Patents as an Analytical Lens on the Triple Helix of University-

Industry-Government Relations

Loet LeydesdorffUniversity of Amsterdam

Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR)

http://www.leydesdorff.net

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Labour (L)

Cap

ital (

K) factor

substitution

technological change

Patents

“Industry”

“University”

“Government” Political Economy

Innovation

Know

ledg

e Inf

rastr

uctu

re

Patents

Patents

A knowledge-based dynamics is generated

Patents as a Lens• University patenting: Bayh-Dole Act Effects?

• Patent mapping– Geographic mapping– Intellectual mapping (IPC)– Different databases (USPTO, EPO, PatStat)

• Publish or Patent? (The Entrepreneurial University)

• Future directions

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

R² = 0.979567664212714

R² = 0.992073980905279

Perc

enta

ge sh

are

of U

SPTO

gra

nted

pat

ents

(U

nive

rsiti

es a

nd In

stitu

tes o

f Tec

hnol

ogy)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

R² = 0.999295120712735R² = 0.982484020459747

Perc

enta

ge sh

are

of U

SPTO

usi

ng fi

ling

date

s (U

nive

rsiti

es a

nd In

stitu

tes o

f Tec

hnol

ogy)

19901994

19982002

20062010

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

R² = 0.978245938770089

National University of SingaporeOxford University + Isis InnovationCambridge University(an/"University of Tokyo" or an/"Tokyo University")

Perm

illag

e of

USP

TO p

aten

ts

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 20120

1

2

3

R² = 0.865071109337208

University of CaliforniaCalifornia Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Texas

Perm

illag

e of

USP

TO p

aten

ts

2007 with Thomas Gurney

http://www.leydesdorff.net/patentmaps/nl_b.htm ; Leydesdorff & Bornmann, JASIST, 2012

Examples are provided at http://www.leydesdorff.net/patentmaps/sirna.htm from the original article;

at http://www.leydesdorff.net/patentmaps/rna_inv.htm with the co-inventor relations;

at http://www.leydesdorff.net/patentmaps/rna_ass.htm with the co-applicant relations for the same set.

Leydesdorff, L., & Bornmann, L. (2012). Mapping (USPTO) Patent Data using Overlays to Google Maps. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(7), 1442-1458.

Leydesdorff, L., Kushnir, D., & Rafols, I. (in press). Interactive Overlay Maps for US Patent (USPTO) Data Based on International Patent Classifications (IPC). Scientometrics; doi: 10.1007/s11192-012-0923-2

Base map for 124 IPC categories at the 3-digit level, using > 39 million US patents (1976-2011)

Heat map of 3,028 IPC classes attributed to 1,908 US patents at the 3-digit level, with an inventor address in the Netherlands, and publication date in 2007.

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .438 .450 .974 .337

Gov -.973 .251 -.843 -3.878 .000 Ind 1.778 .224 1.725 7.934 .000

a. Dependent Variable: Patents07

Shelton, R. D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). Publish or Patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade-offs in national funding strategies Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 498-511.

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .397 .332 1.194 .241

Gov -.616 .217 -.451 -2.832 .008 Ind 1.120 .143 1.251 7.849 .000

a. Dependent Variable: USPTO07

Shelton, R. D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). Publish or Patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade-offs in national funding strategies Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 498-511.

Patents

“Supply”

Infrastructure

“Demand”

MeSH terms

Conclusions

• Technological innovations “tumble” through landscapes that change;

• These landscapes – selection environments – are heavily institutionalized basemaps (publications, patents, etc.)

• We need flexible tools for moving from one context to another overlays to basemaps

Rotolo, D., Rafols, I., Hopkins, M. M., & Leydesdorff, L. (in preparation). Mapping De-Facto Governance in the Case of Emerging Science and Technologies; available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.4672; http://www.interdisciplinaryscience.net/topics/defactogov