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1.

PCB3063

a. The production model uses radial flow regime. Explain witñ mathematical

expressions and graphical illustrations, TWO (2) differences between the

steady state flow and pseudo-steady state flow.

[10 marks]

b. Skin factor is a correction to Darcy's equation to reflect actual versus

calculated flow from the reservoir. Given the characteristics for an oil well

as shown in TABLE Q1, calculate the difference in flowrate if the skin

factor has increased from zero (0) to three (3).

[10 marks]

Skin is influenced by many factors. State FOUR (4) factors and write a

simple mathematical expression to calculate the total skin.[5 marks]

c

TABLE Q1

Permeability, (mD) 35

Formation thickness (ft) 30

Reservoir pressure (psi) 31 00

Flowing BHP (psi) 1250

Drainage radius (ft) 2000

Wellbore diameter (in.) 12.25

Oil viscosity (cp) '1 3

Oil formation volume factor (bbl/STB) 14

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a.

PCB3063

Artificial lift methods are used to produce formation fluids by reducing the

hydrostatic pressure acting downhole over the sandface. State SIX (6)

artificial lift methods.

[6 marks]

b. Gas lift uses additional high-pressure gas to supplement formation gas.

ldentify FOUR (41 categories of wells in which a gas l¡ft can be

considered.

[4 marks]

c. A well is to be placed on intermittent-flow gas lift. The well data are as

given in TABLE Q4c. Calculate the depth to the operating valve and

theoretical minimum injection Gas Oil Ratio assuming 70% of starting slug

is produced.

[15 marks]

TABLE Q4c

Well depth (ft) 8000

Tubing size (inches) 2

Tubing capacity (bbl/ft) 0 00387Specific gravity of oil 087

Casing size (in.) st /,

Weight of casing (lb/ft) 20

Well Pl (bbliday/psi) 008

Water production (bbl/d) 00

Static BHP (psig) 2200

Wellhead pressure (psig) 50

Desired production (bbl/d) 120

Average tubing temperature ("F) 127

Cycle time (min.) 48

Gas deviation factor 0.87

- END OF PAPER -

5

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PCB3063

APPENDIX II

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PCB3063

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