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Paternity Test
The college of Forensic Medicine in Kunming Medical University
Bingying Xu, Tel:13769175605
Email:[email protected]
This is precisely what's going on ?
.
This is your son!!!This boy is not my son.
The course content
• Three ClassicThree Classic casescases
• The overview of parentage The overview of parentage
testtest
• The principle of parentage The principle of parentage
testtest
• The principle of paternity The principle of paternity
inclusion inclusion
• The principle of paternity The principle of paternity
exclusion exclusion
The course content
Part Ⅰ
Three ClassicThree Classic CasesCases
Part Ⅰ Three ClassicThree Classic CasesCases
1.Case 1— Saddam’s identification
2. Case 2—last Russian Czar ’s identification
3. Case 3—Genetic legacy of Genghis Khan
Case 1 Saddam’s identification.
Verifying the identity of
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein
( 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006 )
The former
President of Iraqi
Case 1
Saddam’s identification.
Saddam Hussein was killed or captured by
the United States military .
The United States military must verified
the identity of Saddam Hussein.
Case 1
Saddam’s identification
Saddam was known to have many
‘stunt doubles’ to protect his life
from assassins.
Case 1
Saddam’s identification.
The ability to verify his identity through
genetic testing was essential to knowing that
the United States in fact ‘had their man.’
?
Case 1 Saddam’s identification
What methods they use ?
Forensic DNA testing using short tandem repeat
(STR) markers played an important role in the
identification effort.
Forensic DNA testing : autosomal STR profiles
Y chromosome STR profiles
Case 1
Saddam’s identification
In this case, DNA samples from Saddam’s two
sons provided the family reference samples.
Uday Qusay
Case 1
Saddam’s identification
Uday and Qusay were killed in a gunfight before.
DNA samples were collected from their remains
shortly after they were killed for use as reference
samples in verifying the identity of their Father.
Case 1
Saddam’s identification
Scientists extracted DNA from Saddam’s 、 Uday’s
and Qusay’s biological samples and then amplified
the DNA samples using the autosomal STR kit to
obtain a full 13 loci STR profile. Saddam’s STR
profiles possessed alleles in common with STR
profiles of Saddam’s two sons.
Case 1
Saddam’s identification
Additionally, the Y chromosome STR kit also
showed full allele sharing between Saddam and
his two sons indicating that the sample in question
was from their same paternal lineage. Saddam and
his two sons have common Y chromosome STR
loci.
Case 2 last Russian Czar ’s identification
Identifying the remains of the last
Russian Czar
Last Russian Czar :
Nicholas II
( 18 May 1868 – 17
July 1918 )
Hotchpotch in 1911
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification
Nicholas II, his wife, his son, his four daughters
, the family's medical doctor, the Emperor's
footman, the Empress' maidservant, and the
family's cook were executed in the same room
by the Bolsheviks on the night of 17 July 1918.
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification
Nicholas II and his family were removed from
power and murdered during the Bolshevik
Revolution of 1918. They were shot by a firing
squad , doused with sulfuric acid to render their
bodies unrecognizable, and disposed of in a
shallow pit under a road.
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification
Their remains were lost to history until July 1991 when nine
skeletons were uncovered from a shallow grave near
Ekaterinburg, Russia. A number of forensic tests were
attempted involving computer aided reconstructions and
odontological analysis, but as the facial areas of the skulls
were destroyed, classical facial identification techniques
were difficult at best and not conclusive.
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification • DNA analysis
Five autosomal STR markers (VWA, F13A1,FES,ACTBP2,
TH01,) were used to examine the nine skeletons.
Approximately one gram of bone from each of the skeletons
yielded about 50 pg of DNA, just enough for PCR
amplification of several STR markers.
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification
What have scientists discovered ?
The remains of the Romanov family members
consisting of the Tsar, the Tsarina, and three
children were distinguishable from those of three
servants and the family doctor by their STR
genotypes.
Case 2
last Russian Czar ’s identification
While the STR analysis served to establish
family relationships between the remains
through comparing matching alleles, a link still
had to be made with a known descendant of
the Romanov family to verify that the remains
were indeed those of the Russian royal family.
Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA ) analysis was used to answer
this question.Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from
the femur of each skeleton and sequenced. Blood
samples were then obtained from maternally related
descendants of the Romanov family and sequenced
in the same manner.
Case 2 last Russian Czar ’s identification
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Who can provide biological sample?
