Pc1460 Op Manual

U SING PR INTERS ANb CASSETTE INTERFACE 105
HAPTER?
Template _ _ _ 1 O ~
Example - Entering and R unning a Program .. _ · · 95
Example 2- Editing a Program : 96
Example3- UsingVariab les n programmng : 98
Exam p le4-More Complex Programmng 100
Storing Programs in the M emory _ 101
Programs _ . _ .. : : .. : : 93
Expressions ~ _ · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
Numeric Operators , · 88
Fu nctions 92
Direct Calculation Feature _ 76

APPENDIX B CharacterCodeChart 255
APPEND IX D Expression Evaluation and Operator Priority 261
APPEND I X E Key Fu nct ions in Bas ic M ode 263
APPENDIX F Signa s Used n the Serial /0 Term ina l 269
APPEND IX G Specifications 271
APPEND IX H Using Programs Written on Other PC M ode ls 273
PROGRAM E X A M PLES 279
I NDEX 345
Machine Operation .. · 245
BASC Debu gging 247
CHAPTER 11 M AINTENANCE OF THE CO M PU TER 249
APPENDICES 251
TROUBLESHOOTING 245
H APTER10
Fu nctions 214
N u m eric Fu nctions 21 7
String Fu nc tions 223
Serial 1 /0 R e lated Com mands 225
BAS IC REFERENCE 125
1 . Replacin g 1 /2-Size RAM Card 118
2. Rep lacing Regu lar-S ize RAM Card 1 20
U sing RAM Card with Other M ode ls i 23
US ING THE R AM CARD 1 17
HAPTERS
3 . Cassette Tape Recorder 1 07
4. Operat ing the Cassette Interface and Recorder 109
U sing Co lor Pr inter 113
Seria l 1/0 Fu nction 1 14

Few indu str ies in th e wor ld today can match th e rapid growth and techno log ica
advan ces being m ade in the fie ld of pers on al co pu ters. Com pu ters which just a short
time ago wou ld have filled a huge ro om , required a P h .D . to program , and cost
th ousa ds of doll ars , now tit in the palm of your hand , are eas i ly programmed, and
cost so l ittle that th ey are within the reach of n early everyone.
Your new SHARP COMPU TER was des igned to br i n g you all of the latest state-of-the
art f
eatures of this com pu ting revo lu tion an d it incorporates many advanced
capabi l ities:
* S C IENTIFIC CALCULATO R - I t h ad been normal to use two different tasks ,
scientifc ca lcu lation (including statist ics) and compu ting, before this compu ter .
But now only on e tool is enough. The computer operates both as a scientific
calculator and a pocket computer incorporating many programmed scientific func
tions plus BASIC command keys for s imple programming.
* MEMORY SAFEGUARD-The com pu ter remembers stored programs and variab
les even when you turn it off.
* Battery-powered operation for true p ortability.
* AUTO POWER OFF function which cons erves the batteries by turning the power off
if no activity take place within a pec f ied time limit.
* An expand ed vers ion of BASIC which provides form atted ou tput two dimens iona
ar ra ys, variable len gth strings, and many other advanced features.
* Optiona l printers and cassette in terf aces are ava il ab le.
Congratu lations on en tering an excting and enjoy ab le n ew wor ld. We are sure that you
will f ind this pu rchase one of th e wisest you have ever made. The SHARP COMPUTER
is a powerf u l tool, d signed to meet y ou r specif ic mathemat ical , scientific, engineer
ing , business , and personal com pu ting ne eds . W ith the SHARP COMPUTER you
can begin NOW providing the so lu t ions you ' l l need tomorrow
P lease note th at th e aux i l iary RA card is required for com p u teroperation . If the power
is turned on without the RAM card insta ll ed , no ne of the k ys will fu nction.
We lcome to th e word of SHARP owners
Introductory Note
3
Experienced BAS IC program m ers m ay g o d i re t from Chapte r 6 to Chapte r 9 to learn
the specif ic featu res of BAS I C as im p l emen ted on th COMPUTER. Since every
dialect of BAS IC is somewhat different, read through this m ateria l at least once before
start ing seriou s progr amming .
If y ou have never program m ed in BAS IC before, we su ggest that you buy a separate
book on beg inning BAS I C programming or attend a BASIC c lass , before ry ing to work
through the e chapters . Th i s manua l is not intended to teach you how to program .
The remainder of th e man u a l cons ists of :
• C hapter 7 - Bas ic inform ation on the opt iona l printers and cassette in terfaces .
• Ch apte r 8 - An exp lanation on the u se of the R AM card.
* Ch apte r 1 O - A troub leshooting gu ide to help you so lve som e operating and
program m ing p roblems.
• Chapter 11 - The care and mainten ance of y ou r new COMPUTER
Thi manu a l is des igned to introdu ce y ou to the capabilities and features of y our
COMPUTERand to serv e as a valu ab le reference too l . Whether you are a "fi r st-time
user" or an "od hand" with computer s , y ou shou ld acqu a int y ourse f with the
COMPUTER by reading and workin g th rough C h apters 2 thro u gh 6.
• Chapter 2 describes th e phy s ica l features of the COMPUTER.
* C h apter 3 demonstrates the use of the COMPUTER as a scientif ic cacu lator .
* Chapter 4 defines some termsand conceptswhich are essenta l for BAS IC program
ming, and te l ls you about th e specia l cons i derations of th ese concepts on the
COMPUTER.
* Ch apter 5 introdu ces you to BAS IC programm ing on th e COMPUTER, showing you
how to enter, correct, and run programs .
* Chapter 6 discusses some short cuts h at make using your new COMPUTER easier
and more enjoyable.
Chapter 9 is a reference section covering all the commands, verbs, and functions of
BASIC that are grouped and alphabet ca lly arranged within each group for your
convenience.
CHAPTER1
HOW TO U S E T H IS MA N U A L
How to Use this Manual

' : . : . . 1 :-
Step(D
: ';; : ". . ' . : . . < \ : . ' . , · . ' ; .... ; : l ••• ••. " . . . . " ' : I ' • ~ • ,:\" . ';' I : . • -
R em o v~ . the hard cover from ~he compu ter as shown frdigu re below .
I : ,' I
U sing the H ard Cover
When th e compu ter is not being used , plac e the hard (p lastic ) cover over the
oper ation panel of the com puter .
•Wtien the compu ter is fo be used . I , '
Detailed Appendixes provide y ou with usefu l charts , comparisons, and specia l
discu ssions conce rning the use and operation of the COMPUTER.
Ho w . to U s ~ :thisManual

5
To familiarize you with the placem ent and fu nction s of parts of the COMPUTER
keyboard, we will now take u p each section of the keyboard . First, just locate th e keys
and read the description of each. In Chapter 3 we will begin using your new machine.
~MIJE =i D N MATRIX o e , 1 r ~ s
1~ .UIEI II] IIl m IE]~
Io; @;
1§1 m G D E m c o m C D I I I s rn
I N P U T I F TH N G OTO FOR re S T EP N ti . XT LI ST FI UN
I][) m m m IIl C[J r m rn rn m m
Ii ~ I i i ] Im m J
• IE i l amm
11 b ) j1 ••n
l i i J 1 1 1 I R Iii Im
ia i " ' 1 lil ii ii
fW S ING GO S F ( E .TU R D IM C :S AV t i : LO AO p ..
[ID [I] ~ J]J l]J . 00 ~ [ID [m I E N T E R
The SHARP COMPUTER system cons ists of :
* 7 8 - ch aracter key board .
* 24-digit d isplay .
* 8 -bit CMOS processor
* Options: CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface
CE-140P Color Dot Printer
Regular-size RAM cards (C E-20 1 M , etc.)
Description of System
Introduction to the Computer
6
A dash (~) indi ator in the lower left area of the display sh ows the mode in which the
computer is now set. W hen this com pu ter has just been tu rn ed on, it fu nctions as a
calcu lato r . To show that the computer is in th e calcu la tor mode , a dash ind icator
appears above tne CAL (CAlculator) label.
For ~ a l cu lator operations in the CAL m ode , refer to CH APTER 3, U S ING AS
A CALCULATOR . ' ·
ALRU N PRO"'Bi)
MATR i)<.S TATPRINT
You will see the following initial information in the d isplay:
PRI N T US NG G OS UB RETURN
i I D rnmEDm
(jj&GiJ
0 # .· ' s
8 [[)] II) []]
rfil m m r n : J c o
To begin with turn your computer on .
The POWER switch is located at the upper eft corner of the computer . Slide h e switch
to the ON position.
This COMPUTER has 78 keys and one slide switch on its panel. Each key function is
identified by variou s letters , numbers, or sy m bo ls inscribed on or above the key s .
( 1 ) Power on
. . .
. . ·
If y ou press th e ~ key when in the RUN mode , the PRO mode will be seec ted .
I , . .·
I f y ou press the ~ key when in th e CAL mode , th e RU N m ode will be selected .
l l l il llJ : • 1 ,. · n : : c i m
Now switch your computer off , then on again. The CAL mode will be selected.
l E] m 1 ± 1 m C T J
PRINT USING GO.Sue RE1U.RN
Green keys --+-1
o.==-=:µ
•~®Iii
The computer can operat bas ically in three diffe rent m odes. One mode is th e CAL
mode , in which you can u se your co mputer just like a ca lcu la to r .
Anothe r mode is the RUN mode, in which y ou can execu te your prog ram or manu a l
ca lcu lation u sing BAS I C com m and s .
The th ird mod e is the PRO mode, which a ll ows you to store your program into the
compu ter or correct o r amend a stored program .
Switching betw een these modes can be accomplished by th e green C A . b l and IW C I
key s. The se l ecte d mode is iden tified with a dash (-) ind icator disp layed just above
th e CAL , R U N , or PRO label i n the lower left area of the display
''
III
MATRX
Set your computer in CAL m ode
first. In CAL mode the keys and
functions shown at right can be u sed
for calculation.
RUN m ode
] '~
Thus the RUN and PRO modes are selected alternately each time you press the ~
key . . . ' . . . " ' . >
Ttie coriip~ ter"will return . ~ ? t h ~ CALrnode . i t y6u press the ~ .k~y.
Introduction to the Computer:
9
The I S H I F T I key is used to enter the characters or symbols inscribed in brown bove
each key that has two or three functions. If y ou repeatedy pre ss the I s H 1 F r l key, the
SH IFT symbo at the top of the d isp lay will go on and off The SH IFT symbol indicates
that the I s H 1 F r I key is activated and the characters in brown can be en tered.
-+ PR INT_
I S H I F T I db CD CL]
Cu rs or
If you press an alphabet or number key , the item denoted on the key wi l be entered.
When you wish to enter th e character or symbol denoted in brown above each key ,
press the yellow [sH 1 F T I key before operating the key.
Example :
PAINT
PP,JNT L'SlNG oosua RETU R•~ . DIM mo C5AVE CLOAO
~ C D _ l]Jl]J IIJ C D C E l _ lm (]fill I
[iij00ij ~
1
El i f : J ~ ID] l m l IBI ~I
1 [ 2 1 m GJ . i i : J m d i c b c i J O J li1 ctl _ IDIR l m l l~I
[fil] m m r n e n C f i r n : . m m c o a J J n [gJ 1 n 1 1 1 1
Iii lJ liiJ
In RUN and PRO modes the keys shown below can be u sed for calculations .
2 . RUN and PRO modes
Change the CAL m ode to RUN or PRO by using the ~ key , and press the
following keys while watching the display:
Introdu ction to the Com puter

