PATHO of Leukemia

8/8/2019 PATHO of Leukemia

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RISK FACTORS

Predisposing:

y Ionizing radiation (Radiation Therapy)y Ex posure to chemicals and d rugs (melphaplan, cyclosphamide,etc.)y B one marrow hypoplasia (Fanconi s anemia, paro x ysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and

myelodysplastic syndromes)y G enetic factors (Down syndrome, blooms syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Fanconi s

anemia)y Immunologic factors (immune deficiencies)y Age ( Both AML and CLL are more often seen in adults while ALL is commonly seen in

children)

Precipitating:

y

Changes in the normal

functioning of the bone

marrow.

A decrease in or damage to the hematopoieticstem cells and their microenvironment

Transformation of a single somatichematopoietic progenitor to a cell

incapable of normal differentiation

Oncogenic transformation into a leukemic stem celloccurs at different stages of normal hematopoietic

cellular maturation

Dysregulation of myeloproliferation, maturation, and

survival.

The marrow is hypercellular withcells normal.

Can cause

Further leads to

CausesCause

Causes

Further leads toIn whi



Leukemic cells to lose its normalproperty of apoptosis, or programmed

cell death.

prolonged life span of leukemic cells

and are capable of unrestrictedclonal proliferation.

have favorable competitive advantageover normal hematopoietic cells sincetransformed cells lack normal

regulatory and growth constraints

Accumulation of abnormal cells withualitative defects.

Infiltration of leukemic cells to other bodilytissues, causing many clinically significantcomplications including CNS involvement,pulmonary dysfunction, or skin and gingival

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

Translocation of chromos(Philadelphia), as the dis

progresses

B last crisis to occur which reacute leukemia after a relativecourse for a median period of

Increase numbers of blacells proliferate in the blo

and bone marrow.

B last cells and promyelocytes e xceeblood and 30% in the marrow during blaas evidenced by increased fibrotic tissumarrow, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

anemia.

CHRONIC LEUKEM

Causes

Which will result to

Causes to

Results to

causes

Whi

Whi

Caus

Re

Caus

Which further leads to



CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:

Integumantary Manifestations:

y Ecchymosesy etechiaey Op en infected lesionsy P allor of the conjunctiva, nail beds, palmar creases, and around the

mouth.

Gastrointestinal Manifestations:

y Bleeding gumsy Anorexiay W eight lossy

Enlarged liver and s pleen

Renal Manifestations:

y H ematuria

Cardiovascular Manifestations:

y T achycardia at basal activity levels.y Orthostatic hy potensiony P al pitations

Res piratory Manifestations:

y D ys pnea on exertion.

Neurologic Manifestations:

y F atiguey H eadachey F ever

Musculoskeletal Manifestations:

y Bone painy J oint swelling and pain.

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PATHO of Leukemia