He is the
husband of
present British
Queen Elizabeth
Prince Philip is a grand nephew of unbroken
maternal descent from Tsarina Alexandra. His
blood sample thus provided the comparison to
confirm the sibling status of the children and the
linkage of the mother to the Tsarina’s family.
Tsarina,children
The sequences of all 740 tested nucleotides
from the mtDNA control region matched
between Prince Philip and the putative Tsarina
and the three children.
Tsarina, children
The mtDNA sequence from the putative Tsar
was compared with two relatives of unbroken
maternal descent from Tsar Nicholas II’s
grandmother, Louise of Hesse-Cassel. The two
relatives had the same mtDNA sequence.
Tsar
Lineage of Romanov Family.
Pedigree
Case 3Genetic legacy of Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan was the founder and Great Khan
(emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the
largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.
Genghis Khan
( 1162—1227 )
He came to power by uniting
many of the nomadic tribes of
northeast Asia. After founding
the Mongol Empire and he
started the Mongol invasions
that resulted in the conquest of
most of Eurasia.
By the end of his life, the
Mongol Empire occupied a
substantial portion of Central
Asia and China.
Map of Genghis Khan's expedition
In a study of more than 2100 males from Central Asia ,Chris
Tyler-Smith from the University of Oxford used variation on
the Y chromosome to provide insights into aspects of human
history and evolution.He found that approximately 8% of
those studied had a unique Y chromosome lineage.
How to find the clue?
What have they analysed?
1.Y-STR (short tandem repeats,STR)profile
2.Y-SNPs(Single nucleotide
polymorphisms ,SNPs)
What have they analysed?
1.Y-STR profile : 15 Y-STR loci
DYS389I (10), DYS389II (26), DYS390 (25),
DYS391 (10), DYS392 (11), DYS393 (13),
DYS388 (14), DYS425 (12), DYS426 (11),
DYS434 (11), DYS435 (11), DYS436 (12),
DYS437 (8), DYS438 (10), DYS439 (10)
What have they analysed? 2.Y-SNPs(Single nucleotide polymorphisms ,SNPs)
They analysed at least 16 Y-SNPs loci.
They are placed all of these samples in
haplogroup C*(xC3c), which is common in
Asia.
What is the clue from the Y-STR&Y-SNPs analysis?
The highest frequency was in Mongolia
leading to the assumption that it was the
source of these particular male lineages.
Conclusion the geographical distribution of these populations
closely matches the area of Genghis Khan’s
former Mongol Empire. The evidence that this Y-
lineage was from Genghis Khan and his close
male-line relatives was strengthened by a match
to a group in Pakistan who by oral tradition
consider Themselves direct male-line
descendants of Genghis Khan.
Part Ⅱ
Summary of Parentage test
Part SummaryⅡ
Every year in China , more than 300,
000 paternity cases are performed where
the identity of the father of a child is in
dispute. These cases typically involve the
mother, the child, and one or more alleged
fathers.
Part SummaryⅡ
The determination of parentage is made
based on whether or not alleles are shared
between the child and the alleged father
when a number of genetic laws of
Inheritance.
Part SummaryⅡ
(Ⅰ) Parentage test
a kind of identification that
determines the blood
relationship between alleged
parents and the child according
to genetic law via genetic
markers analysis.
(Ⅱ) The reasons for parentage test
in China usually include:
1. Illegitimate child, the mother accused that a man
was the biological father of her child.
2. The husband suspected the child was not his
own.
3. It is suspected that the newborn baby was
confused in hospital.
( Ⅱ ) The reasons for parentage test
in China usually include:
4. Confirmation of missing children or relatives.
5. Identification of the children beyond family
planning.
6. Inheritance disputes.( Children can inherit the
parents' heritage .)
7. Immigration cases.
( Ⅱ ) The reasons for parentage test in China usually include:
8. Children abduction cases.
9. Pregnancy caused by rape.(Who is the fetus ’father?)
10. Identification of cadaver source(Who is missing
persons ?)
11. mass disaster investigations.(9.11 events occurred in the
United States ; Southeast Asia the tsunami )
9.11 events wenchuan earthquake
the tsunami of Southeast Asia
Fertilization
Father’s Sperm Mother’s Egg
Child’s Cell
(Ⅲ) The basic principle of parentage testing
male’s chromosome
22 pairs of autosomal
a pair of sex chromosomes(X,Y)
Female’s chromosome
22 pairs of autosomala pair of sex chromosomes(X,X)
Father,22+X
Mother,22+X
Daughter
22(pairs)+XX
Son
22(pairs)+XY
Father,22+Y
Mother,22+X
(Ⅲ) The basic knowledge of parentage testing
The Mendelian inheritance law is the basis of
paternity testing.