1 0
If the u nit still does not operate norm ally, rem ove the l ithiu m cells. After waiting about
10 seconds, · insert the cells and .press the RESET: bu tton.
Then press one of the I E NT ER [ , rn ; and.@:) keys .:
Note: If none of the keys is pressed for about 2 minutes after the above display, the
COMPUTER Is au tom atically powered off. (See AUTO OFF on page 17.)
This operation will clear all the memory contents (program - and data) of the
RAM card so do not press the RtSET bu tton without depressing any key
unless absolu tely necessary.
. · · · { .
I p ; fE M O R Y A L L Cl, .EAR Q . K . . ? ;
If you get no response from any key even when the above operation is performed, push
the R ESET button only and th e following m essage will appear on the di play.
Note: When you press the RESET bu tton, keep pressing it for at least 2 or 3 seconds .
If you press the bu tton for a shorter duration, the R ES ET bu tton may not be
activated.
Press the R ES ET button with a pointed object such as a ballpoint pen. Do not
u se easily broken points, su ch as mechanical pencils or the tips of needles, nor
points thcker than the hole for the button . . ·
• 1 '.
Hold down
any key
To reset thecom pu ternhod down any key on the keyboard and slrrni ltaneously press
the RESET button on the back. This preserves all programs and variables in memory .
ALL RES E T : . Reset button; This button is u sed to reset the computer when Clear
( rn) or CA is not su fficient to correct a prob lem ;
. . _ ~ ' ; : . ; . ; , ;,._ , , _ , _ _ . ' ~ ' . . -

When to Replace theCells
If the display is d im anddiff icu lt tosee when viewed from he front e en after the contrast
contro l has been turned cou nterc lockw i se as far as t goes, the cell vo ltage is too low
Intis case, replace the cells promptly .
Note: If you are usi ng the optiona C E-126P cassette interface and CE - 1 52 cassette
tape reco rder, save your programs and data in mem ory onto a cassette tape
before rep lacin g the ce ls .
• Use on ly the spec ifed type of lith ium cells (CR-2032) {two requ ired).
The COMPUTER normally operates on the two bu ilt-in l ith ium cells.
When replacing the cells , following these cau tionary i nstru ctions wi l l elim inate m any
problems:
• Always replace both cells at the same tim e .
• Do not mix a new cell with a u sed cell .
Cell Replacement (Main Power S u p p l y )
_J --1 _J _J _J _J
_J _J--' _J _J -'
I}_j_J_J
1 1.f..~·----- Contrast Contro l
Turn the co ntrol in th e arrow d irection ( coun
terclock wise) for a h igh er contrast and i n the
op pos ite d irection (c l ockwis e ) fora ower con
tras t.
Your computer has on its r ight s ide when viewed from the front, a contro l for adjusting
the contrast of the disp l ay . Adjust the display for visib ility.
Cont ras t Cont ro l
12
(6 } Replace the cel l cover by s l id ing it back in.
Fig.
3
~~ r - - + - - , -
(5) Rep lace the two cells (F ig . 3) .
.. l ·;·.
Fig. ·2
(3 ) If there is a RAMcard i r ; i the cards lot; remove it i n acccrdarrce with.the procedure
o paqe 11 Bor 1 ~ o . . . .
1 1
,
. ' ·
How to Replace the Cells
(1} Turn off the corn puter: by : s l id ing the power swltch'to-the OFF position . •
(2} Remove the back coveiforfi the cdr+ibJter . 'by.sl i ~ : ing the. tock sw itch in .the arrow
direction shown in Figure 1 .
lntro~u ctio n :to the Computer

1 3
If the d isp lay is b lank or disp lays any sy mbo l other th an "*", remove the ce ll s
and install th em aga in, then check the disp lay .
1 0) Turn the powe r off and insert the RAM card . (See Chapter 8.)
Note: After replacing the cel ls , be su re to g o through above steps (8) and (9)
before insert ing th e RAM card . If the RAM card is insta l led withou t
turn ing off the power in step ( 8 ), all the RAM card contents will be
erased .
RES ET bu tton
(8) Turn on the compu ter by s liding the power switch to the ON pos ition and press the
R ESET bu tton to clear the compu ter .
Note Be su re to set the lock sw itch to the LOCK pos ition , as otherwise the COM
P U T E R w ll not operate. If the power has been turned on without sliding the lock
switch to the LOCK position, slide the lock switch to the LOCK positio n , tu rn off
th e power, and then turn i t on again .
(7 ) Rep lace the back cover and slide th e lock switch to the LOCK position .
In troduction to the Computer

:;, ,I'
J : ,
Note: RAM card contents m u st be recorded onto a tape before replacing the battery ,
asotherwise , ALL DATA AND PR OG R AMS W ILL BE LO ST WHENTHE BATIE RY S
REMOVED FROM THE RAM CARD.
*The batte ry i n any of the optiona l regu lar- s ize RAM cardscan be replaced wh ile the
card is still in th e computer . R AM card conte nts will be reta ined by the com p u ter's
battery power . (See Chapter 8 for RAM cards . )
How to Replace Battery
The following is the procedure for replacing the RAM card battery in the optional CE-
212M .
When to Replace Battery
RAM card contents can be reta ined for th e following periods afte r inserting a lith ium
battery (CR-16 1 6) in to the RAM card . The lengths of tim es at a storage tem perature
of 0°C are spec ified as follows:
* Approx. 5 y ears when the card is insta l led in the compu ter.
* Approx 1 5 m onths when the card is removed from th e compu te r and kept in
storage .
Be su re to insta ll a new battery befo re th ese periods expire.
Record the date the battery was replaced on the line pro vided a longs ide the battery
com partment and be gu ided accordinqly for u bsequ ent battery replacem ent.
Extreme tem peratu res , high or low may decrease battery life, re sulting in RAM card
content erasure earlier than the above. That the batter ies requ ire replac em ent will be
s l~iria 1 e ~ fby th~ tollowing , ' · · . ' · , · . . ; , · · . , . · ' · · . ·
( 1 ) Pr,ograms in the m em ory will be inex E ) cu t~ l: ) , le . , ' . · ·
(2) M eaningless data and lridicatiorls w m appear on tf1e disp lay.
(3 ) Errors will occur frequ ently and withou t appare nt cau se .
Note:
•Keepi dead c l l in th comp u t r ay r ult i dam age to th om t r from
so lu tion leakage of the cell. Rem ove a dead c l l pro m ptly .
CAU TIO N : Keep ce l l out of reach of children .
• Record the name of the program (s ) sto red I n the RAM card in th e TITLE line .
* Reins ta l l the RAM ca rd in to the co mputer and read in th e programs stored on tape ,
or key in manually .
< >
( 3 } Replace the b ack cover and tigh ten the scre ws .
(4 ) eco d th e da e of replacement in the DATE lin e .
(2 ) Remove the old battery . Wipe the new battery off with a soft , dry cloth and insert it
with its plu s side u p .
( 1 } Rem ove the fou r screws w ith a Phillips screwdriver and rem ove the back cover .
17
To conserve on battery power , the COMPUTERautomatically tu rns off when no keys
have been pressed for about 1 1 m i n u tes . (Note : The COMPUTER wi l l not AUTO OFF
while y ou are executing a program .)
ON
To restart the COMPUTER after an AUTO OFF , press the ~ key located at the r ight
of the green ~ key.
Auto OFF
To turn off the COMPUTER s l ide the power switch to the OFF pos it ion .
Each tim e you tu r n off the m achine , the display will be cleared.
Shut Down
If the dash(-) indicator is above the RUN or PRO label , press the ~ key or turn th e
power off and th en on aga i n to se lect the CAL mode.
r.AI f l N flno : ·
ll§Siilfil
To tu rn ON the COM PUTER, slide th e power sw itch u p .
When you wish to use your C O M P U TERas a scientific calcu lator, p lace the COMPUT
ER n the CAL m ode. The CAL mode is selected when the COMPUTER s switched on
o r the ~ key is pressed. W hen the CAL m ode has been selected, a dash (-)
indicator will appear just above the C A labe l in the lower left area of the display
( Before u s ing the COMPUTER, be sure that the two lithium cells supplied as an
accessory have been correctly insta l led . )
Now that y ou are familiar w ith the l ay ou t and components of your new SHARP
COMPUTER , we w i l l begin i nvestigating its excit ing capabilities .
Becau se th e COMPUTER allows you the full range of calcu lating fu n ctions , p l u s the
incre ased power of BAS I C program m ing abilties (u sefu l in more com plex calcu la
tions), it is com monly referred to as a "smart" calcu lator. That, of course , m akes
you a "smart" user
C H A P T E R 3
U S IN G A S A CA L C U L A T OR
Using as a Calculator
1 8
Did you get the correct answer ? If y ou d idn 't, tu rn the computer off then on again ,
and try the salfl.e calcu lation, . ,
Now let us call the va l ue of pi { 1 7 ) . • . . . .
sym'bol rr '1 is i~ scribed just above the [ ) key in brown . The fu nctions identifiec'/by
brown etters can be used by firstpressing the yellow I s i i 1 F T I key ,"a~ d hen ' pre s~ ing .th~
required fu n ction key. · · · · ' · · ·
Now press I sH Fr I ~ .
. ,, ' ,
777 .
ITJ rn c x : r
Now let us try some s im ple calcu lations . Press the followingkeys wh i le watching the
display: · • · : . · . ·
· , .· ,
In the CAL mode , the keys and fu nctions
shown at right can be used for ca lculation .
Note: In the CAL mode th e . , re su lts .ot
calcu lations cannot be ou tput on the
printer.
Using. as a Calculator:
Note that the compu ter retums to the CAL m ode when the ~ key s pressed after the
AUTO OFF
19
The following outlines the majo r key fu n ct ions :
* ~J (clear) (red key)
If this key is pre ssed imm d iate ly after nu mer ic data is entered or the contents of the
m emory a r e recall ed , that da ta will be c leared . In any other case, operat ion o the
~ey will c lear the operators an d/or nu m eric data that have been entered. The
contents of the memory are not cleare d with the & : _ c 1 ] key operation.
I 10' = 1 00001
Red key
What you see i n the display is the v lu e of r r .
Next , let us compu te 10 4 . Fo r this ca lculation, y ou should use the f unction 1 o x . This
function is also identified by a brown etter , so the I sH1n I key must be pressed before
the function key is pressed:
( 1 T = , 3.1 41 592654 )
3.141592654
Display
Input
(1) S pecif ies 2 decimal
places.
23000.000 j FX)
Input
.23 00 1 0 00 m . . . . . 1 2_3_0__0_._ _ J , (Normal)
~FIX
. [ml . i i . EN G
. . [ T A @ (specifies the nu m ber of decima l p laces)
This key s used to specify the num ber of decim a l places when used n conjunction ' w ith
a numera key: Turn off the power switch and then on again . Press m key and th e
display wll show "0.000" ( F IX mode) . ;
. m (display m de switch)
This key is u sed to switch th e d isp lay mode for the result of a ca lcu lation from the
f loating po int decimal system (norm a l mode) to he fixed point decim a l , scient ific
notation or engineering notation sy stem , or vice versa.
sG]o@J
The §) key m ay : a lso b e used to clear an error.
U sio.g as .a .Ca lculator
Input
123
rn
456
456.
I
6
00
2
rn
5
0
8 .
2 1
I E X P I : Used to ter a nu m ber n expon ntia form ( th e display shows "E"
foll ow ing the n u mber entered).
w to rn ' 8 'I E X P I a nd l +t-
D E G : Degree [
GRA D : G ra d [g)
1 80° ~ tr (rad) = 2009
(D grees)
* ~ E Q J (specifies angu lar u nit.)
Th is key is u sed to specify the an gu lar u nits for nu m eric data used in trigonometr ic
fu n
c
t ions, inve rse tr igonometr ic fu nct ion s, or coord inates convers ion .
(2)
places .

