notice that is occurring in this reaction of dehydration?

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Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

Figure 5. 2(b) Hydrolysis: ______________________________________ (Take note of the details in this

image)

What do you notice that is occurring in this reaction of Hydrolysis?

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The Diversity of Polymers

• Each cell has ____________________ of different macromolecules

• Macromolecules vary among cells of an ____________________, vary more within a

_________________, and vary even more between _________________.

• An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers

Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material

• ______________________ include sugars and the polymers of sugars

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

• The simplest carbohydrates are ____________________________, or single sugars

• Carbohydrate macromolecules are _________________________, polymers composed of many

sugar building blocks.

Sugars

• ______________________________ have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of

______________

• Glucose (_________________________) is the most common monosaccharide

• Monosaccharides are classified by

– The location of the ______________________ (as aldose or ketose)

– The number of___________________ in the carbon skeleton

Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.

Label Pictures

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

• Though often drawn as ________________________, in aqueous solutions many sugars form

________.

• Monosaccharides serve as a ________________ for cells and as raw material for building

molecules.

Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose. Label Picture

• A _________________________________ is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two

monosaccharides

• This covalent bond is called a ____________________________________

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

Bio-Flix Animation: Polymers (Write what is occurring)

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Polysaccharides

• __________________________, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

• The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by ____________________ and

the positions of ______________________.

Storage Polysaccharides

• ___________________, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose

monomers

• Plants store surplus starch as _____________within chloroplasts and other plastids

• The simplest form of starch is ____________

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

• ______________________________ is a storage polysaccharide in animals

• Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in ____________________ and

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Bio-Flix Animation: Polysaccharides (Write what is occurring)

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Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures. (Label Picture)

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

• Polymers with __________________________________ are ______________________

• Polymers with _______________________________ are _________________________

• In straight structures, ___________ atoms on one strand can bond with ____________

groups on other strands

• Parallel _____________ molecules held together this way are grouped into

________________, which form strong building materials for plants

Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls. (Label Picture)

• ______________________that digest starch by hydrolyzing ___________________ can’t

hydrolyze ____________________ in cellulose

• Cellulose in human food passes through the ____________________ as

_________________________

• Some ________________________ use enzymes to digest cellulose

• Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes

Name: _______________________________________________ Date ___________________________

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Ms. S. Scott AP Biology 2014 -2015

• _______________________, another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of

arthropods

• Chitin also provides ______________________________ for the cell walls of many fungi