The child inherits 23 chromosomes from the
mother and another set of 23 chromosomes from
the biological father.
(Ⅲ) The basic knowledge of parentage testing
Since, the mother contributes half of the child’s
nuclear DNA, the father must contribute the other
half of the child’s nuclear DNA. To human genetic
markers, such as STRs, each person’s DNA
contains two copies of these markers.one copy
inherited from the father and the other from the
mother.
(Ⅲ) The basic knowledge of parentage testing
The laboratory performs a series of DNA tests each
for a different genetic marker. First, the analyst
identifies the alleles that are shared between the
mother and child, called maternal obligatory genes
or maternal alleles. The child’s alleles that are not
shared with the mother must come from the
true biological father.
(Ⅲ) The basic knowledge of parentage testing
These are called paternal obligatory genes or
paternal alleles. Theoretically, if the alleged
father does not share any one of the paternal
alleles with the child, he will be excluded or found
not to be the child’s biological father.
(Ⅲ) The basic knowledge of parentage testing
If the alleged father shares all of the paternal
alleles with the child, he cannot be excluded and
calculations can be made as to his likelihood of
being the father as well as the probability that he
and the mother produced a child with the tested
characteristics.
(Ⅳ)The basic principle of parentage testing
1.Child has two alleles for each autosomal marker.
(one from mother and one from biological father)
2.Child will have mother's mitochondrial DNA
haplotype. (barring mutation)
3. Child, if a son, will have father's Y chromosome
haplotype. (barring mutation)
(Ⅳ)The basic principle of parentage testing
The basis of paternity comes down to the
fact that in the absence of mutation a child
receives one allele matching each parent at
every genetic locus examined.
Part Ⅲ
Parentage Test
Part Parentage TestingⅢ
Paternity testing, uses results from a alleged
father ,a mother and a child to answer the
question if the alleged father could have
Fathered the child versus a random man.
Who is my Who is my father?father?
Part Parentage TestⅢ
Paternity testing laboratories often utilize the
same short tandem repeat (STR) multiplexes
and commercial kits to examine markers of child
,one or both parent .The outcome of parentage
test is simply inclusion or exclusion.
(Ⅰ) The principle of parentage test
1.The GM in autosome : The Mendelian inheritance law
2.The GM in Y- chromosome: Paternal inheritance
3.The GM in mtDNA: Maternal inheritance
1.The GM in autosome : Following the Mendelian
inheritance law
(1) The child inherits 23 chromosomes from the
mother and another set of 23 chromosomes from
the biological father. ——Paternity Inclusion ( Is
the father )
( Ⅰ ) The principle of parentage testing
STR
A locus
STR
B locus
child 1 Child 2
-
+
father
mother
father
mother
father
father
mother
mother
homozygous heterozygous homozygous heterozygous
( Ⅰ ) The principle of parentage testing
1.The GM in autosome : Following the
Mendelian inheritance law
(1)Paternity Inclusion ( Is the father )
If the alleged father shares some of the paternal
alleles with the child, he cannot be excluded and
calculations can be made as to his likelihood of
being the father.
Paternity Inclusion
father
son
mother
Paternity Inclusion
1.The GM in chromosome: Following the Mendelian inheritance
law
(2)Paternity Exclusion(Not the father)
The child can not take the allele not existing in parents.
If the alleged father does not share any one of the paternal
obligatory genes with the child, he will be excluded or found
not to be the child’s biological father.
( Ⅰ ) The principle of parentage testing
Paternity Exclusion
father
son
Paternity Inclusion
Paternity Exclusion
FF11 F2F2 CC MM
Parentage Testing
( Ⅰ ) The principle of parentage testing
2. Y- chromosome
( Ⅰ ) The principle of parentage testing
2.The GM in Y- chromosome: Paternal inheritance Male offspring Y - DNA typing must be the same as his
father's
Male from one paternal have the same Y-DNA typing.
Y-STR loci Father Son
DYS456 14 14
DYS389Ⅰ 11 11
DYS390 18 18
DYS389Ⅱ 26 26
DYS458 15 15
DYS19 11 11
DYS385 8 8
DYS393 9 9
DYS391 7 7
DYS439 9 9
DYS635 20 20
DYS392 10 10
GATA-H4 9 9
DYS437 14 14
DYS438 12 12
DYS448 18 18
AmpFℓSTR® Y filer Kit
Y-STR profile
(Ⅰ) The principle of parentage
testing
3.The GM in mtDNA: Maternal inheritance The mtDNA typing of the child is the same as his or
her mother.