22
The computer has a 24 - dig it d isplay , of which 1 ~ digit; : ; < : I re u sed ~ o di~ p lay rum be s. I n
the CAL mode , calcu lation resu lts are normally disp layed in the floating decim a l point
sy stem . I f the . resu lt is sm aller than . 0 .000000001 or greater th an 9999999999
(greatEir"ttian · · ~ o '. O O O O O b Q o · i · dm aller 'than ; ~gggg9ggggg) ~ it is ~ H ~ played in
exponentia l form at. I n the exponentia l for~a("ih~ m~ht i$sa · 'pad '6fa 'n u m ber is
display ed to 1 2 sign ificant dig ts , while the exponent part is d isp layed to 4 significant
d ig its (inc lu d ing a decimal point, s ign , and sy m bol ) .
M antissa (1 2 digits) Expo nent (4 digits)
---~--; . . .~
ATR IX STAT PRINTAL RUN PAO '
Exponentia l disp lay form at
-
orm a l display f? frn~ ~
This section describes the disp lay formats and sym bo ls used l r i the CAL mode .
D E G
0. 0000123
-0 0000123
2 3
( ) : This sy m b o l comes on when parentheses are used in a calcu lation formula
by means of th e [IJ key .
~ : This sy m b o l comes on when a number other than zero is stored in th e
ca lculation memory, to indicate th at the memory s in use.
E: This sy m bo l co mes on if an error has occurred . The error can be c leared by
operating th e ~ key .
DEG
RAD
GRAD: These words are se lected sequ ntiall y each time I s H 1 F T I Gj keys are
operated. Each of th ese words indicates the angular units for trigonometr ic
function s, inverse trigonometric functions , and coord inates converson ,
respec t iv e ly .
DEG : Degree [0]
(180 deg . = 1 T rad = 200g)
The computer u ses th e sy m b o ls and indicators shown above, whose meanings are the
following:
SHIFT: This word comes on when the I SH IFT I or [ b Q i iJ key s activated, ind icating
that the second fu nction of a key dentif ied by a brown labe l can be se lected .
To re lease the S HIFT mode, press the I s H 1 F T I or ~ key a second tim e.
To su sta in th e S H IFT mode, press the [@ key .
HYP: This word comes on when the ~ key is pressed, indicating that a
hyperbolic function has been selected. If I s H 1 F r I ~ are pressed, a
phrase, SHIFT HYP, comes on to indicate that an inverse hyperbolic
function has been selected.
SML: This word comes on when the fs M L l key is pressed, ndicating that the low
er case mode for the alphabetic characters is selected.
M AT R IX STAT PRINT
AL RU N PRO
SM L D E G R A D c l [; ;) E
H IFT H YP
Display symbols
The following descr ibes the sy m bo ls and ind icators that appear in th e d isplay to show
the mode, s tatu s, or condit ion of the compu ter.
@RAD or GRAD is d i splayed instead of DEG:
The RAD , G RAD and DEG indicate angu lar units for display data. Any of thes.e
symbos may be displayed u nless trigonometr ic fu nction , inverse t nom etric
. . function , or coordinate convers ion is to be executed, Eacti of these symbols can be
' ' 'sequ entially selected 'tiy operating I ~ H I F T I ~ ' : ' " .
0 A dash H indicator is displayed at the STAT or MATRIX label: . ,
The compu ter is in th e statistical calcu lation mode. Pre ss lsH 1 F i-l@§] to release
+
G )
If not, read the following . description and take the necessary action:
G ) M ore than one zero is displayed (e.g., 0.00) :
The number of fractiona d igits is being specifed. Clear the TAB setting by turning
off the power switch then on again . The COM PU TER is now .i n the normal d sp lay
mode.
M AT I X STAT PR I NT
This : section describes the basic operations , of the computer in the CAL m ode. Before
g, turn on the power of your compu r . First; pres s e ~ ey to pla e the
computer:in the . C A L mode. Then press ~ ~ , and make sure that the display
shows the following initial inform ation . .
G) (4)
Basic Operations
BUSY: This indicator com es on ~hile the computeris ing an ar hmetic
operation.
MATRIX: Pressing lsH • F T I rnor l& H I F T I rn in the C ,ALmodecauses a dash ind icator
.,, ' · . ' (~)to appear' above the MATR IX labei'in'the lower right area of the d isplay.
The M ATRIX Indicator indicates that the co m pu ter is ready to perform a
: : matrix operation .
To release the MATR IX rnede.press eitharkey combination a second tim e.
mode
-
~L: If a dash ( - ) indicator appears ju st above the CAL label in the lower left area
-
• ••
1
. indicator to appear. just above .the STAT labe in the lower right area of the
display. The STAT stands for statistics and indicates that the computer is in
the STAT statistical calculation) mode.
Using as.a Calculator
2 5
Note that multiplicat ion and div ision hav e priority over addition and subtraction. I n
other word s , mu ltipl ication and d ivis ion wi ll occur before addition and su btract ion .
2. Multiplication Division
a. Key in the fol lowing : 8 4 1 00 58 6 [±] 1 2 0
Answe r : 41068 . 83333
b . Key in the following : 427 [£] 54 00 32 [£) 7 G 39 00 2 0
Answer : 59 5 . 8571429
1. Addition, Subtraction
K ey in th e fo l lowing: 1 2 [±] 45.6 G 32. 1 rn 78 9 G 74 1 C£l 2 1 3 8
Answer: 28 6 . 5
In th is m anual, the key fu nctions are shown as follows:
si n~ '~
De letion key
L
L
is set.
®Al l sy m bo ls d isp layed in th e u pper area of the disp lay can be c leared with the m
key , with th e exception of those des r ibed in the above items® and@
(4) Symbol C J is displayed :
~
.' : . . .
Key in: 1 2 W 5 [ M ± I Answer: 1 7
To subtract , key in : 2 [±] 5 @J fill [ H J
. Answer to this equ ation : -: 7:
Key in l] 4J to recall memory: 1 0 is displayed .
K ey i n : 12 00 2 @] ~
Answer: 2 4 (A so takes place of 1 O in memory)" ·
K ey in: 8 2 I M ± I
Answer: 4 [@) : 28
N o te: Memciry calcu lations are impossib le ln the STAT 1 (Stati~ ti6 ~ 1 cacu lanon)
m ode. · · ' ; :·.'.
'. : .. - :
3 . Memory Calculations
The independently accessibl e memory can be accessed by u s ing the three key s :~
~-
, , . . , ~ : , : I
The machine places so e ca lcuations in pending statu s depehding on their
priority levels. Accordir:igy, in .successivecatculatlons the operator and nu mer- :
ical valu e of the calcu lation last performed in the computer are handled as a
calcu lating lnstruction .and aconstant fbr t h e next cacu lation , respectively.
Note:
key in : 3 0@]
" . ' ~ · ~ ' .
I J
:.':, ; . - , :
Constant M u ltiplication: The first number entered is a constant»
K e y i n : 3 oo s @] · · · An ~ w ~ (fs : ; :
Answer: 30
Answer: 27.28991 72
Calcu late : Sinh" 9
Key in : 9 ls H 1 F T I F3 ~
4 . Power Functions
Key in : 20 [: ]
Calculate:
DEG : -90~8~90 [
GRAD -00~8~100 [ g)
2 . Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
C alcu late: Sin · 1 0.5
Set the angular unit to " DEG ".
K ey in: .5 I sH1FT I l • T.0 Answer: 30
Calculate: Cos" -
Set t e angular unit to "RAD"
Key in: i :±a I S H IFT I ~ To enter a negative number, press the l ± z : : J key
after a nu mber.
Answer: 3.141592654 (Value of ir)
The calculation results of the respective inverse trigonometric fu nctions will be
display ed w ith in the following l im its .
To perform trigonometric or inverse tri gonometric functions, and coord inates conver
s ion, designate the angular unit for the calculation . The angular unit "DEG , RAD, or
GRAD" is desig ated by the I sH1 FT I and l o R G J keys .
1. Trigonometric functions
Set the angular unit to "DEG"
Calcu la e : Sin ° + Cos 40° =
Key in the following: 30 C i l i J + 40 ~ [§:]
Answer : 1.266044443
Set the angular unit to "RAD".
K ey in : . 25 [XJ I S H I F T I rn r~ ~ (Remem ber to use the [SHIFT) key.)
Answer 0 .707106781
S c i e n t i fi c Ca lc u l at i on s i n t h e CA L m o d e
= ( a _ s ) =
Key n : 8 I SHIFT I ]ill GJ OJ 8 G 3 co I SHIFT I ]ill m
Answer: 336
Ca lculate : 45% of 2 ,780 ( 2;780x100 )
K ey in : 2780 00 45 I S H rn [NJ
' . . . .
K ey in: 6 ~ [±] 7 [@) 0
9. Factorial
Answer: 2 : 238046103
Natura l Logarithms :
C ommon Logarithms:
7. Exponential Functions
Calculate : e30445
K ey in : 3.0445 I S H 1 F r [EJ
·Answer: 20.999528 8 1 ( 2 1 as in item "6'' above)
C a lculate: 1 0 2238
Key in : 2.238 [sH rFTI @ )
Answer: 172.9816359 (173 as in . item "6 ' : above)
Answer: 3
5 . Roots
Key in: 25 CU
Key in : 27 I sH 1 FT I ~
Calculate: Fou rth root of 8 1
Key in : 8 1 I sHrFTI ~ 4 @]
Using as a C 1 1 l = 1 , llator

