Electrical network 1

Electrical network

A simple electric circuit made up of a voltagesource and a resistor. Here, ,

according to Ohm's Law.

An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements suchas resistors, inductors, capacitors, voltage sources, current sources andswitches. An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop,giving a return path for the current. Linear electrical networks, aspecial type consisting only of sources (voltage or current), linearlumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and lineardistributed elements (transmission lines), have the property that signalsare linearly superimposable. They are thus more easily analyzed, usingpowerful frequency domain methods such as Laplace transforms, todetermine DC response, AC response, and transient response.

A resistive circuit is a circuit containing only resistors and idealcurrent and voltage sources. Analysis of resistive circuits is less complicated than analysis of circuits containingcapacitors and inductors. If the sources are constant (DC) sources, the result is a DC circuit.

A network that contains active electronic components is known as an electronic circuit. Such networks are generallynonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools.

Classification

By passivityAn active network is a network that consists of at least one active source like a voltage source or current sourceA passive network is a network which does not contain any active device.

By linearityA linear circuit is a circuit which is composed entirely of independent sources, linear dependent sources and linearpassive elements or a combination of these.Otherwise it is called as non-linear network.

Classification of sourcesSources can be classified as independent sources and dependent sources

Independent SourcesIdeal Independent Source maintains same voltage or current regardless of the other elements present in the circuit.Itsvalue is either constant (DC) or sinusoidal (AC).

Dependent SourcesDependent Sources depend upon a particular element of the circuit for delivering the power or voltage or currentdepending upon the type of source it is.

Electrical network 2

Electrical lawsA number of electrical laws apply to all electrical networks. These include:• Kirchhoff's current law: The sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all currents leaving the

node.• Kirchhoff's voltage law: The directed sum of the electrical potential differences around a loop must be zero.• Ohm's law: The voltage across a resistor is equal to the product of the resistance and the current flowing through

it.• Norton's theorem: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal

current source in parallel with a single resistor.• Thévenin's theorem: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to a single

voltage source in series with a single resistor.

Design methods

Linear Network Analysis

Elements

Components

Series and parallel circuits

Impedance transforms

Generator theorems Network theorems

Network analysis methods

Two-port parameters

To design any electrical circuit, either analog or digital, electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltagesand currents at all places within the circuit. Linear circuits, that is, circuits with the same input and output frequency,can be analyzed by hand using complex number theory. Other circuits can only be analyzed with specializedsoftware programs or estimation techniques such as the piecewise-linear model.Circuit simulation software, such as HSPICE, and languages such as VHDL-AMS and verilog-AMS allow engineersto design circuits without the time, cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.• See also Network analysis (electrical circuits).

Electrical network 3

Other more complex laws may be needed if the network contains nonlinear or reactive components. Non-linearself-regenerative heterodyning systems can be approximated. Applying these laws results in a set of simultaneousequations that can be solved either algebraically or numerically.

Network simulation softwareMore complex circuits can be analyzed numerically with software such as SPICE or GNUCAP, or symbolicallyusing software such as SapWin.

Linearization around operating pointWhen faced with a new circuit, the software first tries to find a steady state solution, that is, one where all nodesconform to Kirchhoff's Current Law and the voltages across and through each element of the circuit conform to thevoltage/current equations governing that element.Once the steady state solution is found, the operating points of each element in the circuit are known. For a smallsignal analysis, every non-linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small-signalestimate of the voltages and currents. This is an application of Ohm's Law. The resulting linear circuit matrix can besolved with Gaussian elimination.

Piecewise-linear approximationSoftware such as the PLECS interface to Simulink uses piecewise-linear approximation of the equations governingthe elements of a circuit. The circuit is treated as a completely linear network of ideal diodes. Every time a diodeswitches from on to off or vice versa, the configuration of the linear network changes. Adding more detail to theapproximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation, but also increases its running time.

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Article Sources and ContributorsElectrical network  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531585845  Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 16@r, AGToth, Ahmednh, Aitias, Alan Liefting, Ancheta Wis, Animum, Anonymousfrom the 21st century, Ap, Atif.t2, Atlantia, Avenged Eightfold, Bazzaboy45, Bjankuloski06en, Blanchardb, Bob f it, Bowlhover, Brufydsy, Bryan Derksen, CWY2190, Calltech, Cameron Dewe,CanisRufus, Capricorn42, Cbdorsett, Chanleesheng, Charles Matthews, Chetvorno, Circuit dreamer, Cleared as filed, Conversion script, DBigXray, DJIndica, DabMachine, Damian Yerrick,Denoir, Dicklyon, Digigalos, Discospinster, DocWatson42, DragonHawk, Dsignoff, Editor at Large, Emptyshell, Excirial, Femto, Franamax, Frehley, Furrykef, Giftlite, Glenn, GorillaWarfare,Gwernol, Gyamasak, Hamiltondaniel, Heron, IW.HG, Ian Geoffrey Kennedy, Ilyushka88, Iridescent, J JMesserly, Jitse Niesen, John254, Jondel, Josh Parris, Jp619, Jwestbrook, Jwollbold,KD5TVI, Kamesh92001, King of Hearts, Kingpin13, Kjkolb, Kurykh, L Kensington, L33tminion, Lanny 13, Ledgerbob, Light current, Lindosland, Little Mountain 5, Lordvolton, Love Krittaya,Majorly, Mallocks, Manco Capac, Marek69, Marquez, Masgatotkaca, Materialscientist, Mav, MegX, Mentifisto, Michael Hardy, Mickpc, Mikeylala, Mlewis000, Mmdkt, Morning277, Mrball25,Msadaghd, Nasnema, Norbirt, Ohnoitsjamie, Oleg Alexandrov, Omegatron, PJohnson, Patwaririshab, Peterlin, Peteskis, Phillipsacp, Pieoncar, Plugwash, Purgatory Fubar, RJASE1, Reddi,Redheylin, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rogerbrent, Rojasyesid, Roux-HG, Rubber hound, Sambc, SamuelRiv, Sc00d629cc.jpg, Searchme, Shadowjams, ShakingSpirit, Shambler1, Shell Kinney,Shoujun, Sibian, SiobhanHansa, Smack, Snigbrook, Spinningspark, Steve carlson, Stevenj, TStein, Taweetham, Tcncv, The Anome, The Cunctator, The Random Editor, The Thing That ShouldNot Be, Theresa knott, Thewoost, Tiles, Tim Starling, Toffile, Tommy2010, Tygrrr, Ukexpat, Ulrich67, Vary, Velella, Verilog, Waggers, Wasbeer, Waveguy, Wbm1058, Wjbeaty, Wknight94,Wmahan, Wtshymanski, Пика Пика, 279 ,کاشف عقیل anonymous edits

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