All compatriots from one maternal have the same
mtDNA typing.
Maternal Inheritance
father mother
daughter son son
fertilization
Sperm’s nucleus go into the egg, the fertilized egg's mitochondria is from the mother. Sperm mitochondria stay outside fertilized egg.
mtDNA——D-loop
Same DNA base sequence
A G T T C A A T
A AA G T C TTdaughter
mother
mtDNA——D-loop
Same DNA base sequence
A G T T C A A T
A AA G T C TTson
mother
Mother
Daughter
Son
Mother,daughter,son have the Same DNA sequence.
(Ⅱ)The inclusion of Paternity
D5S818 9 , 9 D5S818
9 , 9
D5S818 9 , 9
M1 AF1
Is the father
(Ⅱ) Paternity inclusion
If the alleged father shares
some of the paternal
obligatory genes with the
child, he cannot be excluded
and calculations can be
made as to his likelihood of
being the father.
Loci AF1 C1 M1 Result
ABO
blood typing
A O A Can’t be excluded
D16S539 11, 11 12, 11 12, 12 Can’t be excluded
D7S820 11, 10 11, 11 12, 11 Can’t be excluded
D13S317 12, 9 12, 9 13, 9 Can’t be excluded
CSF1PO 12, 9 12, 12 13, 12 Can’t be excluded
TPOX 11, 8 11, 11 11, 9 Can’t be excluded
TH01 9, 8 9, 9 9, 9 Can’t be excluded
F13A01 6, 3.2 3.2, 3.2 6, 3.2 Can’t be excluded
FES/FPS 11, 11 11, 11 11, 11 Can’t be excluded
vWFⅢ 17, 16 17, 16 18, 17 Can’t be excluded
HPRTB 13, 13 14, 13 14, 13 Can’t be excluded
FABP 10, 9 10, 10 11, 10 Can’t be excluded
LPL 12, 10 10, 10 12, 10 Can’t be excluded
D8S1179 11, 10 16, 10 16, 12 Can’t be excluded
Case ACase A :: Paternity ExclusionPaternity Exclusion
1. Paternity Index (PI)
If the man tested cannot be excluded as the
biological father of the child in question, then
statistical calculations are performed to aid in
understanding the strength of the match. The most
commonly applied test in this regard is the
paternity index (PI).
1.Paternity Index (PI)
The paternity index (PI) is the ratio of two conditional
probabilities where the numerator assumes paternity and the
denominator assumes a random man of similar ethnic
background was the father. The numerator is the probability
of observed genotypes, given the tested man is the father,
while the denominator is the probability of the observed
genotypes, given that a random man is the father.
1. Paternity Index (PI)
The paternity index is a likelihood ratio of two probabilities
conditional upon different competing hypotheses. This
likelihood ratio reflects how many times more likely it is to
see the evidence under the first hypothesis compared to
the second hypothesis. When mating is random,the
probability that the untested alternative father will transmit a
specific allele to his child is equal to the allele frequency in
his race 。
Combined Paternity Index (CPI)
The PI is calculated for each locus and then
individual PI values are multiplied together to
obtain the combined paternity index (CPI) for the
entire set of genetic loci examined.
2.Relative Chance of Paternity (RCP)
combined paternity index (CPI) is a real number,
and it is difficult to judge the chance of paternity
through this value, Therefore, the CPI is usually
converted into a probability of paternity value, which
specifies the probability.
Probability of paternity is also called relative
chance of paternity (RCP), and in fact it is the
posterior probability of paternity that the tested
man is the father.