Angu lar unit: DEG
K ey in : 6 rn 4 I SHIFT 8 '. J Answer: 7 . 211102551 ( r)
Key in: [D Answer: 33.69006753 ( 8 )
Calculate th e m agnitude and direct ion (phase) in vector i = 1 2 + j9
Key in : 12 rn 9 I SH IFT ~ Answer : 1 5 ( r)
Key In : [I] Answer: 36 .86989765 (8)
29
R AD 0 ~ I e I~ r r
G RAD : 0~8 1~200
)'
1 2 . Coordnates Conversion
Converting rectangular coo rdinates to polar (x, y ~ r, 8 )
A ra cehorse has the track times of 2 minu tes 25 seconds 2 minu tes 38 seconds,
and 2 m inutes 22 seconds . What is the average running time of the horse?
Key in: .0225 ~ [±] .0238~ [±].0222 ~ W
Answer 1 : 01 2361111 1
K ey in: GJ 3@]
Answer 2 : 0041203703
Key in: I sH1FT 8
Answer 3 : 0 .0228 33333 or the average time is 2 m inutes 28 seconds
When converting an an g le in decima l degrees to its sexagesima l equivalent
(degrees/minutes/seconds ) , the answer is bro ken down : integer part =
degrees; 1 st and 2nd dec im a l digits = m inu tes ; 3rd and 4th dig its = seconds;
and th e 5th d igit and up = fractiona l seconds.
Convert 24.7256 to its sexages imal equivalent (degrees /minutes/seconds)
K ey in: 24 . 7256 I sH1n I 8
Answer : 24.433216 or 24°43'32"
11 . Angle/Tim e c onversions
To convert an ang le g iven i n the sexagesima l system (degrees /m inutes/sec
onds ) to its ec im al equivalent, a va lue in degrees m u st be entered as an integer
and v lu es in m inutes and seconds as decima fractions, respectively .
C onvert 1 2° 47' 52" to its decimal equ ivalent.
Key in: 12.4752 ~
Answer : 12 . 79777778
Answer: 15.6448203

· _ , ·.· . ;
'. ~
; ,.
' \
{ T h e 2nd decimal p lace is ro u nded.)
I S H IFT I
~
(The 10th decim a l p lace is rounded . )
' ~ J
30
The I sH1n I . and ~ keys are u sed to specify the number of decima l places in the
calcu lat ion result. The number of d~ cirri'alp / aces after the decim a l point is specified by
the numeral key ( CID ' - rn ) pressed after the I SH IFT I and . ~ keys. In this
case; th
e - dlsp lay mode must b e Fl),( { f ixe.d decimal po int). sc i ( sc ientific notation),
or ENG (engineering notation) .
Note: The CO keys located just before the 0 or [[tJ key can be omitted,
Answer: 9
Calcu late : 1 2 + 42 + (8 ~ 6 ) .
Key in : 12 GJ 42 rn OJ 8 G 6 en @
Answer: 33
Calcu late: 1 26 + [(3 + 4)x (3 - 1)1
'
The . ' parentheses keys. are needed toc luster to gether a series o f . operations when it is
ary to r ide t e pri r ity temof ebra 1 n parentheses-are . n se on
the COMPUTER; . the symbo l • ''(; )' will appeaf in the d isplay · · .:
Ca lculations in parentheses have priority over other calcu lations.Parentheses in the
CAL m ode can be used up to 15 times in a si'ng le : level: A. calculation within the
innermost set of parentheses will .be pertormed first.
), : i · ' ' . : _ . . , : . · · . · · .,, .' · . . :1:; . ' . •.. · · ,.I
. · " = ul~ is inpuUirst: and : is
replaced ~ith . r . = 14 by - .
pu sh i the[[] key.after
r is inpu t.
· . Use c > . f Parentl)esis
Using as.a cateu tator : :
Converting polar coordinates to rectangu lar (r, e _ _ . . x , y) s
Solve for P (14, rr/3), r = 1 4, e = rr/3)
Angular unit: RAD
Key i n : I SH IFTI 00 rn 3 0
Answer 7.000000002 (x )
Key in : ,LI]

. ) " \ " ,~
x, + ( Ca lcu lations which are given the same priority leve l are execu ted in
their sequ ence of inpu t.)
Level
( 1 )
(2)
(3)
The machine is provided with a function that judges the priority levels of individual
calcula tions, which perm its keys to be operated accord ing to a given mathematica
formu la. The foll owing shows the pr iority le els of ind ividua l ca lcu lation s.
P r i o r i t y L e v e l s i n CA L M od e
_, 0.055555555
form of 5 .55555555555 x 10· 2 Rounding
the 1 1th dig it of the mantissa resuts in
5.555555556 x 1 0· 2 . When changed to
the floating decima point display , the
ro u nded part may not be disp layed as in
this exam p le.
( ENG mode)5.556E -03
(The 4th decima l place of the mantissa part is rounded. )
( SCI m ode).556E-02
_, 5.555555556E·02 (SCI mode)
(The 10th decimal p lace of the mantissa part is ro unded. )
Exam p le :
L@ ' .i l (TM) W _,0.055555556 ( F IX mode )
8 W [ + ] W I - = I (The 10th decima l place is rounded. )
To clear the TAB setting ( des ignation of the decimal p laces) , turn off the power switch
and then on again. The disp lay is now in the norma display mode.
est in priority leve l and "x;' identical i n
pr iority leve l . After the [£1 key is
pressed , the other 2 ca lculations wi ll
remain pend ing .
Pend , i .ng of 1 . leve l
C D @ 0
C D 0
1 [±] 2 00 3 ]
E x. 1 [±] 2 @]
• Single-variable fu nctions· are ca lculated imm ed iately after key o eration without
be ing retained. (x 2 , 1/x n , ~DEG , ~oMS , etc.)
Calculation without u sing parentheses
The numbers C D - ® indicate me . sequence in which the calcu lations are carried out.
W h en calculations are executed from the h i gher pr iority one in sequence, a lower
priority one must be set aside. The machine is provided with a m em ory area for up to
e ight leve ls of pending operations. •
As the memory area - can .also be u sed in a ca lcu lation i nc l uding parenth eses,
calcu lations can be performed according to a given m athem atical formula u n l ess the
leve ls of parentheses and/or pending operations exceed 8 in total.
5
rn
'. \1
Ex . Keyoperati6n and sequence of calcu lation in 5 + 2xsin 30 + 24 x53 =
Usirig as a Calculator
A
I
F
Allows you to convert a hexadecim al number into its decim al equiva
lent and, at the same time, releases the computer from the H EX
mode (Symbo "H EX" d isappears from he disp lay . )
Hexadecimal notation is one of the notation systems broadly used in the computer field .
The rad ix for hex notation is 1 6 and hex numbers consist of numeras O through 9 and
u ppercase letters A thro ugh F u sed in place of 10 through 15 of dec imal notation .
Conversion between Decimal and Hex Numbers, and Hex Calculations
( l • H E X I , [ • D E C )
l • H E x ] : Allows you to convert a decimal number into its hexadecimal equiva
lent and, at the same time, places the computer in the HEX mode.
(The display shows th e symbol "HEX".)
-arentheses , if continu ed, cane u sed upo 15 .
Ex. ax(((b - cx( ((d + e)xf ) + g
• Parentheses can be used u n less pending calcu lat ions exceed 8 . H owever, paren
th eses can be continuously used up to 1 5 t imes.
4 I T . J s
Pressing the [ _ ] key executes the ca ·
cu lation of 3 - 4 + 5 in the paren
theses , leaving 2 cacu lations pending.
(i· 'J .
are left pe nd ing.
Ex. i )
34
• If a decim a l number having a fractional part is converted
in to a hex number, the fracti on a l part of the decim a l
number is truncated and only its integer part is converted
into a hex number.
• If you attempt decim al-to-hex conversion on. a negative decimal
. . number, the compu te r internally performs "two's complement"
'' calculatioii' andihows tre r e s u 1 { in 1 s{ complement. . . . • '. ' : '.
~ ·The E key m ay be . U sed to reverse the positive or negative sign
ofthe· 'nUmericdata nciw n th e dispiay. If t h e sign of a positive hex
. number is reversed, the complementof he positive n u m b e r :will be
obtained in the display . . ' . ; , : :. .
; : : ', . , ~ , I , , .. , : • , • ' , , , , · , ' , , , , ' • ' , ' , ', I , , ' , ,
Convert decima l number 1 23.4 into its he adecima l equ ivalent.
Key in : J sH 1 ~ 1 1 ~: 1 23 .4 ~
'F . F F F F F F F F E . H Ex I
Example: Convert decimal nu m ber -2, nto its hexadecimal equivalent.
Temporarily clear the H EX mode with ~. lsH1nJ ~ •
; ~ '. - i - . ~ [ - ' ' •, • •. :• . ' : ' ; I - ': • • • ' , : • ' : ' ' • •
Key in: [TI ±El ~
To clear the Hex mode operate I SH IFT I ~ . You cannot clear it with the @£ key
1. Decimal to hex conversion
Exan:ipl .e : p~ n ~ ~ ~ d ~ c ~ m~ 1 0r~ r Y 1 ~ ~ rj'. ~ n ,to its hex~ decima1 . ~ g u iv~~ m : . , , :
Key in: 30 :@ Answer; ' · · . : . 1 : E, . 1 HE~
To perform a new conversion, temporarilyclear the HEX mode.with
JSHIFTJ ~.
' i ' • · : . :.'
data shown in the display is a hex number ,
and that you can perform any bas ic arithmetic
operations on hex numbers. . ,
' · ' ' . , ' . : I · ' , ' , '
Hex numbers A through F can be entered by first placing your computer n the Hexmods
(with ,~l key}, the ,n pressing ~ h e , respective keys shown in figure:. .
, .. .. . . 1, ;J. '.) : ,. · •. : , .,, :· .: .', '·:. r-: . · , •

Answer :
Example :
Answer :
3. H exadecimal calculations
Hexadec ima l calcu lations can be d ne after y our computer is p laced in the Hex
mode . Press ffi ~ and the sym bo H EX will be displayed.
• If any of h ex n u mbers FFFFFFFFFF to FDABF41C0 1 is converted
into its decim a l equ iva lent the correspond ing decima l nu m ber w ill
become negative .
-238
HEX
FFFFFFF12
nswer:
xam p le : Convert hex number FFFFFFFF1 2 into i ts decim a l equ ivalent :
K ey in : ffi ~ FFFFFFFF 1 2 I s H r F T I E@
700
nswer :
2 . Hex to decimal conversion
Exam p le: Conve rt hex nu mber 2BC into its dec ima l equ ivalent
Key in: ~ E i : E . X J 2 BC l sH r F rl 1:~
3 6
• In the Hex mode, the function keys on the computer are not usabe.
• When the compu ter is in the STAT or MATRIX mode (a dash(..) indicator is shown
at the STAT or MATRIX label), neither convers ion between decim al and hex
numbers nor a hex ca lcuaton is execu table .
' . : • ' , .
AB .HEX
• In hex calcutatlons, the 'computer ignores all fractional parts. This means that the
decimal point key, GJ is m eaningless even if pressed for a hex caculation.
• If an i ntermediate result in su ccessive hex calculations inclu des a fractiona part, an
· e~ ror will resul].
Example: 8 [TI 3 00 . . . Error (Symbo "E" is displayed .)
If a fractiona l part is in the re sult of the final calculatio n , it will be truncated and only
the integer part of the result wil l be disp layed,
~xample: B CB 3 0 . . . 3. HEX
• In the Hex mode, the l±E key may be u sed to obta in a complement for the hex
number now''slib'wn ih the display.
Example: AB ± E . - FFFFFFF F55. HEX
. - ' · . ' . • . . . . . -. : • : ' : . .
. . . · · : ; ~
Example:

L :y
kY 2
W hen a statistica l calcu lation is performed the following statistics are automatcal ly
stored in th m emory area for fixed variab les used in the BAS IC mode . And these
stat ist ics can be used in the BASIC m ode, because these statisticsare retained even
when the statistical ca cu lation m ode is reset. These statistics are cleared when the
statistical ca l cu l ation mode is reset and th en set aga i n for another sta tis t ica l calcu la
tion.
~ r ;~ th ~ t : > E•>
ii) ii) (g ii ~
J iilniilli~
~-r81~ii
K eys that are used m a inly i n the stat istical calcu lation mode.
D isplay a dash ind icator in th is position by
pressing the I SH IFT I and~ey s .
SIAI
L__
To perform statisticalcalculation,press the I sH 1 FT I and I@) keys ( under the red ~
key) n the CAL mode, a dash (-)indicator wi l l appea r just above th e "STAT" labe l
in the lower right area of the d isplay. The "STAT" stands for STATistics, and
ind icates that the computer is i n the statist ical calcu lation mode.
W henthe computer is in the RU N or PR O mode, press the I C : - A i ; J and then I sH 1n I ~
to perform a statistica l calcu la tion .
Statistical Calculations
6 5
Examp le:
Calcu late standard deviation , mean , and variance (Sx) 2 from the following data:
Set the computer in the statistical calcu lation mode.
J: x 2 -n . x 2
ax=
- n -
( sed when all the populations are taken as
samp le data or when finding the standard
deviat on of a popu lation with sam p l es taken
as that popu lation . )
data for sing le~variable ' statistic calcu lations are inpu t by the fol lowing key operations :
( 1 ) Data ~ '(used to enter data one b y one) . _ . . . ..
(2) · ' Data oo :Frequency ~ ( u sed to enter two o'r more b i th e same data)
' ',, • • • ' • • • , •I ' • ,'
from that population. )
Stand ard deviation with popu latiori parameter taken to be
j
1. Single . ~ varia .b(e Stati~t cal Calcu lation
The following statistics are obtainab le in a single-variable statistic ca lcu lation :
(1) n : Number of samples
(2) ~: Sum total of sam ples
(3) ki-2: S um of squares · of samples
(4) x : M ean value of samp les x = Lx
n
Standard deviation with popu lation pa rameter taken to be
* Hexadecimal calcu lation
. · : .
: . . . .
, ,
. • : . ·
• Coordinates conversion
\f'/hen the stansticat calcu lation mode is .set. the following cannot be performed : :
U~i1 1 g as - a Calculatc ; > r
To clear previous statistica l inpu ts and caculations , reset the statistical calculation
mode once and set this mode again . O therwise, when a new statistical calcu lation is
perform ed incorrect' answers Will" be obtained: - . . · . - . ,
. . . . . - . . ' . '. i i . . . ~ · '.
2. Two-varlable S tatistics and Linear Regression
I n addition to the statistics for both variab les x and y which are the same as those ofx in
sing le-variable statistics, the su m of th e products of samples ~xy is ob ta i n ed in two
variable statistics . Two-variable statistics make possible thedevelopment of a re lation
sh ip (correlation) between two sets of data. Each pa ir of data has x and y va lues.
From th ese sets of data a line of re gress ion can be estab l ished . The relationship of the
two sets of data by u se of th e straight ine method is called LinearRegression . In Linear
R egression there are three important va lues, r, a , and b .
The equation of the straight l ine is y = a + bx where a is the point at which the line
crosses the Y - axis and b is the s lope of the l ine .
The correlation coefficient r shows the relationsh i p between two sets of data . A perfect
tion betwee two va lues is an r u a l o 1 (- is rf ec negative correla
tion); n other words, by knowing the valu e of one variab le y ou can pred ict wth 100%
accu racy the valu e of the other variab le. The fu rther the value of r is from 1 , the less
reliab le will y ou r predictions be. The following table can be u sed as a set of defin itions of
the va ues of th e correlation coefficient:
Dispay :
7
9.
60 00 2 1§1
Correct Data (CD) : The last data entry in the above exam ple is an error and m u st be
changed to 60x2
Key in :
isHIFTi LI]
jSH IFTj ~
Variance :
Notes 1 . After all the data h ve been entered, statis tics su ch as m ean valu e ,
standard deviation, etc . , may be obtained in any desired order.
2 After a mean valu e, standard deviation , or any oth er tat i stic has been
ob tained as an interm ed iate result more data can be entered and
statst ica calcu lations can be performed continuously on additional data
entry .
9 .
As each sample s entered , the num ber of data of that sample w i ll appear at the right of
the display.

6 . ( N o t e : 'l 'd input ~ultip le
• · i' d ~ ntical ; ' ' s ; ampi~ s , • · p r d : ·
ceed a s indicated. ) . : : : '
n
x
s ·
51
Example 1 : I f we know a student's mark in m athematics, can we pred ict the mark in
Engl ish?
The exam m arks for f ive students chosen at randorn are given in the following table:
b :
n • · · .
(~y)2
+1 . 00 Extr Hi
+0 .20 to +0.40 Low
-.20 to ' +0 .20
H igh
4 1
Predict the age of death of a 6-foot m an weigh ing 1 90 pou nds in 1950.
1 90 I sH tFT I II) 73.4945283 years
To re ach age 90 , what should a m an 's we ight be in 1960?
90 ls1t 1 F T IITJ 1 60.3712108 pounds
To reach age 150 , what shou ld a m an's we ight be? O bv iou sly , the answer wil l make
no sense, ind icating th e dang er of carrying a straight-line extrapo la t ion too far .
32 1 . 9292 1 25 (y -ax is )
-. 795 0 8 8 9 08 ( s lope)
lsH tF rJ[D
-. 792926 1 67
l s H 1 F T I [O
Th valu e for r ind icates a re la t ively high negative correlation . A h igher weight m eans a
shorter life span . To graph the regress ion line, coefficients a and b ar e u sed
Weight at age 65 1 85 226 200 1 69 1 70 1 95 175 17 4 198 172
Age at death
72 67 69 85 91 68 77 74 70 82
Sample
Example 2 : Is we ight a good pre dictor of longevity among m en 65 years of age? I n
1950 10 m en , each s ix feet ta ll , were seected for an experim ent to
determ weig eff ct th f spa .
If we had a stu dent h se mark n mat matics was 90, the nt wou ld have a mark
of 95 in Eng lish based on this ana ly s is .
Display
90 I S H I FT I IT]
The valu e of 0. 5 7 1 5 8 7 9 0 1 fo r r indicates th at the corre lation is moderate The
equation for the stra ight l ine for this data is y = 34 . 26 + 0.68x when tru ncate d to
second decima l places.
0.678571428 (s lope)
lSH IFT I ITJ
ing as a Calculator
• Change the C AL mqde to RUN and calculate . s ? .
4 .
205 ~ 221 ~
. • I · ,
· '= 1 : x 2 .: . 1 2 . (:Ex 2"'''
. n , · · : · ,
· , ,
When performing calculations u sing this sta tistical data , use the RUN mode .
For exam ple, to determine the su m of squares (82) of fou r p ieces of data, 205, 22 ,
: ? . ~ . ~ · . ~ n ~ 2 2 q , . .oprrat~y~ u r, po 1 ; 1wutw af r? llow~ ;
s2 = L (x -xl2
S tati stic n
M emory Z
The following stattsticaldata obta ined in the C A L : . m.ode can be u sed in the BAS IC
mode .