RCP=[PI/ ( PI+1 ) ]×100%
2.Relative Chance of Paternity (RCP)
STR loci alleged father son mother paternity index
D3S1358 16 16 , 18 15 , 18 13.06287948
TH01 9 9 9 4.200861504
D21S11 29 , 30 30 , 31.2 30 , 31.2 5.679876697
D18S51 15 13 , 15 13 , 14 8.552095948
PentaE 15 , 18 15 19 60.37918126
D5S818 11 11 , 13 11 , 13 5.42122013
D13S317 9 , 11 8 , 9 8 , 9 2.742086175
D7S820 8 , 11 8 , 13 13 39.17340972
D16S539 10 , 12 10 , 12 11 , 12 4.066179181
CSF1PO 10 , 13 11 , 13 11 , 12 9.810754471
PentaD 10 , 11 10 , 12 12 , 13 6.605368844
vWA 14 , 16 16 16 , 19 7.707483134
D8S1179 14 13 , 14 10 , 13 6.377775544
TPOX 8 , 11 8 , 11 8 , 11 1.575832727
FGA 21 , 22 22 22 , 23 8.06160095
D19S433 14.2 13 , 14.2 13 , 15 9.05656659
D2S1338 23 23 23 27.38284864
Amelogenin X, Y X, Y X, X
CPI : 3824607936701020 RCP : 99.9999%
STR loci alleged father daughter mother paternity index
D3S1358 15 , 17 14 , 17 14 , 15 2.696633674
TH01 7 7 , 10 9 , 10 29.59651661
D21S11 31.2 , 34.2 30 , 34.2 29 , 30 70.43047104
D18S51 13 , 23 13 , 14 13 , 14 3.222078818
PentaE 11 , 17 17 16 88.88888889
D5S818 7 , 11 7 , 12 11 , 12 30.36973328
D13S317 8 8 , 13 8 , 13 24.6008754
D7S820 9 , 12 8 , 9 8 , 11 16.04318569
D16S539 9 9 , 13 11 , 13 9.98109182
CSF1PO 12 12 12 6.300301608
PentaD 11 , 12 12 , 13 13 , 15 6.122049172
vWA 14 , 16 14 , 18 18 , 19 2.482606856
D8S1179 11 , 13 10 , 13 10 , 13 4.818820075
TPOX 9 , 11 8 , 9 8 4.215043423
FGA 22 , 24 23 , 24 22 , 23 3.483951526
D19S433 13 , 13.2 13 , 14 14 , 15.2 1.69653703
D2S1338 19 , 24 19 , 24 19 , 20 4.773513948
Amelogenin X, Y X, X X, X
CPI : 10569379562111000 RCP : 99.9999%
STR loci alleged mother daughter paternity index
D8S1179 13 13 4.849661
D21S11 32.2,30 29 , 30 24.752475
D7S820 8, 11 8, 11 2.291084
CSFIPO 10 , 12 11 , 12 0.627510
D3S1358 15 , 16 15,16 1.470838
D5S818 9 , 12 9,11 3.360215
D13S317 8, 13 8,10 0.865951
D16S539 11 , 12 12 2.151463
D2S1338 22 , 23 23 2.616431
D19S433 13, 14 13 , 15 0.856751
vWA 17, 19 17, 19 4.038960
D12S391 20, 24 19 , 24 10.000000
D18S51 13 , 22 13, 19 1.419648
D6S1043 11 11 , 18 4.545455
FGA 19, 23 23, 25 1.212415
Amel X X /
CPI : 1125624.4970 RCP : 99.99%
STR lociI alleged father son paternity index
D8S1179 14 , 16 13 , 16 2.958580
D21S11 32.2 30 , 32.2 3.681885
D7S820 8 , 11 11 , 12 0.677140
CSFIPO 11 , 12 11 , 12 1.712579
D3S1358 15 , 16 15 , 18 0.722335
D5S818 9 , 11 9 , 11 4.090996
D13S317 11 , 12 8 , 11 1.030928
D16S539 12 , 13 10 , 13 2.670940
D2S1338 18 , 20 19 , 20 2.106150
D19S433 14 , 15.2 14 , 14.2 0.990099
vWA 14 14 , 17 1.988072
D12S391 18 , 22 18 , 19 1.308901
D18S51 15 , 17 14 , 17 3.105590
D6S1043 17 , 20 19 , 20 4.545455
FGA 25 24 , 25 5.341880
Amelogenin X , Y X , Y /
CPI:42059.5 ; RCP : 99.99%
3.The standardization of parentage inclusion
After the parentage test, if the AF still can’t be
excluded, then the rate should be calculated. If the
conclusion meet two identified indicators at the
same time, there should have the predication that
AF is the biological father of the child.
For example of the conclusion:
CPI > 2000, while RCP > 99.99 %
(Ⅲ)The exclusion of Paternity
M2 AF2
D8S1179
14 , 14
D8S1179
14 , 14
D8S1179
14 , 16
Exclusion
(Ⅲ) Parentage Exclusion
If the alleged father does not
share any one of the paternal
obligatory genes with the
child, with the precondition of
none mutation exist, he will
be excluded or found not to
be the child’s biological
father.