1 80
s in x
cos x
I n tan x, however, the following cases are e xcluded.
ta n x
D E G :
R A D :
sin· • x
-;£X;£ 1
CDS-J X
In x
( In x = loge x)
(e " :
•)' > 0:
y-'(")
x
• .l' > 0:
x '
x .
V - ~
1 < : : x < 1 x 1 050
tarih- 1 x Ix I< 1
Scientific functions :
calculation result: ±1 x10-99 - ±9 .999999999 10 99 and O
CalculationRange
. '
, ·•
. -
. . . ·--
. . .
. .
..
. .
. . , .
. . .
. ..
. . '
'
:
;
. . .
. '
. .
r < 1 x 1 0'00, x > r cos 9
r, 9_ ,.x,y I r sin 6 I < 1 x 10 100
y = r sin 6
8
conditon as x
:
I
I 1 :x I x 1 01 00
DAT A I: x2 < 1 x 10'0
i
CD
1: y•
In I < 1 x 1 Q '00·
x
ca lcu lation
o~
n -

5
There fore, errors are accu mulated in each stage of the continuous caculations ,
causing the accu ra cy to deteriorate . (The same app l ies to oth er continuous ca lcu la
tions m ade by the computer such as y' and V Y . ° )
For th e accu racy of fu nctions other than shown above the error s ± at the 1 0th d ig t ,
as a ru le . ( I n the sc ientific notat i on sy ste m , th e error is ±1 at the lowest digit of
m antissa d isp l ay . )
However , the accuracy w ill become low aro u nd singu lar po ints and inflection pointsof
functions .
Functons
Note
nr
0 < I {} . : x' - n .X ' ) · (l:y' - n.i'') I < 1 x 1 01 00
I LX)' -
r
~ ·-
n ¢0
I l:X)' -
Stat istica
n
and
a
)'
x'

46
I n addit i n, matr ixes X Y , and M are stored in th e same memory area as BAS IC
arrays X(*.*), - Y(*,*) , - . and - M(**). I n ·othe r . words, th e Valu es of tM matr ix
s lem ents.enterec iri the BASIC m ode canbe calcu lated in · the CAL mode. - : . ,
When . entering the va lu es _ of matrix e lements in the BAS IC m ode , pay attention t o the
f o 1 1 o w ir i9 po ints: - · · · · · · . · , · · - . . , : . · . . · . ' · · · · ' · . . . · · · · · · · ·
(1 ) M atrix e lements X(ik) correspond to BASIC array e lements X(i-, k- ) ' . For
: example X(1 - · ,2) correspond to - array X(O , t) . , ' r :
(2 ) All th e matrix element valu es sto red d'n m emory will be cleared by BAS IC
command R U N , CLEAR, or NEW .
Input of Matrix Element
I n the CAL mode , press ing r [[] or I FT rn cau ses the COM PU TER to
enter the M ATRIX m ode . In th is mode, you can enter the elements of a matrix for
calculation of th e m atrix , as well as to have th e computer perform m atr ix operations
and dis p lay the m atrix elements entered.
The keys and th e ir function s used to enter and disp lay matrix elements are as
descr ibed below.
· With this computer , su ch an array sexpressed asmatr ix X Y , or M. One of the sets
I '•'
of nu m bers which form a matrix is called a m atrix element. M atrix elem ent a 11 .is
expressed as X(U ), Y ( 1 , 1 ) , or M (1 , 1 ) : The horizontal arrangement of m atr ix
elements is called a row while the vert ical .arrangement is called a co lumn.
Matrix Configuraion
With the CO M PU TER , three m atrixes X Y , and M can be delined Each atrix can be
defined w ith in a range of 1 to 99 both vertically (i .e . , colu mns) and horizontally
(i.e., rows) . However , the to tal matrix size is depend ent upon the mem ory capac ity
of the COMPU
TER.
.· · 1 .• •.
; -: I .
: A matrix is a rectangu lar array - a;k ( i . 1 _ , 2 .. . , rn , . k ·= 1 , 2 . . . , n)
of a given set ot
, nu m bers (mxn e lem ents ) as shown below. · · -
. determinant values '
. In the CAL mode, the COM P U TER 'h a s ' a functio n to calcu late m afr i xe's or th e i
Matrix Calculation Function r

- 5
2
When you inpu t the respective elements of a m atrix , you may use any of the keys that
you u se in the CAL m ode fo r four basic operation s and scientific ca lcu lations .
Exam p le 1 : To enter the fo l lowing two matr ixes:
Key
Fu nction
1 sm F T I m • Puts th e compu ter in the M ATRIX mode.
• Al lows you to enter the e lements of m a t r ix X and then the
e lements of matrix Y , and the computer to cal cu late the
matrixes .
• Releases the compu te r from the MATRIX m ode when these
key s are pressed a second time
1 s H I F T 1 m
• Pu ts the computer in the M ATR IX mode .
• Al lows the computer to perform matr ix calculations.
• Re leases the compu ter from the MATRX mode when these
keys are pressed a second time
J ENTERI
• S to res in memory the number of rows and number of co u m ns
which form a matrix and other matrx e l ement data, and then
th e computer wa its for the next data entry.
[E
• Shifts the cursor to the r ight by one column (When the cursor
is at the rightmost colu mn, the cursor moves to the next
element.)
Bl
• Shifts the cursor to the left by one column. (When the cursor
is at the leftmost column, the cursor moves to the preceding
element.)
[IJ • Shifts the cursor up by one row (i . e. , to the element immedi-
ately above the current column).
• R eturns the computer to th previous step in operation .
[I]
• Shifts the curso r down by one row (i.e . , to the e lement
im m ed iate ly below the current colu m n) .
• Pu ts the com pu ter i n the wait state for next step i n ope r ation.
- : I
x((>
2 .
8
. i'
I
: )~(2 , 3 ) .
.2 .3 . "
I
' · , , · : 1 · 1 ;
After your input of e lerrie 0nt -X( 1 , 1), the om pu ter waits for your inpu t of the next
e lement X(1, 2) · ' ·
3@:]
;'I
Then enter the number of colum ns as "3" and def ine matrixX.as a m atrix with a size of
( 2 : -3Lir i d the com p~ t~ r i : s r e c i d ytc i r y o ur input'cit th e i'v~ lue d f ~ lament X ( 1 , 1 ) .
' · 1 0 r n · · · · · - · · · · · f · ~ < 1 ~ · ~ · > , .. ,. 1 0 .
I x < ~ . 1 1
~ATRIX:X( . : 0 _ )
· · -, : : 2 1 • , . , • 1 . : ' ' ' : · I MATRIX:X(2 . . . . : ., '0 )
"2" is entered as t e nu mber of rows. · · i '
1
.. ; .
B~ ~ a~se rnatrtxX i~ u gd . efi~ed , ( 0 , b ) I s d isplay ~ d · whsn ' ,the computer is put in th e
M A tFibtm C i d e . · · · · · · · · ' · · · · · ·
• : ; : , . :
49
On input of all the elements of matrix Y , th e message "MATRIX OPERATION" will
C
calculations. If only matrix X needs to be calculated, press ~ I ENTER I when you
input the number of rows and number of colu mns, respectively, for matrix Y.
2 IENTERI MATRIX:Y(2, 0 _)
Y(2, 1)
Y(2,3)
-8.
IENTERI
MATRIX OPERATION
After you have completed the input of all the element data of matrix X you must define
the s ize of matrix Y and then enter the elements of matrix Yin th e sam e manner as you
did for matrix X.
Perform s addition .
-
-
. .
.
'•,', • I ," ,•" :ii
. The result bf su btracting some e lements of matr ix Y from the
..
,
To perform subtraction, m atrixes X and Y m st beequal _ n both
the nu mber ot rows ' and the nu m ber of colu m ns. ·
. (Example)
X · Y-+ x . ,Perf orms m u ltp l ication.
To perform m u ltip licat ion, the number. of co l u mn i n matrix X
must be equal tothe nurnoer of rows n matrix Y .
rn
X • y- 1 - X: Performs the m u ltiplication of matrixX and nverse
matr ix Y .
To perform this operation , the number of co lumns in matrix X
~
x- 1 - X: Perf orms the inverse matrix calcu lation of matrix X
The resu lt of th is operation becomes new matrix X.
To perform th is operation , m atrix X m us t be a squar m atrix
( which has the same number of rows as the nu m ber of col-
u m ns) .
n [ ±]
n
+ x-:
Perf orm s the add ition of sca lar n to m atrix X
e l em ents.
In this operation, n is added to each e lem ent of matrix X.
NOTE:
M athem atica l ly, such an operation as th is does
not
exist. The addition of scalars is one of the featu res
u niqu e to the COM PU TER .
. . :
,, • • ·j : ".
\;Vhi le the m e~ scig~ " f y 1 A ,TRIX Q P ,ERATION" is Q f ~ h~ di .splay , , pressing eac . of the
following keys cau ses the COMPUTER to perf orm the matrix operation des ignated by
the key

n -X--->X:
P erforms the su btraction of matr ix X e lements from
sca lar n.
I n this operation, each e lement of matrix X is subtracted from n
and the re s u lt becomes the corresponding e lements of new
matrix X
N OTE : Mathematica ll y , such an op ration as this does not
exist. The su btraction of scalars is another feature u ni-
qu e to the C O M PU TER.
(Examp le )
n-V - - - Y·
.
'--'-"--'
. .
- -
scalar n.
n rn
n · x - 1 ---> X: Performs the multiplication of inverse matrix x- 1
elements by scalar n.
To perform this operation, m atrix X must be a square matrix.
[ ] X ~ Y: Exchange matrix X for matrix Y .
[I]
giving
the
[QJ
IX [ - - - > X (Display ) : Displays the value of th e determinant of
matrix x.
To perform this ope ration, m atrix X mu st be a square m atrix.
[±El
-X-- -> X: Reve rses the positiveo r negative sign of each e lement
of matrix X
X · X ---> X Perform the squaring of m atrix X.
~
X - - + M:
S to res the va lue of matrix X in the m em ory location of
matrix M (whilec learing th e previou s contents of matr ix
M ) .
This key is used when y ou w ish to retain th e vaue of matrix X
even after the m atr ix ca lcu lation.
indicating that the computer is
perform ing a calcu lation )
I x+ v~x
' -
-' :
Example 2: To . calculate X + Y , using the valu es of the re spective e lements of
matrix'es X and Y entered (stored in rherriory) in Example 1
Note • Pressing the ~ key during the execu tion of arnatrix calcu lation causes the
calculation to be su spended At this point, the values of rnatrixes X Y , and
M will be retained as those' before the execu tion of the calcu lation.
• Press the n l l Z J 00 i t, his order to perform the divis i on of matrix X
elements by scalar n . · ·
. • If most of the elements of a matrix have .the same value, execute the n rn
operation with all th e m a 1 :rix elem ents set as O and then correct only the value
. of each el~ ment having a value otherthan n . This will facilitate the input of the
matrix elements .
On completion of the matrix calcu lation the essage "MATR IX OPERATIO N"
appears again on the display, indicating that the COMPUTER is ready for the next
matrix calculation. After the, determinant valu e of matrixX is displayed by pressing the
rn key , the m essage " 'v 1 A TR IX OPERATION" W i l l appear again if you press one of
. '
I :
· .M~X . Invokes the. memory co ntents of matr ix M into matrix X
(while clearing the previou s contents of matrix X.)
[ M ± J ' · .
, ,
memory contents of matrix M .
'
. each other. ln both the number ' c i t rows a n d the number of
'columns . ' ·
t :

53
Examp le 4: To so lve th e following s im u ltaneous linear equations withthree unknow n s
using matrix ca lcu lations
{
The COMPUTER is now released from the M ATRIX mode .
If you press an y of the nu meric k ys or the 8 key while the message "MATRX
O PER AT ION" is being d isp layed the C O M PUTER can perf orm sca l ar ca lculations.
Example 3 : To cacu ate 1 /25* X- - - - > X using the calculation resu lt of matrix X in
Examp le 2
54
Note: M atrix ca l i: :u latidn~are based o n he method of e l iminat ion being wide ly u sed .
However, due to the nature of numerical calcu lations by any com puter, an error
· · :m~y o cu ~ . f' the calce laticn - o f a determinant or an inverse m at r i x because ot
truncation or some other reasons.
Thus, :t~e solutions-X; y, and Z ofte equations are as follows:
x= 3 ; y~-;Z~2 ..
I MATRIX OPERATION
I MATRIXQP~RATION
· . . < · : t : , . . . .11$ ; :
O peration : • · . • ~ , •
Pre$~ the'. · 1 sH1 Fr [·arid CD keys to p t , J( the com pu te r in the MATR IX mode and then
· · - ~ ] . '
. 1 ' : '
H INTS: Enter matrixes X and Y as shown below . and calculate ,r ; Y to obtain the
solu tions X; y, and z of the equations.

55
( (No . of rows of m atrix X) x (No . of colu mns of matrix X) x 8 + 7 ) bytes
+ [(No . of rows of matrix Y ) x ( No . of co lumns of m atr ix Y ) x 8 + 7] bytes
+ [N o . of ro ws of m atrix M) x (No. of co lumns of matrix M ) x 8 + 7] b y tes
+ [No. of rows of resu ltant m atrix) x ( No. of cou mns of resu ltan t matrix) x 8 + 7)
by tes
Memory Capacity Requiredtor Matrix Calcu lations
• Becau se matrix calcu l ations share the same memory area as that u sed for BAS IC
prog ram s, u nu sed memory capacity (i.e . , capac ity determinab le by MEM I E N TE R
in BAS I C mode) must be larger than the capac i ty determined by the following
form u la :
So the results obtained by co mputers may have suc an error. P l ease
n ote that verif ication by any other m ethod may be requ ired depending on
how matrix calculations will be app l i ed .
In the above exam ple, when y ou ob tain the determ inant va lue by multiply
ing the origina l matrix X by 3 , y ou can conf rm that matr ixXis not a regu lar
matrix becau se th e res u lt of the m u lt iplicaiton becom es O ( I ~ ~ I =D ) .
Note: Because a m atrix calculat ion will not be comp leted by a single
ope ration (e . g. , one-t ime m u l t ip l ication) , it will ta ke some time
to complete the ca lculation . I t w ll take abou t 6 seconds to solve for
th e inverse matrix of a u nit m atr ix consisting of 7 rows and 7
colum ns . This calculation time varies depend ing on the valu es of
matrix elem ents.
-3E10
Exam ple 5: To solve for the inverse m atrix of [ ~
1 ~ 3]
Th is matrix is not a regu lar matr ix and thus has no in verse m atr ix
theoretically . W ith any compu ter, however , the va lu e 1 /3 is input as
"0 . 33 . . . . . 3" and thu s an inverse m atrix exists, resu lting i n the
following .

56
If the data of matrix Yor Mis to be printed , change "X" at th e two places in l ine 1 40 ol
the above program to read "Y" or "M ".
( O peration) Press the ~ [ID keys in the AUN mode, and the designated m atr ix
data will be ou tput on the printer .
Printing of Matrixes
To print the data (e.q., value of each e lement) of matrix x, prepare and execu te the
following program . I f . you execu te . the prog r am by typ ing "R U N" and pressing
I E N T ER I , however, all the matrix data will be cleared from m emory. So e su re to
execu te the program with the ~ key .
100 ' 'M": INPut "ROW";l'
1 2 0 FOR l=O TO 1 1 . ' . . . . 1 ,
1 30 FOR J=OTO Ji- ~ 1
1 40 LPR IN T "X("; l+1 ;" , " ; J+1 ;" )=";X(l,J)
1 50 NEXT J
:NEXT l:END
[2 x 2 x 8 + 7) + [2 x 2 x 8 + 7] + [2x2 x 8 + 7] = 1 1
7 bytes
· 'x= · [ 2 s ]
(matr ix M u ndefined )
The required memory capacity w ill be calcu lated as follows:
. . .. i . . . .
Exam p le,6 : To calcu late the multip l ~ cation of th~ f~ llowing two rnatrixes (X · Y ~ X)
However, when ne ither m atrix Y nor matrix Mis u sed , the va lu es ( no . of rows and
no. of colu m ns) in brackets of e~ch u nused matrix will be treated as O tot the
capacity ca lculation . The re su ltantrnatnx lsonly requiredduring the ca lcu lation and
. w . i ll be cleared on com p letion of the ca lcu lation . For qf9rm ation , . no resu ltant matrix
is . requ ired for the execution of ~ . • , f f i I D , o f rn ~ Two resultant matrixes are
requ ired for matrix operations'u s ing [£] and n rn ' since these operan ons involve
two calculations ( i.e., invers ion and m u ltiplication ) . ·
• If the m essage '. 'MEM ORY OVER" appears on . the d isplay wh i le in the M ATR I
X
m ode, erase the variab les or progra s u sed in BAS IC in order to increase the
unused memory capacity fo(m atrix calculations.
Wh~ n calculating matrixes consisting of numerous e lements, u se a RAM card
. having a larger capacity. . · , . · · · · ·
What is Manual Calculation?
The COMPUTER may be basical ly used in two ways . O ne way lets y ou store in
advance the ho le u lation procedure or steps into the com puter 's memory as a
program, th en lets th e computer automatically execute it later. The other lets you
cacu late step by step through manu a l key operations. The latter is ca lled a m anu a l
ca lcu lation.
Of co u rse, in the CAL mode , all cacu lations are perf orm ed m anu a lly , but here only
th ose performed in the BAS IC m ode (RU N o r PROgram mode) are ca ll ed m a n u a l
ca lcu lations .
Manu a l Ca l cu la t ions i n B A SIC Mode
Error M essage
• M atr ixes do n ot match in s ize.
CALCULATION
M a t r ixes do not match in s ize in addition, subtrac-
tion, or m u ltip l ication, or an attempt was made to
ca lcu late the inverse matrix , or to perform the
squaring ,
matrix.
In X _ _ _ , M operation, memory space is not enough
to store matrix M , or no work area is available for
arithm etic operation.
DIVISION BY ZERO
In an inverse matrix calculation, an attempt was
made to divide a number by zero.
OVER FLOW
ation.
Error Messages
If an error occu rs during th e cacu lation of a atr ix, one of th e following messages
appears on th e display , togeth er w ith the "E" (Error) s ign. Press the §] key to
re lease the COM P U TER from the error con dition and th e "E" s ign will go off and the
message "MATR IX OPERATION" w ill appear on the d isplay. At th is point , th e matrix
data before the execu tion of the matrix ca lcu lation is re ta ined in memory .
58
Do not use dollar. signs on commas when entering a calculation formulaor
expresson into the C O M P U T E R . These characters have specia l m ean ing in the ·
BAS IC prog am ming langu age. Now try these sim p le ar ithmetic exam ples.
. . ' . '
, , r ,' : • , ~ ; " \ .' o' I , : ' , ' , I ' " 1 I • i , I ' : •
The operators * a . nd/ can be ente red t? Y p r~ s~ 1 p g C & i J anq[± : L J key s , r~ ~ pec ~ ive , ly ,
To g e t the result of a m a h u af calculation; o p e r a t e t t ie I E NTE R l k e y inst~ ' ; i ~ of .
[filey.
, 1. , , ,; . I ; .j': ":" . i' I ,:,': : ';
Before going into operat ion exam ples , let's - to uch on some important points r n
operation.
W hereas we u su ally u se operato rs + , - x or s- tor ou r'm athernatlcal calcu latlonsron
paper , we don't use the operators x and ·7 .for our ar ithm etic operations · iriBAS IC.
Instead of x andi-e, we use : an . aster isk (*) · and .s las h : (/} . respectlv e ly.
I n t H e {R U N : r i io d . J ' , . t h ~ 'k~ y 1 fu ~ctiqn~ ~ h ~ ~ n in t h ~ toll o~ing figu re ar~ 6p~ ra '~rv{Nhe
1 s.iime. ii irJ { i n th e = P R 09rar n : m 6 d ~ . ) . ; · · 1 : _ ; . : • • :: : •
~ I : . : ' :· . ' ' ' . . ' I ; ," : I •• I ." i ' , ' ' ' : ' .' i' · ; j ' . ; . . : . . ' • I . : \ ' 1
' : : ~ 1
appear ' :
. . . . ' . . .
I ~ j " '
Howto Manually Calculate · : ; ' · ·
Let's try.m anu a l calculatton in he . R UN m odaPress the B,AS lC key to. place y o u r
computer in the;Rl:IN mode ; : - : ,;: .: ; -/1 ; . '
U $il'lg as.a Calculator
50 . I
Disp lay
npu t
The right arrow, [El , re ca l ls the expression that h as the cursor posit ioned "on top
of" its first character.
Rem ember that the J e tt and right arrows are also u sed to pos ition the cu rsor with in a
line. The right and left arrows are very helpfu l in ed iting (or m odifying) entries without
h avi n g to retype the entire ex ess ion .
You will become familiar with the use of the right and left arrows in the following
examp les. Now, take the ro le of the manage and perform the ca lcu lations as we
discuss them .
As the head of personne l in a large marketing division, you are responsib le for p lanning
the annua l saes meeting. You expect 300 people to attend the three-day conference.
For part of this tim e , the sales force will meet in sma ll grou ps . You believe that groups
of six wou ld be a good size. How many groups wou ld th s be?
Recalling Entries
Even after the COMPUTER has displayed the r esults of your calculation you can
d isplay you r last entry again. To recall, use the left [ . ; . o : J and right [El arrows.
The Jett arrow, 1 - . . o i " J , recalls the expression that has the cursor positioned after its last
character.
[D 00 (SHIFT ~ (I] I ENTER 1 00 .
rn rn 1 SHIFT 1 oo 1 ENTER 1 6 . 2 s 3 1 s 5 3 0 7 )
[£] m rn ENTER J a.
tri cu oo L /_ . J rn leNTERI 60
m cu rn m rn 1 ENTEA1 6 0 0
m cu ITJ m cu IENTEA 1 00
Input Display
D ispay
S ixty seems like a reasonable nu m ber of grou ps, so you decide that each small grou p
wil l cons ist ~f five particlpanrs . · · · · · · · · ·
Recall is a lso useful to verify your last entry, espec ially when your resu lts do not seem
to make sense. For insta nce , su ppose y ou had performed this calcu lation:
. ' ' ,: ' i . . . : . .
300/5_
. . ' ' ' . . I :' .
Type in a 5 to replace the 6 . O ne caution n replacing characters-once you type a new
character over an exi~ ting character, the orig inal is goneforever You cannot reca ll an
express ion that has been typed over . .
Notice that after you m ove the cursor it becomes a flashing block I Whenever you
position the cursor "on top of" an existing character, it wi ll be display ed as a flashing
cu rsor.
nput
To calcu late the new nu m ber of groups, you must replace the s ix w ith an odd n u m ber .
F ive seems to make more sense than seven . Bec use you reca ed by u sing the BJ
arrow , the cursor is positioned at th e end of the disp lay. Use the BJ to niove the
cu rsor one space to the le~ .
I 3001 .s_
Dis p lay
On second thought, you decide hat gro u ps containing an odd nu m b er of part i ipants
might e more effective. Recall · your last entry, using the B key
U sir:ig as a C~ lculator