Loci AF2 C2 M2 Conclusion
D7S1179 14 , 14 14 , 16 14 , 14 excluded
D16S539 10,11, 9 , 13 13, 13 excluded
D7S820 12, 11 9 , 10, 11, 10 excluded
D13S317 12 , 13 10 , 12 10 , 11 can’t be excluded
CSF1PO 10, 10 10 , 11 11, 11 can’t be excluded
TPOX 9 , 10, 8, 8 8 , 11 excluded
TH01 9 , 10 9, 9 9, 9 can’t be excluded
F13A01 3.2, 3.2 6, 4 4, 3.2 excluded
FES/FPS 12, 11 11, 11 11, 10 can’t be excluded
vWFⅢ 19, 18 17, 16 16, 16 excluded
HPRTB 14, 14 13, 12 13, 13 excluded
F13B 9, 9 10, 10 10, 9 excluded
CYAR04 11, 7 6.1, 6.1 11, 6.1 can’t be excluded
CD4 7, 7 12, 12 12, 7 excluded
Case BCase B :: Parentage ExclusionParentage Exclusion
(Ⅲ) Parentage Exclusion
1. Two Situation :
The child take the allele neither existing in
mother or AF.
The child doesn’t take the allele that the AF must
delivered to his biological child.
2.The standardization of parentage exclusion
If the alleged father does not share any one of the
paternal obligatory genes with the child, with the
precondition of none mutation exist, he will be
excluded or found not to be the child’s biological
father.
2.The standardization of parentage exclusion
Attention :
As to avoid the influence of mutation, the cases
only have one or two loci that don’t follow the
genetic law still can’t make the exclusion, more
than three non-shared genetic markers must
occur before an alleged father is reported as
excluded.
As the existence of mutation and other factors:
1. The cases only have one or two loci that don’t
follow the genetic law still can’t make the exclusion,
only if there add more other genetic markers .
2. More than three non-shared genetic markers must
occur before an alleged father is reported as
excluded.
3. The suggestions during the parentage testing:
3. The suggestions during the parentage testing:
If three genetic loci do not match between an alleged
father and a child, the alleged father cannot be
excluded as being the true biological father. It is
important to keep in mind that the more genetic
systems examined the greater the chance of a random
mutation to be observed.
STR loci alleged father son mother
D16S539 11, 10 13, 9 13, 13 excluded
D7S820 12, 11 10, 9 11, 10 excluded
D13S317 13, 12 12, 10 11, 10 can’t be excluded
CSF1PO 10, 10 11, 10 11, 11 can’t be excluded
TPOX 10, 9 8, 8 11, 8 excluded
TH01 10, 9 9, 9 9, 9 can’t be excluded
F13A01 3.2, 3.2 6, 4 4, 3.2 excluded
FES/FPS 12, 11 11, 11 11, 10 can’t be excluded
vWFA31/A 19, 18 17, 16 16, 16 excluded
HPRTB 14, 14 13, 12 13, 13 excluded
F13B 9, 9 10, 10 10, 9 excluded
CYAR04 11, 7 6.1, 6.1 11, 6.1 excluded
CD4 7, 7 12, 12 12, 7 excluded
STR loci alleged father son paternal index
D8S1179 14 12 , 14 2.6302
D21S11 30 , 32.2 31 , 31.2 0.0008
D7S820 8 , 12 8 3.2279
CSFIPO 10 , 12 11 , 12 0.6275
D3S1358 16 , 18 15 0.0007
D5S818 11 10 0.0007
D13S317 8 , 11 8 , 11 1.8969
D16S539 11 , 12 11 , 12 1.8005
D2S1338 24 , 25 19 , 24 1.9113
D19S433 13 , 16 13 , 14 0.8568
vWA 14 , 19 16 , 17 0.0001
D12S391 18 18 5.2356
D18S51 15 , 21 14 0.0015
D6S1043 14 , 17 19 0.0007
FGA 22 , 24 24 2.8736
Amelogenin X, Y X, Y /
CPI=0.00000000000000002,RCP=0.000000000000002%
PS: The loci that doesn’t follow the genetic law calculate PI according to the mutation rate at μ=0.002.
Questions:
1.The principle of parentage testing?
2.The Genetic Marker usually used in
parentage testing?
3.The standardization of parentage inclusion?
4.The standardization of parentage exclusion?
Thank you!