600
isplay
On the other hand , suppose that y ou had entered this ca lcu lation:
60 I
300 /5
Dis play
P ress ing INSert m oves all the characters one space to the r ight, and inserts a
bracketed open s lot. The fashing cursor is now pos itioned over this open space,
ind icating the location of the next typed input. Type in your zero . Once the entry is
corrected , d isplay your new resu lt.
13::0/5
Di s play
U se the INSert key to make space for the needed character.
I 30 1 s
Disp l a y
nput
Because you recalled by u sing the [~ J , the flashing cu rsor is now positioned over the
f irst character in the display To correct this entry y ou w ish to insert an added zero
Using the ~ , move the cursor u ntil it is positioned over the zero When making an
I NSert, y ou posit ion the flashing cursor over th e character before which y ou wish to
make the insertion .
Disp lay
npu t
Even a tired, overw orked manager l ike y ou realizes that six does not seem to be a
reasonable re su lt when y ou are deal ing with h d ds of ople ecall your entry
u sing the L~J
Er ro rs
Recalling your last en try is es sentia l when y o u g ~ t th~ ' dreaded ERRO R rnessaq e .
Let us imagine that, unintentionall'f.\JO U typed this entry into the co puter.
N o t e : Pressing the SPaCe key, when it is positioned over a character re places the
character leaving a blank space . DELete eliminates the character and the
space it occu pied . · ·
nput
Pressing DELete causes a l l the charac ers to shift one space to the left. J t deletes the
character it is "on top of" and the spac the character occu p ied. The f lashing cursor
stays in the same position ind icating . the next . locanon for Inpu t , Since you have no
other changes to make com p lete the calcu lation. ', . ·
I 300 1 s
Input
Now use the DELete key to get rid of one of the zeros.
I 3 _ 0 ~ 00 I 5
Display
••• i.
:: ' . .' ~ . . : : ·:: ; : . .: .· . l ; - . : : : ·· ; :.: : :.; : · • _ ;' . . . ; : · - : . . ; . ) . ' ; .
The flash ing cursor is now pos itioned over the first character in the d isplay . To correct
this entrveliminate one of the zeros , U s ing the [E: m ove · the . cu rsor to the f i st zero
(or any zero): When deleting .a chatacteriyou position · .tlie cu rs or '. 'on top. of" th~
cnara cterto be deieted.. ' ; . : . . • · . , · · 1 . , , • • . •.. ,
D isplaynput
J :he results seem m u ch too larqe. If you only have 300 people attend i n g th e ; meeting,
howcou ld you have 600 "sm all groups"? .Recall your entry using the [El . · .

D ispl ay
Of th is amou nt you p lan to use 1 5% for the fina l night's awards presentation . When
perform ing serial cacu latio ns , it is not necessary to retype your prev ious re su lts , but
DO NOT clear between entres (do not use the [ c . C E ] at th is time). Wh at is the awards
budget?
45000
nput
If, u pon recall ing you r entry after an ER R O R 1 , you find that you have omitted a
character, u se the INSert sequence to correct it.
When using the compu te r as a calcu lator, the majority of the errors you encounter wi ll
be ERROR 1 (an error in syntax) For a complete listing of error messages, see
Appendix A.
Serial Calculation
The computer allows you to use the resu lts of one ca lcu lation as part of the following
calcu lation.
Part of your responsibil ity in planning th is conference is to draw up a deta i led budget for
approval. You know that you r tota l bu dget is $150.00 for each attendant. Figure your
total budget:
Dis playnput
When you use the l~lor l. " . - J key, the f lashing cursor indicates the po int at which the
compu ter got conf u sed . And no wond er , you h ave too many ope rators I To correct th is
error use the DELete key.
[ i r - 3 - ~ - -- - =-- - _ · - - -~----- - - - -
D is p ay
Naturally you are surprised when th is message appears ER ROR 1 is simply the
comp uter's way of saying, " I don't know what you want me to do here". To find out
what the problem is , recall your entry u s ing either the C~ or [~ arrow.
Using as a a lculator

6 4
Obv iou s ly, you will have to change e ith er y our plans or y our al location of resourc es
-675
Dis p lay
nput
F inally, you m ust allocate $2200 for th e gu est speaker and entertainment:
1525.
2750.
6750.-4000
Dis play
Continue a l locating y our bu dget. The hotel will cater you d inner for $4000:
· 6750; I ·
Dis p l ay
Notice that as you type in the second calculation ( *-15 ) , the computer au tom ati
cally displays th e resu l of your first calcu lat ion at the eft o the scre en and inc ludes it
in the new calculation. In serial calculations , the entry must begin with an opera
tor. As always, y ou end the entry with I ENTER I :
no ·
Note The O and CJ keys cannot be used n the calculation . The CJ key shou ld
be used as a character only and the C] key is inoperative .
Exam ple : 45( i) Q ) ( l ) rn 5 I SH IFT I 00 -') R RO R 1
Ui;ing as a Calculator
45000
r
Compou nd
ca lcu lations, however , mu s t be entered very carefu ll y :
6 75+6 7 50/45000 m ight be interp reted as
6 75+6750/45000
F ine, y ou decide to allocate 16.5% to the awards pre sentation .
Compound Calculations and Parentheses
In perform ing th e above ca lcu lat ions , you could have com bined several of these
operations into one step . For instance , y ou m ight have typed both these operat ions on
one l ine:
Input Display
Divid ing by 45000 gives y ou the percentage of the total bu dget th is new figure
represents :
142s. I
Dis play
npu t
Now you add this resu lt to y our origina l pre sentation budget:
675 .
-675.
Negative Numbers
Since y ou want the awards dinner to be really special , you decide to stay with the
planned agend a and spend the addit ional money . However , y ou wonde what
percentage of the total budget will be used up by this item . First, change th e s ign of the
remaining su m :
' ' I ' I I ' ' " I ' I ~ . I • 'I : : ~ . : J ° ~ , ,.
A variab le m ay be used In p lace of a h u m be'r'in 'any ca lcu l ation .
. } : · r.1; . ~ · :: . ' . ' . . . .~ : ~ ; . :· . : ~ : " f;· · . 1 : ~ · · : · : ~ . · : ; . ; · : • .
Now that you have planned your awards din ner you need to com plete arrangements
for y ou r conference. You wish tq allocate the rest of y ou r bu d g et by p~ rce ' . ltages also .
First you mu st f ind out how r T i u ( : . , h m oney is still available . Ass ign a vari~ bl.~ ( R ) to be
the amou nt remain ing from the tota

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Pc1460 Op Manual